SYLLOGISM - A syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a

conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true. Deductive
reasoning.

QUESTIONS ASKED IN EXAM – (2 – 5)

TYPES
 ORDINARY
 EITHER OR CONDITION
 POSSIBILITY
 REVERSE SYLLOGISM

RULE METHOD

Based on given statement we have to find the conclusion is valid and in Reverse syllogism using given
conclusion we have to confirm which statement should form a valid given conclusion.

Questions have this statements like – UP, UN, PP AND PN

CONVERSION ORDER – PP>UN>UP

UP – STATEMENT LIKE – {ALL, EVERY, 100%, ONLY, NONE BUT, ALWAYS, ANY, EACH}

UN – STATEMENT LIKE – {NO, 0%, ALL NOT, NONE, NEVER}

POSSIBILITY – {CAN BE, MAY BE, CHANCES, OCCURS, MIGHT BE}

CAN NEVER BE – Definitely not

EXAMPLES OF STATEMENTS

1. ALL A IS B – TAKE AS UP
2. NO A IS B – TAKE AS UN
3. SOME A IS B – TAKE AS PP
4. SOME A IS NOT B – TAKE AS PN

NO CONCLUSION
 UP+PP --- NO CONCLSUIONS
 UN+UN--- NO CONCLSUIONS
 PP+PP--- NO CONCLSUIONS
 PN+ANYTHING or ANYTHING + PN ------ NO CONCLSUIONS (SOME EXCEPTIONAL CASES THERE
MENTIONED BELOW)

CONCLUSIVE COMBOS
1. UP+UP ---- UP (A – C STATEMENTS) – ALL
2. UP+UN ----- UN (A – C STATEMENTS) – NO
3. PP+UP ---- PP (A – C STATEMENTS) – SOME
4. PP+UN ---- PN (A – C STATEMENTS) – SOME NOT
5. UN+UP---- PN (C – A STATEMENTS) -- SOME NOT REVERSED
 6. UN+PP ---- PN (C – A STATEMENTS) --- SOME NOT REVERSED
STATEMENTS CAN WRITTEN AS
 NONE BUT – UP – NONE BUT A IS B WRITTEN AS ALL B IS A
 ONLY – UP – ONLY A IS B WRITTEN AS ALL B IS A
 ALL A NOT B – WRITTEN AS NO A IS B – UN STATEMENT
 NOT A IS B – WRITTEN AS SOME A NOT B – PN STATEMENT
 NOT ALL A IS B WRITTEN AS SOME A NOT B – PN
 A FEW – FEW – ALONE – ATLEAST – MOST – MANY – SOME STATEMENT - PP
 THEN IF THEN – ALL STATEMENT – UP

SOLVE USING PROPER ARRAGEMENTS

ALL A IS B
SOME C IS B
WRITE AS
(ALL A IS B
SOME B IS C to deduct btw A AND C CONCLUSION)

EITHER OR – COMPLEMENTARY PAIR HAS THE FOLLOW BELOW CONDITION

 IF EITHER OR IN CONCLUSION STATEMENT

 IF NO CONCLUSION COMES FROM DEDUCTIONS
 SAME SUBJECT AND SAME PREDICATE
 IT IS NOT APPLICABLE FOR THE STATEMENT COMBO – “UP+UN OR ALL + NO “

 APPLICABLE TO FOLLOWING STATEMENT COMBOS

1. SOME + SOME NOT – PP + PN or PN + PP (ex)
STATEMENT HAS TO BE LIKE
SOME A ARE B
SOME A NOT B
OR
SOME B IS A
SOME A NOT B
2. SOME + NO – PP + UN or UN + PP (ex)
STATEMENT HAS TO BE LIKE
SOME A IS B
NO A IS B
Or
SOME B IS A
NO A IS B
3. ALL + SOME NOT – UP + PN or PP + UP (ex)
STATEMENT HAS TO BE LIKE
ALL A IS B
SOME NOT A IS B
 WRONG IF STATEMENT ALL A IS B AND SOME NOT B IS A
EXCEPTIONAL CASES FOR SOME NOT + ALL

APPLICABLE ONLY FOR THE COMBO –SOME NOT + ALL STATEMENT OR ALL + SOME NOT MEANS
(UP+PN or PN+UP)

CONDITION – 1
IF SAME ENTITY AT BEGINNING

ALL A IS B
SOME A NOT C SAME ENTITY A IS IN BEGINNING – GIVES SOME NOT AS CONCLUSION

ARRANGE THE ABOVE AS

SOME A NOT C
ALL A IS B DOWN TO UP – CONCLUDE AS SOME B NOT C

CONDITION – 2
IF SAME ENTITY AT END

SOME A NOT B
ALL C IS B SAME ENTITY B AT END – GIVES SOME NOT AS CONCLUSION

ARRANGE THE ABOVE STATEMENT AS

ALL C IS B
SOME A NOT B --- DOWN TO UP – CONCLUDE AS SOME A NOT C

OR MEMORIZE AS

 SOME NOT + ALL IF SAME ENTITY IS IN BEGINNING

WRITE CONCLUSION AS --- SOME (ENTITY END AT ALL) NOT (ENTITY END AT SOME NOT) OMIT THE SAME
ENTITY
EXAMPLE – SOME A NOT C + ALL A IS B – WRITE AS SOME B NOT C

 SOME NOT + ALL IF SAME ENTITY AT END

WRITE CONCLUSION AS --- OMIT THE SAME ENTITY ---- SOME (ENTITY BEGING AT SOME NOT) NOT
(ENTITY BEGIN AT ALL)
EXAMPLE - SOME A NOT B + ALL C IS B – WRITE AS SOME A NOT C

CONEVERSION OF STATEMENTS

 UP – PP BOTH SIDES
 UN – UN OR PN OPP SIDES
 PP – PP OPP SIDES
 PN – CAN’T CONVERT
  CONVERSION ORDER – PP>UN>UP

EXAMPLES OF CONVERSIONS
 ALL A IS B = SOME A IS B OR SOME B IS A
 SOME A IS B = SOME B IS A
 NO A IS B = NO B IS A OR SOME B NOT A OR (SOME A NOT B IS DOUBT NOT SURE)
 SOME A NOT B = NO CONVERSIONS

POSSIBILITY STATEMENTS

 ALL A IS B = ALL B A AND SOME B NOT A – 2 POSSIBILITY STATEMENTS

 SOME A IS B = ALL B A, ALL A B, SOME A NOT B AND SOME B NOT A - 4 POSSIBILITY STATEMENTS
 SOME A NOT B = ALL B A, NO A B, NO A B, SOME B NOT A, SOME AB AND SOME BA - 6 POSSIBILITY
STATEMENTS
 NO CONCLUSION COMES – ALL POSSIBILTY IS TRUE

OTHER IMP RULE

 IF CONCLUSION HAS SAME STATEMENT FROM QUESTION – RESTATEMENT FOLLOWS

EX- ALL A IS B IN QUESTION – IN COLUSION ALL A IS B GIVEN THEN - IT IS TRUE

 BUT POSSIBILITY AND DEFINITE RESTATEMENT - NOT FOLLOWS

EX – ALL A IS B POSSIBILITY – IN CONCLUSION ALL A IS B POSSIBILITY – IT IS FALSE

EX – ALL A IS B DEFINITELY – IN CONCLUSION ALL A IS DEFINITELY B – IT IS FALSE

(other method to solve Syllogism – Venn diagram and Deduction method**need to learn)
*************** {PRACTICE LEAST 50 QUESTIONS FROM EACH TYPE} ***********************
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(TAKE NEARLY 2 MINS FOR 5 QUESTIONS)

Other imp type of questions from statements model are

 STATEMENT – ASSUMPTION
 STATEMENT – COURSE OF ACTION
 STATEMENT – INFERENCE CAN BE SOLVED ONLY IF GOOD AT ENGLISH
 STATEMENT – ARGUMENTS
 STATEMENT – THEME DETECTION
(FOR THE ABOVE TAKE 1 MINS FOR 2 QUESTIONS)