Areas and Volumes

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong

Room #513

December 20, 2012

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 1 / 33

Net Change
The derivative f 0(x) is the rate of change of f
when the variable is near x.

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Net Change
The derivative f 0(x) is the rate of change of f
when the variable is near x. The net change of a
quantity Q from the time t = a to t = b is
Z b
Q(b) − Q(a) = Q 0(x)dx
a

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 2 / 33

Net Change
The derivative f 0(x) is the rate of change of f
when the variable is near x. The net change of a
quantity Q from the time t = a to t = b is
Z b
Q(b) − Q(a) = Q 0(x)dx
a
Example
A protein disintegrates into amino acids at a rate
dm −30
dt = (t+3)2 g/hr

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 2 / 33

Net Change
The derivative f 0(x) is the rate of change of f
when the variable is near x. The net change of a
quantity Q from the time t = a to t = b is
Z b
Q(b) − Q(a) = Q 0(x)dx
a
Example
A protein disintegrates into amino acids at a rate
dm −30
dt = (t+3)2 g/hr
The net changeRin the first2 hours is
2 dm 30
2
m(2)−m(0) = 0 dt dt = t+3 0
= 6−10 = −4g.
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 2 / 33
Useful Life
Let P(t) = R(t) − C (t) be the profit generated
by a facility. When it is old, the profit rate P 0(t) is
decreasing to zero and then becoming negative.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 3 / 33

Useful Life
Let P(t) = R(t) − C (t) be the profit generated
by a facility. When it is old, the profit rate P 0(t) is
decreasing to zero and then becoming negative.
The useful time T is defined by
P 0(t) > 0 ⇔ t < T

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 3 / 33

Useful Life
Let P(t) = R(t) − C (t) be the profit generated
by a facility. When it is old, the profit rate P 0(t) is
decreasing to zero and then becoming negative.
The useful time T is defined by
P 0(t) > 0 ⇔ t < T
Suppose P 0(t) = 3000 − 30t 2 dollars per year.
Then
P 0(t) = 30(100 − t 2) > 0 ⇔ t < 10

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 3 / 33

Useful Life
Let P(t) = R(t) − C (t) be the profit generated
by a facility. When it is old, the profit rate P 0(t) is
decreasing to zero and then becoming negative.
The useful time T is defined by
P 0(t) > 0 ⇔ t < T
Suppose P 0(t) = 3000 − 30t 2 dollars per year.
Then
P 0(t) = 30(100 − t 2) > 0 ⇔ t < 10
Hence, the useful time is T=10 years.
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Useful Life
The net profit is
Z 10
[3000 − 30t 2]dt = 20000
0

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Net Contributions
A fundraising campaign gets a weekly rate of
contribution 5000e −0.2t while expenses $676 per
week.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 5 / 33

Net Contributions
A fundraising campaign gets a weekly rate of
contribution 5000e −0.2t while expenses $676 per
week. The rate of revenue exceeds the rate of
cost while 5000e −0.2t > 676 or equivalently
t < T = 10.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 5 / 33

Net Contributions
A fundraising campaign gets a weekly rate of
contribution 5000e −0.2t while expenses $676 per
week. The rate of revenue exceeds the rate of
cost while 5000e −0.2t > 676 or equivalently
t < T = 10.
The net earnings will be
Z 10
5000 e −0.2t dt−6760 = −25000(e −2−1)−6760
0
≈ 14856

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 5 / 33

Area between two curves

Suppose
f (x) ≥ g (x), ∀x ∈ [a, b]
The area between the graphs of f and g is
Z b
A= [f (x) − g (x)]dx
a

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 6 / 33

Area between two curves

The sum of the areas of the approximating

rectangles is a Riemann sum for the integral
Xn−1
[f (xi ) − g (xi )]∆x
i=0
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Area enclosed by two curves
y1 = x 3, y2 = x 2,
Z 1 3 4 1

x x 1
A= (x 2 − x 3)dx = −  =
0 3 4 0 12

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Area enclosed by two curves

y1 = 4x, y2 = x 3 + 3x 2, −4 ≤ x ≤ 0
Z 0 4
0
x
A= (x 3+3x 2−4x)dx = + x 3 − 2x 2 = 32
−4 4 −4

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Several pieces
8
Find the area bounded by y1 = ,y
x2 2
= 8x, and
y3 = x,

The intersecting corners are (0, 0), (1, 8), (2, 2).
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Several pieces

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 11 / 33

Several pieces

Z 1 Z 2 
8
A = (8x − x)dx + 2
− x dx
0 1 x
 2 1  2
7x 8 x2
= + − −
2 0 x 2 1
8 22 8 12
   
7
= + − − − − −
2 2 2 1 2
= 6

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Quiz

Find the shaded areas

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Volume
Volumes can be calculated as integrals of
cross-sectional areas.

Z b
V = A
a

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Sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2
For every x ∈ [−r , r ], the area of the cross section
at x is πy 2 = π(r 2 − x 2), and
Z r
V = π(r 2 − x 2)dx
−r
r3 3
= 2π(r − )
3
4
= πr 3
3
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Pyramid
Find the volume of a pyramid whose base is a
square with side L and whose height is h.

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Pyramid

For every x ∈ [0, h], the area of the cross section

at x is  2
Lx
= L2h−2x 2
h
Then Z h
2 −2 2 L2h
V =L h x dx =
0 3

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 17 / 33

Volume of Revolution

Suppose the region between two curves y = f (x)

and y = g (x), where f (x) ≥ g (x) ≥ 0, is rotated
about the x-axis.
Then the volume of the created solid is
Z b
π (f (x)2 − g (x)2)dx
a

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f (x) = x ≥ g (x) = x 2, x ∈ [0, 1]
The cross section is A(x) = π(x 2 − x 4) and the
volume is
Z 1 Z 1  
1 1 2π
A(x)dx = π (x 2−x 4)dx = π − =
0 0 3 5 15

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Example
The solid is obtained by rotating about the x-axis
√
the region under the curve x from 0 to 1.

Z 1 √ π
V =π ( x)2dx =
0 2
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Example
f (x) = x 2 + 2, g (x) = 4 − x 2 rotates about the
horizontal line y = −3.

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Example

Z b
(g (x) + 3)2 − (f (x) + 3)2 dx
 
V = π
Za 1
= π (24 − 24x 2)dx = 32π
−1

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The Shell method
A solid is obtained by rotating about the y-axis
the region under the graph of y = f (x) over the
interval [a, b]. It may be easier to find the areas of
the cylindrical shells than the areas of the
cross-sections.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Areas-Volumes December 20, 2012 23 / 33

The Shell method
The area of a cylindrical shell is 2πxf (x) and the
volume of the solid is
Z b
V = 2π xf (x)dx
a

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The Shell method
The area of a cylindrical shell is 2πxf (x) and the
volume of the solid is
Z b
V = 2π xf (x)dx
a

Example. y = 2x 2 − x 3, x ∈ [0, 2]
Z 2  5

2 16π
V = 2π x(2x 2−x 3)dx = 2π 23 − =
0 5 5

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Example
Calculate the volume obtained by rotating about
the y-axis the area enclosed by the graphs of
f (x) = 9 − x 2, g (x) = 9 − 3x.

Solve
f (x) = 9 − x 2 =
g (x) = 9 − 3x,
and get a = 0,
b=3

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Example

Z 3
V = 2π x[(9 − x 2) − (9 − 3x)]dx
Z0 3
= 2π x(3x − x 2)dx
0
27π
=
2

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Example
Volume of the solid created by rotating the region
between the curves
f (x) = x 2 + 2, g (x) = 4 − x 2
about the horizontal line y = −3.

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Example

Z 3 p Z 4 p
2π 2 y − 2(y +3)dy +2π 2 4 − y (y +3)dy
2 3
Z 1√ Z 0√ 
= 4π u(u + 5) du + u(7 − u)(−du)
0 1
Z 1
2
= 4π 12u 1/2 du = 4π(12)( )(1 − 0) = 32π
0 3

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HOMEWORK 1-2

1. Find the shaded area

2. Find the area of the region enclosed by

a. y = x 2 − 6, y = 6 − x 3, and y-axis
√ √
b. y = 2 − x, y = x, and x = 0
c. y = |x| and y = x 2 − 6
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Homework 3

Find the volume of liquid needed to fill a sphere of

radius r to height h.

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Homework 4-5

4. Find the volume of the solid obtained

√ by
rotating the region under the graph of x 2 + 9
over [0, 3] about the y − axis.
5. Find the volume of the solid obtained by
rotating the region enclosed by
y = x 2, y = 12 − x, x = 0 about y = −2.

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Homework 6
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating
the region bounded by y = x 3, y = 8, x = 0 about
the y-axis.

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Homework 7
A bead is formed by removing a cylinder of radius
r from the center of a sphere of radius R. Find
the volume of the bead with r = 1, R = 2.

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