12/2/2013

Myers’ Psychology for AP*

David G. Myers
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2010
*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Unit 8A:
Motivation and Emotion:
Motivation

Unit Overview
• Motivational Concepts
• Hunger
• Sexual Motivation
• The Need to Belong

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

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Introduction

• Motivation

Motivational Concepts

Instincts and Evolutionary

Psychology
• Instinct (fixed pattern)
–Instincts in animals
–Instincts in humans

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Drives and Incentives

• Drive-reduction theory
–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction

Drives and Incentives

• Drive-reduction theory
–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction

Drives and Incentives

• Drive-reduction theory
–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction

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Drives and Incentives

• Incentive
–Positive and negative

Optimum Arousal

• Arousal
–Optimum level of arousal

A Hierarchy of Motives

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

–Variations in the hierarchy

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A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

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A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

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A Hierarchy of Motives

Hunger

The Physiology of Hunger

• Contractions of the stomach

–Washburn study

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The Physiology of Hunger

Body Chemistry and the Brain
• Glucose
• Insulin
• Hypothalamus
–Lateral hypothalamus
• orexin
–Vetromedial hypothalamus

The Physiology of Hunger

Body Chemistry and the Brain
• Appetite hormones
–Ghrelin
–Obestatin
–PYY
–Leptin
• Set point
• Basal metabolic rate

The Psychology of Hunger

Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
• Taste preferences
–Genetic: sweet and salty
–Neophobia
–Adaptive taste preferences

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The Psychology of Hunger

Eating Disorders
• Eating disorders
–Anorexia nervosa
–Bulimia nervosa
–Binge-eating disorder

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger

Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger

Motivation

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Level of Analysis for Our Hunger

Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger

Motivation

Obesity and Weight Control

• Historical explanations
for obesity
• Obesity
–Definition
–Statistics
–Obesity and life
expectancy

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Obesity

Obesity

Obesity and Weight Control

The Social Effects of Obesity
• Social effects of obesity
• Weight discrimination
• Psychological effects of obesity

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Weight Discrimination

Weight Discrimination

Obesity and Weight Control

The Physiology of Obesity
• Fat Cells

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Obesity and Weight Control

The Physiology of Obesity
• Set point
and
metabolism

Obesity and Weight Control

The Physiology of Obesity
• The genetic factor
• The food and activity
factor
–Sleep loss
–Social influence
–Food consumption and
activity level

Obesity and Weight Control

Losing Weight
• Realistic and moderate goals
• Success stories
• Attitudinal changes

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Sexual Motivation

The Physiology of Sex

The Sexual Response Cycle
• Sexual response cycle
–Excitement phase
–Plateau phase
–Orgasm
–Resolution
phase
• Refractory
period

The Physiology of Sex

Hormones and Sexual Behavior
• Effects of hormones
–Development of sexual characteristics
–Activate sexual behavior
• Estrogen
• Testosterone

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The Psychology of Sex

• External stimuli
• Imagined stimuli
–Dreams
–Sexual fantasies

Levels of Analysis for Sexual

Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual

Motivation

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Levels of Analysis for Sexual

Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual

Motivation

Adolescent Sexuality
Teen Pregnancy
• Ignorance
• Minimal communication about birth
control
• Guilt related to sexual activity
• Alcohol use
• Mass media norms of unprotected
promiscuity

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Adolescent Sexuality
Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Statistics of STIs
• Teen abstinence
–High intelligence
–Religious engagement
–Father presence
–Participation in service learning
programs

Sexual Orientation

• Sexual orientation
–Homosexual orientation
–Heterosexual orientation
• Sexual
orientation
statistics

Psychological Questions
• Is homosexuality linked with problems in a
child’s relationship with parents, such as a
domineering mother and an ineffectual father,
or possessive mother and a hostile father?
• Does homosexuality involve fear or hatred of
people of the other gender, leading individuals
to direct their sexual desires toward members
of their own sex?

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Psychological Questions
• Is sexual orientation linked with levels of sex
hormones currently in the blood?
• As children, are homosexuals likely to have
been molested, seduced, or otherwise
sexually victimized by an adult homosexual?

Sexual Orientation
Origins of Sexual Orientation
• Origins of sexual orientation studies
–Fraternal birth order effect
• Same-sex attraction in animals
• The brain and sexual orientation
• Genes and sexual orientation
• Prenatal hormones and sexual
orientation

The Need to Belong

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The Need to Belong

• Aiding survival
• Wanting to belong
• Sustaining
relationships
• The pain of ostracism
–ostracism

The End

Definition
Slides

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Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs
behavior.

Instinct
= a complex behavior that is rigidly
patterned throughout a species and is
unlearned.

Drive-reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates
an aroused tension state (a drive) that
motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

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Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state; the regulation of
any aspect of body chemistry, such as
blood glucose, around a particular level.

Incentive
= a positive or negative environment
stimulus that motivates behavior

Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs,
beginning at the base with physiological
needs that must first be satisfied before
higher-level safety needs and then
psychological needs become active.

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Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the
blood and provides the major source of
energy for body tissues. When its level is
low, we feel hunger.

Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight
thermostat” is supposedly set. When the
body falls below this weight, an increase in
hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may
act to restore the lost weight.

Basal Metabolic Rate

= the body’s resting rate of energy
expenditure.

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Anorexia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person
(usually an adolescent female) diets and
becomes significantly (15 percent or more)
underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues
to starve.

Bulimia Nervosa
= an eating disorder characterized by
episodes of overeating, usually high-
calorie foods, followed by vomiting,
laxative use, fasting, or excessive
exercise.

Binge-eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed
by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without
the compensatory purging, fasting, or
excessive exercise that marks bulimia
nervosa.

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Sexual Response Cycle

= the four stages of sexual responding
described by Masters and Johnson –
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and
resolution.

Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which
a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted
in greater amount by females than males
and contributing to female sex
characteristics. In nonhuman female
mammals, estrogen levels peak during
ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

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Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex
hormones. Both males and females have
it, but the additional testosterone in males
stimulates the growth of the male sex
organs in the fetus and the development of
the male sex characteristics during
puberty.

Sexual Orientation
= an enduring sexual attraction toward
members of either one’s own sex
(homosexual orientation) or the other sex
(heterosexual orientation).

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