TNB Planning Guide LV PDF

Low Voltage
Planning Guidelines
Asset Management Department

Distribution Division
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
LOW VOLTAGE
PLANNING
GUIDELINES
November 2012

Distribution Division,
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Wisma TNB
Jalan Timur, Petaling Jaya
Selangor
Disclaimer
This guidebook does not confer legal rights or impose legal obligations upon any member of the
public. While TNB has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the discussion in this
presentation, the obligations of the regulated community are determined by statues, regulations
or other legally binding requirements. In the event of a conflict between the discussion in this
presentation and any statute or regulation, this presentation would not be controlling.
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the management of

the Distribution Division, for the successful publication of this Low Voltage
Planning Guidelines.
Our special thanks to Hj. Ismail Mohd Din, Senior General Manager, Asset
Management Department for his full support and motivation to establish
the revision of this guide book.
We would like to express our gratitude to the ever-committed LV

Planning Guideline workgroup members, comprising Ir. Tan Siew Hwa,
Mr. Kok Sheng Kheun, Mr Ideris Shamsudin, Mr Lim Chia Yih and Dr
Rahman bin Khalid for their 2 years of hardwork in successfully
completing this new edition of Low Voltage Planning Guidelines.
Our appreciation also goes to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ir. Au Mau Teng, Ir. Lau
Chee Chong, Ms Teo Siow Kim, Mr Ruslam Hussin, Mr Azmi bin Husin, Ir
Rekha A/P Perumaloo, Ms Fadhlillah Adnan, Mr Fazely Haron and Ir Woo
Chiew Chonng for their guidance and feedback in developing the
guidelines. Special thanks to Dr. Marayati Marsadek for her untiring
efforts in proof-reading this guide book.
Lastly, acknowledgement and thanks to all other distribution planning

community members whose names are not listed above for their
valuable contributions and ideas in preparing the contents of this
handbook.
Thank you.
Dr. Abu Hanifah bin Azit

Chief Engineer
System Planning & Development,
Asset Management Department,
Distribution Division, TNB
Page | i
FOREWORD
Objective of the power distribution system is to deliver

electrical power to customers in a safe, reliable and most
economical way. Several parameters of electricity supply
such as frequency, continuity of supply, voltage level etc.
should be within allowable limits to ensure that customers
obtain satisfactory performance for their electrical
equipment while ensuring that the demands of the
customers are continuously met. The capital and
operating costs of doing so should be kept at the most optimum level, taking
into account the total cost of ownership and losses in the system.
This document details out and standardizes planning methodology in TNB

Distribution, which provides TNB Distribution Planners with a basic understanding
of theory and practical application. This latest edition of Low Voltage Planning
Guidelines also introduces additional requirement to adopt the changes in
technology and expansion of network.
With this revised Low Voltage Planning Guidelines, I am confident that TNB
Distribution Planners would be able to produce the most efficient LV network to
meet customer’s service expectation.
Hj. Ismail bin Mohd Din

Senior General Manager
TNB Distribution
Page | ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................................... i
FOREWORD ...........................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1
1.1 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 DOCUMENT LAYOUT ............................................................................................ 2
CHAPTER 2 QUALITY OF SUPPLY ........................................................................................ 3

2.0 OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 3
2.1 DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SUPPLY ................................................................... 3
2.2 SYSTEM AVERAGE INTERRUPTION DURATION INDEX (SAIDI) ......................... 4
2.3 SUPPLY SYSTEM STANDARDS ............................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 3 LOADS ............................................................................................................... 7

3.0 OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 7
3.1 TYPES & CHARACTERISTICS OF LOAD ............................................................... 7
3.2 LOAD GROWTH ..................................................................................................... 7
3.3 LOAD DEMAND ..................................................................................................... 8
3.3.1 Typical Load Demand for Domestic Residential Premises ................. 9
3.3.2 Typical Load Demand for Commercial Premises ................................ 9
3.3.3 Typical Load for Commercial Complex................................................. 9
3.3.4 Typical Load Demand for Industries ..................................................... 10
3.4 COINCIDENT FACTORS ...................................................................................... 10
3.4.1 Sample Calculation of Coincident Factor .......................................... 10
3.5 LOAD FACTOR ..................................................................................................... 11
3.6 ALTERNATIVE SUPPLY .......................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 4 DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS ........................................................................ 13

4.0 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................ 13
4.1 DEFINITION............................................................................................................ 13
4.2 SUBSTATION SELECTION CRITERIA .................................................................... 14
4.2.1 Indoor Substation ...................................................................................... 14
4.2.1.1 Indoor Standalone Substation .................................................. 14
4.2.1.2 Indoor Attached Substation ..................................................... 15
4.2.2 Outdoor and Semi-Indoor Substation .................................................. 15
4.2.3 Pad-Mounted Switchgear H-Pole .......................................................... 15
4.2.4 Compact Type Substation ...................................................................... 16
4.2.5 Summary of Substation Characteristics and Usage .......................... 17
4.3 SUBSTATION REQUIREMENT & TRANSFORMER SIZING ................................... 18
4.3.1 Domestic Development .......................................................................... 18
4.3.2 Commercial Development .................................................................... 20
4.3.3 Industrial Development ........................................................................... 22
Page | iii
4.3.4 Multi-tenanted Buildings/ Development.............................................. 23
CHAPTER 5 LOW VOLTAGE NETWORKS .......................................................................... 24

5.0 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................ 24
5.1 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK COMPONENTS ......................................................... 24
5.2 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFOMERS ............................................................................ 25
5.2.1 Configuration............................................................................................. 25
5.2.2 Transformer Cable Tail ............................................................................. 25
5.3 LV FEEDER PILLARS .............................................................................................. 26
5.3.1 Configuration............................................................................................. 26
5.4. LV FEEDERS ........................................................................................................... 28
5.4.1 Loading Limits ............................................................................................ 28
5.4.2 Configuration............................................................................................. 28
5.5 FIVE FOOT WAY MAINS ...................................................................................... 29
5.5.1 Configuration............................................................................................. 29
5.6 SERVICE CABLES .................................................................................................. 29
5.7 STREET LIGHTING.................................................................................................. 29
5.7.1 Configuration............................................................................................. 29
5.8 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK TYPES ......................................................................... 30
5.8.1 Domestic Overhead ................................................................................ 32
5.8.2 Domestic Underground ........................................................................... 33
5.8.3 Commercial Overhead ........................................................................... 33
5.8.4 Commercial Underground ..................................................................... 34
5.8.5 Industrial Overhead.................................................................................. 34
5.8.6 Industrial Underground ............................................................................ 34
5.8.7 LV Supply for Premises with Separate Owner / Landlord and
Tenant Meters ..................................................................................................... 34
5.8.8LV Ring System ............................................................................................ 35
5.8.9 LV Auto Transfer Switch System.............................................................. 35
5.9 ECONOMICS ....................................................................................................... 36
5.9.1 Initial Cost of Implementation ................................................................ 36
5.9.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost....................................................... 37
5.9.3 Replacement Cost ................................................................................... 37
5.9.4 Technical Losses ........................................................................................ 37
5.10 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................. 37
CHAPTER 6 LOW VOLTAGE PROTECTION AND EARTHING .......................................... 38

6.0 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................ 38
6.1 DEFINITION............................................................................................................ 38
6.2 PROTECTION PLANNING.................................................................................... 38
6.3 FUSE PROTECTION ............................................................................................... 39
6.4 SURGE ARRESTORS .............................................................................................. 41
6.5 NEUTRAL EARTHING IN LV SYSTEM ................................................................... 41
6.5.1 Feeder Earthing for Overhead Lines..................................................... 41
6.5.2 Feeder Earthing for Underground Cables ........................................... 42
Page | iv
CHAPTER 7 LOW VOLTAGE METERING ........................................................................... 43

7.0 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................ 43
7.1 DEFINITION............................................................................................................ 43
7.2 CUSTOMER SUPPLY AND METERING ................................................................ 44
7.2.1 Metering Criteria ....................................................................................... 44
7.2.2 Whole Current Metering.......................................................................... 44
7.2.3 C.T. Metering ............................................................................................. 44
7.2.3.1 C.T. Meter Loading ...................................................................... 45
CHAPTER 8 LOW VOLTAGE TECHNICAL LOSSES ........................................................... 46

8.0 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................ 46
8.1 DEFINITION............................................................................................................ 46
8.2 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION ........................................................................ 46
8.3 TYPES OF TECHNICAL LOSSES ........................................................................... 47
8.4 CONTRIBUTORS OF TECHNICAL LOSSES IN LV NETWORK ............................ 47
8.4.1 Strategies .................................................................................................... 47
8.4.1.1 Reactive Power Management - Supply Side ......................... 48
8.4.1.2 Reactive Power Management - Customer side................... 48
8.4.1.3 Efficient Low Voltage System Design ...................................... 48
8.4.1.4 LV Load Monitoring..................................................................... 49
8.4.1.5 Smaller Transformer Design Rating and Initial Installation
Practise........................................................................................................ 49
CHAPTER 9 POWER QUALITY ............................................................................................ 50

9.0 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................ 50
9.1 DEFINITION............................................................................................................ 50
9.2 VOLTAGE DIPS ..................................................................................................... 50
9.3 HARMONICS ........................................................................................................ 51
9.4 VOLTAGE UNBALANCE ...................................................................................... 51
9.5 TRANSIENTS ........................................................................................................... 51
9.6 VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION AND FLICKER ........................................................... 51
9.7 REMEDIES .............................................................................................................. 52
9.8 POWER QUALITY MANAGEMENT MONITORING ........................................... 53
CHAPTER 10 DATA MANAGEMENT ................................................................................. 54

10.0 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................ 54
10.1 DATA CATEGORIES ............................................................................................. 54
10.2 LOAD AND DEMAND DATA .............................................................................. 54
10.3 SYSTEM NETWORK DATA .................................................................................... 55
10.4 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE DATA.......................................................................... 55
10.5 DATA MANAGEMENT MONITORING ............................................................... 56
10.6 INTERACTION BETWEEN VARIOUS UNITS IN AN AREA ................................... 57
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... 58
APPENDIX 1: TYPES OF LOADS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS .................................. 59
APPENDIX 2: TRANSFORMER SIZING COMPUTATION.................................................. 60
APPENDIX 3: STANDARD MULTI-TENANTED BUILDINGS DESIGN ................................ 62
Page | v
3A Multi-Tenanted Buildings (< 5 storey) without Substation .................... 62

3B Multi-Tenanted Buildings (< 5 storey) with Substation .......................... 63
3C Multi-Tenanted Buildings (> 5 storey) without Substation ..................... 64
3D Multi-Tenanted Buildings (> 5 storey) with Substation (Landlord &
Tenant takes LV supply) .................................................................................... 65
3E Multi-Tenanted Buildings (> 5 storey) with Substation (Landlord &
Tenant takes MV supply) .................................................................................. 66
3F Multi-Tenanted buildings (> 5 storey) with Substation (Development
takes MV supply with Landlord load >1600A) .............................................. 67
3GMulti-Tenanted Buildings (> 5 storey) with Substation (Development
takes MV supply with Landlord load <1600A) .............................................. 68
APPENDIX 4: FEEDER PILLAR ............................................................................................ 69
APPENDIX 5: STREETLIGHT TYPICAL CONFIGURATION ................................................ 71
APPENDIX 6: O/H DOM A................................................................................................ 74
APPENDIX 7: O/H DOM B ................................................................................................ 75
APPENDIX 8: O/H DOM C................................................................................................ 78
APPENDIX 9: U/G DOM A ................................................................................................ 81
APPENDIX 10: O/H COM A ............................................................................................. 84
APPENDIX 11: U/G COM A.............................................................................................. 85
APPENDIX 12: U/G IND A ................................................................................................. 87
APPENDIX 13: U/G RING .................................................................................................. 89
APPENDIX 14: LV-ATS ........................................................................................................ 91
Page | vi
CHAPTER
1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The design and development of supply system are critical in delivering
quality supply to the customers. The quality of supply includes security,
reliability and power quality.
To provide quality supply, the issue of cost needs to be considered. The

optimized distribution system planning and development is introduced in
order to achieve overall effective services to the customers.
The objective of this Low Voltage Planning Guidelines is to help the

technical staffs at the district (kawasan) to plan and develop low
voltage (LV) distribution system, so that TNB’s distribution systems:
i. Can fully meet customer expectations.

ii. Can achieve the corporate quality and reliability targets.
iii. Is optimally planned at the most economic overall cost.
iv. Is capable of satisfying customer demand growth for the
foreseeable future.
1.1 SCOPE
The scope of this document covers:
i. Definition of security, reliability and power quality for LV network.

ii. Compliance with the Regulatory Requirements.
iii. LV Planning criteria.
iv. Typical LV network design.
v. Guidelines on “what to do”, and “how to do”.
Page | 1
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.2 DOCUMENT LAYOUT

This document comprises of 10 CHAPTERS, addressing separate topics for
ease of use and future reference.
Each chapter is arranged in several sections, each of which addresses a

specific aspect of the chapter topic. The chapter topic is summarized
below:
Chapter 2 Refers to “Quality Of Supply” and TNB Corporate

Standards
Chapter 3 Indicates the types and magnitudes of loads that

can be fed from the LV network
Chapter 4 Describes the types and sizes of substations used

by TNB and includes criteria to decide on the
number of substations required to feed expected
loads.
Chapter 5 Details the planning criteria and design for the LV

distribution network, including services fed from
the substations.
Chapter 6 Refers to the planning criteria for the LV network

protection and earthing.
Chapter 7 Details out several main strategies to reduce LV

technical losses
Chapter 8 Deals with the implications of “energy metering”

on LV network planning.
Chapter 9 Redefine PQ phenomena in a simpler manner

and includes the possible mitigations.
Chapter 10 Details data that needs to be monitored and

managed for the LV distribution system
development
Page | 2
CHAPTER
2
QUALITY OF SUPPLY
2.0 OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this chapter are to:
i. Define “quality of supply”.

ii. State the related LV system regulatory and engineering standards
that need to be complied with.
2.1 DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SUPPLY

The term “Quality of supply” means security, reliability and power quality
of supply to the customers.
Security of supply means availability of supply to customers following the

occurrence of a supply interruption. This aspect is measured by Security
Level 1 – Level 4 as follows:
i. Security Level 1 - Less than 5 seconds.

ii. Security Level 2 - Less than 15 minutes.
iii. Security Level 3 - Less than 4 hours.
iv. Security Level 4 - Less than 24 hours.
Reliability means ability of the distribution system to perform its required

function under stated conditions for a specified period of time. This also
describes the continuity of electricity supply to the customers. This
aspect is measured by SAIDI.
Power quality refers to any power problem manifested in voltage,

current or frequency deviations that result in failure or misoperation of
customer equipment.
Page | 3
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES QUALITY OF SUPPLY
2.2 SYSTEM AVERAGE INTERRUPTION DURATION

INDEX (SAIDI)
Service reliability in TNB Distribution System is expressed by SAIDI. It is
derived from the product of SAIFI (System Average Interruption
Frequency Index) and CAIDI (Customer Average Interruption Duration
Index).
In TNB system, only loss of supply exceeding 1 minute is termed as

“outage” and will be counted in the computation of SAIDI.
The equation to compute SAIDI is as follow:

n
∑C d
i =1
i i
SAIDI = (2.1)
N
The equation to compute SAIFI is given as:

n
∑C
i =1
i
SAIFI = (2.2)
N
The equation to compute CAIDI is as follow:

n
∑C d
i =1
i i
CAIDI = n
(2.3)
∑C i =1
i
where:
i = interruption event
n = total number of interruptions
Ci = number of interrupted customers for each interruption event
di = duration of each interruption event
N = total number of customers served for the measured area
Page | 4
2.3 SUPPLY SYSTEM STANDARDS

The supply system standard associated to voltage regulation and
frequency variations for quality of supply adopted by TNB is shown in
Tables 2.1and 2.2 respectively.
Table 2.1 Voltage regulation
Nominal 400V/230V
Tolerance Under Normal + 10 % to – 6 %
Condition (MS IEC 60038)
Tolerance Under
± 10%
Contingencies Condition
Table 2.2 Frequency variations
Nominal 50Hz
Tolerance Under Normal
Condition ±1 %
Tolerance Under
47 – 52Hz
Contingencies Condition
The average restoration period is given as follow:
i. Less than 5 seconds.

ii. Less than 15 minutes.
iii. Less than 4 hours.
iv. Less than 24 hours.
The acceptable permissible values for quality of supply at the point of

common coupling are summarized in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3 Acceptable permissible values at point of common coupling
Type Of Acceptable permissible values Reference

Indices
Disturbance at point of common coupling Document
1% - Frequent starting /
switching and/or
disconnection of load.
Voltage 3 % - Infrequent single starting/ UK’s Engineering
Step ∆V % switching or disconnection of Recommendation
Change Load – once in two (2) hours or P28
more hours.
6 % - Starting/switching once
or twice a year.
Page | 5
Type Of Acceptable permissible values Reference

Indices
Disturbance at point of common coupling Document
Absolute 1.0 (at 132kV and below)
Short
Term
Flicker 0.8 (Above 132kV)
Severity
Voltage UK’s Engineering
(Pst)
Fluctuation Recommendation
Absolute 0.8 (at 132kV and below)
and Flicker P28
Long
Term
Flicker 0.6 (Above 132kV)
Severity
(Plt)
Total 5 % at ≤ 400 Volt
Harmonic 4 % at 11kV to 22kV Engineering
Harmonic
Distortion Recommendation
Distortion2 3% at 33kV
Voltage ER G5/4
(THDV) % 3% at 132kV
Negative
UK’s Engineering
Voltage Phase 2% for 1 minute
Recommendation
Unbalance Sequence
P29
Voltage %
Page | 6
CHAPTER
3
LOADS
3.0 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this chapter is to:
i. Provide methodology for the estimation of maximum demand

(MD) for the purpose of LV planning.
3.1 TYPES & CHARACTERISTICS OF LOAD

There are various types of loads such as lighting, electronic gear,
heating and motor. Types and characteristics of these loads are
tabulated in Appendix 1. It is important for distribution LV Planners to
understand the characteristics of these loads in order for them to plan
appropriately.
3.2 LOAD GROWTH

All loads supplied are subjected to growth over time. Load growth can
be divided into:
i. Natural growth.
ii. Step growth.
The respective growth rates depend on:
i. Economic environment and growth.

ii. Customer category.
iii. Customer affluence.
iv. Electrical appliance penetration.
Page | 7
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES LOADS
v. Life styles.
vi. Presence of step loads.
LV systems need to be planned such that it can cater for credible load
growth for the foreseeable future. The area load growth must be taken
into consideration when designing supply infrastructure in a new
development area. Normal load growth pattern in a certain area is
represented by the graph shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1: Typical load growth pattern
3.3 LOAD DEMAND

The estimated load demand is based upon load declared by consumer
and TNB’s own information on load profile characteristics for various
consumer classes. Range of values is given as demand profile is known
to vary according to geographical location of consumers around the
TNB service areas in Peninsular Malaysia.
Fairly accurate assessment of individual and group demand of

consumers is critical for correct dimensioning of network or facilities to
meet the initial and future demand of consumers imposed on the
network.
MD range in this section is meant for reference as the minimum value.

MD declared by Consultants must be accompanied with the
connected load and design calculations of the development.
Page | 8
3.3.1 Typical Load Demand for Domestic Residential Premises

Table 3.1 indicates the range of typical individual domestic loads in
urban, sub-urban and rural areas for different types of premises.
Table 3.1: Typical range of loads for domestic premises (kW per Unit)
Rural Suburban Urban

No. Type Of Premises
(kW) (kW) (kW)
Low cost flats, single storey terrace, studio
1 1.5 2.0 3.0
apartment ( < 600 sq ft)
2 Double storey terrace or apartment 3.0 4.0 5.0
3 Single storey, semi-detached 3.0 5.0 7.0
4 Double storey, semi-detached 5 7.0 10
Single storey bungalow & three-room
5 5 7.0 10
condominium
Double storey bungalow & luxury
6 8.0 12 15
condominium
3.3.2 Typical Load Demand for Commercial Premises

Table 3.2 shows the range of commercial customer’s load density.
Table 3.2: Typical range of loads for commercial premises (KW per Unit)
Type Of Commercial
Min. Ave. High
Premises
Single storey shop house 5 10 15
Double storey shop house 15 20 25
Three storey shop house 20 30 35
Four storey shop house 25 35 45
Five storey shop house 30 40 55
3.3.3 Typical Load for Commercial Complex

For other commercial premises such as supermarkets, shopping
complex, etc., the load demand is computed using the total floor area.
The load density with respect to load environment is as shown in Table
3.3.
Table 3.3: Load density with respect to load environment for commercial
complex
Load Environment Load Density

Low load density areas 6 watts / sq. ft. built up,
Average load density areas 8 watts / sq. ft. built up,
High load density areas 10 watts / sq. ft. built up.
Page | 9
3.3.4 Typical Load Demand for Industries

Generally the demand for industries is declared by the
consultant/developers. However, as a guide, Planners can use an
average of 20 watt / sq ft (215 watts / sq m) for Development Order Plan
comment. Table 3.4 summarizes the load density associated to the load
environment for industrial.
Table 3.4: Load density with respect to load environment for industries
Load Environment Load Density

Low load density areas 16 watts / sq. ft. built up
Average load density areas 20 watts / sq. ft. built up
High load density areas 24 watts / sq. ft. built up
3.4 COINCIDENT FACTORS

Multiple loads fed from a distribution network will experience diversity
between different of occurrence in their peak demand. Hence the total
demand fed will be less than the sum of the individual load demand.
This factor is important in estimating the total maximum demand in a
development.
Coincident factor (CF) is considered as the ratio of coincident maximum

demand of 2 or more loads to the sum of their non-coincident maximum
demand for a given period (the reciprocal of diversity factor). The CF
depends on the number of customers of a group, as well as the different
customer groups involved. CF is always less than or equal to 1.
3.4.1 Sample Calculation of Coincident Factor

Proposed coincident factors for different groups of customers are
shown in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5: Group of coincident factors
Customer Groups Coincident Factors

Residential 0.90
Commercial 0.87
Industrial 0.79
Residential + Commercial 0.79
Residential + Industrial 0.87
Commercial + Industrial 0.79
Mixed Group 0.75
*Source: Development of End User Load Model for Distribution Planning by TNBR
Page | 10
If sufficient data is available, the following template can be used to

compute coincident factor for any categories of customers:
08:00 - 17:00 - 00:00 -

unit kW 17:00 24:00 08:00
Domestic 200 5 10% 90% 50%
Commercial 200 10 90% 30% 5%
08:00 - 17:00 - 00:00 - Max

17:00 24:00 08:00 CF
Domestic 100 900 500
MD 1000 1000 1000
CF 0.10 0.90 0.50 0.90
08:00 - 17:00 - 00:00 -

17:00 24:00 08:00
Commercial 1800 600 100
MD 2000 2000 2000
CF 0.90 0.30 0.05 0.90
Group MD 1900 1500 600

Total MD 3000 3000 3000
Group CF 0.63 0.50 0.20 0.63
3.5 LOAD FACTOR

Load Factor (LF), is a ratio of average power consumption (kWh) to the
peak demand over a period of time. It is reflected by the formula:
kWh (Over specified period)

L.F = (3.1)
MD (kW ) × Hours (for the period)
Load factors for different customer category vary according to the

business type and operating cycle but generally are within recognizable
values.
Table 3.6 summarized the typical values of load factors that can be
used for planning purposes.
Page | 11
Table 3.6: Typical load factors
CUSTOMER TYPE Typical Load Factor
Residential premises 0.35*

Commercial 0.44*
Single shift 0.15-0.25
Industries Double shift 0.40 – 0.60
Triple shift 0.60 – 0.95
*Source: Development of End User Load Model For Distribution Planning By TNBR
3.6 ALTERNATIVE SUPPLY

Customers having critical/essential loads such as lifts, operating theaters,
dialysis machines etc. should have an alternative source of supply in
case of utility power failure. The common sources of alternative power
supply are:
i. Battery (connected directly, or through converters).

ii. Uninterrupted power supply (UPS) from dedicated battery and
engine-generator set.
iii. Stand-by generating set.
This alternative supply is to be designed and installed by the customer /

developer.
Page | 12
CHAPTER
4
DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS
4.0 OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this chapter are:
i. To describe TNB's "standard" practices on the use of substations in

LV distribution system.
ii. To describe the selection criteria for substation types.
4.1 DEFINITION
Distribution substation is defined as the substation that converts power
from medium voltage to low voltage. Some typical distribution
substations are as follows:
i. 33/0.4 kV
ii. 22/0.4 kV
iii. 11/0.4 kV
TNB's standard substation types include:
i. Indoor type – stand-alone buildings or attached to customer’s

premise.
ii. Outdoor type – in fenced enclosures.
iii. Semi-indoor type – with transformer installed outdoor and switch
gear indoors.
iv. Pad mounted switchgear H-Pole (PATOD) – with the transformer
mounted on 2 pole, or 4 pole structures and pad mounted RMU
Switchgear.
v. Compact substation.
Page | 13
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS
In urban areas, substations are often equipped with more than one (1)
transformer due to the high load density.
4.2 SUBSTATION SELECTION CRITERIA

The choice of substation type depends on several technical and non-
technical factors. Amongst the factors that need to be considered are:
i. Physical location of the proposed substation.

ii. The control and other peripheral components to be installed, e.g.
SCADA equipment, RTUs, power factor (p.f.) correction capacitors,
etc.
iii. The system, and overall protection requirements for the substation,
e.g., fully switched or RMU type, need for fire-fighting equipment,
etc.
iv. The relationship of the substation to the overall distribution
development plan of the area. .
v. The magnitude and growth potential of the load to be fed.
4.2.1 Indoor Substation

Indoor type substation is the most favorable type of substation to TNB
with the following advantages:
i. Public safety.
ii. Less chances of vandalism.
iii. Enable VCB installations.
iv. Reduce exposure to environmental impact on equipment and
operation maintenance personnel (eg: UV ray, rain & moisture
etc).
Indoor substations may consist of single or double chambers. It can be

either constructed as a standalone building or attached to customer
premises.
Indoor type substations can be equipped with SCADA system (RTUs and
other communication equipment), capacitor banks and load monitoring
devices.
All substations in the industrial areas must be planned to use indoor type
substations. For operation and public safety purposes, indoor substations
must also be used in all strategic and critical substations.
4.2.1.1 Indoor Standalone Substation

Indoor Standalone substation has the following additional advantages:
Page | 14
i. Easy transfer of land title from customer to TNB.

ii. Portable fire extinguisher is sufficient and it does not require
extensive fire-fighting system.
iii. Easy access.
iv. Compliance to Uniform Building By-Laws 1984, By-Law 139:
Separation of Fire Risk Area.
4.2.1.2 Indoor Attached Substation

Indoor attached substation has similar advantages to that of a stand-
alone, except for:
i. The substation is part of customer’s building.

ii. Automatic and comprehensive firefighting equipment must be
installed and maintained in order to meet the fire safety
requirements.
iii. Land is leased to TNB for a limited period with the risk of lossing
the substation site upon expiry of the tenure.
Due to these reasons, indoor attached substations are only allowed by

TNB only if:
i. Domestic and commercial or industrial bulk supply customers

with substation supply dedicated to them only.
ii. Customers must incorporate fire fighting facilities in their premises.
iii. Customers without sufficient land to build indoor stand alone
substation.
4.2.2 Outdoor and Semi-Indoor Substation

Outdoor and semi-indoor substations are mainly used in rural areas due
to their cost advantage. These types of substations require smaller land
area, and easy installation. However, there are several disadvantages
for these types of substations:
i. Installations are exposed to public access.

ii. Higher chances of vandalism violation.
iii. Exposure to environmental effect on equipment and operation
and maintenance personnel (eg: UV ray, rain & moisture etc).
4.2.3 Pad-Mounted Switchgear H-Pole

Pad-mounted switchgear H-Poles (PATOD) is normally used for system
improvement in rural areas where substation land is difficult to be
acquired.
The maximum capacity of pad-mounted switchgear H-Poles, limited by

the physical load bearing capacity of the support structure is 300 KVA.
Page | 15
There are several issues related to the conventional pole mounted

substations (with link /drop out fuse as isolators) such as:
i. Difficulty in isolating supply.

ii. Difficulty in fault finding.
iii. Safety of switching below a transformer.
iv. 11kV drop out fuse is no more in stock.
In order to deal with the above mentioned issues, RMU switchgear is

installed at the base of the H-pole to replace the traditional isolator link
and drop out fuse design.
4.2.4 Compact Type Substation

Compact type substations are physically small and consequently require
small sites. Therefore, it is unobstructive and can be erected quickly.
Currently compact substations are available in 500 kVA and 1000 kVA
capacities.
Compact substations are encouraged for domestic development

(500kVA only) and commercial development (500kVA & 1000kVA)
owing to the following advantages:
i. Require smaller substation land size hence can be placed closer

to the customer loads.
ii. More efficient load distribution.
iii. Shorter LV network.
Usage of compact substation is considered as ‘special features design

schemes’ in which special features cost is charged to the consumer as
per Clause 8.0 of Statement of Connection Charges 1994/1995.
Appropriate distribution network design is required to ensure security and

restoration time to consumers will not be affected:
i. If the housing development is more than 5MVA, 11kV switching

station shall be provided by the developer within the housing
development to support 11kV network connection to the
respective distribution substation.
ii. For housing development that is less than 5MVA, requirement of
11kV switching station depends on the existing network
configuration and constraints.
iii. One unit of 11kV switching station is able to support a
development of maximum 10MVA only.
Compact substation for non domestic and commercial development

must obtain approval KJOW office (Surat Pekeliling PBK Perkhidmatan
Page | 16
Kejuruteraan & Logistik, Perkhidmatan Dan Amalan Kejuruteraan

A7/2004) and is to be strictly applied in selective situations under the
following circumstances:
i. Genuinely limited space at site.

ii. Upgrading of load for existing customers.
Compact substation is also allowed to be used for system reinforcement

projects for highly built-up areas where substation land is difficult to
acquire.
4.2.5 Summary of Substation Characteristics and Usage

Table 4.1 summarizes the substation characteristics and their respective usage.
Table 4.1: Substations Characteristics and Usage
No Type Characteristics Usage

1 Indoor Standalone Standalone building. Suitable for any types of
Substation Requires biggest development, especially
footprint. industrial customers.
2 Indoor Attached Attached to Domestic, commercial or
Substation customer’s building industrial bulk supply
/ premises. customers with substation
Substation land is supply dedicated to them
leased to TNB for a only.
limited period.
3 Outdoor & Semi Small footprint with Rural non domestic
Outdoor Substation easy installations. development.
Exposed to public
access, easy
vandalism &
environmental
effect.
4 Pad Mounted Smallest footprint. System improvement in rural
Switchgear H-Pole Limited physical areas.
(PATOD) load bearing
capacity.
5 Compact Substation Compact and Domestic & commercial
requires small developments are allowed
footprint. to use compact substation.
Unobstructive & can Appropriate distribution
be erected quickly. network design is required.
Page | 17
4.3 SUBSTATION REQUIREMENT & TRANSFORMER SIZING

Every development area must have sufficient number of substations with
appropriate transformers sizing (including PMU or PPU where necessary).
To determine the number of sufficient substations and appropriate sizing
of transformer, the following requirements have to be considered:
i. Maximum demand of the load to be supplied, including the

estimated load growth in the foreseeable future of 15 years.
ii. Possible contribution to reinforce the LV network in the vicinity
iii. TNB’s standard transformer ratings.
4.3.1 Domestic Development

For domestic development (tariff A), transformer size must be planned
according to the load requirement with maximum of 1 transformer at
each substation site. 500kVA compact substation is also allowed to be
installed in domestic development.
The utilization of installed transformers capacity will reach 100% in 15

years assuming that the average growth rate as stated in Appendix 2.
Hence, the planned transformer capacity is computed based on 85% of
transformer loading. Table 4.2 provides the details on the number of
substations required in residential development based on this principle.
Table 4.2: Computation on Number of Substation Required

(Domestic Development)
MD with GCF Transformer capacity at 85% loading
Up to 85 kVA 1 substation @ 100kVA (for rural supply)
Up to 250 kVA 1 substation @ 300kVA
> 850 kVA More than 1 substation is required
For MD >850 kVA, the number of substations required can be computed as

below:-
Step 1:Calculate the minimum installed capacity (a) based on the principle of
85% transformer loading using the following relationship:
MD (in KVA)
a= (4.1)
0.85
Step 2:Determine the number of 1000kVA transformer required to meet the

capacity calculated in step 1 using the following formula:
Page | 18
a
b= (4.2)
1000 kVA
Number of substations = roundup (b) (4.3)
Step 3:Transformer capacity is selected based on the closest match of kVA to

a, taking into account the possible MSVR in the area.
Example 1: Computation on Number of Substations Required (Domestic

Development)
Each terraced house in a housing scheme which consists of 250 terraced
houses has an MD of 4 kW. The total MD by considering 0.9 group
coincident factor is 900 kW (i.e (4 x 250)x 0.9 = 900kW). Assuming 0.85
p.f., the MD in kVA is 1059 kVA. The number of substations required is
determined using the following procedures:
MD (in KVA) 1059

Step 1: a= = = 1246 kVA
0.85 0.85
a 1246 kVA
Step 2: b= = = 1.25
1000 kVA 1000 kVA
Number of substations = roundup (1.25)= 2
Step 3: Required transformer capacity

1 nos 1000kVA + 1 nos 300kVA
Or
2 nos 750kVA
Example 2 : Computation on Number of Substations Required (Domestic

Development)
Each single-storey semi-detached house in a housing scheme which
consists of 500 single-storey semi-detached houses has an MD of 5 kW.
The total MD by considering 0.9 group coincident factor is 2,250 kW (i.e
(5 x 500)x 0.9 = 2,250 kW). Assuming 0.85 p.f., the MD in kVA is 2647 kVA.
The number of substations required is determined using the following
procedures:
MD (in KVA) 2647

Step 1: a= = = 3114 kVA
0.85 0.85
a 3114 kVA
Step 2: b= = = 3.11
1000 kVA 1000 kVA
Page | 19
Number of substations = roundup (3.11)= 4
Step 3: Required transformer capacity

OR
4.3.2 Commercial Development

For commercial development (tariff B), transformer size must be planned
according to the load requirement with maximum of 2 transformers at
each substation site.
The utilization of installed transformer capacity will reach 100% in 15

years assuming that the average growth rate as stated in Appendix 2.
The planned transformer capacity is computed based on 60% of transformer
loading. Table 4.3 provides the detail of the number of substation
required in commercial development based on this principle.
Table 4.3: Computation on the Number of Substation Required

(Commercial Development)
MD Transformer capacity at 60% loading

Require > 1 substation with 1 substation or double
> 600 kVA
chamber substation
For MD >600kVA, the number of substation can be computed as below:
Step 1:Calculate the minimum installed capacity (a) based on the principle of
60% transformer loading by using the following relationship:
MD (in KVA)
a= (4.4)
0.60
Step 2:Determine the number of 1000kVA transformer required to meet the

capacity calculated in step 1 by using the following formula:
a
b= (4.5)
1000 kVA
Number of substations = roundup (b) (4.6)
Page | 20
Step 3:Transformer capacity is selected based on the closest match of kVA to

a, taking into account the possible MSVR in the area.
Example 1: Computation on Number of Substation Required (Commercial

Development)
Each single-storey shop house in a commercial development which
consists of 80 units of single-storey shop houses has an MD of 10 kW. The
total MD by considering 0.87 group coincident factor is 696 kW (i.e (10 x
80)x 0.87 = 696 kW). Assuming 0.85 p.f., the MD in kVA is 819 kVA. The
number of substation required is determined using the following
procedures:
MD (in KVA) 819

Step 1: a= = = 1365 kVA
0.60 0.60
a 1365 kVA
Step 2: b= = = 1.365
1000 kVA 1000 kVA
Number of substations = roundup (1.365)=2
Step 3: Required transformer capacity.

Table 4.4: Transformer Loading Computation

(Individual Commercial Customer)
Transformer capacity base on customer’s maximum

MD
demand
Nearby substation (LV 4C Al cable <240m) or 1 substation @
<180kVA
300kVA
180kVA up to 1 substation @ 300kVA (1 circuit of LV 500mmp Al 1C
300kVA PVC/PVC cable < 30m)
>300kVA up to 1 substation @ 500kVA (2 circuits of 300mmp Al 1C
>750kVA up to 1 substation @ 750kVA (2 circuits of 500mmp Cu 1C
>1000kVA 11kV Bulk Supply Intake
Page | 21
For individual commercial customer where the substation is dedicated to

individual customer the computation of transformer loading tabulated in Table
4.4 applies.
Example 2: Computation on Number of Substation Required (Individual

Commercial Customer)
An individual commercial application has an MD of 350 kW.
Considering 0.85 p.f., the MD in kVA is 411 kVA.
Based from Table 4.4, supply has to be given through a new substation
with 500kVA transformer capacity. 2 circuits of 300mmp Al 1C PVC/PVC
cable is to be laid in concrete trench from transformer tail to customer
MSB (<30m away).
4.3.3 Industrial Development

For industrial development area, the planning principle is similar to the
commercial development area. The planned transformer capacity is
computed based on 60% of transformer loading. The computation of required
number of substations is as shown in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5: Computation on the Number of Substations Required

(Industrial Development)
MD Transformer capacity at 60% loading

Up to 180kVA 1 substation @ 300kVA
> 600kVA Require > 1 substation or double chamber substation
Table 4.6: Computation on the Number of Substations Required

(Individual Industrial Customer)
Transformer capacity base on customer’s maximum

MD
demand
Nearby substation (LV 4C Al cable <240m) or 1 substation
<180kVA
@ 300kVA
180kVA up to 1 substation @ 300kVA (1 circuit of LV 500mmp Al 1C
>750kVA up to 1 substation @ 750kVA (2 circuits of 500mmp Cu 1C
>1000kVA 11kV Bulk Supply Intake
Page | 22
For single industrial customer, the transformer capacity is based on customer’s

loading. The calculation of the number of required substations and transformer
sizing shown in Table 4.6 applies.
Example 1: Computation on the Number of Substations Required

(Individual Industrial Customer)
An individual industrial application has an MD of 200 kW. Considering
0.85 p.f, the MD in kVA is 235 kVA.
Based on Table 4.6, supply has to be given through a new substation

with 300kVA transformer capacity. 1 circuit of LV 500mmp Al 1C
PVC/PVC Cable is to be laid in concrete trench from transformer tail to
customer MSB (<30m away).
Individual LV bulk customers are not allowed to take supply from

substations with 2 or more transformers due to the following reasons:
i. Paralleling of the LV sides of the transformers can create potential

hazards due to high fault level on the system.
ii. Any bulk customer with MD>1000kVA is required to take 11kV bulk
supply so as to reduce the technical losses (one of the initiatives to
reduce technical losses in TNB system) .
Customers with high load factor can benefit from MV and HV supply as
their electricity tariff would be lower. Furthermore, they would also have
direct control over their incoming supply.
4.3.4 Multi-tenanted Buildings/ Development

For multi-tenanted buildings / development such as condominiums,
apartments or shopping complexes, where the substation is dedicated
to such development, the computation of transformer loading
tabulated in Table 4.4 applies.
Page | 23
CHAPTER
5
LOW VOLTAGE NETWORKS
5.0 OBJECTIVE
This chapter addresses the planning design requirements of TNB LV
distribution network, such as:
i. Magnitude of the demand to be fed.

ii. Types of network components.
iii. Types of LV network design.
iv. Technical and economic considerations and network suitability for
an appropriate “life-time” operation.
This chapter also includes guidelines on public streetlighting which

stipulates the relevant guidelines to help Engineers satisfy TNB’s stated
standards of quality of supply to customers.
In this chapter, the guidelines are arranged according to the following

groups:
i. Distribution network components.

ii. Types of premises.
iii. LV reticulation design.
5.1 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK COMPONENTS

Distribution network components comprises of :
i. Distribution Transformer.
ii. LV Feeder pillars.
iii. LV feeders, can be underground cables or overhead cables.
iv. Five-foot-way mains.
v. Service cables.
vi. Public Streetlighting.
Page | 24
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES LOW VOLTAGE NETWORKS
The guidelines for each of the distribution network components

mentioned above are explained in the following sections.
5.2 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFOMERS

Transformers used to step down medium voltages such as 33kV, 22kV,
11kV or 6.6kV to LV is known as distribution transformers.
5.2.1 Configuration
The LV tail from a distribution transformer can be connected to TNB
Feeder Pillars or directly connected to customer’s Main Switch Board
(MSB) depending on the connection schemes.
Feeder Pillars are used for distributing electricity to multiple customers as

well as LV bulk supply to multi-tenanted buildings; whereas direct
connection is for single customer with loads not more than 1000kVA.
Distribution transformer usage and size must adhere to the requirements

as explained in section 4.3. It is mentioned that single commercial and
industrial customer with MD>1000kVA shall take 11kV bulk supply. This is
to eliminate multiple transformers connected to a common busbar at
the customer’s side.
Separate MSB must be installed at the customer’s intake side for the
owner and tenant supply when it involves multiple tenants and owner
intake, such as condominiums, apartments or shopping complexes.
Detailed design scheme is shown in Appendix 3: Multi Tenanted Building
Design. However, multi-tenanted building customers are encouraged to
take bulk supply with Independent Distributor license from Energy
Commission. Independent Distributor is licensed to sell electricity to the
tenants in a building / development.
In the case where multi-tenanted building requires supply through LV

service connection from two transformers to customer MSB, interlocking
facility must be provided at customer’s incomers to prevent parallel
operation of two transformers.
5.2.2 Transformer Cable Tail

Table 5.1 indicates standard cable sizes used to connect the
transformers to the TNB network.
Page | 25
Table 5.1: "Transformer Tail" Cables
Transformer LV Tail
kVA HT Tail 11/.4 kV
Rating Phase(sq mm) Neutral(sq mm)
100 70 mm 2 1C XLPE 1x300 AI 1C PVC/PVC 1x300 AI 1C

500 70 mm 2 1C XLPE 2x300 Al 1C PVC/PVC 1x300 Al 1C
1000 70 mm 2 1C XLPE 2x500 Cu 1C PVC/PVC 1x500 Cu 1C
The recommended LV connections summarized in Table 5.1 are

applicable to both connections to the feeder pillars or directly to the
bulk customer's installations.
5.3 LV FEEDER PILLARS

LV feeder pillars are used to split the output from the secondary winding
of the distribution transformers to several different circuits. LV feeder
pillars provide fusing facilities for each circuit as protection where it can
be used to disconnect or isolate supply to that particular circuit. The
usage of LV feeder pillars are not restricted to after the secondary
transformer tail but can also be used to further split the circuit from main
feeder pillar.
The usage of LV Distribution Board has been discontinued since it does

not comply with the Factory and Machinery (Fencing of Machinery and
Safety) Regulation 1970, and Regulation 11 (Revised -1983), due to
existence of exposed busbar. In the current substation design, LV
Distribution Board has been replaced with Feeder Pillars. All new
substation layouts have been designed to enable the Feeder Pillar
usage.
5.3.1 Configuration
LV feeder pillars should accommodate a sufficient number of outgoing
feeders in order to allow optimal distribution of LV system to meet the
expected customer demand. The number of outgoing feeder pillars
with respect to feeder pillar current carrying capacity is given in Table
5.2.
Page | 26
Table 5.2: Typical Number Of Incoming & Outgoing Feeders In Feeder

Pillar
Typical Number
Feeder Pillar Current Typical Number of
of outgoing
carrying capacity (A) incoming feeders
feeders
400A (Mini) 2 6
800A (Main / Sectional) 2 5
1600A (Main / Sectional) 2 8
At the planning stage (for commercial, industrial or mix development), it

is recommended that spare feeders are made available at every
substation, for customer upgrades in the future. The number of minimum
spare feeders for each type of customer is listed in Table 5.3.
Table 5.3: Minimum Spare Feeders at the Planning Stage
Minimum Spare feeders

Customer type
per substations
Group Commercial 2
Group Industrial 2
Mix Development 2
However, Planners should determine the necessity of spare feeders

according to the needs of a particular development area. If the
development area has the potential to become a busy commercial
hub, then the Planner should plan for a higher spare capacity to cater
the increase in the commercial customers like banks, eateries or
convenient stores.
If a double chamber is planned, the number of minimum spares made

available at the planning stage is required from one (1) of the
transformers only. Appendix 4 shows typical outlook of different sizes
Feeder Pillar.
A typical LV underground network design entails the following:
i. Transformer tail to main feeder pillar.

ii. Main feeder pillar to sectional feeder pillar
• Incoming cable 2 x 300mmp 4T Al. XLPE (max fuse Amp = 250A)
• J-slotted fuse / DIN type fuse
iii. Main/Sectional feeder pillar to mini feeder pillar
• Incoming cable 1 x 185mmp 4T Al. XLPE (max fuse Amp = 200A)
iv. From mini Feeder Pillar, lay LV service cable 70mmp or 25mmp
XLPE Al 4C cable (depending on MD per unit) to individual unit.
Page | 27
v. Loads connected must not exceed incoming feeder fusing rating.

vi. Location of feeder pillar must comply with local authority
requirements and location agreed by developer.
Planners should take into account the extention of LV networks at the

planning stage. To reduce the length of LV network, Planners should
consider acquiring additional substation if high numbers of feeders or
feeder pillars are needed. This requirement should be prompted during
Ulasan Pembangunan stage.
5.4. LV FEEDERS
The outgoings from main feeder pillars which are used to distribute
supply to customers are called LV feeders. LV feeders include
underground and / or overhead cables.
5.4.1 Loading Limits

All LV conductors’ mains loading at planning stage must be at a
maximum of 50% of their thermal capacity in order to achieve
distribution technical losses at 4%,
To avoid having joints in the circuit, the length of LV underground

cables must not exceed 240m. The length of LV underground and
overhead cables are also limited by maximum voltage drop of 5% from
reference voltage of 415V at the end of the circuit.
Effective and efficient planning of the LV distribution network is critical

as:
i. It affects the cost of LV network, which forms a substantial portion

of the project capital cost and is described in Section 5.9.
ii. It influences the magnitude of technical losses in the system.
iii. It has an impact to the reliability of supply to customers.
5.4.2 Configuration
LV network is designed with security level 4. However, higher level of
security can be designed based on consumer request at an additional
cost and with special agreement from TNB.
Page | 28
5.5 FIVE FOOT WAY MAINS

From the LV feeders, the circuit is further extended to LV services or Five
Foot Way Mains, which is the last section of the circuit before terminating
to the customers intake point.
“Mains” along terraced premises are often in the form of Five Foot Way
Mains comprising of PVC single core insulated conductors or ABC
insulated cables.
5.5.1 Configuration
Five Foot Way Mains configuration is currently standardised to three
phase plus neutral in which it consists of four wire layout throughout its
length using 7/.083 (25mm2) for PVC Al. or 3 x 16mm2, 3 x 95mm2 and
3x185mm 2 for ABC cables. Due to the increasing load demand by
customers, it is necessary to use high capacity conductors. To facilitate
the increasing load demand by customers, larger ABC cables are used
instead of single core conductors. Five Foot Way Mains normally do not
include feed back supply features.
5.6 SERVICE CABLES

Service cable includes all means of connection from TNB mains to
customers’ installations. This consists of overhead cables, underground
cables inclusive of direct connections from transformer terminals to the
customer’s switch board.
5.7 STREET LIGHTING

Street lighting, given at a special tariff to local authorities, is part of the
“local government’s” provision of public amenities. The intention is to
encourage lighting up the public area, especially roads or streets at
night.
TNB has recently extended the provision of street lighting to include such
supply to domestic customers, also at a special tariff.
The lighting equipment used can be of standard TNB design, or of

special design at the Local Authority’s cost.
5.7.1 Configuration
The configurations of street lighting are divided into three categories.
Page | 29
i. Street Light for individual domestic customers and maintained by

TNB
• The application of street lighting in this category is by individuals
and billed to the customer’s account at a determined flat rate
per month.
• It is installed by TNB on the existing LV lines (i.e. 5-wire Aeriel
Bundled Cables (ABC))
ii. Street Lighting for Local Authority but maintained by TNB
• This category of street lighting is installed by TNB upon request
by the Local Authority.
• It is installed on TNB poles and is maintained by TNB.
• It is metered and paid by Local Authority unlike the previous
category which is paid by individual customer
iii. Street Light for Local Authority and maintained by Local Authority
• For this category of street lighting, a dedicated LV underground
cable is used to supply to the street lighting system
• It is metered and paid by Local Authority
• It can be supplied from TNB feeder pillars, existing or new
substation
Planners should plan for the street lighting supply at the initial stage so
that the distance from the source to the street light meter panel can be
optimized. The distance is restricted by voltage drop and technical loss
of the service cable. Refer Appendix 5 for typical streetlight
configuration.
5.8 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK TYPES

Network configurations with respect to types of premises and metering
locations are designed to suit a particular development. Table 5.4
summarizes the network configuration associated with customer type,
meter board location and design requirement.
Table 5.4: Network Configuration Associated with Customer Type, Meter

Board Location and Design Requirement
Meter Board
Customer Type Design requirement
Location
Conductor PVC Al 1C 35mm2
Five Foot
Residential Overhead (19/.064) as the five foot way mains
Way
Services drop Conductor PVC Al
1C 25mm2 (7/.083) into 3 houses
Residential Overhead Pole
(max) with meters installed at the
pole
Page | 30
Meter Board
Customer Type Design requirement
Location
Use LV underground service cable
from pole and junction box if
Domestic Overhead looping of service cable is required
Gate Pillar
(with gate pillar) (3 houses max). The bottom of
meter must be >3 feet from floor
level.
UG Cable LV XLPE Al 4C 185mm 2
terminated on the pole with
Domestic Semi- Five Foot
service drop 35mm 2 Conductor
Underground Way
PVC Al 1C 35mm2 (19/.064) as the
five foot way mains
Fully underground design with
Domestic Fully junction box for looping of 3 houses
Gate Pillar
Underground max. The bottom of meter must be
>3 feet from floor level.
Fully underground design where
Domestic Fully
Meter Pillar developers prefer centralized
Underground
metering scheme
Ensure grill gate installations at
Group Commercial staircase is after the centralized
Stair case
(U/G) meter panel (by developer, before
V.P. stage)
Upper front
3 phase & 1 phase meters installed
Group Commercial wall of the
between 0.7m to 1.65m from floor
(U/G) commercial
level
premise
Supporting Aesthetic design by the
Group Commercial vertical developer’s architect. 3 phase & 1
(U/G) pillar of the phase meters installed between
building 0.7m to 1.65m from floor level
Meter Room
C.T. & voltage input to meter
Bulk Commercial in TNB
tapped from transformer tail
Substation.
Upper front
3 phase & 1 phase meters installed
Group Industrial wall of the
between 0.7m to 1.65m range from
(U/G) industrial
floor level
premise
Fully underground design with
Domestic Fully junction box for looping of 3 houses
Gate Pillar
Underground max. The bottom of meter must be
>3 feet from floor level.
Fully underground design where
Domestic Fully
Meter Pillar developers prefer centralized
Underground
metering scheme
Meter Room
C.T. & voltage input to meter
Bulk Industrial in TNB
tapped from transformer tail
Substation.
Page | 31
Customer Meter Board

Design requirement
Type Location
Owner’s
main meter
installed at
TNB
Metering
Room,
tenant’s
meter
Owner / Splitting of owner and tenant feeders at
installed at
tenant (LV) TNB’s installations
centralized
meter room
at ground
floor (5
storey &
below) or
every floor
(> 5 storey)
Different types of premises need different types of network

configurations. LV networks types can be grouped into:
i. Residential Overhead.
ii. Residential Underground.
iii. Commercial Overhead.
iv. Commercial Underground.
v. Industrial Overhead.
vi. Industrial Underground.
vii. LV Multi Tenant and Owner.
viii. LV Ring Circuit.
5.8.1 Domestic Overhead

LV reticulation using overhead lines to housing developments are the
method preferred by TNB. Reticulation using this method is the most cost-
effective when compared to other methods and also the easiest to
maintain and repair. Ring system through overhead should be provided,
wherever possible, as it can be easily incorporated into the system via
jumper or connection at sectional poles.
Services can be distributed mainly using five foot way mains or directly
from poles to individual premises.
Page | 32
Detailed design is shown in Appendix 6 Standard Design O/H Dom A:

Consists of 185mmp XLPE 4C from feeder pillar in substation to pole;
3x185+120+16mmp LV ABC as Overhead Mains;
7/.083 PVC/PVC as Five Foot Mains;
Metered at five foot way.
Alternative Design O/H Dom B is shown in Appendix 7:

Consists of LV ABC as Overhead Mains;
7/.083 PVC as Five Foot Mains;
Metered at pole.
Alternative Design O/H Dom C is shown in Appendix 8:

Consists of LV ABC as Overhead Mains;
25mmp 4C underground cable as service cables to the meters;
Metered at gate pillar (pipings are required and provided by
developers. Loopings to 2 other units are allowed through junction box)
5.8.2 Domestic Underground

This method is used upon request by developers or as per the
requirement of the Local Authority. Both would request for this method
due to aesthetic reason of not having poles and overhead lines along
the road. However, this method is expensive to construct due to
extensive road excavation and involves erection of large numbers of
feeder pillars to serve the customers. It is also difficult to maintain and
repair. Hence, this method is treated as special features and the cost
difference compared to overhead method (O/H Dom A) is chargeable
to developer. The meter is required to be installed outside the premise
and normally at the gate pillar or metering pillar.
Detailed design is shown in Appendix 9 Standard Design U/G Dom A:

Consists of 2x300mmp XLPE Al 4C cable from main 1600A Feeder Pillar in
a substation to 800A Feeder Pillar;
1x 185mmp XLPE Al 4C from 800A Feeder Pillar to 400A mini Feeder Pillar;
LV service cable 25mmp XLPE Al 4C or 70mmp XLPE Al 4C from mini
Feeder Pillar to customer meter panel;
Looping of 3 houses max is allowed through junction box.
5.8.3 Commercial Overhead

For shoplots at sub-urban area or rural area, supply can be distributed to
commercial customers using overhead poles from the source to the
shoplots. Overhead lines can be used for this situation if the load
requirement is of low to medium density. The Planner must decide
whether sufficient spare capacity is available to cater load growth for
the shoplots.
Page | 33
Five foot way mains for commercial lots will not pose a problem
because meters and cut outs are accessible to TNB.
Detailed design is shown in Appendix 10 Standard Design O/H Com A

(meter at individual lots).
5.8.4 Commercial Underground

This is the main method used to distribute electricity to shoplots in urban
areas. The design fully utilizes underground cables with feeder pillars
providing distribution outgoing to MSB of each lot.
Detailed design is shown in Standard Design U/G Com A of Appendix 11:

Meters at individual lots.
5.8.5 Industrial Overhead

For industrial customers, it is seldom supplied through the overhead line
unless it is small scale industries producing things like clay pots, ice plant,
rubber products etc. Most of these factories are located sparsely and
this is the reason supply is given through overhead system. The design is
similar to commercial overhead network design.
5.8.6 Industrial Underground

The LV network design for this category is usually planned at early stage
and it is found mostly in dedicated small and medium industrial area.
Initially numbers and location of sub stations are determined during
Ulasan Pembangunan stage and each factory is supplied with 100A 3
phase or 200A 3 phase.
Spare capacity for this category is important as growth potential is

tremendous. Customers requiring loads beyond the available spare
capacity shall be required to provide additional substation.
Detailed design is shown in Appendix 12 Standard Design U/G Ind A

where meter pillar is located at customer’s front gate.
5.8.7 LV Supply for Premises with Separate Owner / Landlord

and Tenant Meters
This type of customer consists mostly of apartments, condominiums or
shopping complexes. It is required to have separate MSB for landlord /
owner and tenants for ease of disconnection.
Detailed design is shown in pin Appendix 3 Standard Multi-tenanted

Buildings Design.
Page | 34
5.8.8 LV Ring System

LV ring system is an LV network designed with N-1 element. N-1element is
the possibility of distribution system to feed back from a different feeder
when the main feeder is down.
It is installed only upon customers request and the customers or

developers must have special agreement with TNB. It is considered as
special features and cost difference is chargeable to the customers. For
ring system, labeling of feeders is very important in order to ensure safe
operation.
Detailed design is shown in Standard Deisgn “U/G Ring” as shown in

Appendix 13.
5.8.9 LV Auto Transfer Switch System

LV auto-transfer switch (LV-ATS) system is an LV ring system which
enables automatic switching of source when an interruption occurs.
Two (2) LV feeders from different substations with different MV supplies

need to be connected to the LV-ATS. The design principle is as follows:
i. To ensure the shortest possible service cable, the LV-ATS panel is

to placed as near to customer’s MSB / meter panel as possible.
ii. Lay 2 circuits of LV feeders to ATS panel from 2 different
substations.
iii. These 2 substations should be connected from different MV
source.
iv. The transformer capacity of both substations is sufficient to
provide the customer load when LV-ATS operates.
The sample network with LV-ATS is shown in Appendix 14.
Similar to LV ring system, LV-ATS is installed only upon customers request

and the customers or developers must have special agreement with
TNB. It is considered as special features and cost difference is
chargeable to the customers. Proper labeling of feeders at ATS and
substation is very important in order to ensure safe operation.
This system is suitable to provide secured supply to VIP customers such as

Istana, Prime Minister’s or Chief Minister’s residents.
Page | 35
5.9 ECONOMICS
The decision of selecting a certain network design in a project will have
an economic impact to TNB throughout lifecycle of the installation. The
economic consideration shall include:
i. The initial cost of implementation.

ii. The operation and maintenance cost.
iii. The replacement cost.
iv. Technical losses.
v. Other cost such as aesthetic, safety.
5.9.1 Initial Cost of Implementation

Initial cost of implementation for LV network depends upon the network
design. This cost includes :
i. Land acquisition cost.

ii. Material cost.
iii. Contract cost.
iv. Supervision cost.
TNB standard design for LV system is overhead network since it is the

most cost effective network design. Overhead network system reduces
the need to acquire wayleave and permits for road excavation from
local authorities and therefore shorten the duration of construction.
Furthermore, the unit price of ABC is cheaper when compared to the
underground cable. Any change from the standard overhead network
design is treated as Special Features and is chargeable to customers.
Table 5.5 shows the summary of the cost comparison between an

overhead system design and an underground system design taken from
a project supplying 38 units of 3 storeys semi-detached and 1 unit of
bungalow. From the example shown in Table 5.5, the initial cost of
implementation for underground system LV network is 131% higher than
the overhead system.
Table 5.5: Network Design Cost Comparison
Overhead system Underground system

Type of cost Difference (%)
(RM) (RM)
Land cost 10 10 0
Staff cost 2200 1700 23
Material cost 76000 162000 -113
Contract cost 34562 82270 -138
Permit cost 0 15000 -1,500,000
TOTAL 112772 260980 131
Page | 36
5.9.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost

The operation and maintenance cost of an LV network depends on the
type of system design. The cost of repair which is part of the operation
and maintenance cost differs significantly between the overhead and
underground systems. For example, a fault in the underground system
requires specialised equipment such cable fault locating equipment
and cable tracer in order to pinpoint the fault location whereas fault in
the overhead system can be detected visually.
The material used to repair the fault for underground cable is more
expensive compared to overhead line and its accessories.
Furthermore, repairing underground cable fault may require permits

from local authorities and contractors for excavation works.
5.9.3 Replacement Cost

All materials will deteriorate after a particular period in operation and
need to be replaced. The cost of replacement for underground system
is higher compared to overhead system.
5.9.4 Technical Losses

Generally, underground system has more losses than overhead system
due to method of construction. Underground cable will be affected by
rate of heat dissipation where high operating temperature will increase
the technical losses. The heat dissipation depends on the depth and
laying methods (in ducts or directly in soil).
5.10 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

There are other considerations for Planners to explore and advice
customers during the network design stage. Planners should lead in
determining decisions listed below:
i. Supply security requirement.

ii. Location of installation (such as LV poles and feeder pillars).
iii. Utility reserves such as manhole and ductings.
iv. Wayleave for cables.
v. Meter location.
vi. Advising customers on power factor control such as requirement
of capacitor bank where applicable.
Page | 37
CHAPTER
6
LOW VOLTAGE PROTECTION
AND EARTHING
6.0 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this chapter is:
i. To describe the protection and earthing requirements for the LV

distribution system, and to be employed as standard TNB practice.
6.1 DEFINITION
System protection is the combination of devices and features that
ensure safe operation of the system when abnormal conditions occur by
isolating the fault, or dangerous components to eliminate potentially
dangerous incidents.
System earthing, or grounding is the intentional electrical connection to

ground of the neutral or star point of four wire LV system. Effective
earthing is an essential requirement for system protection.
Commonly, TNB practise multiple earthed neutral (MEN) system in LV

network. The neutral conductor is grounded at all poles. Besides that,
the star points of substation transformer and the end of each LV feeder
are also grounded.
6.2 PROTECTION PLANNING

Planning of the LV system protection must address the following issues:
i. Safe operation of the system.

ii. Adequate capacity to meet customers load.
Page | 38
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES LOW VOLTAGE PROTECTION
AND EARTHING
iii. Definite operation of the protection devices.

iv. Proper discrimination of protection settings.
6.3 FUSE PROTECTION

Fuses are TNB’s standard LV distribution protection system, usually with
time delay characteristics, or thermal detectors. They are normally used
for short circuits and over-current. Fuse protection uses various
“housing”, such as feeder pillar carriers, fuse switches, cut outs etc.
Fuses provide low cost and effective protection for short circuit and over
load. The types of fuses used in TNB LV distribution system are of HRC
(high rupturing capacity) J-slotted, HRC NH (or Blade type) and barrel
fuse. Table 6.1 presents the types of fuses used in TNB distribution system
and its respective usage.
Table 6.1: Fuses in TNB network
Fuse Type Usage

HRC (J slotted type) Feeder pillar
HRC (NH type) Feeder pillar, black box
The Low Voltage ABC Manual provides detail guidelines on the selection
of fuse sizing and location as well as the examples of short circuit current
calculation. The sizing and location of fuses must satisfy the following
criteria so as to conform to the LV protection philosophy:
i. The fuse rating must be higher than the maximum load to be

carried.
ii. The fuse rating must permit fuse failure under the “minimum” fault
current occurrence.
iii. The fusing current must not exceed the conductor current carrying
capacity.
iv. Fuses in series along a feeder must be suitably graded to provide
discriminated failure so as to limit the supply outage extent to the
minimum.
v. Fuse rating selection is based on the following, whichever is lower:-
1
• × ( Lowest short circuit current of the feeder )
3
- This is with reference to Pekeliling Timbalan Pengurus
Besar Kejuruteraan (Perkhidmatan Pengguna),
Kejuruteraan Bil 3/1991
Page | 39
AND EARTHING
1
• × ( Conductor current carrying capacity)
1 .5
- This is with reference to mean HRC fuse time-current
characteristic
For proper fuse grading:
i. J-slotted type and NH type fuse requires up stream fuse to be 2

times higher than down stream fuse
ii. NH type and NH type fuse requires up stream fuse to be 1.5 times
higher than down stream fuse
The grading Table for LV overhead system is shown in Table 6.2.
Table 6.2: Grading Table for LV Overhead System
Nearest
location Fuse Fuse
Fuse Size
allowed Fuse Size Size Size
Transformer Conductor (J-slotted
for (NH at (NH) (NH)
Size ABC at
1st Substation) 1st 2nd
Substation)
Section Section Section
Fuse
16mm2 Tiang 1 n/a n/a 50 n/a
100kVA
95mm2 Tiang 1 n/a n/a 100 50
H/Pole 2
185mm Tiang 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a
16mm2 Tiang 1 60 50 n/a n/a
100kVA
95mm2 Tiang 1 160 160 50 n/a
G/Mounted
185mm2 Tiang 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a
16mm2 Tiang 1 n/a n/a 50 n/a
300kVA 2
95mm Tiang 2 n/a n/a 125 50
H-Pole
185mm 2 Tiang 3 n/a n/a 200 125
16mm2 Tiang 2 60 50 n/a n/a
300kVA
95mm 2 Tiang 2 160 160 50 n/a
G/Mounted
185mm 2 Tiang 3 200 200 100 50
16mm 2 Tiang 2 60 50 n/a n/a
500kVA 95mm2 Tiang 3 160 160 50 n/a
185mm 2 Tiang 5 200 200 100 50
16mm 2 Tiang 2 60 50 n/a n/a
750kVA 95mm2 Tiang 4 160 160 50 n/a
185mm 2 Tiang 6 200 200 100 50
16mm 2 Tiang 2 60 50 n/a n/a
1000kVA 95mm2 Tiang 4 160 160 50 n/a
185mm2 Tiang 6 200 200 100 50
* Source from LV ABC Manual
Page | 40
AND EARTHING
6.4 SURGE ARRESTORS

Surge arrestors are used on TNB overhead LV system to minimise possible
risks from lightning strikes causing serious damage to the utility’s or
customers’ installations.
Surge arrestors must be installed at cable terminators, connections to

other installations (e.g.: transformers, feeder pillars, five foot way mains),
at the T-off and end of LV overhead mains. The satisfactory
performance of surge arrestors depends to some extent, on the integrity
of the system earthing. In TNB LV system, the surge arrestors are installed
at every phase and neutral conductor is of metal oxide varistor (M.O.V)
type.
6.5 NEUTRAL EARTHING IN LV SYSTEM

Earthing of the LV Distribution system neutral is of paramount importance
to ensure safety to users and equipment connected to the system, as
well as its operation. Neutral earthing provides a deliberate earth path
for fault current to be directed back to the source to operate the
protective devices.
The protective devices segregate the faulty components from the

supply, so that the rest of the electricity supply system operates in a safe
and stable condition.
The system neutral is grounded so as to:
i. Provide constant reference for the supply voltage.

ii. Enable safe ground leakage path for fault currents to clear the
faults.
iii. Minimize unbalanced voltages due to “floating neutral”, if the
neutral earth path becomes disconnected.
6.5.1 Feeder Earthing for Overhead Lines

For LV overhead lines, the system is grounded at the distribution
substations, via transformer neutral, and at every LV pole. With ABC
cables, the MEN practice still applies, with the earthing via pre-installed
SWG stay wire inside the pole. This stay wire needs to be connected to
the neutral and make up at the bottom of pole. ABC cable installation
is designed to prevent breakage by allowing the cables to fall off their
supports through mechanical fusable link.
Page | 41
AND EARTHING
6.5.2 Feeder Earthing for Underground Cables

For underground cable feeders, the system is grounded through
substation neutral busbar at feeder pillar.
Page | 42
CHAPTER
7
LOW VOLTAGE METERING
7.0 OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this chapter are to:
i. Provide guidelines on LV supply metering methods according to

customer categories and load demand.
ii. Summarises TNB’s policy on metering schemes, especially for LV
customers, including LPCs.
7.1 DEFINITION
Metering of electricity for billing is the measurement of the amount of
electrical energy that is consumed by the installation. Metering in TNB is
based on measurement of active energy as kilowatt-hours (KWH), and
reactive energy as kiloVAR-hours (KVARH), where power factor penalty
applies on the supply tariffs concerned.
Meters used are of several types:
i. Whole current meters for single & three phase customers.

ii. LV current transformer (C.T.) meters for the LV customers.
iii. HV C.T. meters for the customers.
TNB customers with C.T. operated meter are classified as Large Power
Customers (LPCs).
In TNB, power factor penalty charge is imposed for all customers’ with
monthly average load at power factor value < 0.85, except for domestic
customers and street lighting.
Page | 43
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES LOW VOLTAGE METERING
7.2 CUSTOMER SUPPLY AND METERING

The mode of supply connections to customers is dependent on the load
demand as indicated in Chapter 3, i.e.:
i. Direct (whole current)

• Single phase
• Three phase
ii. Through LV C.Ts via :

• LV from mains
• from dedicated Substation
• MV or HV supply
7.2.1 Metering Criteria

The metering criteria depend on the:
i. Mode of supply
ii. Supply voltage
iii. Respective tariff
iv. Magnitude of load fed (i.e. energy consumed)
7.2.2 Whole Current Metering

In TNB LV distribution system, for loads not exceeding 100 amps, whole
current meters (single phase and three phase up to 100 Amp) are used.
Currently, the whole current meters are all electronic type and their
designated accuracy tolerances are:
i. kWH meters – class 2.0

ii. kVARH meters – class 3.0
7.2.3 C.T. Metering

For load exceeding 100A, supply must be metered through Current
Transformer (C.T.), with 5 Amp secondary windings in order to enable the
supply to be measured within relevant accuracy class tolerances. The
accuracy class standard adopted by TNB is presented in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1: Accuracy Class Standard for C.T Meter
Meter CT PT
Category Voltage Description
Class Class Class
1 400V CT size 400/5 and below 2 0.5 -
2 400V CT size 500/5 and above 2 0.2 -
3 11kV CT size 50/5 and above 0.5 0.2 0.5
4 33kV and above CT size 100/5 and above 0.2 0.2 0.2
Page | 44
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES LOW VOLTAGE METERING
Check meter is required for all Category 2 customers and Category 1

customer with more than 50,000kWh monthly consumption. Details of
metering installations required for LPCs are set out in Arahan Naib
Presiden Pembahagian C4/2007.
7.2.3.1 C.T. Meter Loading

Meter has a limited overload capacity with regard to their accuracy
range, which is 120 % of the nominal rating. This means that the
measurement accuracy can be severely affected if the input current
exceeds the limit value.
For planning of supply connection and selection of metering installation,

the primary current of C.T. metered installations must not exceed 120 %
of their nominal rating. Thus planning of supply must ensure that for C.T.
metered customers, their protection trip settings do not exceed the
metering C.T.’s accurate measurement limit.
Page | 45
CHAPTER
8
LOW VOLTAGE TECHNICAL LOSSES
8.0 OBJECTIVE
i. Provide a brief overview on LV technical losses from the planning

perspective in TNB Distribution.
8.1 DEFINITION
Losses in TNB distribution systems are divided into 2 main categories:-
i. Technical losses.
ii. Non technical losses.
Technical losses are the electrical energy dissipated in the conductors

and transformers while supplying electricity to the customers. These
losses are inherent in the processing and delivery of power but can be
minimized in order to maximise returns. Losses represent a considerable
operating cost, estimated to add 6-8% to the cost of electricity and
some 25% to the cost of delivery.
Non technical losses are due to un-audited account or billing, meter

errors or theft of electricity.
8.2 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

Indoor substations serving residential and commercial loads are planned
to accommodate switched LV capacitor banks for power factor
correction. Currently, 3 phase supply to commercial and industrial
customers are imposed with power factor penalty for load with p.f.
<0.85.
Page | 46
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES LOW VOLTAGE TECHNICAL LOSSES
However, most domestic and commercial customers do not have

power factor correction capacitors installed at their premises, although
they often have low p.f. loads.
Capacitor banks used in TNB are rated at 300 kVAR and 150 kVAR with
50 kVAR automatically switched steps.
Capacitor banks need only to be installed in substations with p.f.

measured less than 0.85. Appropriate system studies are to be
conducted before installations of the capacitor banks.
8.3 TYPES OF TECHNICAL LOSSES

There are 2 types of technical losses:
i. Fix losses due to iron losses : varies with the square of voltage.
ii. Variable losses due to current flowing in the resistive component
( I 2 R ).
8.4 CONTRIBUTORS OF TECHNICAL LOSSES IN LV

NETWORK
The following are the several main contributors of technical losses in LV
network in TNB distribution systems:
i. Overloaded feeders.
ii. Long and extensive LV network.
iii. Low power factor / high reactive customer loads.
iv. Unbalanced load.
v. Under-utilized transformers.
8.4.1 Strategies
There are several main strategies to reduce LV technical losses and they
are listed as follows:
i. Reactive Power Management

• Supply side
• Customer side
ii. Efficient Low Voltage System Design
iii. LV Load monitoring & mitigating actions
iv. Smaller transformer design rating
Page | 47
8.4.1.1 Reactive Power Management - Supply Side

A comprehensive reactive power planning methodology is used to
obtain the most optimum location and size of capacitors to be placed
in TNB distribution network. This methodology requires placing of the
capacitor at LV side of 11/0.4kV substations first, then, the 11kV side of
the substations, before opting for the placement at PPU / PMU. This is to
ensure reactive power compensation is done closest to the customer
loads. This methodology ensures the coupling point of transmission and
distribution is maintained at a minimum of 0.95 p.f.
LV capacitor banks that are installed in TNB distribution systems are of

the following specifications:
i. Rated voltage of 525V.

ii. 300kVAr 6 steps.
iii. 7 % detuned reactor.
However, if the LV network consists of overhead systems, LV pole top

capacitors are to be installed prior the installation of LV capacitor bank
at the substations. LV pole top capacitors that are installed in TNB
distribution system are of the following specifications:
i. Rated voltage of 525V.

ii. 30kVAr - fixed step.
More details can be found in PSI procedure ENGR-750-55.
8.4.1.2 Reactive Power Management - Customer side

All customers except with domestic and street lighting tariff are
subjected to power factor penalty if customer’s power factor is less than
0.85. Hence, these customers are encouraged to reduce their reactive
power consumption by installing appropriate sizes of capacitors.
8.4.1.3 Efficient Low Voltage System Design

LV planning design principally aims to supply quality electricity to
customer with the shortest possible service cable and appropriate sizing
of conductors and transformer. All substations / transformers must be
placed as close to the load centre as possible in order to reduce
technical losses.
Smaller compact substations are encouraged especially for domestic

development areas. All LV conductors (mains) are planned to be
loaded at 50% of their thermal capacity at planning stage.
Page | 48
8.4.1.4 LV Load Monitoring

All matured substations where occupancy of the area is more than 50%
are required to:
i. Take a 24 hour feeder load profiling using data-logger.

ii. Spot reading.
Based on the load reading data logged at every 15 minutes interval,

corrective and preventive activities below shall be taken:
i. Reduce overloading of LV feeders.

ii. Load balancing.
iii. Installation of LV pole top capacitors.
iv. Installation of LV capacitor banks.
8.4.1.5 Smaller Transformer Design Rating and Initial Installation Practise

Distribution transformers are planned to load to the customer’s declared
MD at the following percentage:
i. Group domestic: 85%.

ii. Group commercial and industrial: 60%.
iii. Individual bulk commercial and industrial: 100%.
However, it is recommended, where it is originally planned for double

chamber transformers, a single transformer is to be installed first. Feeder
pillars and LV network reticulations are to be installed as originally
planned with interconnection cables of LV 2x300mmp 4C XLPE between
the two (2) main feeder pillars at the substations. This is to ensure the
Transformer Utilisation Factor (TUF) is high so as to minimize no load loss in
transformers.
Page | 49
CHAPTER
9
POWER QUALITY
9.0 OBJECTIVE
i. Provide a brief overview on power quality issues and the remedies.
9.1 DEFINITION
In the context of LV network planning, power system quality is the ability
of the LV system to deliver electrical energy to consumers within limits
specified by the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standards.
Common phenomena related to EMC includes voltage dips/swells,
waveform distortion (harmonics, notching), voltage unbalance,
transients, voltage fluctuation and flicker.
9.2 VOLTAGE DIPS

Voltage dips can be caused by:
i. Short circuits in the LV networks cleared by fuse operation lasting

several milliseconds.
ii. Switching of large loads, such as motors and capacitor banks.
It is recommended to perform transient simulation for LV system with low

fault level supplying industrial laods with large motors to determine
severity of any voltage dip due to fuse operation and/or motor starting.
Page | 50
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES POWER QUALITY
9.3 HARMONICS
Harmonics in LV network are produced by nonlinear loads which are
expected to increase in numbers due to advancement in the
application of power electronics to improve energy efficiency level of
electrical loads. Inverter air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines
are examples of highly nonlinear loads which have penetrated the
electrical loads market recently. Other nonlinear loads are the compact
fluorescent lamps, personal computers, television, etc.
The above mentioned single phase nonlinear/harmonics loads are

known to produce high third order harmonic currents which cause
additional heating of distribution transformers, cables and neutral
conductors of the LV network. Consequently, a derating factor should
be applied to distribution transformers, cables, and fuses where
necessary.
In cases where power factor correction capacitors are installed at LV

distribution board and/or pole top, parallel resonance may occur in the
presence of harmonic currents.
9.4 VOLTAGE UNBALANCE

The main effect of voltage unbalance is the heating of machine
windings. Voltage unbalance may be significant particularly in cases of
long LV feeders with highly unbalance connection of single phase loads.
Steps must be taken to ensure that single phase loads are distributed as
evenly as possible among phases.
9.5 TRANSIENTS
Transients are caused by capacitor switching or lightning.
9.6 VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION AND FLICKER

Voltage fluctuation is characterized by the amplitude of voltage
changes and the rate of repetition usually caused by welding devices
(arc furnance) or dynamic loads.
Page | 51
9.7 REMEDIES
Table 9.1 details the possible remedies for power system
electromagnetic phenomena.
Table 9.1: Power Quality Disturbances, Causes and Possible Remedies
Disturbances Causes Possible Remedies

Incorrect voltage settings
Correct voltage settings
Mal-operation of voltage
and verify correct
regulating equipment,
operation of OLTCs
e.g., transformer On Load
Voltage Adequate system design
Tap Changers (OLTCs)
regulation Power factor control
Inadequate system
Adequate VAR
development design
management
Excessive VAR on the
system
Heavy loads, fed far from Provide additional
substation injection points substations
Under- Voltage regulation failure Distribute loads over more
voltage System faults and feeders
emergency operation Reset voltage regulation
Unbalanced loading Balance loads
Rectify neutral conductor
Floating neutral
continuity
“Ferranti effect” of long
Reset fault clearance or
Over- lightly loaded cables
voltage regulation
voltages Sustained single phase to
Effective load
earth faults
management
Voltage regulation failure
Effective system planning
Suppress harmonics
Waveform
Customers’ non- through filters, otherwise
variations
linear/harmonic loads may have to derate
and
equipment
harmonics
System faults
Surge arrestors, filters
Lighting interference
Voltage Minimizing system faults
Switching operations
spikes and System reinforcement
Third party interference,
voltage dips
e.g., arc furnaces strike
effect, motor starting etc
Review starting
Voltage Intermittent heavy load arrangements, or system
flicker starting, or pulsating loads capacity and
configuration
Page | 52
9.8 POWER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

MONITORING
Power quality events and customer complaints on power quality issues in
TNB are monitored through PQMS Web.
Refer to PSI Document PSI ENGR-750-31 “Prosedur Siasatan Aduan Kualiti

Kuasa dan Mengurus Data PQMS” for the complete procedure of power
quality management in TNB Distribution.
Page | 53
CHAPTER
10
DATA MANAGEMENT
10.0 OBJECTIVE
i. Indicate data that needs to be monitored and managed for LV

distribution system development.
10.1 DATA CATEGORIES

Data for LV planning can be categorised into three parts namely:
i. Load and demand data.

ii. System network data.
iii. System performance data.
10.2 LOAD AND DEMAND DATA

System demand data is usually considered in the form of a load profile. It
includes the following:
i. Main intake substation demand, as substation peak and as system

coincident peak .
(Obtainable from TNBT Metering Webpage:
http://txmeter.hq.tnb.com.my/tnbtMeter/ )
ii. Medium voltage feeder demand profile covering peak, and off-
peak demand period.
(Obtainable from SCADA system)
iii. Local substation (11 /0.4 KV etc.) load profile and peak loads at
substation peak and at system peak.
(Obtainable from Integrated Load Management System: ILMAS)
Page | 54
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES DATA MANAGEMENT
iv. Low Voltage feeder load profile covering peak, and off-peak
periods.
v. Local substation voltage profile.
vi. Feeder tail-end voltage profiles.
10.3 SYSTEM NETWORK DATA

A detailed diagram of low voltage system network is important for fast
reference and prompt response when required. This diagram is stored in
DNIM / CGIS network or centralized map intranet database in TNB
Distribution. These diagrams must be updated regularly for real time
network representation.
The system details include those given below:
i. Substations
• Types and sizes of substations
• Locations and capacities of local substation transformers and
their tap settings,
• Types and sizes of substation feeder pillars
• Ratings of fuses at the distribution board and feeder pillar
outgoing units
• Types and sizes of outgoing cable feeders
• Date of commissioning
• Date of last maintenance work done
ii. LV feeder
• Overhead lines and cables routes and section lengths
• Types of poles and pole numbers
• Types and sizes of fuses and their positions
iii. Services
• Types and sizes of service cables
• Types and sizes of service fuses
• Number of customers served
• Types of customers served
Most of the above data is entered into ERMS PM Module as well.
10.4 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE DATA

The performance of LV system must be continuously monitored to ensure
that it meets the desired reliability and quality standard. General system
Page | 55
performance data that is monitored by TNB through TOMS (TNB Outage

Management System) includes:
i. Number of faults according to the type of equipment involved.

ii. Types of faults on the system.
iii. Causes of faults according to the equipment involved.
iv. Durations of supply restoration and fault repair.
v. Number of customers affected by faults.
The analysis of data recorded is used to determine appropriate response

to repair the faults, and minimise the likelihood of such fault recurrence.
The data also allows evaluation of common reliability performance

factors, e.g. SAIFI and CAIDI, which permits benchmaking against other
utilities performance, as well as indicating the need to plan system
development and modifications to meet growing demand. The system
performance data also facilitates performance reporting to Energy
Commission (Suruhanjaya Tenaga).
Table 10.1 lists an example of the system performance data analysis.
Table 10.1: Example of System Performance Data Analysis
Disturbances Causes Mitigation

Through adequate system planning and
Feeder over-load development to avoid overloads, e.g.
Fuse failures installing additional feeders or load
balancing
Inappropriate Fuse sizing base on load & distance as per
feeder fusing ABC Manual
10.5 DATA MANAGEMENT MONITORING

Diligent and professional management of system data, and appropriate
responses to the deductions derived, contribute to continuous
improvement in system capacity and performance. Consequently,
customers gain through improved reliability and quality of supply.
Management supervisory activities must include the following:
i. Monitor the system performance to detect, and overcome,

common causes of faults.
ii. Confirm that the system development ensures adequate capacity
to meet system demand.
Page | 56
iii. Monitor and manage, load demand and system configuration for
the most reliable system aperation.
iv. Anticipate credible demand growth, and develop the system to
cater for it without violating TNB’s quality and reliability standards.
v. Constantly analyze system performance data details to minimize,
or even eliminate, root causes of supply failures, in a cost effective
manner.
10.6 INTERACTION BETWEEN VARIOUS UNITS IN

AN AREA
Figure 10.1 shows the interaction between various units required in
ensuring a system with high security and reliability.
Figure 10.1 : Interaction between Various Units in an Area (kawasan)
Page | 57
APPENDICES
Page | 58
LV PLANNING GUIDELINES APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 1: TYPES OF LOADS AND THEIR

CHARACTERISTICS
Table A1.1: Type of Loads and Their Characteristics
Types Of
No Load Devices Load Characteristics
Loads
Operate at essentially power
Incandescent lamps
factor (p.f.).
Operate at p.f. of 0.5 and
Fluorescent lamps and Neon lights need capacitors to improve
1. Lighting load p.f..
Operate at p.f. of 0.7 to 0.8
Mercury Vapour and Sodium Vapour,
and need capacitors to
Metal Halide lights.
improve load p.f..
Radio, television, X-ray, ;laser
equipment, computers, digital time
Electronic Introduce harmonics to the
2. pieces and timing devices, rectifiers,
Gear system.
oscillators for high frequency current
production.
Essentially operate at unity p.f
Residential (small) cooking, water
heaters, irons, toasters, clothes’ dryers,
house heaters
3. Heating Welding, and some type of
Industrial (large) space heaters, ovens, heaters (arc furnace &
furnaces, welders, and high frequency induction type), create severe
heating harmonics into the system if
not adequately filtered
Single phase fractional horse-
Direct current shunt, series and
power motors operate at p.f.
compound type
of 0.5 to 0.7
Larger motors without suitable
starters cause voltage flicker
disturbance to other customers
on the system
A/C single phase and three phase
4. Motor induction and synchronous type
Induction motors operate at
p.f. of 0.5 to 0.95. At less than
full load operation the p.f. may
drop to 0.5-0.6
Synchronous motors can be

Universal for both AC and DC
used for p.f. correction for the
operation
installation
Page | 59
APPENDIX 2: TRANSFORMER SIZING

COMPUTATION
Table A2.1: Transformer Sizing and Computation for group domestic
development
Domestic
Estimated
Yr % Load Uptake vs % Utilisation of Installed
Average Growth
Declared MD with GCF Transformer Capacity
Rate
1 20% 17%
2 100% 40% 34%
3 50% 60% 51%
4 33% 80% 68%
5 13% 90% 77%
6 5% 95% 81%
7 5% 100% 85%
8 3% 103% 88%
9 3% 106% 90%
10 3% 109% 93%
11 2% 111% 94%
12 2% 113% 96%
13 2% 115% 98%
14 1% 116% 99%
15 1% 117% 100%
Page | 60
Table A2.2: Transformer Sizing and Computation for Group Commercial

Development
Commercial
% Load Uptake vs
Yr Estimated Average % Utilisation of Installed
Declared MD with
Growth Rate Transformer Capacity
GCF
1 50% 30%
2 40% 70% 42%
3 29% 90% 54%
4 10% 100% 60%
5 8% 108% 65%
6 8% 116% 70%
7 8% 124% 74%
8 7% 131% 79%
9 7% 138% 83%
10 6% 144% 86%
11 6% 150% 90%
12 5% 155% 93%
13 5% 160% 96%
14 4% 164% 98%
15 3% 167% 100%
Page | 61
APPENDIX 3: STANDARD MULTI-TENANTED

BUILDINGS DESIGN
3A Multi-Tenanted Buildings (< 5 storey) without Substation
Landlord Account1 bill = M(landlord1)

Landlord Account2 bill = M(landlord2) – summation (m)
TNB FEEDER PILLAR
1. CT (landlord) installed at TNB feeder pillar

2. Meter (landlord) installed at TNB
Outdoor Meter Panel
M(landlord1) M(landlord2)
TNB
Water pump load
Tenant & water pump MSB
LANDLORD MSB
Landlord is recommended M1
to install M1 for landlord to
check with individual m m m
tenant bills for any
irregularity m m m
m m m
Supply to Landlord
Tenant Vertical Risers
To tenant units
Figure A3.1: Standard Design for Multi-Tenanted Buildings (< 5 storey) without
Substation
Page | 62
3B Multi-Tenanted Buildings (< 5 storey) with Substation
Owner bill = M(landlord) – Summation (m)
TNB SUBSTATION 1. CT (landlord) installed at TNB transformer tail

2. Meter (landlord) installed at Meter Room in PE TNB
TNB FEEDER PILLAR
M(landlord)
TN B
LANDLORD MSB TENANT MSB
M1
Landlord is recommended Water pump load
to install M1 for landlord to
Supply to Landlord check with individual m m m Tenant meter at
m m m centralized meter
tenant bills for any
room at ground floor
irregularity m m m
Tenant Vertical Risers
To tenant units
Figure A3.2: Standard Design for Multi-Tenanted Buildings (< 5 storey) with
Substation
Page | 63
3C Multi-Tenanted Buildings (> 5 storey) without Substation
Landlord Account1 bill = M(landlord1)

Landlord Account2 bill = M(landlord2) – summation (m)
TNB FEEDER PILLAR
1. CT (landlord) installed at TNB feeder pillar

2. Meter (landlord) installed at TNB Outdoor
Meter Panel
M(landlord1) M(landlord2)
TNB
Water pump load
Tenant & water pump MSB M4
Tenant Lateral Riser to

Tenant meter at
individual tenant at centralized meter room at
LANDLORD MSB each level
each level
M1 m m m
To
M2 m m m
tenant
M3 m m m units
Supply to Landlord
Tenant Landlord is recommended to install M1,
Vertical Riser M2, Mn.. for landlord to check with
individual tenant bills for any irregularity
Figure A3.3: Standard Design for Multi-Tenanted Buildings > 5 storey without
Substation
Page | 64
3D Multi-Tenanted Buildings (> 5 storey) with Substation

(Landlord & Tenant takes LV supply)
Owner bill = M(landlord1) – summation (m)

Substation & Feeder pillar dedicated to this multitenant building
TNB SUBSTATION
TNB FEEDER PILLAR
M(landlord)
TNB
1. CT (landlord) installed at TNB transformer tail Water pump load

2. Meter (landlord) installed at Meter Room in PE TNB
M4
LANDLORD MSB TENANT MSB
Tenant Lateral Riser
to individual tenant at
each level
M m m m
Tenant Vertical Riser
1
M m m m To tenant
Supply to Landlord units
2
M m m m
3
Landlord is recommended to install M1,
Tenant meter at
M2, Mn.. for landlord to check with
centralized meter
individual tenant bills for any irregularity
room at each level
Figure A3.4: Standard Drawing Diagram for Multitenanted Buildings with

Substation (Landlord & Tenant takes LV supply)
Page | 65
3E Multi-Tenanted Buildings (> 5 storey) with Substation

(Landlord & Tenant takes MV supply)
1. CT & PT installed at TNB VCB

TNB SUBSTATION 2. Meter installed at Meter Room in PE TNB
VCB (B2)
With slot for M(Tenant)
M(Landlord) metering CT
TNB
LANDLORD MV PANEL
TENANT MV PANEL
TO
LANDLORD TO TENANT
Figure A3.5: Standard Design for Multi-Tenanted Buildings > 5 storey with
Substation (Landlord & Tenant takes MV supply)
Page | 66
3F Multi-Tenanted buildings (> 5 storey) with Substation

(Development takes MV supply with Landlord load >1600A)
Figure A3.6: Standard Design for Multi-tenanted Buildings > 5 storey with
Substation (Development takes MV supply with Landlord load >1600A)
Page | 67
3G Multi-Tenanted Buildings (> 5 storey) with Substation

(Development takes MV supply with Landlord load <1600A)
Figure A3.7: Standard Design for Multi-tenanted Buildings > 5 storey with
Substation (Development takes MV supply with Landlord load <1600A)
Page | 68
APPENDIX 4: FEEDER PILLAR
Figure A4.1: 1600A Feeder Pillar
Page | 69
Page | 70
APPENDIX 5: STREETLIGHT TYPICAL CONFIGURATION
T N B F E E D E R P IL L A R
O U T D O O R M E T E R IN G /
OWN ER : T NB
S U IS B O A R D
M A IN T A I N : T N B
O W N E R : P B T , J K R , ...E T C
M A IN T A I N : P B T , J K R ,
.. . E T C
M A IN R O A D M A IN R O A D
U N D E R G R O U N D S T R E E T L I G H T IN G
C A B L E L AID U N D E RGRO U N D
A N D M A IN T A I N B Y C O N S U M E R S E R V IC E C A B L E L A ID
A N D M A IN T A I N B Y
( P B T , J K R ,. . . E T C )
T NB
D E C O R A T IV E , S IN G L E / D O U B L E A R M
S T R E E T L IG H T
C U S T O M E R : P B T , J K R , . .. E T C
O W N E R : P B T , J K R , . .. E T C
M A IN T A IN : P B T , J K R , .. . E T C
Figure A5.1: Streetlight Typical Configuration - PBT, JKR etc
Page | 71
MAIN ROAD
S T REET LIGHT AT T ACH T O T NB P OLE

WIT H MET ER P ANEL
CUST OMER : P BT, JKR, ...ET C

OWN ER : T NB
MAINT AIN : T NB
S T REET LIGHT AT T ACH T O T NB P OLE

WIT H MET ER P ANEL
CUST OMER : P BT, JKR, ...ET C

OWN ER : T NB
MAINT AIN : T NB
Figure A5.2: Streetlight Typical Configuration - TNB
Page | 72
S T R E E T L IG H T A T T A C H T O T N B P O L E
W IT H O U T M E T E R P A N E L
C U S T O M E R : IN D IV ID U A L ( D O S M E S T IC )
OWNER : T NB
M A I N T A IN : T N B
Figure A5.3: Streetlight Typical Configuration – Individual
Page | 73
APPENDIX 6: O/H DOM A

(SAVR with Five Foot Way Mains)
KVT 240 - 100m
KVT 240 - 100m

500 kV A
PE D EPO H P E K L IA
E R L (4700m ) N O .2
F /P 1 60 0 A
1 3 5 kW
UN TUK
PE M BAN GUNA N
SE K ITA R A K A N
D ATAN G
4 6 U N I T R T 2 T G K T 1 35 k W
100m
CDGN.
BAN 18 15
Figure A6.1: SAVR with Five Foot Mains for O/H Dom A
Page | 74
APPENDIX 7: O/H DOM B

(1 X 16mmp ABC as Service Cable or 7/083 PVC/PVC, Metered at Pole)
Figure A7.1: Single Phase Pole Meter Panel for Overhead Dom B
Page | 75
ROAD 2B
ROA D 1
ROAD 5
ROAD 6
6
L
AL R OAD 6
W
E
R
Figure A7.2: Site Plan of Single Phase Pole Meter Panel for Overhead Dom B
Page | 76
Figure A7.3: Schematic Diagram of Single Phase Pole Meter Panel for Overhead Dom B
Page | 77
APPENDIX 8: O/H DOM C

(25mmp 4C Underground Cable, Metered at Gate Pillar, Pipings are Required and Provided by Developers)
Figure A8.1: Three Phase Gated Meter Panel for Overhead Dom C
Page | 78
Figure A8.2: Site Plan of Three Phase Gated Meter Panel for Overhead Dom C
Page | 79
Figure A8.3: Schematic Diagram of Three Phase Gated Meter Panel for Overhead Dom C
Page | 80
APPENDIX 9: U/G DOM A

(Fully U/G domestic: PE ke FP, FP ke Mini FP, Mini FP service cables loop 2 houses)
Figure A9.1: Site Plan of U/G DOM A
Page | 81
Figure A9.2: Site Plan of U/G DOM A
Page | 82
Figure A9.3: Schematic Plan of U/G DOM A
Page | 83
APPENDIX 10: O/H COM A

(Meter at Individual Lots)
Figure A10.1: Site Plan of O/H COM A
Page | 84
APPENDIX 11: U/G COM A

(Meter at Individual Lots)
PROPOSED
PEDESTRIAN
BRIDGE
20' 20' 20'

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66
FL.57.75 FL.57.85
FL.58.10 FL.58.25 FL.58.40
FL.58.55
57.80 58.10
57.90 58.00
58.25 58.40 58.55
Figure A11.1: Site Plan of U/G COM A
Page | 85
Figure A11.2: Schematic Plan of U/G COM A
Page | 86
APPENDIX 12: U/G IND A

(Meter Pillar Located At Customers Front Gate)
Figure A12.1: Site Plan of U/G IND A
Page | 87
Figure A12.2: Schematic Plan of U/G IND A
Page | 88
APPENDIX 13: U/G RING

(Use 800A F/P to distribute to MFP, LV looping at MFP)
Figure A13.1: Site Plan U/G Ring – LV U/G Mains
Page | 89
Figure A13.2: Site Plan U/G Ring – LV U/G Service
Page | 90
APPENDIX 14: LV-ATS
Figure A14.1: LV-ATS in the Same MV Ring System
Figure A14.2: LV-ATS in the Different MV Ring System
Page | 91

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Low Voltage

Asset Management Department

Asset Management Department

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the management of

We would like to express our gratitude to the ever-committed LV

Lastly, acknowledgement and thanks to all other distribution planning

Dr. Abu Hanifah bin Azit

Objective of the power distribution system is to deliver

This document details out and standardizes planning methodology in TNB

Hj. Ismail bin Mohd Din

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. 1

CHAPTER 2 QUALITY OF SUPPLY ........................................................................................ 3

CHAPTER 3 LOADS ............................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 4 DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS ........................................................................ 13

4.3.4 Multi-tenanted Buildings/ Development.............................................. 23

CHAPTER 5 LOW VOLTAGE NETWORKS .......................................................................... 24

CHAPTER 6 LOW VOLTAGE PROTECTION AND EARTHING .......................................... 38

CHAPTER 7 LOW VOLTAGE METERING ........................................................................... 43

CHAPTER 8 LOW VOLTAGE TECHNICAL LOSSES ........................................................... 46

CHAPTER 9 POWER QUALITY ............................................................................................ 50

CHAPTER 10 DATA MANAGEMENT ................................................................................. 54

3A Multi-Tenanted Buildings (< 5 storey) without Substation .................... 62

To provide quality supply, the issue of cost needs to be considered. The

The objective of this Low Voltage Planning Guidelines is to help the

i. Can fully meet customer expectations.

i. Definition of security, reliability and power quality for LV network.

1.2 DOCUMENT LAYOUT

Each chapter is arranged in several sections, each of which addresses a

Chapter 2 Refers to “Quality Of Supply” and TNB Corporate

Chapter 3 Indicates the types and magnitudes of loads that

Chapter 4 Describes the types and sizes of substations used

Chapter 5 Details the planning criteria and design for the LV

Chapter 6 Refers to the planning criteria for the LV network

Chapter 7 Details out several main strategies to reduce LV

Chapter 8 Deals with the implications of “energy metering”

Chapter 9 Redefine PQ phenomena in a simpler manner

Chapter 10 Details data that needs to be monitored and

i. Define “quality of supply”.

2.1 DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SUPPLY

Security of supply means availability of supply to customers following the

i. Security Level 1 - Less than 5 seconds.

Reliability means ability of the distribution system to perform its required

Power quality refers to any power problem manifested in voltage,

2.2 SYSTEM AVERAGE INTERRUPTION DURATION

In TNB system, only loss of supply exceeding 1 minute is termed as

The equation to compute SAIDI is as follow:

The equation to compute SAIFI is given as:

The equation to compute CAIDI is as follow:

2.3 SUPPLY SYSTEM STANDARDS

Table 2.1 Voltage regulation

Table 2.2 Frequency variations

The average restoration period is given as follow:

i. Less than 5 seconds.

The acceptable permissible values for quality of supply at the point of

Table 2.3 Acceptable permissible values at point of common coupling

Type Of Acceptable permissible values Reference

Type Of Acceptable permissible values Reference

i. Provide methodology for the estimation of maximum demand

3.1 TYPES & CHARACTERISTICS OF LOAD

3.2 LOAD GROWTH

The respective growth rates depend on:

i. Economic environment and growth.