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CONCRETE
Engr. Gabriel Gamana
1. Principles of Prestress
2. Flexural Design of Prestressed
Concrete Elements
3. Partial Loss of Prestress
4. Shear and Torsional Strength
Table of Contents Design
5. Camber, Deflection and Crack
Control
6. Prestressed Compression and
Tension Members
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1.1 Introduction
1.2 Comparison with Reinforced Concrete
1.3 Economics of Prestressed Concrete
1.4 Historical Development of Prestressing
1. Principles of 1.5 Basic Concepts of Prestressing
1.6 C-Line Method
Prestress 1.7 Load-Balancing Method
1.8 Method of Prestressing
1.9 Materials for Prestressing
1.1 Introduction
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1.1 Introduction
• Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension. Due
to such a low tensile capacity, flexural cracks develop at early
stages of loading.
• In order to reduce or prevent such cracks from developing, a
concentric or eccentric force is imposed in the longitudinal
direction of the structural element. This force prevents the
cracks from developing by eliminating or considerably
reducing the tensile stresses at the critical sections at service
load, thereby increasing the capacity of the section.
• Such an imposed longitudinal force is called a presstressing
force i.e., a compressive force that prestresses the sections
along the span of the structural element prior to the
application of the loads.
1.1 Introduction
Considering a row of books. Each book is a discrete element
but, if they are stacked closely together and an axial
compressive force is applied at each end of the stack, it is
possible to lift the whole row as a single unit.
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1.2 Comparison with Reinforced Concrete
• Prestressed Member
The permanent stresses in the prestressed structural
member are created before the full dead and live loads are
applied, in order to eliminate or considerably reduce the
net tensile stresses caused by these loads.
Downward deflections of beams and slabs under service
loads may be avoided or greatly reduced.
• Nonprestressed Member
It is assumed that the tensile strength of the concrete is
negligible and disregarded. Cracking and deflection are
therefore essentially irrecoverable in reinforced concrete
once the member reached its limit state at service load.
The reinforcement does not exert any forces of its own on
the member, contrary to the action of prestressing steel.
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1.2 Comparison with Reinforced Concrete
• Prestressed Member
By controlling the amount of prestress, a structural system
can be made either flexible or rigid without influencing its
strength.
Fatigue resistance (i.e. the ability to resist the effect of
repeated live loading due to, for instance, road and rail
traffic) is considerably enhanced.
• Nonprestressed Member
Such flexibility in behavior is considerably more difficult to
achieve if considerations of economy are to be observed
in the design.
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1.4 Historical Development of Prestressing
• In 1872
P. H. Jackson, an engineer from California, patented a
prestressing system that used a tie rod to construct
beams or arches from individual block.
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1.4 Historical Development of Prestressing
• In the early 1920s
W. H. Hewett of Minneapolis develop the principles of
circular prestressing. He hoop-stressed horizontal
reinforcement around walls of concrete tanks through the
use of turnbuckles to prevent cracking due to internal
liquid pressure, thereby achieving water tightness.
• 1926 through 1928
Linear prestressing continued to develop in Europe and in
France, in particular through the ingenuity of Eugene
Freyssinet, who proposed methods to prestress losses
through the use of high-strength and high-ductility steels.
In 1940, he introduced the now well-known and well-
accepted Freyssinet system comprising the conical
wedge anchor for 12- wire tendons.
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1.5 Basic Concepts of Prestressing
The prestressing force P that satisfies the particular conditions of
geometry and loading of a given element is determined from the
principles of mechanics and of stress-strain relationships.
=± ±
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=− + −
=− − +
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1.5 Basic Concepts of Prestressing
=− − +
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1.5 Basic Concepts of Prestressing
Harped Draped
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1.5 Basic Concepts of Prestressing
=− + − =− − −
=− − + =− + +
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=− − −
=− + +
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1.5 Basic Concepts of Prestressing
Problem 1.1 (CE Board, May 2012)
The section of a prestressed double-tee concrete floor joist
shown in the figure. The prestressing force in each tee is 750
kN. Unit weight of concrete is 23.50 kN/m3.
Answer
a. =− .
b. =− .
c. = . 24
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1.5 Basic Concepts of Prestressing
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1.6 C-Line Method
Problem 1.2
Solve Problem 1.1 for final service-load condition by C-line
method.
Answer
=− . 27
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1.7 Load-Balancing Method
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1.7 Load-Balancing Method
• The concrete fiber stress across the depth of the section at
midspan becomes.
=− =−
= ; =− ∓
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=− − ; =− +
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Answer
=− . 32
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1.8 Method of Prestressing
Prestressing tendons may be tensioned before the concrete is
placed (pre-tensioned) or after the concrete has hardened (post-
tensioned). The resulting prestressed concrete members are
also frequently described as being either pre-tensioned or post-
tensioned.
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1.8 Method of Prestressing
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1.8 Method of Prestressing
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1.8 Method of Prestressing
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1.8 Method of Prestressing
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1.8 Method of Prestressing
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1.8 Method of Prestressing
1.8.2 Post-tensioning
• Here the tendons, which may be located inside or outside the
concrete, are tensioned after the concrete has hardened.
Internal tendons, which are contained within ducts or sheaths
to prevent them from bonding to the concrete, can be
arranged to follow the curvature of the structure and provide
the most appropriate profile to suit the applied loading.
External tendons can be arranged as a series of straight
lengths with changes of direction.at specific positions. In
cylindrical structures, external tendons may be placed directly
against the surface of the concrete.
• In all cases, after the concrete has attained sufficient strength,
the tendons are tensioned using jacks that bear upon the
exposed face of cast-in anchorages at the ends of the tendon.
When the required force has been attained, the tendons are
made secure at the anchorages.
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1.8 Method of Prestressing
Conventional Tendons
External Tendons
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1.8 Method of Prestressing
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
• It is important to consider the physical properties of both the
concrete and the tendons in order to understand the effect
that each has on the other, particularly with regard to the
losses of prestress that occur at various stages.
• Some losses occur immediately, due to friction during the
tensioning of the tendons and elastic shortening of the
member during the transfer of prestress to the concrete. Other
losses occur over an extended period of time, due to steel
relaxation and creep and shrinkage of the concrete.
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Millau Viaduct
Tallest Bridge in the World
Height (343 m)
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
1.9.1 Concrete
• Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other
aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of
cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are
added to change certain characteristics of the concrete such
as its workability, durability, and time of hardening.
• Particular factors that are important in relation to prestressing
are the strength of the concrete and the deformations that
occur before, during and after the transfer of prestress.
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
• With pre-tensioning, it is important to be able to achieve a
high concrete strength at early age so that the prestressed
units can be lifted from the bed as soon as possible, since a
rapid turn-round is vital to the success of the production
process.
• Concrete at normal temperatures could take several days to
develop the required strength for transfer, but the process can
be accelerated so that the strength is reached in 8 to 16
hours. This can be achieved either by introducing saturated
steam into an enclosure containing the units or by circulating
hot water in pipes embedded in the stressing bed.
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
1.9.1.2 Concrete Deformation
When stress is applied to concrete, it undergoes dimensional
changes: an immediate elastic deformation followed by a
time-related creep deformation. These changes are in addition
to the shrinkage caused by changes in moisture content. Any
shortening of the concrete that occurs after the tendons have
been tensioned and anchored causes a loss of prestress that
must be allowed for in the design of the member.
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
The loss of prestress due to the elastic deformation of the
concrete that occurs at transfer is greatest in pre-tensioning,
since the tendons are already anchored by bond, and all the
stress is applied to the concrete at the same time. In post-
tensioning, there is no loss if all the tendons are stressed at the
same time, since the elastic deformation takes place before the
tendons are anchored. When the tendons are stressed
sequentially, a progressive loss occurs in any tendons that are
already anchored. The total loss is then intermediate between nil
and half the value that occurs in pre-tensioning.
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
1.9.2.1 Types of Tendon
1.9.2.1.1 Wire
Cold-drawn wire is produced in coil form from hot-rolled rod
which is heat treated to make it suitable for cold drawing. The
wire surface is initially smooth but may be indented by a
subsequent mechanical process. In the as-drawn condition, the
wire has a natural curvature approximately equivalent to the
capstan of the drawing machine.
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
1.9.2.1.2 Strand
Strand is made from cold-drawn wires: a seven-wire strand
consisting of a straight core wire (the king wire) around which
are spun six helical wires in one layer. The diameters of the
outer wires have to be slightly less than that of the king wire to
allow for their helical form. Strand can be supplied with the outer
wires having either a left-hand or a right-hand twist and the
stressing jacks need to be adjusted accordingly. In BS 5896,
there are three types of seven wire strand: standard, super and
drawn.
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
1.9.2.1.3 Bar
1.9.2.1.3.1 Macalloy bars
Macalloy bars are produced from hot-rolled carbon-chrome steel
bars that are then cold-worked by stretching to obtain the
specified properties. The bars are available in lengths up to 17.8
m for diameters between 25 mm and 50 mm. Stainless steel
bars are available in lengths up to 6 m for diameters between 20
mm and 40 mm. Both types of bar are provided with cold-rolled
threads at each end, or over the full length if needed, and can be
joined together by threaded couplers to obtain longer tendon
lengths.
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
1.9.2.3 Steel Relaxation
When a high tensile steel wire is stretch and maintained at a
constant strain the initial force in the wire does not remain
constant but decrease with time. The decrease of stress in
constant strain is called relaxation of steel.
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1.9 Materials for Prestressing
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