Chapter 8

Problem 8.1:

A copper conductor is to be used for transmitting an electric

load of 2,500 Ampere over a distance of 100 m. The conductor, which
can be installed for $ 450 + 2.1$ per kg, Will have an estimated life of
20 years, and can be salvaged for $ 1.5 per kg. Power loss from the
conductor will be a function of cross-sectional area, A, and may be
expressed as (16.8/A) kilo-watt-hours per year, where A per (m*m).
Energy lost is valued as $ 0.03 per kilowatt-hour; taxes, insurance, and
maintenance are negligible; the minimum attractive rate of returns is
15%. Copper weights 8880 kg per cubic meter and the electrical
power will be transmitted continuously through the year.

a) Sketch a possible physical diagram and sketch a cash flow

diagram for the problem.
b) Drive a mathematical expression for the total annual cost, TEA,
as a function of cross section area, A, where A is per (m^2).
c) From expression developed from part (b) or otherwise determine
the annual cost, TEA, when a circular copper conductor with
diameter d=40 mm is used.
d) Do you recommend the size used in part (c)? If not, determine the
best conductor diameter in mm and the annual savings in this
case.

Solution:

a) Cash flow diagram

Where W = 888,000A

b) TEA cost?
* In general:
A/ P i ,n A/ F i ,n
TEA (A) = P ( ) + AE – S.V ( )
A/ F i ,n A/ P i ,n
We can prove that : ( )=( )-i
So
A/ P i ,n
TEA (A) = [P-S.V] ( ) + AE + [S.V* i]
* Substitution our power line values:
A/ P i, n
TEA (A) = [450 + 888000 * A - 1.5 * 888000 * A] ( 0.15976 )
16.8
+ A
*0.03 + [1.5 * 888,000 A * 0.15]
0.504
TEA (A) = 71.892+ 284920*A + A
…………….. (1)

c) When diameter (d) =40 mm;

d 40mm
A = π *( 2 ) 2
= π*( 2
) 2
= 1.256* 10 3 m 2
TEA (0.001256) = 71.892 + 357.85952 + 401.274 = $ 831.025

d) We will use a mathematical method to calculate the minimum ends

of TEA (A) curve, which will give us best cross
section with minimum cost :

d (TEA) 0.504
= 284920-
dt A^ 2
 d
To find minimum: 0
dt
0.504
284920- =0
A^ 2
A= 1.33* 10 3 m 2
d = 1.76892 * 10 6 = 4.116 * 10 2 = 41.16mm
Minimum total annual cost:
0.504
TEA (.00133) = 71.892+ 284.92*1.33+
1.33 * 10 3
= $ 829.828

Comparison between to cases:

Savings when using d = 41.16 mm

831.025 $-829.828 $=1.197$
Savings as a ratio:
(1.197$/829.828)*100%=0.147%

Problem No.8.2

.Sea-water is to be pumped through a 150m pipe line at85 liters/sec

:The electric power requirements, being given by

W= (6.893X10 ) V watts
5
D
Where
V is the flow rate in litres/sec
.D is the internal diameter of the pipe in mm

The water is to be pumped 24 hours per day for 365 days

per year
If the prevailing interest rate , is= 13% and the minimum attractive rate of
:return ,m =18% , determine
a) The optimum pipe pipe diameter ,Dopt ,in mm, hence the total pumping
:cost in dollars per 1,000 m3 of sea-water , using the following data
Cost of piping ($/m)
…………………………………………………..0.52D0.6
Cost of installing the pipe line…………………………………………..
$2,500
Service life………………………………………………………………
5years
….……………maintenance cost ($/yr) D0.6 29.5
 ………………………
Cost of electricity ($/kwh)………………………………………………
0.035
Salvage
value…………………………………………………………….0.0

if sea-water can be sold at $2.30 per 1,000 m , assuming end-of-year (b)

receipts, find the payout period ,PO , the internal rate of return, IRR, and
. the present-worth of prospective value ,PV(m,i) for pipe-line project

(a

L  150 m Pipe
V  85 lit / Sec
hours days
period  24  365
day year
service life, n  5 year S .V  0.0 i s  13% m  18%

Energy cost, O, is given as

O  $kw(24)(365)(0.035)
(6.893  10 9 )(85) 3 ( 24)(365)(0.035)

(1000) D 5
1.29789  1015

D5

Annual maintenance cost, M, is given as

M  $ 29.5 D 0.6

The total annual pumping cost, TEA cost, is given as

TEA cos t  CRWR  M & O cos t

1.29789 1015
 TEA  799.45  (24.9428  29.5) D 0.6 
D5

Or TEA     D 0.6 
D5

d (TEA)
For 0  0  0.6 D  0.4  5  D  6  0.0
d ( D)

5 0.6  5
  Dopt  5.6
D 6
D 0.4 0.6 

  54.4428   1.29789 1015 Or

(5)(1.29789)(10 15 )
 D opt   357.466 mm
(0.6)(54.4428)

In this case

CRWR  $791.45  24.9428(357.466) 0.6  $ 1,648.41

M  $1.004.07 O  $222.36

TEA cos ts  CRWR  M & O  $2,874.84

Total volume of water pumped per year, Q, is given as

Q  (85 10 3 )(3,600)(24)(365)  2,680,560 m 3

Cost per 1000 m3 is given as

($2,874.24)10 3
 $ 1.073
2,680,560
M&O Costs together with annual revenues, E

The total cost of the installed pipe-line, P, is given as

P  (150)(0.52)(357.466) 0.6  2,500   P  5,154.822

The maintenance & operation costs, M & O, are given as

M & O  $1,004.07  $222.36   M & O  $ 1.226.43

:The annual revenues, E, is given as

$ 2.3
E  ( 2,680,560 m 3 / year )( )   E  $ 6,165.29
1000 m 3

:The net annual receipt, Ft, is given as

Ft  E  M & O  $6,165.29  $1,226.43   Ft  $4,938.86

(b
i) The pay out period, PO, is given as

$ 5,154.822
PO    PO  1.0437 year
$ 4,938.86

ii) The internal rate of return, i*,is obtained from the following
relation:
*
PW (i * )  $5,154.822  $4,938.86( P / A i ,5
)  0.0
* $5,154.822
 (P/ A i ,5
)  1.04373
$4,938.86

:From factor table we find that

( 1P.03511
/ A 93, 5
) And ( 1P.04530
/ A 92 , 5
)

It is obvious that
0.92  i *  0.93

Thus the value of i* is obtained by linear interpolation

i *  0.92 1.04373  1.04530

  0.1541
0.93  0.92 1.03511  1.04530

 i *  0.92  (0.01)(0.1541)  0.92154  92.154%

iii) The prospective value section is not included in the curriculum

this year (2007)

:Problem (8.3)
An electric load of 3,200 amperes is to be transmitted from a
generator to a transformer in a power plant over a distance of 75 meters
continuously for 365 days per year. Aluminum and copper are the two
:suggested materials for the conductor with the following information

Aluminum copper
First cost kg/$1.35+$350 kg/$2.20+$350
Estimated life years 15 years 15
Salvage value kg/$0.33 kg/$1.82
Electrical resistance of
conductor 1m long by ohms 0.02645 ohms 0.01742
1 sq.mm cross section
density kg/m3 2690 kg/m3 8880

The power loss, P, in watts due to resistance is given as: P = I2R,

where I is the current flow in amperes and R is the resistance of the
conductor in ohms. Lost energy is valued at $0.03 per kilowatt-hour
.(kw.h)
If the interest rate is 15%, write a general expression for the total
annual equivalent, TEA, cost as a function of the cross-sectional area, x,
:the answer the following
a) Determine the optimum cross-sectional area, xopt, for each material
b) Which material do you recommend for the conductor and what is
its economical advantage over the other alternative

Solution

We shall refer to aluminum as (AL), and to copper as (CU)

Assume the cross sectional area of the wire is x m 2 , we first find

the mass of both conductors from their densities

mass mass
Density  
volume 75 x

 kg 
mass AL  volume  density  75 x (m 3 )  2960 3   222000 x kg
m 
 kg 
mass CU  volume  density  75 x( m 3 )  8880 3   666000 x kg
m 

Now we can evaluate the first cost, salvage value and the total
:resistance for the two alternatives
 First cos t AL  350  1.35(kg 1 )  massAL (kg )  350  1.35(kg 1 )  222000x( kg )  300050x $

First cos t CU  350  2.20(kg 1 )  massCU (kg )  350  2.20(kg 1 )  666000x (kg )  1465550x $

S .V AL  0.33(kg 1 )  222000x (kg )  73260x $

S .VCU  1.82(kg 1 )  666000x (kg )  1212120x $

m
0.02145   75(m)
 mm 2  1.98375 10 6
R AL   
x  10 6 x

m
0.01742   75(m)
 mm 2  1.3065  10 6
RCU   
x  10 6 x
:The annual power loss for the two conductors is given as follows

W .h
power loss  I 2  R  365  24
year

1.98375 10 6 177.947 KW .h
power loss AL   3200( A)  
2
()  365(days)  24(hours) 
x x year

1.3065  10  6 117.196 KW .h
power lossCU   3200( A)  
2
()  365(days)  24( hours) 
x x year
:Annual cost due to energy cost

annual cos t  annual power lost  cos t per KW .h

177.947  Kw.h  0.03 5.33841 $
annual cos t AL     
x  year  KW .h x year

117 .196  Kw.h  0.03 3.51588 $

annual cos t CU     
x  year  KW .h x year

:The general cash flow diagram for the two alternatives is shown below

15
2
1
0
years
..................
..................
.............
i = 15%
x $300,050 Annual
Cash flow diagram for Aluminum cost =
$515.5
$758.7
$3,107.5
Cash flow
diagram
 Aluminum
15
2
1
0
years
...................
...................
...........
i = 15%
Annual cost
= $889.7
$4,789.9
$5,791.3
Cash flow
diagram for
Copper
15
:General total equivalent annual cost (TEA) as a function of both n & x 2
1
:a) for aluminum 0
years
...................
A/ P i n
...................
TEA  ( P  S .V )( )  S .V  i  M & R ...........
i = 15%
Annual cost
A / P 15 n 5.33841 =
TEAAL  (300050 x  73260 x)( )  73260 x  0.15  $ $3.51588/x
x $1,212,120
x
A / P 15 n 5.33841
TEAAL  226790 x( )  10989 x  $ $1,465,550
x x
Cash flow
diagram for
Copper
15
:b) for copper 2
1
0
A/ P i n years
TEA  ( P  S .V )( )  S .V  i  M & R ..................
..................
.............
A / P 15 n 3.51588 i = 15%
TEACU  (1465550x  1212120x)( )  1212120x  0.15  $ Annual
x cost =
A / P 15 n 3.51588 $5.33841/x
TEACU  253430x ( )  181818x  $ x $73,260
x
P
:General total equivalent annual cost (TEA) as a function x

:a) for aluminum

 A/ P i n
TEA  ( P  S .V )( )  S .V  i  M & R

A / P 15 15 5.33841
TEAAL  (300050x  73260 x )( 0.171 )  73260 x  0.15  $
x
5.33841
TEAAL  38781x  10989 x  $
x
5.33841
TEAAL  49770 x  $
x

:b) for copper

A/ P i n
TEA  ( P  S .V )( )  S .V  i  M & R

A / P 15 15 3.51588
TEACU  (1465550 x  1212120 x )( 0.171 )  1212120 x  0.15  $
x
A / P 15 n 3.51588
TEACU  253430 x ( 0.171 )  181818 x  $
x
3.51588
TEACU  225154.53 x  $
x

The optimum cross sectional area for the aluminum wire ( xoptimum ), and
the total equivalent annual cost when using a wire with xoptimum cross
:sectional area
d  TEAAL  5.33841
 49770  0
dx x2
5.33841
x optimum   0.0103567 m 2  10356.7 mm 2
49770

5.33841
TEA AL optimum  49770 x optimum  $
x optimum

5.33841
TEA AL optimum  49770  0.0103567   1030.9077 $
0.0103567

The optimum cross sectional area for the copper wire ( xoptimum ), and the
total equivalent annual cost when using a wire with xoptimum cross
:sectional area

d  TEACU  3.51588
 225154 .53  0
dx x2
3.51588
xoptimum   3.951634  10 3 m 2  3951.634 mm 2
225154 .53
 3.51588
TEACU optimum  225154.53 xoptimum  $
x optimum

3.51588
TEACU optimum  225154.53  3.951634  10 3   1779.456 $
3.951634  10 3

The cash flow diagrams for the two alternatives when x = xoptimum is as
:follows

Recomme
ndation

Use
aluminum
for 15
years
.since it has a less total equivalent annual cost

Problem (8.3)
An electric load of 3200 ampere is to be transmitted from generator to
transformer in power planned over a distance of 75 m continuously
for 365 days per year. Aluminum and copper are the tow suggested
materials for the conductors with the following information

Aluminum Copper
 First cost $ 350 + $ 1.35 /kg $350 +$2.20
/kg
Salvage value $ 0.33 /kg $ 1.82 /kg

Electrical Resistance Of Conductors 1 m:

Long by 1 sq. mm cross section 0.02645 ohms

0.1742 ohms

Density 2690 kg/m3

8880 kg/m3

The power loss, p, in watts due to resistance is given as:

P= I*I*R

Where I is the current flow in amperes and r is resistance of the

conductor in ohms. Lost energy is valued at $ 0.03 per kilo watt-hour
(kWh).
If the interest rate is 15%, write a general expression for the total
annual equivalent, TEA, cost as a function of the cross-sectional area,
x, then answer the following
a) Determine the optimum cross –sectional area x opt, for each
material.
b) Witch material do u recommend for the conductors, and
what is it economical advantages over the other alternatives.

Solution
Finding the expression of the total annual equivalent :-
1\ For Aluminum :-
First cost = $350+$1.35/kg
- P = 350+1.35*2690*75*x*10^-6 = 350 + 0.2724x
- F = S.V = 0.33*2690*75*x*10^-6 = 0.0665775x

- Power losses cost per year :-

P\Y = I*I*R*24*365*0.03
1000
I =3200 R = ρ*L
x
x = the cross sectional area

- P\Y = 3200*3200*0.02645*75*24*365*0.03
1000x
- P\Y = 5338414.08
x

- The Cash Flow Diagram For Aluminum :-

F
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 131514

P/Y
SV
P
 TEA = P(A/P 0.15,15) + P/year – F(A/F 0.15,15)

A = P(A/P 0.15,15) = [350 + 0.2724x]* 0.15(1.15) ^15

1.15^13 – 1
= 59.855968+0.046585x

A = F(A/F 0.15,15) = [0.0665775x] * 0.15

[(1.15^15) - 1]
= 1.3993*10^-3x
TEA = 59.855968 + 0.046585x + 5338414.08 – 1.3993*(10^-3)x
TEA = 59.855968 + 0.045186x + 5338414.08
x

2\ for Copper :-
First cost =$ 350 +$2.2/kg
- P = 350 + 2.2*8880*75*x*10^-6 = 350 + 4652x
- F = 1.82*8880*75*x*10^-6 = 1.21212x

- Power losses cost per year :-

- P/year = (3200)^2 – 0.01742*75*24*365*0.03
- 1000x
- P/year = 346772.2752
- x

The Cash Flow Diagram For Copper

F
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 131514

P/Y
SV

TEA = P( A/P 0.15,15) + P/year – F(A/F 0.15,15)

A = [350 + 1.4652x]* [0.15(1.5)^15]
(1.15^15) – 1
 A= 59.85596843 + 0.250574185x

A = [1.21212x] * 0.15
(1.15^15) – 1
A= 0.025475189x

TEA = 59.85596843 + 0.250574185x – 0.025475189x + 3467722752/x

TEA = 59.85596843 + 0.225098996x + 346772.2752/x

a\ Determining The Optimum Cross-Sectional Area xopt :-

1\ for Aluminum :-

TEA = 59.85596843 + 0.045186x + 5338414.08/x

The optimum value of X is that which makes [TEA] at the least value
{minimima} at that value
d (TEA) = 0
dx

0.045186 – 5338414.08 = 0
xopt^2

- xopt^2*0.045186 = 5338414.08
- xopt = (5338414.08/0.045186) ^0.5= 10869.36517 mm^2
- xopt = 0.01086936517 m^2

2\ for Copper :-
TEA = 59.85596843 + 0.255098996x + 346772.2752/x

To determine the optimum value we should determine the minimima by

differentiating the [TEA] equation and put:
d TEA = 0
dx

d TEA/dx = 0 = 0.255098996 – 3467727.2752/ xopt^2

xopt = [3467727.2752/55098896]^1/2
= 1241.182094 mm^2
xopt = 0.001241182094 m^2
b\ To determine which material has economical advantage over the other,
we should substitute the value of [Xopt] in the [TEA] equation, then the
better material which has less [TEA] Value than the other.

1\ for Aluminum :-
TEAopt = 59.85596843 + 0.046585 xopt + 5338414.08/ xopt
= 59.85596843 + 0.46585*0.01086936517 +
5338414.08/0.01086936517
TEA = 59.85596843 + 0.005063493764 + 491143134.5 = 491143194.4

2\ for Copper :-
TEAopt = 59.85596843 + 0.255098996* xopt + 346772.2752/ xopt
= 59.85596843 +
0.255098996*0.001241182094+346772.2752/0.001241182094

- TEAopt = 279388778.8

Comment:

The Copper is more economically than the Aluminum

Since the total equivalent annual of copper is less than total equivalent
annual of aluminum .