PREFACE

This document "Procedural Guidelines" presents the general planning of water supply schemes including the broader
aspects of scheme design such as community participation, institutional and survey related issues that need to be taken into
account while planning and developing community based rural water supply and sanitation schemes. This is the first in a
series of twelve technical documents (revised) which are :

Volume I: Procedural Guidelines

Volume II : Design Criteria
Volume III : Standard Drawings
Volume IV : Rate Analysis Norms
Volume V : Quantity Estimate with Schedule of Materials & Labour for Standard
Components
Volume VI : Water Quality and Simple Treatment Units
Volume VII : Formats for Project Documentation
Volume VIII : Operation and Maintenance Manual : Policy & Procedures
Volume IX : Operation and Maintenance Manual : Reference Manual
Volume X : General Specifications
Volume XI : Guidelines for Tubewell Program
(a) Community Based Shallow Tubewell
(b) Pumps
Volume XII : Pipe Fittings Requirements and Details
 DESIGN GUIDELINES
FOR
COMMUNITY BASED GRAVITY FLOW
RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES
VOLUME - I : PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Water Supply: Sector Overview 1

1.2 Introduction to Design Guidelines 2

1.3 Community Based Approach 3

1.3.1 Introduction 3
1.3.2 Key Elements of Community Participation 9
1.3.3 Responsibilities of Beneficiaries/Users' Committee 11

2.0 PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

2.1 Implementation Directive 13

2.2 Project Identification Procedure 13
2.3 Registration of WUSC 13
2.4 Step By Step Implementation Procedure 13
2.5 Appraisal of Rural Water Supply Schemes 18

3.0 SURVEY

3.1 Pre-feasibility Study 19

3.2 Feasibility Study 20

3.3 Water Sources Survey 20

3.3.1 Water Quality 20

3.3.2 Source Selection 20
3.3.3 Water Source Measurement 22
3.3.4 Source Protection 22
3.3.5 Source Yield vs Design Demand 22

3.4 Population Survey 23

3.5 Detailed Survey 24

3.5.1 Abney Level 25

3.5.2 Theodolite 25
3.5.3 Automatic Level 25
3.5.4 Compass 25
3.5.5 Altimeter 25

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 26
ANNEXES
A Scheme Application Form

B Pre-feasibility Study Form

C Prioritising Criteria

D Feasibility Study Form

E WHO - Water Quality Guidelines Values

F Source Measurement Methods

i) V notch
ii) Velocity Area Method
iii) Bucket & Watch Method

G Source Measurement Record Form

H Distribution Line Alignment Figures

I Detail Survey Form

J Application to register Users Committee

 LIST OF ACRONYMS

AV : Air Valve

BPC : Break Pressure Chamber

DC : Distribution Chamber

DDC : District Development Committee

DE : District Engineer

WSSDO : Water Supply And Sanitation Division/Sub-Division Office

DWSS : Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

GI : Galvanised Iron

HDPE : High Density Polyethylene

HGL : Hydraulic Grade Line

IC : Interruption Chamber

lpcd : Litre per capita per day

lps : Litre per second

MPPW : Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

UC : Users' Committee

VDC : Village Development Committee

VMSW : Village Maintenance and Sanitation Worker

 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 WATER SUPPLY : SECTOR OVERVIEW

The objectives of water supply improvement in Nepal are to (a) reduce the prevalence of water related diseases and
(b) minimize the hardship in collecting water. Safe water in close proximity is expected to ease the hardship
imposed on women from the long walks and climbs while bringing water from distant sources. The water sector
program in Nepal is implemented by the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) through the
Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS), the designated lead agency.

After formation of Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning (MHPP) in 1987, it has issued the policy and
procedures for implementing rural water supply schemes. The "Directives 2047" provides guidelines to implement
water supply schemes within the DWSS program along a participatory framework. The users are to be involved in
planning, construction, operation and maintenance of the schemes, which is to be achieved by forming water users'
committee. Users' committees are to be formed in on going as well as rehabilitation schemes.

The achievements made in survey, design and construction of water schemes in Nepal have not been matched by
operation and maintenance of the completed water schemes. Operation and regular maintenance of schemes in
most cases have received lesser attention.

According to 2002 statistics, about 30 % of the total population of the country still need to be provided with safe
water. Incidence of diseases caused by unsafe water, poor sanitation and lack of personal hygiene, are visible in the
people's health profile. Improvement of health requires continuous delivery of safe water, which necessitates that
the scheme be properly operated and maintained. The performance of a scheme becomes effective when the users
are involved in its management.

To meet the objectives of water supply improvement, following two types of schemes are built in the rural
communities in Nepal :
(a) Gravity Flow Schemes and
(b) Tubewell Schemes.
A gravity flow scheme is used in hilly regions and comprises of Independent Source(s), Transmission Main(s),
Storage Tank(s), Distribution Network, Standpost(s) and other components. In the Terai, shallow tubewells with
handpumps are used. Hand pumps used for rural communities in Nepal are of following types.
(i) Suction pumps (suction tube wells) and
(ii) Lift pumps (lift tube wells)

Besides these tubewells, for large communities deep tube wells with power driven pumps, overhead tanks and
distribution network are used to provide safe drinking water in urban and semi-urban areas of Terai region.
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN GUIDELINES

5
 This guideline outlines the procedures to be followed in the implementation of gravity flow rural water supply
schemes with participation of the beneficiaries. The guideline also incorporates hygiene education activities in the
scheme implementation cycle. The approach is to ensure wider participation of the women members of the
community. Support to the user groups to improve their technical and management capability to successfully
operate and maintain the completed scheme is emphasized.

For designing gravity flow schemes different design guidelines were used in the past. The earliest guideline was
prepared by the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) in 1977. To standardize the approach of
implementation and develop an uniform guideline for rural and semi-urban water schemes, a task force was
created by HMG in collaboration with WHO in 1987. The task force updated the existing design criteria, technical
standardization published its draft report the same year.

As the new policy stipulated that all water supply schemes would be implemented by involving the community,
basic changes to the earlier drafts have been necessitated. To adapt community based approach, the technical
standardization developed by task force has been revised and updated in 1993. Attempts had been made to
incorporate the observations and experiences from the sector staff in all region of the country including the
guidelines followed by other agencies.
While following these guidelines DWSS faced several problems to implement water supply and sanitation schemes
mainly due to following reasons:
1. Revision in rate analysis norms by HMG
2. Unable to address all the issues related to Decentralization Policy and Local Governance rules and regulations
3. Limited physical structures
4. Treatment technologies not included
5. Arithmetic calculation errors in quantity estimate formats
6. Lack of updated technical specifications

So, DWSS felt need to revise and update the present guidelines of 1993 and created a eight members task force
under the leadership of Mr. I. M. Tamrakar, DDG DWSS in 2001. The task force was assigned to review the
present guidelines and update it to address above stated issues.

This revised and updated version of guidelines is the outcome of the job performed by the task force.

This Volume I : Procedural Guidelines is the first part of the Design Guidelines.

1.3 COMMUNITY BASED APPROACH

6
1.3.1 Introduction

A community is defined as the group of people who socially interact, pursue a common goal intended to improve
their quality of life and come together to attain it. Community participation is the involvement of the beneficiaries
in (a) making the decision about the goal, (b) implementation of the decisions and (c) deriving the benefits from
the implementation 1.

Community participation in implementation of Rural Water Supply Scheme would involve the beneficiaries in the
following activities :

(a) Participation in Decision Making:

It is the continuous process of discussion, disagreement and collective consent from the initiation of
a plan or program. Identifying the need for water scheme, prioritising this need from among other
needs of the community and making requests are the other decisions to be made.

(b) Participation in the Implementation of Action(s) as decided upon above:

It includes actions and involvement of the users in cost sharing through contributing labour,
provision of local materials, supervision & management of construction, etc in collaboration with
implementing agency. Participation in implementation pertains to providing resources as well as
support for implementation of the scheme. Users share cost by undertaking tasks like trench
digging, backfilling, excavation for storage tanks and standposts including collection of stone, sand
and other local materials.

(c) Participation in Sharing Benefits to be Derived from the Action and Cost to undertake the Actions:

It is sharing of both the benefits and burden by the users. When the water supply scheme is
completed the users share the benefits with the output of the participatory action e.g. a safe water.
Since they share the benefits the cost of ensuring the delivery of water also lies with the users.

The factors outlined above constitute the three important element of community participation. A fourth factor;
evaluations by beneficiaries should also be included. The interrelationship between the four elements is shown in
Fig 1.

1
Miller D. 1978 "Concept and Complete Inherent in Participation Strategies within Integrated Rural
Development" UNESCO meeting of experts on the Institutional Problems of Participatin" Lima, 4-8th September.

7
Decision

Implementation

Share benefits

Evaluation

Fig 1 : Interrelationship Between Elements of Community Participation.

Community participation should be differentiated from voluntary contribution and the self help actions. Self help
activities are undertaken by individuals with self defined aims and objectives. These are small scale in nature and
can be accomplished in a limited time. In comparison, community participation implies a long term goal, larger
group size and more diverse interests. Community participation necessitates some degree of interactions with
outside agencies, which have their own set of working norms and hierarchy. Participatory hence, is more complex
than self help actions and voluntary contribution.

Community Water Supply development is based on partnership concept. Trust between the implementing agency
and beneficiaries are therefore, paramount. Community participation is not only the means of organising labour &
materials for the implementation but also establishing dialogues with the community and being sensitive to their
needs/constraint. Partnership approach is based on the following concepts.

(i) The long-term objectives of water supply and sanitation will be achieved when beneficiaries become
equal partners in development. For this community has to demonstrate felt-need who should be
involved to make decisions at all stages of the project cycle.

(ii) A partnership programme works best when the role of each partner is clearly defined and understood
from outset. A series of agreements (contracts) for sharing of responsibilities for planning,
implementation including operation and maintenance between the users committee and
implementing agency at the beginning of each major activity are, therefore, required.

(iii) The implementing agency performs as a facilitator by providing financial, technical and material
support for community efforts.

8
 (iv) If the community is involved in organization and management for planning and implementation
(one or two years for the completion of a gravity supply scheme) it will also be able to organise and
manage operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems once the project is
completed.

(v) A community organisation can manage construction, operation and maintenance of water supply
and sanitation system when, it is adequately supported by community development workers, water
supply and sanitation technicians and health workers.

The differences between community participation and voluntary contribution are outlined in Table 1.

Table 1. Difference between Participation and Voluntary Contribution

┌────────────────┬────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┐
│ Parameters │ Community Participation │ Voluntary Contribution │
├────────────────┼────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│ Needs │ Community determined │ Implementing Agency │
│ │ │ determined │
│ │ │ │
│ Decision by │ Implementing agency & │ Implementing Agency │
│ │ community jointly │ │
│ │ │ │
│ Planning │ Community request schemes │ Community may help │
│ │ and assist in survey & │ │
│ │ design │ │
│ │ │ │
│ Implementation │ Community organizes all │ Community provides │
│ │ works and labour cost │ voluntary labour │
│ │ │ │
│ Responsibility │ Community & Implementing │ Implementing Agency │
│ │ Agency │ │
│ │ │ │
│ Authority │ Community and Implementing │ Implementing Agency │
│ │ Agency │ │
│ │ │ │
│ Dependency for │ Almost no dependency on │ Continued dependency on │
│ operation and │ implementing agency │ implementing agency │
│ maintenance │ │ │
└────────────────┴────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┘

In a scheme with genuine participation the users should be solely responsible for its management, operation and
maintenance including remuneration of the VMSW, spares and fittings, and the cost required therein should be
met by the users. The implementing agencies should provide technical and institutional support as well as
materials, which are beyond the user's capability. This is desirable to ensure that the completed schemes are
properly managed and that the users become capable of doing so. Interactions with the users should be regular and
their opinions and suggestions should be entertained at appropriate stages of the implementing cycle.

A water supply scheme developed by the participatory approach is sustainable as it:

9
Satisfies a Felt Need

As the scheme is identified, conceptualized and requested by the users themselves, it would confirm to their felt
need. Their willingness to achieve long term success of the scheme will, therefore, be strong. It would also
stimulate them to participate in other development activities.

Provides a Sense of Ownership

When schemes are built without involving the users, the experience has shown that the users expect the
maintenance & repairs should be done by the implementing agencies. When the users have a say in selection of the
source, location of the standpost, storage tanks, and pipeline alignment and when they participate in supervision of
the expenditure as well as contribute local materials and labour a sense of ownership of the scheme among the
users will be generated.

Integrates Health/Hygiene Education Through Women Involvement

The benefits of water supply can be achieved only when hygiene education is linked to the provision of safe water.
Hygiene education is effective only when women members of the community are the main target group. Women are
the main water carriers, the caretaker of the family's health, and should therefore be the target of health/hygiene
education program.
In a community based approach health/hygiene education can be linked with the scheme's development to achieve
the objectives of a water supply in a long-term basis. When women are involved in the planning and
implementation they understand the need of regular operation and maintenance of the scheme as a necessary input
for continuous delivery of water. Hygiene education thus helps to instil responsibility for the system and a feeling of
control over the environment in the minds of the users. The users become aware of the need for regular
maintenance of the scheme and its proper operation as the pre-requisites for improving family health. They would
make sure that routine maintenance will be carried out.

Insures Upkeep & Maintenance

Operation and maintenance is the weakest element of rural water schemes in Nepal. The past-centralized approach
of management without involvement of the community is the basic reason for poor maintenance of several rural
water supply schemes. When the users are entrusted with the responsibilities, maintenance would be easier and
effective. This may be achieved when the users contribute in the planning, implementation and operation and
maintenance when the scheme is completed. Regular maintenance is the precondition to derive benefit from the
scheme.

When the users are involved, operation & maintenance will be improved because;

10
- Users are familiar with the system and its components,
- Users understand technical elements of the components and their maintenance needs,
- Maintenance needs are quickly reported, by increased sense of responsibility and ownership,
- When women are involved they become familiar with the vulnerable point of the scheme and keep an
eye for possible problems. Since water affects their life as well as that of the children, they would be
motivated to make sure that the scheme is regularly maintained.
They will also understand why trees and fodder near the intake should not be cut, and why animals
should be kept away from the water intake.

Uses Local Skills and Resources

The involvement of beneficiaries would also provide an opportunity to identify and use local skills. It will also
provide opportunities for actively bringing together the communities' human resource for a productive task.
The under-utilized work force in the rural areas will be used in construction activities outside of the harvesting and
plantation seasons.

Selects Right Level of Technology

Only an appropriate technology level would be suitable when users are involved. Use of complicated technology
will often restrict opportunities for effective participation. If the level of technology is not appropriate, users will
not be able to operate and maintain it. Careful judgement in design and construction will result to fulfil the simple
operation and maintenance requirements of a scheme.

Strengthens Local Organizations

Since the planning will be done by the local organization e.g. VDC & DDC, their capability to plan and manage
other development programs at the local level will be further enhanced.

Acts as a Catalyst for Development

In a rural community, water supply scheme could be an entry point for bringing in other development activities.
When a water scheme is managed successfully by the community, the chances of success of other development
activities are also increased. The villagers would understand partnership concept of development in which they
have to meet labour costs in exchange of the technical support provided by the implementing agency.

In implementation of water scheme following factors are important to achieve effective community participation.
i. Communication: Formal and non-formal education methods, different communication techniques,

11
 pilot schemes and awareness campaigns should be used to introduce community based procedures,
to mobilize the community and to make the users understand the partnership concept of
development.
ii. Support to Field Staff: Field staff should be encouraged to help users during the planning,
construction and management phases of the water scheme. They should be supported and motivated
to spend more time in the community to interact with the users.
iii. Integrated In-House Training: Users' committee members, VMSW, health workers need to be
trained so that they are capable of discharging their duties. Training programs should be organized
regularly so that more users can work as VMSWs and health workers. This allows that supportive
cadre would be continually available to take up the maintenance tasks even if the designated person
quits his job. Overseer and technicians should be trained to work as a supervisor and as a trainer.
Exchange visit to another region/program is effective for training. Maintenance manual should be
prepared and made available for the use of VMSW as well as the Users' Committee.
iv. Sanitation and health education campaign: The campaign is an approach to motivate beneficiaries.
Demonstration latrines at school, health post, site office and selected household may have lasting
impact. Water, sanitation and health education related materials are effective to create awareness and
can be disseminated through schools, healthpost, VDC etc.
v. Visit to a Demonstration Scheme: The impact of demonstration scheme is very effective in rural
areas. In order to improve beneficiaries' participation, visit of Users' Committee members to a
completed scheme has been found to be successful.

1.3.2 Key Elements of Successful Community Participation Approach

A community-based method should incorporate following elements in the procedure:

Demand Led Development

For the success of a community-based approach, request for the water scheme must come from the users. All the
beneficiaries should express their willingness in the scheme and support the request. Whether actual users are
involved in making the request for the scheme should be checked.

Users' Involvement
Another element essential for the success of the community-based approach is the involvement of the users in all
stages of the schemes development. Pre- feasibility, feasibility, detail survey and design of water scheme should be
done in consultation with the users. Women members should be encouraged to participate in locating standposts
and other structures. Users should also contribute labour and local materials and will also have the responsibility
for supervision, operation and maintenance as well as the overall management of the completed scheme.
Transparency

Transparency is the key to the success of community based water supply schemes. The design and cost estimate of
the scheme should be endorsed by the users' committee. The committee should be in position to explain the

12
 statement of expenditure to all beneficiaries.

The users committee should maintain a minute book. Decision of work award, hiring of skilled masons, material
acquisition and purchase, labour contribution schedule etc. should be recorded in the book. It should be signed by
the representatives designated by the users committee and the technicians of the implementing agency. Even the
disagreements must be recorded in the book, which should be made available for inspection.

Planning

The life style in rural areas is a routine of several interrelated activities in which the community members are
involved. The construction activity for example, will be influenced by rains, plantation and harvesting of crops,
festivals and local customs. Community based water supply schemes should be planned when villagers are free
from such activities. A general sequencing of activities is shown in Fig. 2.

┌─────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────┐

│ │ │ │ │

│ ├──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──│──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┼──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┤

│ │J │A │S │O │N │D │J │F │M │A │M │J │J │A │S │O │N │D │J │F │M │A │M │J │J │A │S │O │N │D │J │F │M │A │M │J │

├─────────────────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──│──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤

│A. PROJECT ACTIVITIES│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│1 Request from users │**│**│**│**│**│**│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│2 Prioritise for │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ pre-feasibility │ │ │ │ │ │ ╞══╡ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│3 Pre-feasibility │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╞══╡ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│4 Prioritise for │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ feasibility study │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╞══╡ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│5 Feasibility study │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╞══╡ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│6 Source Measurement │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╞══╪══╪══╡**│**│**│**│**│**│**│**│**╞══╪══╪══╡**│**│**│**│**│**│**│**│**│**│**│**│

│7 Detailed Survey │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╞══╡ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│8 Training │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╞══╡ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│9 Mobilise for Const.│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╞══╡ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│10 Construction │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╞══╪══╪══╪══╪══╪══╡ │ │ │ │ ╞══╪══╪══╪══╪══╪══╪══╡ │

│(Year extends accord-│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ing to scheme size) │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│B. LOCAL ACTIVITIES │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│1 Plantation ╞══╪═ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╞══╪══╪═ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╞══╪══╪═ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╞══╡

│2 Rainy Season ╞══╪══╪═ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ═╪══╪══╪═ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ═╪══╪══╪═ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ═╡

│3 Dasain / Tihar │ │ │ ═╪══╡ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ═╪══╡ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ═╪══╡ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

│4 Harvesting │ │ │ │ ═╪══╪═ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ═╪══╪═ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ═╪══╪═ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

└─────────────────────┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┘

Fig 2 : Sequencing of Activities of a Scheme

1.3.3 Responsibilities of Beneficiaries/Users' Committee
For implementing a community water scheme the responsibilities of the users and the implementing agencies
should be clearly defined. The responsibilities of the users committee at different stages of the schemes'
implementation cycle would be as follows :

13
 Planning Phase
The users group will participate in the following tasks during the planning phase.

- Make initial request for the scheme based on demand-led approach as per the procedure
explained in 2.2
- Form a Water Users' Committee with at least two women members.
- Selection of source and its regular measurement.
- Involve actively during both pre-feasibility and feasibility study.
- Resolve source disputes.
- Clear the source area where intake is to be built and make access track wherever needed.
- Get fully informed and agree for design and cost-estimate of the scheme.
- Collect maintenance fund at the agreed rate for each standpost.
- Establish a protection zone around and on the catchment of the source and plant suitable
tree species with assistance of district forest office.
- Identify and recruit a VMSW for the operation and maintenance.
- Identify and establish standpost group consisting of one caretaker (preferably female) and
two health workers (sewikas) for each standpost.
- Involve the actual beneficiaries (women member also) to decide standpost location.

Construction Phase

The committee will mobilize the local community for the following tasks

- Digging trenches and back filling.

- Collecting and supplying local materials such as stones, sand etc.
- Excavating at intake, storage tank, standpost etc.
- Transporting pipes and other construction material from road-head to scheme site
- Unskilled labour for construction of the intake, storage tank, standpost etc.
- Organizing and managing store taking responsibility of cement, pipes, together with
implementing agency.
- Keeping minutes of all expenditure and decision on the scheme development.
- Organizing regular meetings and solve all local problems
- Providing necessary support to the construction in charge.
- Acquiring land for sedimentation tank, standpost, storage tank, intake etc.
- Supervising construction and control quality in cooperation with the construction in
charge.

Operation Maintenance Phase

Users' Committee will undertake the following activities during the operation and maintenance phase.

- Collect money on regular basis to pay the VMSW and purchase spares.
- Supervise the VMSW.
- Organize labour contribution for maintenance and repairs.
- Supervise the standpost group and encourage them to participate more in spreading the
health and hygiene education message to beneficiaries.
- Co-ordinate with Village Development Committee.

The responsibilities of implementing agency are described in step by step implementation procedure in section 2.4.
2.0 PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

2.1 GENERAL

In order to follow uniform procedure for all water schemes (externally financed including NGOs programs), the

14
 detailed implementation procedure is discussed in this section. This procedure has been proposed on the basis of
the "Directives" as well as the experiences of community based programs in various regions over the last 20 years.

2.2 SCHEME REQUEST PROCEDURE

The request for a water scheme should come from the actual beneficiaries. They must discuss the request among
themselves in the village meeting and minute the decision. The request should be then submitted to the VDC for
approval. With recommendation from the VDC, the beneficiaries should submit the request to the DDC as per the
application form given in Annex A.

┌───────────────────────────┐
│ PROJECT IDEA BY VILLAGERS │
└─────────────┬─────────────┘
│
┌───────┴────────┐
│ REQUEST TO VDC │
└───────┬────────┘
│
┌────────┴─────────┐
│ APPROVAL BY │
│ VILLAGE ASSEMBLY │
└────────┬─────────┘
│
┌───────┴────────┐
│ REQUEST TO DDC │
└────────────────┘

Fig 3 : Scheme Identification Procedure Flow Chart

2.3 Registration of WUSC

After the identification of project area and benefiting households the general meeting of the beneficiaries will form a 9
Members Water Users' and Sanitation Committee (WUSC) with at least 2 women members. The WUSC endorsed by
VDC/Municipality will apply in a prescribed form (Annex -1, Drinking water supply regulation -2055) for registration to
district water resources committee (DWRC). District water resource committee, after nesessary examination of the
application, will register and issue certificate of registration quantifying the water to be used from the proposed
source/s( Annex-2. Drinking water supply regulation -2055). The above mentioned formats are given in annex-J(A) & J(B)
of this volume.

2.4 STEP BY STEP IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE

The steps for implementation for a community based gravity flow water supply scheme are as follows

* Request for the scheme by the user with VDC's recommendation,

* Pre-feasibility study,

15
* Formation of User's Committee,
* District Assembly priorities for feasibility study,
* Feasibility study,
- Hydrological
- Survey of all potential water sources
- Regularly monitor the selected source/s
- Social aspects
- Assessment of the felt need
- Assessment of the community cooperation and interest
- Location of standposts
- Health / sanitation activities
- Selection of village women workers
- Technical
- Altimeter (or Abney level) survey of the altitudes of intake, storage tanks,
standposts etc.
- Final assessment of safe source yield.

* Initial layout of the scheme

* Preliminary cost estimate of different options.
* User's committee agree on the service level, the design and cost estimates of the scheme.
* District assembly selects scheme for construction.
* Detail survey with Abney or Theodolite or Automatic level.
* Final lay - out of the scheme.
* Design, cost estimate preparation.
* Agreement with user's committee
* Identification of VMSW and formation of Standpost Group.
* Training of users' committee Village Health Workers.
* Procurement of materials, and then transportation to site.
* Construction activities.
* On the job training of VMSW and health workers.
* Completion of the scheme
- WUSC takes over full responsibility of the scheme
- Fix remuneration of VMSW,
- Provide extra tools & materials to VMSW,
- Certify and exchange completion report of the scheme.
* Operation & maintenance.
* Training of VMSW, Users Committee, Village Health Workers, Standpost Groups.
* Monitoring, Evaluation and support mechanism.
* Provision of spares and materials through cooperatives.

16
 Previously used flow chart, not erased for comparision with new one.

IMPLEMENTATION FLOW-CHART
FOR COMMUNITY BASED
GRAVITY WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

┌────────────────────────────────┐
│ REQUEST FROM USER │
│ PRIORITISE FOR PRE-FEASIBILITY │
└─────────────────┬──────────────┘
Ϊ
┌───────────┴───────────┐
│ PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY │
│ Formation of UC │
└───────────┬───────────┘
Ϊ
┌────────────┴───────────────┐
│ DISTRICT ASSEMBLY │
│ Prioritise for Feasibility │
└────────────┬───────────────┘
Ϊ
┌──────────────────────┐ ┌────────┴────────┐ ┌──────────────────────────┐
│RE-DEFINING │ │ FEASIBILITY │ │ -Health & Sanitation │
│- Service area ├──Ψ──┤ - Hydrological ├───Χ┤ Awareness Campaign Starts│
│- Lower per capita │ │ - Social │ └──────────────────────────┘
│- Lower design period │ │ - Engineering │
└──────────────┬───────┘ └─────────┬───────┘
┌─────────┐ Ω Ϊ
│Alterna- │
│tive inv-├Χ───┴── No ──── Feasible
│estigated│
└─────────┘ │
Yes
┌──────────────────────┐ Ϊ
│ Ϊ │
┌─────────┴─────────────┐ ┌─────┴─────┴────────────┐
│If not approved, could ├──┤DISTRICT ASSEMBLY appro-│
│ be approved in future │ │ves for construction │
└─────────┬─────────────┘ └─────┬─────┬────────────┘
Ω │ │
└──────────────────────┘ Ϊ
┌────────────────┴─────────────────┐
│ USERS COMMITTEE AGREE │
│ type of scheme and service level │
└────────────────┬─────────────────┘
Ϊ
┌───────┴────────┐
│ SURVEY, DESIGN │
│ COST ESTIMATE │
└───────┬────────┘
│
Ϊ
│
┌─────────────┴───────────────┐ ┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Agreement on distribution │─Χ───┤-Training to Users' Committee│
│ of responsibilities │ │-Training to health workers │
└─────────────┬───────────────┘ └─────────────────────────────┘
Ϊ

17
 ┌────────┴─────────┐
│ PROCUREMENT OF │
│ Const. materials │
│ & Transportation │
└────────┬─────────┘
Ϊ ┌────────────-──────────────────┐
┌──────┴───────┐ │ - On the job training of VMSW │
│ CONSTRUCTION ├── Χ──┤ - Health Education to │
│ ACTIVITIES │ │ beneficiaries │
└──────┬───────┘ │ - Formation of Standpost │
Ϊ │ Users Group │
┌─────────┴───────────┐ └───────────────-───────────────┘
│ COMPLETION CEREMONY │
└─────────┬───────────┘
Ϊ
┌───────────┴──── ────────┐ ┌──────────────────────────────┐
│ OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ├─Χ─-┤ -Training, Follow up Support │
└─────────────────────────┘ │ -Availability of Spares │
_______________________________

18
 IMPLEMENTATION FLOW-CHART
FOR COMMUNITY BASED
GRAVITY WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES
` from users group (UG)to VDC, Forward request to DDC with
recommendation for pre-feasibility study.

Prioritization of demanded and selection of limited number of schemes by

DDC for feasibility study and forward to district based water supply and
sanitation office.

Pre-feasibility study of selected schemes by district If not feasible

based water supply and sanitation office or concerned agency alternative should
and forward study report to both VDC and DDC. be investigated.

Formation of WUSC and authorization by

VDC/municipality/DDC and registration at District
Water Resource Committee (DWRS)

Request from WUSC to DDC with VDC recommendation for

feasibility study (Social, hydrological and
engineering study)

Prioritisation and selection of schemes by DDC for feasibility study

on the basis of logical judgement and technical feasibility and
forward to district based water supply and sanitation office or concerned
agency for action. All feasible schemes should be included in prioritization for
detail feasibility study.

Re-defining Feasibility Health and Sanitation

- Service area - Hydrological - Awareness campaign
- Lower per capita - Social starts
- Lower design period - Engineering

Alternative No
investigation Feasible

Yes

Scheme appraisal by community. WUSC agreed with

proposed type of scheme and service level

District based water supply and sanitation office or concerned agency forward feasibility
report with priority list of studied schemes to both VDC and DDC.

DDC
If not approved, could be No approves for
approved in future construction
& forw ards
Yes

Detail engineering design and

cost estimation

Approval of Design and Cost

estimate

19
 Collection of O & M and other necessary funds and opening of
bank account by WUSC

Agreement on implementation (construction) modalities of

proposed WSSP between WUSC and Concerned agency.

Training and health education

activities

 Pre-construction training WUSC

 Sanitation motivator' training

Procurement and Construction activities in

transportation of
pipes, fitting and
tools.
sequential order (From
intake to tapstand)
- On the job training of VMSW
- Health education to
beneficiaries (one-month
sanitation activities and
similar activities)
- Formation of standpost users
group.

Project completion report certified. WUSC Post construction training of WUSC and
takes over full responsibility of O & M VMSW and handover of sphare parts and
tools to WUSC

Regular Follow-up and support by VDCs,

DDCs and implementing agencies.

BME after 2 years of project completion

2.5 Appraisal of Rural Water Supply Schemes

All projects have to pass through a project cycle of different stages. Among all the stages, project appraisal is
the most vital stage. It involves 4 aspects itself namely:
 Technical
 Institutional
 Economical
 Financial

The main objectives of scheme appraisal are:

20
  To strike a balance between peoples' need and available resources
 To develop a methodology for appraisal
 To prioritize the projects as per some criteria
 To judge the worthiness of the project
 To facilitate DDC for the selection of projects for implementation.

Major factors for the basis of project appraisal and prioritisation are:

Technical viability
Needs assessment/hardship
Community willingness to participate
Financial Resources
Socioeconomic scenario
Sector policies (poverty alleviation through water supply and sanitation sector)
Format of Evaluation Criteria for Prioritizing Schemes has been attached in Annex C

3.0 SURVEY

An important step in the cycle of implementing rural water scheme is the survey activity. It consists of various stages, which are
discussed in the following sections.

3.1 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY

After the prioritised list of request for the scheme is received, the District Based Water Supply and Sanitation
Office should scrutinize the requests and undertake the pre-feasibility study. The main objectives of the pre-
feasibility study are to assess the felt need and prioritise schemes. Following factors should be checked while
visiting the community for the pre-feasibility study.

- Knowledge of the request by beneficiaries to evaluate whether the need is genuine

- Adequacy of water source
- Source conflict

The flow chart given below illustrates the activities required in pre-feasibility study.

21
 ┌──────────────────────────┐
│ - Village Meeting │
│ │
│ - Assess felt-need │
│ │
│ - Explain Implementation │
│ Policy & Procedures │
└───────────┬──────────────┘
│
│
┌───────────────────────┴──────────────────────────┐
│ - Assess existing water situation │
│ │
│ - Assess existing community owned facilities │
│ │
│ - Assess general health and hygiene conditions │
│ │
│ - Assess willingness & readiness to participate │
└───────────────────────┬──────────────────────────┘
│
│
┌────────────────────┴──────────────────────┐
│ - Investigate all potential water source │
│ │
│ - Identify dispute of source/s │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┘
Fig 4: Pre-feasibility Study Flow Chart
Pre feasibility study should be done in consultation with the beneficiaries either in small groups or individually.
The surveyor should also collect general impression of the community by `walking through' the service area. If the
pre-feasibility study cannot be undertaken due to lack of field staff, it could be combined with the feasibility study.
The information may also be used to prepare the district water supply profile. Schemes will be prioritized
according to the criteria given in Annex C.

3.2 FEASIBILITY SURVEY

For a community water supply scheme, feasibility study must be undertaken before the detailed survey and the
proposal should be incorporated in the annual program. During the feasibility survey both the social and technical
issues should be assessed. The maintenance and operation requirements as well as the capability of the user to
undertake the activity should be evaluated. For maintenance, the community's obligation should be clearly
explained. The surveyor should spend enough time to interact with the community so that their participation can
be more productive in the development of the water scheme.

Feasibility study should be conducted together with the users. Formal meetings should be held with the villagers,
both at the beginning and end of the visit. Discussions should be held to cover issues like types of schemes, need to
integrate health hygiene education, role of women, and identification of VMSW the users expectation, the service
level and its pros and cons.
During the survey, existing community managed facilities and their maintenance status, community caste/ethnic
composition, formal and informal leadership, communication channel, education & literacy level, availability of

22
 local materials and skills, community's willingness and readiness to improve facilities etc. must be explored. It
should be explained that the beneficiaries should pay the Village Maintenance and Sanitation Worker in cash or
kind and the beneficiaries should establish an arrangement.

In many communities, agreement on location of standposts has been found to be difficult. Social, local political
and environmental factors affect the location of the standpost. During the feasibility study, location of all
standposts must be finalized in consultation with the actual beneficiaries including women. During detailed design
stage, it may be very difficult to obtain consensus if agreement has not been reached earlier.

Investigation of source disputes should be thoroughly carried out. Efforts should be made to establish a consensus if
the source is used for other purposes like irrigation. After a source is selected, a no dispute letter must be obtained.

Instruments suggested for undertaking the feasibility survey are :

a. 30-m Tape Measure

b. Abney level
c. Altimeter.
d. Compass.

During the feasibility survey a rough plan of the village should be prepared. The plan should show the tentative
pipe alignment, the location of storage tanks, intake, BPCs, DCs, standposts and the present house number served
by each standpost. The map should then be used as a guideline for executing the detailed survey. The steps for
undertaking feasibility study are shown in following flow chart.

FLOW-CHART FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY

┌─────────────────┐
│ Village Meeting │
└────────┬────────┘
Ϊ
┌────────────────┴─────────────────┐
│ - Establish within service area │
│ . present population │
┌───Ψ─────┤ . growth rate │
│ │ . design period │
│ │ . per capita demand │
│ │ - Water demand projection │
│ └────────────────┬─────────────────┘
│ Ϊ
│ ┌─────────────┴──────────────┐
┌───────┴────────┐ │ - Source yield measurement │
┌─┤ Redefining │ │ and quality assessment │
│ │ Service Area │ │ - Source selection │
│ └───────┬────────┘ │ - Source Agreement │

23
│ │ └────────────────────────────┘
│ │ │
│ │ ┌───────────────────┐
│ │ │ Regular monitoring│
│ ├────────── No ── Source adequate ─ Yes ─┤ of selected │
│ │ │ source(s) │
│ │ └─────────┬─────────┘
│ ┌───────┴───────┐ │ Ϊ
│ │ Alternatives │
│ │ Investigated │ Yes Input to detailed design
│ └───────────────┘
Ϊ
│ ┌─────────────┴──────────────┐
│ │ - Social Aspects │
│ │ - Present water situation │
│ │ - Assessment of community's│
│ │ co-operation & interest. │
│ │ - Number of standposts │
│ └─────────────┬──────────────┘
│ Ϊ
│ ┌────────────────────┴───────────────────────┐
│ │ Ground Survey with Altimeter or Abney Level│
│ └────────────────────┬───────────────────────┘
│ Ϊ
│ ┌─────────────────┴──────────────────┐
│ │ - Location of standpost with users │
│ │ - Tentative location of collection │
│ │ chamber, Storage tank etc. │
│ └─────────────────┬──────────────────┘
│ Ϊ
│ ┌───────┴───────┐
│ │Initial Lay out│
│ └───────┬───────┘
Ϊ
│ ┌──────────────┴──────────────┐
│ │ - Preliminary cost-estimate │
│ │ - Per capita cost │
│ └──────────────┬──────────────┘
│ Ϊ
│ │
│
└───── No ──────────── FEASIBLE

Yes (Scheme appraisal by the UG)

To Detail Survey & Design

3.3 WATER SOURCES SURVEY

Before the design of a scheme, identification and selection of the water source should be carried out. The choice of

24
 a source is governed by the water quality, yield, location with respect to the service area and it's availability for use.

3.3.1 Water Quality

Quality of the source of water is an important pre-requisite to meet the strategy of improving health. Ideally, a
source should be selected after testing its bacteriological and physico-chemical quality followed by appropriate
treatment of water. In the past, treatment of water has been found to be difficult due to reasons like lack of
infrastructures, skilled man power, remote locations and absence of National Water Quality standard as a basis,
treatment of water have been provided only in few urban systems.

For controlling drinking water quality, National Standards needs to be formulated. The Department of Water
Supply and Sewerage is planning to establish laboratories in all the five development regions of the country. These
facilities would allow regular monitoring and testing of water quality. The information will also help in
formulating the national standard. Plans for gradually introducing simple water treatment methods can then be
feasible at the community level. The WHO standard is attached in Annex E for reference. Until the institutional
capability to treat water in community water supply schemes is strengthened, the approach should be to select
uncontaminated sources. The intake section in volume II also discusses some of the points to be considered for
meeting water quality requirements.

3.3.2 Source Selection

Generally, protected spring sources are found to be uncontaminated, clear and of good quality. Stream sources with
good watershed condition and without human settlement at the upstream are considered good. For rural water
supply schemes spring, and stream sources with good watershed condition are preferred. Stream sources, however,
become turbid during the rainy season and are more likely to be contaminated. All water sources in and around the
project area/village should be investigated before a source is selected. For selecting a source, following factors
should be considered if choice is available.
- Minimum flow that the source can deliver all year round.
- Location and distance of source with respect to the service area.
- Availability of the source for the water supply.
- Sources without dispute.
- Less likelihood of contamination.
- Preference of users.

Opinion of the villagers about the quality of water source may also serve as a guide. A rough guideline for source
selection in order of priority with respect to quality may be as follows:
(i) Spring source.
(ii) Stream source not requiring treatment.
(iii) Stream source, which requires plain sedimentation only.

After the water source(s) has been identified, the next step is to ascertain its yield. Many water supply schemes
built in the past have faced difficulties because the yield of the source has been found to be lower than the initial

25
 estimate2. This has been caused by a number of factors. First, the initial yield assessment itself may be
inappropriate because a single time measurement carried out in the wet period could not establish the accurate safe
yield. Further, gradual depletion of vegetation in the hills has also led to drying up of water sources3.

Villagers generally, have a fair idea about the nature of the source; whether it is perennial or would dry up. While
assessing the yield, their opinion should be limited to obtain only this information. Surveyors must visit the source
themselves to measure and assess its yield.

Water source must be measured during dry months of Chaitra, Baisakh and Jestha (April, May, June). Even if the
feasibility study is undertaken in other months, the WSSDO must make arrangement to measure the source again
in dry months. For assessing the yield, following points should be considered.

- Source during the peak of dry season should meet the domestic demand of 45 lpcd (village) or 60 lpcd
(bazaar) plus institutional needs of schools, health posts.
- Source must be measured for at least two dry seasons, in order to compute the safe yield.
- Flow measurements taken during or after the monsoon should not be accepted at all.
- Most intakes cannot trap all the water available at the source due to leakage from the structure. The
measured safe yield must be reduced by 10 percent to be on the safe side.

3.3.3 Water Source Measurement

Water source can be measured by any of the following methods whose details are explained in Annex F.

(a) Bucket and watch method.

(b) V-notch.
(c) Velocity area method.

For better reliability of the yield, water source recession curve should be established. This data should be collected
for two years. The recession curve thus established will help to understand the behaviour of the source in terms of
its yield. For this purpose, the WSSDO should make arrangements to measure the proposed source from end of
September (mid Aswin) till the beginning of monsoon rain every month. If flow cannot be measured for two years,
the curve may be prepared on the basis of a minimum of one-year data. The form for tabulating the collected data is
given in Annex G.

3.3.4 Source Protection

Water source selected for a scheme should be protected to minimize the chances of contamination and to maintain
its safe yield. Conservation works should be undertaken in collaboration with the District Forest Office. The
community should be motivated and mobilized for implementation of the conservation activities.

3.3.5 Source Yield vs Design Demand

2
Status Survey of 200 Water Supply Projects, Final Report 1989 No Frills Consultants,
Kathmandu.
3
This is a general observed trend in Nepalese hills. Field interview with district engineer
also validated this observation.

26
 In many cases, source/s with the adequate safe yield may not be located at an economically feasible distance, from
the service area. Any source/s that cannot supply the average daily demand is not feasible. In such cases, the
possibilities of water supply with lower per capita demand should be investigated by the WSSDO and decision be
made in consultation with the community. Other options may be to reduce the service area for lower design period.
The implication should be clearly explained to the beneficiaries. If the source/s is not adequate to meet the demand
after these reconsiderations, other options should be investigated.

3.4 POPULATION SURVEY

Population determines the amount of water that scheme has to satisfactorily supply during the design period. It is
hence important to establish population accurately for designing a water supply scheme. In addition, water
requirement of school, health post, and other establishments that are located within the community should also be
met. This population also needs to be established.

Ward wise population of the community may be obtained from the offices of the Village Development Committee.
This information may not be suitable for the purpose because the data may not be collected scientifically, records
could be old and not updated, boundaries of the wards are changed, etc. As the settlements in the mountains and
the hills are dispersed, in many cases even a single ward might have to be served by more than one scheme.
Population breakdowns in such cases are not available. However the record, if available, should be used as a
reference during the feasibility survey.

The survey of houses and population of the ward that would be served by the scheme may also be available from
the VDC office. If parts of the wards are excluded from the scheme, then the figure should be appropriately
adjusted. This figure may be sued to estimate the preliminary design populations and determine the approximate
number of standposts.
The actual population benefitting from the scheme should be counted during the feasibility detailed survey.
Following procedure should be followed.
(a) At each standpost, in consultation with its users make accurate list of household and population,
which would draw water from the individual tap. For projecting the population served by each
standpost, this data must be used.
(b) Record the population of Bazaar and rural standposts separately as the per capita demand would be
different for the two categories.
(c) Make a list of school, health post, and other establishments and their users that have to be served by
each standpost. This information may be obtained from the VDC office and should be verified
during the survey.

3.5 DETAILED SURVEY

27
 The design of a rural water supply scheme requires information on several physical aspects of the area. These are
the longitudinal ground profile along the proposed pipeline alignment, plans of sites for intake, storage tank and
sedimentation tank. Horizontal angles and distance should also be measured to prepare the lay out of the
transmission main and distribution network.

During the detailed survey, important features like rivers, rice terrace, U-profile, sudden change in ground slopes
should be recorded. Detailed survey should be undertaken together with the users. The actual sites for intake,
collection chamber, storage tank, sedimentation tank should be fixed during the detailed survey which should be
permanently marked as bench marks on structure, rock, tree etc. Pegs are driven along the pipe routes at all
stations and where pipeline changes direction.

With the provision of decentralized storage tanks in distribution systems, pipelines should be aligned along the
contours in stead of from top to bottom in order to reduce the number of BPCs. However, the length of pipe will be
increased in such an alignment, but it may be compensated by lesser maintenance requirements and probably
decreased pipe sizes. The storage tanks themselves act as BPCs, and the number of BPCs in the system would be
reduced. Following this procedure, decentralized storage tanks are provided and smaller distribution sub-system
created. Annex H (1) and (2) show, for a hypothetical case, how the number of BPCs could be reduced when the
distribution network is aligned along the contours.

Detailed survey should be undertaken with the instruments like Theodolite, Compass, Abney and Automatic level
depending on the topography, level of accuracy and the critical head difference between strategic points. The use of
the instruments is briefly described in the following paragraphs.

3.5.1 Abney Level

Abney level is widely used for the survey of longitudinal ground profile. The maximum distance measured in the
survey for one observation should be limited to 30 meters. Its careful survey yields the output within an acceptable
level of accuracy.
3.5.2 Theodolite
Theodolite is a precision instrument and accurately measures the vertical elevation and horizontal angle. But with
the stadia approach, ground distance in hilly areas cannot be accurately measured by the theodolite. The desirable
distance for a observation in a Theodolite should be limited to 60 m. In the hills, the actual ground distance along
which the pipeline would be laid should be measured by a tape.
3.5.3 Automatic Level

Automatic level precisely measures elevation differences. Therefore, in areas along the foothills and in hills where
the difference in elevation between the service area and source is critical automatic level should be used.

3.5.4 Compass

28
 Compass is needed to measure horizontal angle. Along with the Abney/ Automatic level it facilitates the
preparation of layout plan of the distribution network and its consequent optimization.

3.5.5 Altimeter

An altimeter measures the elevation on the basis of the atmospheric pressure. Since pressure varies with local
climatic conditions and changes in weather, its use should be limited for prefeasibility and feasibility study only to
obtain approximate elevation. Survey should be done with two altimeters, the second one serves as a control
instrument.
During the survey following details of the respective component should also be collected.
Map
An accurate lay out plan of the water scheme should be prepared using the compass. The plan should show the
actual location of the BPC, DC, standpost, storage tank, source and the elevation of different points.

A detailed map of the source area would be needed to show how the source could be developed. A ground plan with
1 m contour interval of the intake site should be prepared to enable its correct detailed design. This map helps the
designer to decide how the source could be tapped and developed. The site plan of the storage tank and
sedimentation tanks should be prepared with 1 m contour interval.
Field Book
The survey field book must contain the following information.
a. surveyors name / status.
b. source measurement / data / method.
c. horizontal angles and level difference.
d. measured distance.
e. position and length of GI pipe required.
f. soil type along the pipe alignment and component sites.
g. suspension crossings.
h. roads, canals, streams, forest, rice field, etc.
i. standpost location and number of households to be served.
j. name of accompanying villagers during detail survey.
k. name of villagers accompanying during the survey.
l. institutions to be served / service level.

29
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

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Technical Paper Series-26.

3. CHIFUMI, N., 1987: "Summary of Survey & Design of Water Supply Schemes" (in Nepali) J.O.C.V., Kathmandu,
Nepal.

4. CWSS, Western Development Region, 1977: "Basic Hydraulics for Rural Water Supply Systems", HELVETAS.

5. CWSS, Western Development Region, 1990: "Design Guidelines for Rural Water Supply Systems."

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HMG/WHO."

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13. DWSS, Task Force, 1987: "Design Criteria" (Manuscript), Vol.I.

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Supply Project."

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Project, HMG/WHO."

16. DWSS, Task Force, 1987: General Specifications, Vol. VI, Standardization of Approaches for Rural Water Supply
Project."

17. DWSS, Task Force, 1987: Planning, Implementation, Operation & Maintenance Manual Vol. VII, Standardization of
Approaches for Rural Water Supply Projects."

18. DWSS/HMG, 1982: "Guideline for the Survey, Investigation & Design of Semi-Urban & Rural Water Supplies",
DWSS, Panipokhari, Kathmandu.

19. Fair, G.M., Geyer, J.C., and Okun, D.A., 1966: "Water and Waste Water Engineering", John Wiley and Sons.

20. Government of India, Manual on Water Supply CPHEEO, Ministry of Urban Development.

21. Green, A., 1985: ""Interim Report on the Review of Hydraulic Design Criteria for Gravity Flow Water Systems in
Nepal, Phase II", UNICEF, Nepal.

22. Green, A., 1985: "Interim Report on the Review of Hydraulic Design Criteria for Gravity Flow Water Systems in
Nepal", UNICEF, Nepal.

23. Hebert, P.V., Yniguez, C., 1986: "Sensitivity of Water Distribution Costs to Design and Service Standards. A Philippine
Case Study", World Bank, Technical Series No. 16.

30
24. HMG, 2055 BS: Local Governance Act 2055

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49. Regional Directorate, Eastern Region, Standardization for Rural Water Supply Schemes.

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July, 1991.

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