Incernational Library of Philosophy ted by Jot Barden, Tin Crane ad Peer ulin ‘Adizory Boar Jonatian Bare, Fred Ore, Frances Kamm, Bran Laer How Price and Sydney Shoemater Recent es in the IL: “The Facts of Causation DoH Meter “The Conceptual Roots of Mathematis Tuer Stream of Consciousness ary Dare Knowledge and Reference in Empirical Science Jp azo Reason without Freedom ond vere ‘The Price of Doubt NIM Naor Matters of Mind Seat Sareon Loge, Form and Grammar Pee Loe “The Metaphysicans of Meaning Logical Investigations, Vols it Logical Investigations Edmund Husser! Translated by J, N Findlay from the Second German edition of Logiche Untersuchungen with a new Preface by Michael Dummett and edited with a new Introduction by Dermot Moran Volume 1 Prolegomena to pure logic (Volume I of the German editions) Expression and meaning (vestigation |, Volume Il ofthe German editions) ‘The ideal unity of the species and modern theories of abstraction {lrvestigation Il, Volume Il of the German editions) Sik, 7 jr da London and New Yorksex Gr te me Feed eg 970 rade Fog Pa wma es “Tre i fe ited 201 TANS ne enon EA AE Sanayi USA Ca aS Sees New You NY tn et pn To cr eS Mea Some Presta Sha en ‘elnny em ey Somat. te (tla test eo ve hr be rsh Ur of re Caan ae Do SSL ATE NS ne ‘sy oaiauina et Dedicated to Carl Stumpe with Honour ‘and in FriendshipContents Preface by Michasl Dummett Invrodecton by Dermot Moran Sekt biography ‘randator's Intoduction(Abidgs) Foreword to First German Editon, Volume 110) Foreword to Second German Editon, Volume I (1913) PROLEGOMENA TO PURE LOGIC Volume I of the German Editions $1 The controversy regarding the dein of logic and the steal content of ts doctine 42 Nessa of renewed dscuson of questions of prise 8 Disputed questions, The path o be enters lage es @ nce ar apo, oa pra acne 4 The theoretical incompltenes ofthe separate siences {5 The theoretical completion ofthe spurte wens by metaphysics and theory of sence {6 The post and jntication of fri theory of cence 5 Continuation: The thee most noteworthy peclaris of (pounded validations 8 The relation of these pears othe posit of scene the thor of sens | Methodea modes of prondur inthe weno are in part ‘aldatry, impart aula devies towards valaione 10 Te tear of ory and scene asprin ofthe theory of ‘ence u 2 Is I2 Lagann seaman cicadas 17 Ane oto si ening ha 112 Relevant definitions oF foie 2% founsof dan a 21 Thesoppos!teosidnes ofthe rnp of onion oe invita which ish be hen Dray atu oof rere cps fast f oma Spi » ‘hing and hrm ay forse enon 0 12 The onsen ering the patil cnr 28 129 Continuation Siw dose a STR Steers semnne ens ase una oe ura cen pre aiy 3 2 ce pone ame nt 11s Romatve din sa toes 3 Spe nec prngly od Ag ve NE tec ces ate foundetn of ornate : ee 5 90 Anema nercng op pie pcolgealy 70 il $31. Syllogistic and chemical formulae imma n Pg nes nd i ete he our at Pacis * gan pe non 1s {92 The el condo ote posit of theory ch $17 Te doped question ao where eel hort ‘ possi of heory {bunatons of rraaie loge en pocbalogy “ oo EE comet epic 8 418 Theme opto te pelo tikes a ay Ripon eet oe ia {5 Rewtatdpoea ofr opine sad he people Di Teo of inn rl ome z Twa a Bs ete am s mci ne of went a iu ef pei la ain part, 2» Respite pcb ie Gales oe ns £27 Gener ration. The concep of vie inn ee sued sone 2 _Empiricistic consequences of prychologism “ {38 Psychologism in all its forms is a relativisen 2 {21 Charing to epi cone of 1 Antropsogn n Sivas Lag 5 pochlogas andor anderen “ $e Antropdngsn nb Lge of. Exinann 3 sox Tibemc oapt apposed ios are ch pets in tla a cases tao howe 8 ca cit go Tanscowanensotppchlogen antiemiaion 5 Te pape fr Et Contnonon s ine " fo Eicnoe tt —- Blot tak the oppo anus fies, Thi SSE sapien _- se . $44 Second pre Tela of conracon nt pol ereon ree ite ee ee a 2 I HS Relat, Pr maths wold ene bed 26 ar ere fe cl Yl no ran a pcg i inc buta holy vague and sem nprover, empl {$6 The research domain of pore fg is ke that of mathematics, ten bt : rida dome o {47 Ena nds gen bythe bs oon ope ot et ta Ons i so sales. ogee ome » 40 The vcs[HO Thin prude. Logi sth theory of evidence [50 Transformation of foal propositions ito equal Popostons about the Mes! conditions forthe evidence of Jdpement The elt popontions are nt psbologcal $51 The desve psn in ths dispute loge on he prince afte ecromy of ought $82 Introductory 53 The tleolopea character ofthe principe of Mach and -Aveonris and the Scene meaning of a economy of though (Deshkonomi) 654 Clover este of the sified ends ofan economy of Thought inthe spre, many, of purely deductive methodology. elation to log technology 4555 The meaingeses of an economy of thought or pure logic tnd epistemology, ane eration to psychology 486 Contination, The Sovpoy preg iavaved in any foundation of pre loi on an economy of tout xd of eu crea econ 457 Ques eating realy formal misunderstanding of ut Toga enevous 458 Oar inks ith rs thikes of the pst and nthe est lace, wih Kart 40 Tks wh Het and Lowe feo Links wh usec . 1 Nee for sec engin o provide an eistenologe! *e1 Joo and pa elation of he eso pues “Append: References to F.A. Lange and B. Bolan The eo of Pure Lp 462 The unity of sence. The interconnection of thins and the intereonsetion of ats 3 Commuation, The unity of theory {$6 The cme an etree pips tht ge scence Uy, Absrach, snus ad normative sence os The yuson wo sal conto of the possi of ‘Sows oro hry in genera 4 The question as res {o'osual Known us 16 9 ia 66 2. Th question uit relates to the content of knowledge 67 The sks of pure lope. Fast the Suing ofthe pure eaepois ofmeaning and pure categories of objets and thee Taw-governed combinations 568 Second the laws and fries which ave their rounds in {69 Thi: the theory of he pose forms of theories or the 10 Hlvidaton ofthe Idea of pure theory of manifolds S91 Division of labour. The ahtvement ofthe mathematicians and that ofthe piosophers 72 Broadening ofthe Ide of pre log. The pure theory of Probability as pre theory of empiri Knowle VOLUME Il, PART | OF THE GERMAN EDITIONS. INVESTIGATIONS IN PHENOMENOLOGY AND. KNOWLEDGE PART 1 " Tae neesity of phonomenolgil investigations a8 preliminary tothe epsteologcl ccs and carieation ‘ot pure lope {@ luidation ofthe aims of such investigations {8 The dificaties of pure phenomenological analysis [Hessen to keep in mind the grammatical side of ot lopeal experiences 45 Statement others aims ofthe following snail 46 Aadaional Notes 7 “Freedom from presupposton' a a pine in epistemological investigations INVESTIGATION | EXPRESSION AND MEANING ntl cts 4 An ambiguity inthe term sgn 2 The enence of indication {Two ses of "demonstration Cidcaton’and prot’) 19 158 155 156, 158 10 18 us 165 165 170 m 1% m 13 8 ilarson onthe oii of indication in ssiaon 5 xprenions as meaning signs. Seting aside of a ens of fexpeson” no alevaa fr our purpose 456 Questions as tothe pbenomenoloic! and intentional Cdetincione wich pertain fo expresons a och 7 apresons a the function im communication Expresso solitary he 'B Pheoomesclogcal distinctions between the physical appearance ‘tie expression, andthe seme ging apd Sense ling act. 410 The phenomenological uty of these acts 411 The eal detncons betwen (1) expression and meaning iden wats 12 Contiuaton: the expresed objectivity 13 Connection between meaning and obetv reference {$14 Contents objec, content as ulling wens and conten a sense o meaning smplicite 415 The equnocnions in falk of meaning and meaninglessess Connected with thee distinctions {16 Contivaton: meaning and connotation Towards 9 aracerzan of he ots wich cfr meaing {517 lastratie ment pictures as putative meaings {18 Continuation ofthe above. Argument abd eounerargumens $19 Underansing without inion {20 Thought wihoutintuton andthe srrogtive Function’ of sions {21 Aaliticuly searing or nesesary recourse to corresponding instons monde fo cniy meanings o to know truths resting on them (2 Varying tks of understanding and the “quality offi {2 Apperson ar comected with expression and with tute presentations Feuovon mr meoig and he sy of ites of meonng {24 troduction [25 Relations of coincidense among the contents of intimation fn marine 26 Enemy ocasonl and objective expressions {27 Other sorte of Boctaning expression {Bs Variation meanings a ations in the at of mening {29 Pare lope and eal meanings 6 188 1, 190 i 193 wos 196 ss 20 3 cy Fo 20 au a3 23 a6 216 0 The peremerlpl ond el cnet of the experces of eon {20 The content ofthe expresine experience taken ints rycholopal ene ad inthe sense of nied mening 91 The actchiracter of menning nd the Welly unibod meaning [92 The nity of meaning so ality i the normative sense [3 The cones mening ail conopt i he sens of speedo tot conde {94 To the act of meaning we ae not conscious of meaning 3s an 585 Meanings “ia themselves and meanings expres INVESTIGATION ‘THE IDEAL UNITY OF THE SPECIES AND. MODERN THEORIES OF ABSTRACTION Introdecton Una! aeas onde cancers of unostty 1 We ae conscious of universal objects in acts which ier tssitly om thou in which we ae conscious of diva bees {2 The indspnsaity of tlk about urivesl objets '5 Mast th unity ofthe Spx be epaded as» spurious ity? entity and exact keness | Objstons to the roltion of al unity to dapersed smulipoty 48 Continstion, The controversy Beten Joa Start Milan {6 Transition othe following chapters he pple hpatazoen of ne) {7 The metaphysical and prycholopeal hypostatiation ofthe iver Nomalen 8 A dcep ine of thovat 1 Locke's docene of abstact ideas 10 Ceti $11 Locke univer tinae 512 The doc of gener mages me ze bo BI a ~ m 2s 2 20 20 ey an me 6 ae Fn a1 Ea‘Reon od eterion 8 ‘Reronengl yo Hae hay of eareon oa {13 Nominal thoi ich ep absrcon ab a8 {92 Hanes dependence Berkley 2 Schinement of ateton 26 [35 Hume oligo of sarc en ands suposed outcome, 414 Objetone to ey and every fom of nominal His igoring of pvt phonemes mor 2 (Gru bek oft densipve Beaton a ais 0 {94 Redcton a Hime’ veignion two oestion 2 615 (The oni mos nominal a am ctagecued {35 The ging prince and outome of Huss doctrine of feat to Los’ doce of general ies. The seta ‘hsscton and he mia ought in which ts worked ost 293 ‘hacer of hs nominuim, aad of the theory of abstraction {96 Hues dctine fhe ds rato in ioe 2d intr of ateton 20 ier ieeprettion Pa {6 (0) General of ppctologa anton and generat asa {97 Opjeston to i doctrine radial itereetton Bs tating for, Dierent ese ofthe flion oa ier Notes » Gancxenson 26s {8 Transference four sepsis fom sir parcontet to {17 (a) Aplcton to the cea of sont 266 silpars whoever x fis Te dactrine of atenton a eeneralizing power 2s £99 The ext iit of eis and its reftation = 19 Objections (0 Exe scaton fone nib aspect } aaa ocr not removes indiualty 8 tppend: Modern Hi wm 420 (B)Refwaton othe sgument rom gometrcl ought 270, ae Bent fen cea teadagto e Sepraton of eg cone of carat ond abv xe responding atu spect m {HO Confsion of cones fart and abt conse {92 Funes dein nthe phenomecooical amass of ‘wih sondependca partons othe one hada dention m Sper on he oer we ges Signo uk of tention embraces he wick shee of ‘41 Separation of concept groupe abou the conse he ‘Biking snd ot meray the mb incon ™ notindependem cmtent 0 {42 Separation fhe concept that group themes bout he cure 8 concsp of he Specs au ‘eran depen a {24 The pve ide a «dvs for econo bout ™ Notes a {BS Whether genera representation conserve as ah eens en 2 hare of our general presentations om {26 Continaton. The tng dications ofthe omoasess St psneralty, and he ensue ition x0 s27 The tale ome of general Feprestation as EES Reprsentaton substation. Locke abd Beieey 2 {59 Crligur of Beicy'sdoctie of representation a $50 Continuation, Berkley’ argument fom geomet Semonartons 2s 1 The mut source fhe ers that we hae inetd EHPreface mood Huset's Local estar, ite known 1 Eagsh-speaing Stunt of piospby but wel kaown to most tuents of the sujet with {diferent mother tongue ra wok oftheir importance the story of philosophy. Twas writen at a trang poi i Hux» loop ‘Sevopmet, betwcen hirer hooks Poy faethe 90 Seepy embedded i the prehotogsn so prolent Gena piospby of Abe tne andthe fee tna pure Phenomortoy and phenomenon ‘limophy (43s wich he ston of toma wat ned the programme of phenomenology was Bt stout In Phosphy of diet Huser fad etcsed Goto regs Pundatns of debe rm 2 Poyeholopstic standpoint. Pschologsm aempts to explain concepts by Terence othe ner mental operation supposedly iavoled io ating them or gasping them reg a engaged in denouncing this mthology the imunon of pycbologalcomidcraions ito lope aod the alas of meaning ~ from the Fowaion of Armee onvars, Hess whose Previous eons with Frege ha been iy cord was deeply afroted Eytis savage, and in cen expects unfair rene i 834 ofthe Phy Of Arion sd ba ofr conta with forthe et tele os, Frogs wat hs mon used attack o8 pylon nd aongh {ton rsetd by Hus or ldo wily beet have inacaed tim profoundly. bt some rej is conjecture. Hower tis ay be Huse ad compl chang is te pysologn by 190 His arguments api tin he Profromens often coined with thse wed by Frege alhoh be citorted thom mfr more eal or whe Frege sbiesons to ppcologn had nade enya, that of Hacer anal tnt war overlie the Profemena cae veto ili ff the ‘ice af pacha within Geran philorpty, although Huser ol teacher Brentano temaine Bewdeel by th un of eet “Aes to Huset's fous Book may bep fo crest he impreson of Geman ainsi" often gen by those wo dee the ents for wha thy debe ss the German talon the spt Tae hyo ‘onan fo the work of Hegel andthe eat school general andevening to Heidegger Heeger indeed began asa pull of Huss’ though he dverged from hi 0 marked: but he fab pression of what the Geman piflosophal tadion hasbeen my be erected by read Huserts dparaging rmarla about Hegel sod the secompanying ence tmiun of Botan nthe Appendix to Chapier 10 ofthe Prolaumene rege di pot ae hie ete Founder of 2 school, although he was ight consis of i degen fromthe proaches of ater philosophers onerporary with him. Yet nowadays he recognised By all anata ‘Phos the grandfather oftheir school of plilosopty "with Bolo, Inhom Huse 0 grtty admired, a ss peagrapather Masel om the ‘ther hand, stout to Bethe naagurtor ofa ew philosophical method: find no oa coul! deny him the ile of founder of phenomenology. Thy ‘ere thus propnitor of to Phikwophica schools that have veaed SD widely tfom one another that communication between them fas wt ‘ecety een amos impossible. Yet atthe tie when Hussea!s Logical Tmeiganons were pues, no one who knew the work of both mea ‘oul have thought of them a belonging to radially diferent schools of Phlosophy: the had sms ferent meas nd make dierent Ftrary ule, ut they da not then appear any great distance apart in ‘los outlook The moment of he pabcaton a he Loa Iss [ato was that at which he sew ofthe founders ofthe rival psp ‘Shoots approximated most slowly to ope anotber “They even bad ie nmilar opinions about the nature of op Huse end that loge sm eset normative discipline, he held tha ay normative dizi mt resto a theoretical ence reps fen deseried ts having bel that logic ir eetily normative i charter and he did indeed sy as much i oe of his unpubliied wring. He dd so because, then commenting a te desripton ax embodying the as of though he Tepeuely observed that it didnot Tay down avs governing the way we {i think, but promulgated lave concring bow we ought to think, Tn fac, however, is eww een the samo as Huset's efeguent tlscribed ope conceoed with the avs of th and inthe Introdaton {orb Basie Laws of rhe he says that these ae Taws about wha Independent of our judas "Any anal piewopher inersed in how posh arived a its present sate thus det tthe Lola! nvergains to icone how {he pilonphial traditions tha tend trom the work ofthese wo nn0- "ators came fo diverge so widely one nesting intutions of ese, Ae other analysing language (o which Pepe Bins had so ambiaent an ‘nlide), Resunt work ihin the abaya adn, fom the Inte Gueth vans onwards hat tnd to revere the explanatory piety which that tren hs hisorclly gent anguage ver thoupke This suggests the positty os raprochemen: tthe same tay sem to teen 3 ‘epee to prycholoion That such a elas as nt occured i ie 6 ‘te ueaumeat ofthe suuctre of thoughts by adherents ofthis ae tendeey ster the model of « Freran semantic anal of language, Do me have fey a means of reconsling the two tations? Or does tbe gl between ‘hem renin tobe bea? ‘Oxford, Api 2000 cate esetIntroduction The Logical Investigations (1900/1901) Edmund Huser (1859-193) published his Logiche Unteracagen (Cogia!nvesain) in two lames in 1900 and 1901 The fest volume, Proegomena cur reinen Lagi (Prolegoment to Pure Lage) appeared from the publisher Max Niemeyer in July 1900 The second volume, subi Uerschangen sr Phinmentote und There der Eenamts Classe tins in Phecomenology and the Theory of Knowledge, contain si long treatises or Tnvexgtonr appeared into part in 1901. Thi gat faniuan work which Huser! inated was 4 “esematc exposton of lege? (ine ptematache Drtling der Lo, XT, Fy He 3 Ha XDUI! 228) but an effort at epstemolopcalafeation and entigue of the base concepts of lop! Loowidge~ coms ofa sere of analy ingures(aalsche Uteovhamge) it fundamental sues i epitern- logy andthe pitosophyof lo and aso extensive iticatepiosopical Aiteusions of sus in Semits, emants, erology (Ue study of wholes ‘tnd pars) formal grammar (the a prio study ofthe parts fan language ‘whatever in regard to their coherent combination into meaningful unis), {nd the natre of conssous ac especlly presentations and japon Tn fact it was thee later detailed deerptie epcholopel anaes of the ‘Senta strctures of conasones, in terms neta at thi on tens, objets and wuthgaspng character, especial i the st vo Inve Ditioes, which set the agen forthe emerging disspine Huse fostered Unde the name phenomenal "The Prolegmen appeared ss restanding tein eit eeu ing the te mevaing of lope a a pute, prot sees of tel meanings and of the formal la repulting them, emily isnt fom all pyeho- Toga! ats, contents and proeduts The Prolgemena ofeed te songs posnblereiatation to the then domiaantpeyhoonne interpretation of Jog, propounded by John Start Millan other which Hus! viewed st leading toa cea cava that thestened te very posbty of See Ue Haowiedge Turning Instead to an older traditon of Tope semifrom Li Kant, Bolzano and Loe, Hse defend von of og fp shry of see face he Scene of ea nthe cous wtih he sully sabres the dieet sess ich pare lie ‘inte trnformed ints norma scence or elope int # praca Sign or technology Rim), “The second volume of te Imei (1901) was poe in 40 parte Far Ove conti the fat Fe tvetigntns tn ant Two Tees aad dens Sih nvenigton, the wing of ich had coeieaby Salye be appensae of the wort a Huser began tae he dp the phenomeslopl projet he had unoneed. Wheres the Prfegomont see prtcary nist in turning the de gn ocho Peers Soin the same deton ting in rve obs at the ne) sas thessond volume of he eign in partir that had major Inpct on pilosphers ners n concrete anaes of problems of cm ‘Shoes tnd mening. leading tthe development of phenomenology ‘Phenomenology, imine sth » ner tm ts from Msi then coment, wa toe 4 scene of once’ ise. Azcoing tases Incoduto, phenomenon sed ovo spective cntacton a Philonophy enemies, nbn iw by Hep). The neti peed Ao cat cadens emapling + rcealy er way of Sg pooh, {ocongdcty ov tala of he hogs thease ar at (ae Sacer ta) "without the sul dtr trough the ory of phi Only, -mery etn radon philosopher a Hus! pat (LV Ine. Pay 187; Hua XDX2: 583) oF making prt labora ftvour of ome pianphl tm ch acpi, postin rato. Sm, Hepa oe Neo Kantian, "Within die, a Hose roumdreaking efforts came to be eng sie the Iran had eshte founstoal tt thenssen phenomenal movement (tr Hexer hme replrs Itroke) in Germany. Tae fvsigatan’ infec eee pend ‘Sronghoat Eup, fmm Ress abd Poland to France sod pais ach tbe crestuay tno ckagperaton oy tht hs wk ok On «at intone century Europese posophy sooo that of sother foundational texts me in ppchoatalyar Die Trou Tr return of Dro) paced by Hus scontempraySigmand Fred {1850-199 in 199 The fvesiqavon continue oe a moar arg point fc nyone wating to undtstnd the develops! of Europes Fou th tet etry fom Hesse and Fee to Levis, Excimer, Se or Der . “Gun atte Loi! estos eich vt text in went century phlsopby, emi something of» ested stern, snarky es ed, an where es por uaerond. Fr some sects ‘ase unanattsint Engish. Ae Aesen plovopha ng Je Etrope Wi Pin sought Hanes person toate tio nal in 1905, ut be shandon he efor whe he oul ot et pubs (Gee Hu XVII xanis XIV: ax), Seemingly he poser Will Sas, nh was comsled on the projet, aie the pabsher not ro. sed suggesting thatthe last thi be ward needed was anotber German textbook on fog and so the project was stundoned, whch grieved Huser ‘cause he had boon an admirer of James® Marvin Farber, an American student of Huss’. publised a paraphrase ofthe vestigation i 1983" ‘ut tas not anil 1990 hat John N: Finlay pred the st aden complete Eaglsh tasition of the Sesond Edition. With the hundsedth Soniversary of he Fnergarion” publication now upon ws, is important {omake Finlay’ transition avaiable once ain nan accessible fom oF the Engishapeating reader. ‘The emergence of phenomenology the fest ein of 1901, Huse adopted the cuisine phenomenology” (Phinomenoo) ater aleady crn since Laser, Kant and Hes, ‘but given new vigour by Brenna abd his studen!s~ ina somewhat ss than fly systematic wa to characterise hs new approach othe conitons ofthe possibly of knowledge in general Huser roti his Inodution: Pre phenomenology represents afl of neutral esearch, in which several senos have ther rot tis o8 the oe ann allay 19 Drochlog conceied an empirical sconce. roceding 0 purely i “uve fastion, alien and deride sm thi een peneaiy inthe speicguse of phenomencogy of thoupt and knowledge the expronn Of presen, jadgemen and Lnowleds, experiences which Weated a clases of real events inthe tatu context of 200. Jogéal realy, reste Scentie probing atthe hands of empl prycholoy. Phenomenology onthe otber band, as bare the sources? From whch the basic coneps and del laws of pre lpi "ow. and ack 1 which they must once more Be trace, so at ive them al the “Gearaus and dtincnes pone foe an wnéentaning, And for epistemological etique. af pare logic (EL Finlay 1166; Hua XIN/t: 6-7) ‘The logan i ot interested in mental ats a sch, ba oly in objective ‘meanings and thei formal repulsion, the phenomenclopst on the oe hand is conceed with the eset suusturs of costion and ther een al corlation tothe things Know When Hassel sye inthis Ted tn, we must go hack to the ings themselves (Wir walle a ae Sachen Seta sartlgehen. LL indy Uo Hua XDK/: 10, be meas parc [ely tha the tat of phenomenology sto can the mature of opal oncpt by ting hr oii in tution(ue pret tas now brine he bro i the logical concepts ad les (ce lpichen teen, Beqrilwnd Gee) oeptemoogl ae 1 ond deftones. Here phrenic anassst be. ALL Finlay 1168; Hus XIXII:9) More bros Huser wats to document all matters hit pretet them sare to consumes in thet vere made of etve iene (ad ot restricting the soures of sion arbirily i advance, a empl Sud other theories radionally hal done). Huse italy characterised ‘henomecology ambiguouly a thera parallel dip {0 epemolny fr asa more radia pounding of epistemology, that sought to cary the ‘ences of acts of cognition in het most neal est, In analysing kno ‘ige, Huss wanted to do justice both to the necessary de) (a Satidentty and independence of space and tine) ofthe truths known ia ‘option anda the same ime propery rcopise the xentalcontbtion ‘ofthe Knowing ate ofthe rijor Thu, looking back in 1925, Huser ‘exerted the im of he Loria vtigaions los Inthe yea 1910-01 appeared my Logia!nesigarions which were the ress of my ten gear lng ffos to clarity the Kea of pure Logic by going back tothe sease-besioning or copie achievements Bag Hfesed in the complex of ved expen fli thinking” Huse over ami to lay down what be describes the “phenomenc logical founcing of loge’ (ie phanomeoloche Fundrang der Lith Findlay 1-175, Hua XIN/L 2a clrifeaion ofthe eset nature of Fogel knowiedge aa preliminary te systematic formal loge and to scence in gneal” More narrowly. his 'phenomenoogy ofthe lial expences (Phinomenolgi dr lion Erle, LI, Findlay 168: Has XIX To) aims to pee derive understanding of the mental sates aed tha “weling sens (ren cooker Sines) with te aim of Sing the meanings of key lpical concepts and operations tough elaborate and ‘irelldstoctons and lrfetons “Phenomenology inthe Fit Editon, then, mest the efforts tongue, radly and sonssenty. back from the “ategois of objets tthe suet set, atts, expel Foucations in which the objective of te sppropiste sort ome to Be bjt of consciousness and Yo evden sf gvennes workin he domain ‘pare ination, rather than being theoretical or hypothetial costae ton inte manner af euralsticppehooes. As Huser put ici 1925, chs "Tegreseingiy” rings ane world wo ht” This the domain of te ‘onelato Bowen objeiity and sabe. parla, Hust wats cacy to ata the itentonal sbjet atte of cree eaprione (enahtlihe Else where expen 4s understood asthe artclting of meaning. His focus then son the ideal ene of the bjs tention (ir nentanaer Ghd vale San rer [egontndichon Intention U1, Fn 1s a XIX/I 21) Tn giving 2 [Scout ofthe ie of meaning or exprsio, Huse aks concepts apart And caborater etenely on ther many meanings before moving 10 ‘ise ater reued concepts Tas, for example be careful dinghies ‘th numberof dierent sess ofthe ea prsetatin (Vorstellag), sep iiine out i vious pyeholog, Togeal and epistemological meanings kewite he embarks on conepalsnlyes of key onceps sch aon tent judgement and consciousness Thu he renames the ned o sor fout ibe many meanings ofthe term 'ontet (ha, sometimes Ghul. {ter parila frequently invoked by lopcans and pysholosts of the day Tn parca, the const between what Huser terms i the Fist ion ral (rol) and al conten, ap ater what he rales 10 the Ainincion between phonomenolgica an tensa conten (LIV $16). A {ppien example of the cariieation Huse seeking sh difleentiation Sth Investigation (810-5) ofthe kinds of unity and confit of meaiag oes that ay the Fas forthe loi laws of consistency and conta Son. Is these gorous ets of analysis that won the admiration of ery ‘reader and more ‘eo of analytic piosopes. ‘While Hussersowa‘conerte”eales wee intl focused primarily ‘on the foundations of arithmeve and ogi. and the suctures of knowles, {ravaly he and his flowers broadened phenomencogy to adress the | prio strstr of onscioumes in genera, icing fective, voller, fractal, evahative, weet religious, leapt and other forms of Conisowawarens of meaning grsping snd meaning arbeulang Phenom ‘ogy was to hea sence of esncts and as sh twas a pute a prrt ‘cipline,arendng to the nature of things av given in ‘essen seg (Gesomscka). Phenomenology would broaden the sources of intton furter than previous plsophes ha allowed, an clay the fandaretal ‘elation of thougt co tuth ‘ute ear on the Iverigoins strate the altenton of stants of | the Munich philosopher nd peeholopist Theodor Lips (851-1914, who himself ad been etised for puycologa inthe Proleromona and who in consequence, altered his views to come gly into sgresmont wth Huse. ‘Through Lipps students especialy Johanbes Daubert (1877-1947), the Logit inetgaton boca he lading posi text oF penestion ‘of German pilosoptes,icuding Aletander finder (1870-194) hone Drzenining. Habitation thei writen unde Lips t Munch, Poo nology of Wiling 4 Pychloicel Anaya (Phanomensope det Wane ‘Bae pocoloiche Ana, 190), contained the word -phenomensogy” in the le although the tr dows not occur esehere ithe wort" Sabu ‘quent Mar Sebel (1874-1928, Ado Raina (168-917, Fath Sten {Gg91- 1942) and Roman Ingsrden 1893-1970) were al dre otis arly‘conception of phenomenology with ts strongly sali orietation and is ‘promi of reaving pilowphy's Baker intacable disputes ‘The role of the Investigations i development Huss set his eared i Loa! Detain ek shroug tan end bat ates beeing (on Wek ds Dushmek dwt ch Sin Ende onder co dna, Fin Huw SVE 8) Tov Masel abandoned hs caer apache to og and ahaa eased is book, Php reshape T89) ich ad ee jigs phot yh en atl rege eh 1025) Huser! Sicoverd a ch mute fuel way of doing pop in igo soontie way tough te ericton ofthe enence of ou fundamental sogntve ashieeiets,cetely lading to his hte ‘ansormation of phenomenology ito 4 comptes, anced Plilosopical outlook Ese ees nnovstor he conan) reinrpreed the signe fh own cot, ad thes he meio payed a Sgro iis oe prop desl, Bn ture cues dnd in bi pratt mans he Cn sored the ound ‘Svea nthe Lota! nein flor eal is Gatingen Rees ‘lope 1906-7 on meaning (7-1), om np 910-10) nh Fear ‘ures on top nn Phenomenal Pye 198) the tres tat evenly eee nt Fool ond Trasendnal Logic (929 and ven in hs Cr of Earp Scr (1996 athe pstasont pu listed Exper an utes (939) Hes om beats eed ‘suring ever to mel that ad tobe constant rethought nate ear Huse! ght to dite hana fom te conon unde standing of he work a slly an exe he piso of ope He erplaod that be was beng cheer ahr lly a loin, ‘hese shins ebony rc accep aed 1 the Oude of nen foundational wen fs loupe Ph ‘ch alt thecal eerpton al om fan mea Std reser mening neo ewhol mano subj ‘He cte cumed tn aetero Sprung. 91 uot m Hes XVI a) {ha pesomenology hed to do wh logis ar wth hy sete, tn ater par dcp Io oe word, Hel! wou i ugpot {hat wa amply an acct of peconal ography ate happened te coms to pirate though lpia! roth he could Fat sy hae ctrl the ea fom another diet etry To te to {Georg Mach of 1 Nownber 1990, Huse sald tat he ot incest Toma ls eal ology when he mae breathe the wa ‘cron a ner conceal om founding hor of tanaeetal ‘estan inet" Belore aeayng he otra eu, et us now to, the, ta beet comsideration ofthe ator, Edmund Huse. Edmund Husserl (1859-1938): life and writings [Bémind Huss! was born ia Prose, Moravia (now Prseiov, Cech Repu, on 8 Apri 159. He stoied mathematics and physics a the Snhertes of Lei and Brin, where he was despy inden by the ‘atomtican Car Westra (1815-97, before moving to he Univesity (6F Viena, whee he completed is doctorates mathemati 88D. Foo ing bt prod 3b Wovrstass assistant ad ater nthe amy, Huse eat hack to Viena study plosphy with Fran Brentano from 188410 TS86. On Brentano's recommendation, Huss then west tothe univer ‘of Halle to stay with Brenan’ most soir std, Cac Stump Ba 1936), completing is Habltaon thei On the Concept of Naber Pach lng nates with bin i187." Hassel remained in Hale a lows, teal Prize from U887 wit 190, the unbappsst yeas of fs eas heater cones ‘Although Hester wrote remarch notes and manesrps comin and ‘obsesely, he publied few books during his iete.” Hi frst public tion t Halle came in 1891 with he Phsnophy of Arithmetic, whose opening ‘capters contained w evsed version of ft Habitation thet The Loge! Inmet tok another ten peace of dificult ibour 40 wee, ating Which Huse! strifeed many ofthe cots of family he Huser alays Teeatdd i reals as provisional. Neverthcls, wring the book ‘cue Bim, ashe ltr sid to Dovion Cais. ts publication fasted a move ftom Halle to a new salaried positon atthe university of Gouge, renowd ene of mathemati under David Hirt 862-1983 Tews ‘Goring hs yeas at Gtingen that he begen to attract both German and international todents to pasue te practic and theory of phenamenstogy. However, Huser still maniged ony two pubictions bween 190] and 1916: an important long esa. Pslanphic als srenge Witch (Pl sop asa Rigorous Scone), commistonal by Hesich Rickert fr bis ne oural Logos in 110/911." in which Huse ouined bis opposition {0 al forms of naturalism and hisorism (as be understood Dilhey's Welanschanaphsophic to be), ad a major book, Ideas Peraling 10 4 ire Phenomenology and to Phenemenoica! Philsophy™ (nea “dee 1) publish in 1913, which offered an etizely mew way of entering lato pheaomenoigs “arte arest shock of Huss’ carter elt followers (uch a Inga sand Pinder dest quite dtbertly espoused form of tuncendetal idcaom Ginsiving «raieatation ofthe pros of Kent and Deca. "outlook Huser would contin o mata and develop throeghow fis ‘Sire. Huse ims, however, nse hat he ely had this eta‘n mind whe be nat deeoping phenomenology inthe Investigations. Ia hie Tnodution to fuear Ihe sid that readers ofthe Logia!Intigatiot ad msuedestoal the work an exerci nn oF manent oy oloy. wees ead alvays intended prer and more eet poenomenolop proach In supposed agreement wih the Loguche Unerschungn, pheno nology hasbeen conceived «substan of enprel pgchoogy, ‘Sa phere comprising immanent desrpoos of pyle meta Process phere comprising descriptions that ~ 30 the inmanence {question understood ae ately confined within the bounds of eal expericnesIt wou em tat my protest suns! thi concep tom has ben of lie aval (eas i Hua MVE: 2) In other words, Huse! woud late cli tat tanscendental phenome ‘logy a5 2 sence of pure esentalpostlies was entirely dain from Pycholoy inal is forms, including dsenpivepeycholony (which he now treat asa branch of empl psycholen) in 196, Huser was appointed tothe bu of philosophy atthe Univer siy of Frebur, wich he hed unl his eiement in 1924 Here a be ‘ecorded in his 1930 Foreword to the revision of the Sith Investigation (LL Flay 197066; Hua XIX/2- 53), he same dep mrs in teat ing and research, pursuing the ea of tem of piosopy with pheno ology ais core nd pubs amon nothing pan fom i tle ot {te rencral of phiowophy in Japanese journal Kato. a tile article on Buddha, and a truncatd version of scares on time, On the Phono ‘olon ofthe Conscouses of Intra Te (192) ee by hi sce ‘he Freiorg Chir, Marin Heidgge, moe or ls 5 counterpoint 10 the ate’ ow Beng and Tine 1927)" During the ast decade of is ie however, Huser! was extremely atv, givin tures Germany, ll nd France, and pushing Formal ond Trance Loge 1929 and {he French version of hi Pre tctres, Mean eateome, i 1931, fansaed by Cabri Peller and Exanuel Levis In part, Hse’ intense activity was spurts by his ese to offer a coretve to Heidegger's ‘erson of phenomenological ontology. which Hwee sitored and ‘eryed his own miston for trancendetal phenomenology. allowing the cing to power ofthe Nations) Soca im January 193%, Huser an hi fori safle under the lceaingly severe unt Siti is enacted in German, which ed tothe suspension of his emer tueriptr and evenly 1935} the wide of Geran ens While he continaed to Ive in Fribare. be was shunned by most of bis Former ctu, past from i asatant Eagen Fk (1905-75) dl former ‘ent Ladi Landprebe (by then 2 pofesor i Prague) However, ot shout the tak of preparing his extensive such manscripts for publi tion Despite esting with oficial oppostion, Huet conned to write tlh new vigour agit heen ofthe ape, prods work of stoning Scope and egal, eg, the Crs of European Seincer, developed iets Vienna and Prague and publsed in Belgrade in 1936 (publics tion in Germany being denied him)” Alera peviod of ines, Masse died in Preibarg in 198. His lst work, Bfalrung and Orel (Eqperene and dndgement appeared posthumouly, with the extensive eto involve iment of Ludwig Landgebe in 1938" “Taro the intervention of 3 young Belgian philosophy grate and ries, Fr Hermann Van Bros (1911-7), moch of Huse’ Nala, Sling etre noes and reearch manips, smoanting to rome 4,000 ges of hand-wrten maternal, composed im an obolte German shor Fund, the Gabssberger stm, was supe out of Nass Germany ands B0W preserved is manuscpt form i the Huse Archives a Lewen, Ba tun Her, ia cooperation with he site archives a Cologne ad Freibug, Fesaichers are careful eng thse manuscips for publication i the Hiserana Gesammelie Werke serie of which tore tha 30 volutes have already appeared, with more scheduled The genesis of the Logical Investigations studies in mathematic logic and pyehology ead bee pusns, inspired bhi teacers Weintrass, Brentano and Stamp. Ashe pu i the nena ‘ns origally grew out of is dee to achive ‘x piowoptiealelaiia tin eine phibsophiche Kling) of pure mathemati’ (Fy, Hua XVI, It word Huse tht mathematicians cold produce good re fue and yet employ diverse and even confiting theories about the ature ‘numbers and other mathematical operations Tei itive procedures ‘eeed plop grounding. In seach of ths rounding for mathemati “ise was led to considee formal systems generally, and ultimately toa review ofthe whole nafure of meaning thoupt is connection wi fui assertion ands achienanent of truth in gennely event cognitions Huse suggested that the Logica! Imextigatons was eigaly spre by Brentano's atempts to reform teadtonal logic AC he pu iin his "Phmomenlopeal Pachology” ture of 1925 the Logical Investigation ar lly flan by Brentano's ogee ‘is as ald be realy understand ew ofthe fat tha ns ict pap of Brentano." Inlestre courses Huse a tend, Brentano ha proposed a reform of {taiional Avot slog lope, resting the rang of scanloge frns,ffsiney reducing all forms of quanifcation o exists (fuimucaton rforulting the sritre of opel judgement nd east {hg semences in new wap to hig the underlying lpia strctre di {ict fom the pam form, Despite se promise, Huse recognised that Brentano's projet nas destines to fa ine i lacked a proper cla Tet ofthe nature of meaning in pene Only a complete caifeation of the event petomenoipal relations eween expression and meaning Schotecen meaningntenton sod meuaigfuflment (Findlay L178; Hua Six 19) could eer te proper course between grammatical aalas and meaning analss (Bedeutnysnarse) Huser ces. ‘remand orm of ocala Hawes attention o serious ef sien incaten accounts ofthe nature of lope 0S. MC. Sig, WHlamlton,B. Erdman, T. Lipp, and others Huset's fara with ‘std dep cite ofthe loge! tnd mathematical developments ofthe ‘eect onury ae eve inhi several etal reviews of fgets ure, published 21898, 1897, 1903 apd 1904 Whe e fully recognised the importance of loge understood a cleus of eases bring developed by George Boole (1815-64) apd by his German contemporary. Ernst Strader and th amps to slept bogie deduction ava mechanical Process made by Wiliam Stanley Jevons (1835-82) and other, ncuding Gono Frese, Huser harboured woes abou the hmitations of formal ‘athena ing, whieh be saw as refinement of opal technique {ker tian a2 genuine piowphy of Inge Im partcular. Huse = ‘Telus purely a a formal device for mechanically WaNsposng Sins “orteplaing them with uta according to rls, and thus esential ‘Steen fom proper lope dedoction Teck ritance in mathe ical Top ill equred cra heorescal ast inorder to elevate i 0 Tor a mor poste view of lope, Huse eived pure loi’ a conep- tion dering from Lelie and Kat, but expesed most lly in the Weserschafire of he aes Austin logan Bernard Boao (1781 184), and hs olomesespoily Free eacker Rudolf Hermano Lots, ISIP-8Iy whieh st loge sea prey formal scence of since Huse Single out Bezaao i parca axon of the greatest logins and een as the unacknowledged foreither of modern mathemati lop: Lotie as seience must. be but upon Bolano's work, and mus Jen fot hi noe for mathematical acteess indistinct or foathematal euacies io tein I wl hen each anew standpoint Terps th maton ter of ee, wich mathe ‘Sun. quiewnpertbed by piosopic score, ate s0 sucess con- Strong Tae theories alogter conform to the spit of Blano's Teg though Bolzano bad no nig of them Mt Pro St; Finny H 14; Mua XVI: 228) ‘Huser would abo eit Hermann Lotz wth opening ies othe tae nator ofthe ea bctivtics which foi tude. Bpng him onde ‘in he domsin fee whe mong at hasan the pilosa saues pres on Him, leading sn cosderaby beyond ‘that gt be considered to fon ty othe ask of aig the founda ‘ion of gi and nto Broader questions of epbtemolgy, semantics and ten oma Huse wan dren to inguin the condiins of mes ing uernce ad expression eceally being wih the are of nication in gecrl igus caren, the lation betwen nid fd specs the api laws governing the whae-prt stares sacl, {he formal las goversng ings besa onscs, the using te ofitentional ontent ard reference, andl, the are an stro oF fonscous at a3 sich, and specily theatre and rote of lee iments which sim at uth and which ere radon considered tobe ‘hicks of lg! thought Thee tunes makeup the it tvesigtons of these valine 's struggle to rescue logic from psychology [As Hse! acknowledged inthe Foreword tothe Inestiatos, hi hilo- opi eer bepan from Brentano's aneumption tha lope sex cod foal be clanted by peyetoloy. However, his nial atempes at ying 3 ‘prxcholopal foundation (picholche Panderang, LI Fila E2 Ho XVIII¢6 for arthmaticl and lpeal concep and judgements ky an Into problems While pschology was undeniably wt forcing the raccalproidurs of human reasoning apd la accounting for the origins ‘of concepts it fied completely to appreciate ox hale the logical unity of the though content (Dentin, Findlay I 2 Hua XVI 6) involve, ‘pecielly the complete independence ofthis content fom al eu psych Gal behaviour The Pythagorean teorem stands ab an iependent valid ‘wut whether anyone actualy thinks itor not. Suc thought contents pos ess an Mealy” that alow them toe isantted in sillirent thous Proves ofthe sume inal (LI, to 2 insy 167 Hua XIN $y orn dere indus thought at drent umes, Psychologie sta)- si could nok accommodate ths pec el unity of thought contents “Huse theefore suspended hs investigation into the pion of tah emacs to app with the fundanntal epstanolgial questions” (dc Cranage der Eekeninthorie, Fialay 1 Hs XVI) teow ‘byhisrecogition ofthe Weal of meanings. Mathematics and lop nosed 2 thorough epstomalgal sounding: throug eigue of howl (Exhemoskr tobe carted ou through the apleaton ot phenome Jogi seta inset, as Huse would develote thei hn ue an eh eyes i ea as ari nema coepon fe re ‘Frc a eek tone ct ee once Accanyete en Tromso ces is king fundamental epstemolopaliguiy Ges Lt In, 5, which aan ots ling nS trnig sch le Seactsistigaemetr este toe nie ing of oan, at sb te eins anf chpeay Brenan isha Ks Twardon 1866-1935, ACHAT os i noe 5195 Hoes a petal pening Husa ce oo he sect he Phbaopy of Arde of he ene ofthe cone enn taaran Scare peo eee aoe errs anten hf nny et cnn He sete Tncton wih heen Gov ae cso te twas oo 1 yy ha eth psp ty Men cts ur oer bere se Seis apetaete ais ooh een: Moers cts sae ns aes nandig of ter of nee Se vr cys ence ranion Oh aa ee atung unde obec ates aprons oun ex of ica, Hust ha ped Brean’ ree oe eau ct” etl 20) Sr ee aoa rn pros ch eae eit acdc thet pose, A tates to tonto Bratn acon Ah aaa cy Canclan mami smn tot he tue Se ngage mao he aur of wt! sah Shatth enn cant ot ee SOS Tier gar etc ic Turners SOLS ceat te impae a the modern reresenationait aout of cee ree inc ie mona patios fe sin soo Lin onnerecnas eas ha mated shi cent ta sb wine soe on Se ee ital dems nto pee eont?and ie pote of the sats of thoughts that soe posse ee ed amu cmon So Ba Coane eas ety ooo nd Manone tes obser of mone ene sos theuphot tie 880 Hse eel Cried is oon ns een etl ete SSE ME nets orc een “nnn Asche ane ‘epresentaton”(Repriseation) otro the ‘Kind fuller ylang ivoe in is raft reve of Twos ‘bok On the Content and Objet of Preeti" an inthe eer da of Ines completed study, Inetonale Gepost Inentional Obes), ‘probably waten in 1898 and reworked up to 1898" The resus ofthese Investigations Found tht way into the secoad volume ofthe Perigoton, ‘speclly the Fist and Pith Investguions and the Append othe Sixth Tevestston, where the ine of intentionality snl Husa’ stance from ‘Brentano's oncetion of inner perception ae teat soe length rely, Huser! ejaed Brentano’ atlempes to deine psychi phe cau in dsnction trom physi! phenomena und his acoutt of ane fbjectiiy' For Huser the main achievement of reatano wu tht Be Heid the esenial ‘pointing-bevond:iel” (ter-stcetiaureser) of {he mental act. Twardowsksatempt to dingy between the sense Imanent content ofthe at, teat senna objec, ad ther object ‘eer fo, lo sulted fiom a Tale dupiation’ of the abt Hosters Inower was to diingush betwee the immanent sensous Pcl’ contents ‘ofthe mental act and the wansceadet ideal meaning-contet of the act, tich guarantees we aze speaking of the sone meaning actos repeated cts, and bemeen thse andthe transceadeat ajc ofthe At abd not ‘wardowski considered ithe nmmanon obj). * By the ate 1890s Huse Ia deeloped the main elements of his aesount ofthe rations between Sins and things sid, between intentions and thei nie aliments, but seas ely that crac intact Between snouts an 4 of categoria intuition dd nt emerge antl be Began wring the sk Ines tigatnsthemsees. This notion of eategorilintaiton, isin nition of comple ounded on sesory inten, pened up the proper domain of Phoomenofogial viewing as Huet would develop i after 1901 “The revale of Huset's intensive rvarch during bs mow active decade ofthe 1805 were brought topter ina remarkable wa tthe Imestigaton “Thus, for insane, hn 894 ale, Pscholguche Stade sr cementaren oni (Psscolopic! Stes nthe Elements of Logic” sketched the di lieion betwen dependent and independent contents tat inaugurate the theory of prs and wholes ltr incorporated ino the Third Invetton tthe fst rel stron Wing the Imetinaon eames 1896 when inet delivered the etre that fore the bass ofthe Prolegomene sd in 1899 began to prepare the sx Investigations themsivs forthe pest ‘Theres some endene che hs wile Malin’ aosount, that Huse was sil feverahlyseising when the anus was wre (rom his bande by Stumpt and seat tothe pusher Caan, ltr that Huser ‘vas havin dlicuties containing the Sith vention eit grew in eth Sod complet and forced him to rethink dosnctione made nthe ee Tvstigaons,inludig hs account ofthe relton baweendetonsrtve ‘nleation and fulfiment of meaning in cx perapion