SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 1
SAFETY: USE OF POWER SOURCE AND METERS

BAKING, Edmond N.
BS CHE-3

DATE & TIMESUBMITTED: February 11, 2017

DATE DUE: February 11, 2017
I. DISCUSSION OF THEOREM
TOOLS ARE SUCH A COMMON PART OF OUR LIVES THAT IT IS DIFFICULT TO REMEMBER THAT
THEY MAY POSE HAZARDS. TRAGICALLY, A SERIOUS INCIDENT CAN OCCUR BEFORE STEPS ARE TAKEN
TO IDENTIFY AND AVOID OR ELIMINATE TOOL-RELATED HAZARDS.

ACCORDING TO OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT (OSHA), AN EMPLOYEES MUST BE

AWARE OF SEVERAL DANGERS WHEN USING AN ELECTRICAL TOOLS. AMONG THE SRIOUS INJURIES
WERE BURNS AND ELECTRIC SHOCK. AN AMPERE 0F 0.1 CAN BE LETHAL.

ELECTRICAL SHOCKS, WHICH CAN LEAD TO INJURIES SUCH AS HEART FAILURE AND BURNS,
ARE AMONG THE MAJOR HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRIC-POWERED TOOLS. UNDER CERTAIN
CONDITIONS, EVEN A SMALL AMOUNT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT CAN RESULT IN FIBRILLATION OF THE
HEART AND DEATH. AN ELECTRIC SHOCK ALSO CAN CAUSE THE USER TO FALL OFF A LADDER OR
OTHER ELEVATED WORK SURFACE AND BE INJURED DUE TO THE FALL.

TO PROTECT THE USER FROM SHOCK AND BURNS, ELECTRIC TOOLS MUST HAVE A THREE-
WIRE CORD WITH A GROUND AND BE PLUGGED INTO A GROUNDED RECEPTACLE, BE DOUBLE
INSULATED, OR BE POWERED BY A LOW-VOLTAGE ISOLATION TRANSFORMER. THREE-WIRE CORDS
CONTAIN TWO CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS AND A GROUNDING CONDUCTOR. ANY TIME AN
ADAPTER IS USED TO ACCOMMODATE A TWO-HOLE RECEPTACLE, THE ADAPTER WIRE MUST BE
ATTACHED TO A KNOWN GROUND. THE THIRD PRONG MUST NEVER BE REMOVED FROM THE PLUG.

DOUBLE-INSULATED TOOLS ARE AVAILABLE THAT PROVIDE PROTECTION AGAINST

ELECTRICAL SHOCK WITHOUT THIRD-WIRE GROUNDING. ON DOUBLE-INSULATED TOOLS, AN
INTERNAL LAYER OF PROTECTIVE INSULATION COMPLETELY ISOLATES THE EXTERNAL HOUSING OF
THETOOL.

THE FOLLOWING GENERAL PRACTICES SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHEN USING ELECTRIC TOOLS:

 OPERATE ELECTRIC TOOLS WITHIN THEIR DESIGN LIMITATIONS.

 USE GLOVES AND APPROPRIATE SAFETY FOOTWEAR WHEN USING ELECTRIC TOOLS.
 STORE ELECTRIC TOOLS IN A DRY PLACE WHEN NOT IN USE.
 DO NOT USE ELECTRIC TOOLS IN DAMP OR WET LOCATIONS UNLESS THEY ARE APPROVED
FOR THAT PURPOSE.
 KEEP WORK AREAS WELL LIGHTED WHEN OPERATING ELECTRIC TOOLS.
 ENSURE THAT CORDS FROM ELECTRIC TOOLS DO NOT PRESENT A TRIPPING HAZARD.

IN ADDITION, THE OMRON CORPORATION, GIVES US PRECAUTIONS ON USING THE POWER

SUPPLY WHICH CAN BE BOUGHT FROM THEM, BUT THIS INSTRUCTIONS IS APPLICABLE FOR ALL IN
REGARDS TO HANDLING OUR POWER SUPPLIES. HERE IS THE SAMPLE OF THERE SAFETY PRECAUIONS
 THIS SECTION DESCRIBES FUNCTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR FULLY
UTILIZING THE CAPABILITIES OF THE POWER SUPPLIES.
FOR PRECAUTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTS, REFER TO THE PRECAUTIONS
FOR SAFE USE FOR THAT PRODUCT.

 MINOR ELECTRIC SHOCK, FIRE, OR PRODUCT FAILURE MAY OCCASIONALLY

OCCUR. DO NOT DISASSEMBLE, MODIFY, OR REPAIR THE PRODUCT OR
TOUCH THE INTERIOR OF THE PRODUCT.
MINOR INJURY
MINORDUEINJURY DUE TOSHOCK
TO ELECTRIC ELECTRIC SHOCK MAY OCCASIONALLY
MAY OCCASIONALLY OCCUR. OCCUR.
DO NOT TOUCH THE TERMINALS WHILE POWER IS
DO NOT TOUCH THE TERMINALS WHILE POWER IS BEING SUPPLIED. BEING SUPPLIED.
 MINOR BURNS MAY OCCASIONALLY OCCUR. DO NOT TOUCH THE PRODUCT WHILE
POWER IS BEING SUPPLIED OR IMMEDIATELY AFTER POWER IS TURNED OFF.
 FIRE MAY OCCASIONALLY OCCUR. TIGHTEN THE TERMINAL SCREWS WITH THE
SPECIFIED TORQUE.
MINOR BURNS
MINORMAYELECTRIC SHOCK,OCCUR.
OCCASIONALLY FIRE, OR
DO PRODUCT
NOT TOUCHFAILURE MAY OCCASIONALLY
THE PRODUCT WHILE POWER
IS BEINGOCCUR.
SUPPLIEDDO
ORNOT ALLOW ANY
IMMEDIATELY PIECES
AFTER OFISMETAL
POWER TURNEDOR CONDUCTORS OR ANY
OFF.
CLIPPINGS OR CUTTINGS RESULTING FROM INSTALLATION WORK TO ENTER THE
PRODUCT.

INPUT VOLTAGE

-USEMAY
FIRE A COMMERCIAL
OCCASIONALLYPOWER
OCCUR.SUPPLY
TIGHTENFOR
THE THE POWER
TERMINAL SUPPLY
SCREWS VOLTAGE
WITH INPUT TO
THE SPECIFIED
MODELS WITH AC INPUTS.
TORQUE.
-INVERTERS WITH AN OUTPUT FREQUENCY OF 50/60 HZ ARE AVAILABLE, BUT THE RISE
IN THE INTERNAL TEMPERATURE OF THE POWER SUPPLY MAY RESULT IN IGNITION OR
BURNING. DO NOT USE AN INVERTER OUTPUT FOR THE POWER SUPPLY OF THE
PRODUCT.
MINOR ELECTRIC SHOCK, FIRE, OR PRODUCT FAILURE MAY OCCASIONALLY OCCUR. DO NOT
GROUNDING
ALLOW ANY PIECES OF METAL OR CONDUCTORS OR ANY CLIPPINGS OR CUTTINGS
 CONNECT
RESULTING THE GROUND
FROM INSTALLATION COMPLETELY.
WORK ELECTRIC
TO ENTER THE SHOCK MAY OCCUR IF THE
PRODUCT.
GROUND IS NOT CONNECTED COMPLETELY.
OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
 USE EACH PRODUCT WITHIN THE RATED RANGE FOR AMBIENT OPERATING
TEMPERATURE, AMBIENT OPERATING HUMIDITY, AND STORAGE TEMPERATURE
SPECIFIED FOR THAT PRODUCT.
PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE USE
 USE THE POWER SUPPLY WITHIN THE RANGES SPECIFIED FOR VIBRATION AND
SHOCK RESISTANCE.
INPUT VOLTAGE
 DO NOT USE THE POWER SUPPLY IN LOCATIONS SUBJECT TO EXCESSIVE AMOUNT
OF DUST OR
USE A COMMERCIAL WHERE
POWER LIQUIDS,
SUPPLY FOREIGN
FOR THE POWERMATTER, OR CORROSIVE
SUPPLY VOLTAGE INPUT TO GASES
MODELSMAY
WITH ACENTER
INPUTS.THE INTERIOR OF THE PRODUCT.
 INSTALL
INVERTERS THE
WITH AN POWER
OUTPUT SUPPLY WELL
FREQUENCY AWAY
OF 50/60 FROM
HZ ARE DEVICESBUT
AVAILABLE, THAT
THEPRODUCE
RISE IN
STRONG,
THE INTERNAL HIGH-FREQUENCY
TEMPERATURE NOISESUPPLY
OF THE POWER AND SURGE.
MAY RESULT IN IGNITION OR
 DODO
BURNING. NOT
NOTUSE
USETHE POWER SUPPLY
AN INVERTER OUTPUT IN
FORLOCATIONS
THE POWER SUBJECT
SUPPLY OFTO DIRECT
THE PRODUCT.SUNLIGHT.

GROUNDING

CONNECT THE GROUND COMPLETELY. ELECTRIC SHOCK MAY OCCUR IF THE GROUND IS NOT
CONNECTED COMPLETELY.

OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

USE EACH PRODUCT WITHIN THE RATED RANGE FOR AMBIENT OPERATING TEMPERATURE,
AMBIENT OPERATING HUMIDITY, AND STORAGE TEMPERATURE SPECIFIED FOR THAT
 IF WE DO NOT FOLLOW SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WE MAY EXPERIENCE MINOR AND MAJOR
INJURIES, NOT JUST IN THE INDUSTRY ITSELF, BUT EVEN IN A SMALL SCALE LABORATORY LIKE THIS.
HERE ARE SOME INFORMATION OF THE INJURIES WE CAN HAVE AND HOW TO AVOID IN THE
LABORATORY:

INJURIES

INJURIES CAUSED BY ELECTRICITY INCLUDE ELECTRICAL SHOCK, BURNS, AND FALLS DUE TO
ELECTRICAL SHOCKS AND BURNS. ELECTROCUTION IS A FATAL ELECTRICAL SHOCK. ELECTRICAL
SHOCK OCCURS WHEN CURRENT PASSES THROUGH THE BODY. THE SEVERITY OF THE SHOCK
DEPENDS ON:

 AMOUNT OF CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH THE BODY,

 PATH OF CURRENT THROUGH THE BODY,
 LENGTH OF TIME THE BODY IS IN THE CIRCUIT.

NOTE: LOW VOLTAGE OR LOW CURRENT DOES NOT MEAN LOW HAZARD! LESS THAN 10
MILLIAMPERE CAN CAUSE A PAINFUL SHOCK AND LOSS OF MUSCULAR CONTROL, AND 50
MILLIAMPERE CAN BE FATAL (SEE THE TABLE BELOW FOR MORE DETAILS).

ELECTRICITY SEEKS ALL PATHS AND NOT JUST THE PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE TO REACH LOWER
POTENTIAL.
Current Reaction
1 milliamp Just a faint tingle.
5 milliamps Slight shock felt. Disturbing, but not painful. Most
people can "let go." However, strong involuntary
movements can cause injuries.
6-25 milliamps (women) Painful shock. Muscular control is lost. This is the
9-30 milliamps (men) range where "freezing currents" start. It may not be
possible to "let go."
50-150 milliamps Extremely painful shock, respiratory arrest (breathing
stops), severe muscle contractions. Flexor muscles
may cause holding on; extensor muscles may cause
intense pushing away. Heart fibrillation possible.
Death is possible.
1,000-4,300 milliamps (1-4.3 Rhythmic pumping action of the heart ceases.
amps) Muscular contraction and nerve damage occur; death
likely.
10,000 milliamps (10 amps) Cardiac arrest and severe burns occur. Death is
probable.
15,000 milliamps (15 amps) Lowest overcurrent at which a typical fuse or circuit
breaker opens a circuit!
*Effects are for voltages less than about 600 volts. Higher voltages also cause severe
burns.
Source: Kouwenhoven WB [1968]. Human Safety and Electrical Shock. Electrical Safety Practices,
Monograph 112, Instrument Society of America, P. 93.
FIRE HAZARDS

TOO MUCH CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH A WIRE CAN CAUSE A POWER CORD TO OVERHEAT AND
START A FIRE. SPARKS FROM ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT CAN IGNITE FLAMMABLE MATERIALS.

GENERAL RULES FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY

 USE ELECTRICAL CORDS ONLY IF THEY ARE IN GOOD CONDITION. CORDS MUST NOT BE
CRACKED, FRAYED, OR HAVE CORRODED PRONGS.
 DO NOT USE 3-TO-2 PRONG ADAPTERS UNLESS OTHER GROUNDING PROVISIONS HAVE BEEN
MADE. PLUG 3-PRONG PLUGS INTO 3-PRONG OUTLETS.
 USE POWER STRIPS THAT HAVE CIRCUIT BREAKERS OR FUSES. DO NOT LINK POWER STRIPS
IN SERIES.
 DO NOT LEAVE CABLES AND CORDS UNSECURED AND HANGING IN AREAS WHERE THEY CAN
POSE A TRIP AND MOVEMENT HAZARD. PLACE CORDS SO THAT THEY ARE NOT SUBJECTED TO
MECHANICAL STRESS OR TEMPERATURES THAT COULD DAMAGE THE INSULATION.
 DO NOT CONCEAL CORDS BEHIND OR ATTACH ELECTRICAL CORDS TO BUILDING SURFACES.
 DO NOT LEAVE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS EXPOSED. USE ELECTRICAL TAPE TO INSULATE WIRES
OR USE A GUARD AS COVER TO PREVENT ACCIDENTAL CONTACT.
 DO NOT BLOCK ACCESS TO ELECTRICAL PANELS.
 DO NOT INSTALL STANDARD ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN LOCATIONS WHERE FLAMMABLE
GASES, VAPORS, DUSTS, OR OTHER EASILY IGNITABLE MATERIALS ARE PRESENT. IF
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IS USED IN A CHEMICAL FUME HOOD, ELEVATE IT TO ALLOW
EFFICIENT AIR FLOW.
 KEEP ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AT A MINIMUM IN HIGH-MOISTURE AREAS (E.G., WASH ROOMS,
COLD ROOMS).

EXTENSION CORDS

EXTENSION CORDS ARE NOT A REPLACEMENT FOR PERMANENT WIRING. INSTALL OUTLETS IN
AREAS WHERE ELECTRICITY IS NEEDED PERMANENTLY.

EXTENSION CORDS SHOULD NOT RUN THROUGH HOLES IN WALLS, CEILINGS, FLOORS, DOORS, OR
THROUGH WINDOWS AND SHOULD BE INSPECTED BEFORE EACH USE.

USE ONLY 3-PRONG EXTENSION CORDS WITH A LISTING FROM UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES
(UL) OR OTHER REPUTABLE TESTING LABS.

CORD RATINGS

CHOOSE AN EXTENSION CORD APPROPRIATE FOR THE CURRENT THAT WILL BE FLOWING THROUGH
IT TO AVOID OVERHEATING. THE REQUIRED WIRE THICKNESS DEPENDS ON THE POWER
CONSUMPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT AND THE LENGTH OF THE EXTENSION CORD. CHECK THE
EQUIPMENT POWER REQUIREMENTS; CALCULATE IT BY MULTIPLYING THE VOLTAGE BY THE
CURRENT. FOR EXAMPLE, A SAW DRAWING A CURRENT OF 5 AMPS AT 120 VOLTS REQUIRES 5 X
120 = 600 WATTS. USE AN EXTENSION CORD WITH A RATING OF AT LEAST 600 WATTS.
 AFTER WE KNEW ABOUT THE SAFETY HAZARDS IN HANDLING A POWER SOURCE, WE SHOULD
BE ABLE TO FAMILIARIZE OURSELVES ON HOW TO CONNECT AMMETERS AND VOLTMETER
PROPERLY.

VOLTMETER

A VOLTMETER IS AN INSTRUMENT THAT MEASURES THE

DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL BETWEEN TWO POINTS
IN AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT. AN ANALOG VOLTMETER MOVES A
POINTER ACROSS A SCALE IN PROPORTION TO THE CIRCUIT'S
VOLTAGE; A DIGITAL VOLTMETER PROVIDES A NUMERICAL
DISPLAY. ANY MEASUREMENT THAT CAN BE CONVERTED TO
VOLTAGE CAN BE DISPLAYED ON A METER THAT IS PROPERLY
CALIBRATED; SUCH MEASUREMENTS INCLUDE PRESSURE,
TEMPERATURE, AND FLOW.

VOLTMETER IN PARALLEL
(A) TO MEASURE THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE IN THIS SERIES
CIRCUIT, THE VOLTMETER (V) IS PLACED IN PARALLEL WITH
THE VOLTAGE SOURCE OR EITHER OF THE RESISTORS. NOTE
THAT TERMINAL VOLTAGE IS MEASURED BETWEEN POINTS A
AND B. IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO CONNECT THE VOLTMETER
DIRECTLY ACROSS THE EMF WITHOUT INCLUDING ITS
INTERNAL RESISTANCE, R. (B) A DIGITAL VOLTMETER IN USE

AMMETERS
AN AMMETER MEASURES THE ELECTRIC CURRENT IN A CIRCUIT.
THE NAME IS DERIVED FROM THE NAME FOR THE SI UNIT FOR ELECTRIC CURRENT, AMPERES (A).
IN ORDER FOR AN AMMETER TO MEASURE A DEVICE'S CURRENT, IT MUST BE CONNECTED IN
SERIES TO THAT DEVICE . THIS IS NECESSARY BECAUSE OBJECTS IN SERIES EXPERIENCE THE SAME
CURRENT. THEY MUST NOT BE CONNECTED TO A VOLTAGE SOURCE -- AMMETERS ARE DESIGNED
TO WORK UNDER A MINIMAL BURDEN, (WHICH REFERS TO THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE
AMMETER, TYPICALLY A SMALL FRACTION OF A VOLT).

AN AMMETER (A) IS PLACED IN SERIES TO MEASURE CURRENT. ALL OF THE

CURRENT IN THIS CIRCUIT FLOWS THROUGH THE METER. THE AMMETER
WOULD HAVE THE SAME READING IF LOCATED BETWEEN POINTS D AND E OR
BETWEEN POINTS F AND A, AS IT DOES IN THE POSITION SHOWN. (NOTE
THAT THE SCRIPT CAPITAL E STANDS FOR EMF, AND R STANDS FOR THE
INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE SOURCE OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE.
II. DATA AND RESULT
E.) MEASURING THE RESISTANCE BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING PARTS ON YOUR BODY

* RIGHT HAND TO LEF HAND = 300kΩ

* RIGHT HAND TO RIGHT ANKLE = 204.4kΩ

F.) WET THE CONTACT AREA AND MEASURE THE RESITANCE OF YOUR BODY

* RIGHT HAND TO LEFT HAND = 95kΩ

* RIGHT HAND TO RIGHT ANKLE = 85kΩ

G.) USING OHM’S LAW TO DETERMINE HOW MUCH VOLTAGE IS NECESSARY TO FORCE 0.1
AMPERE OF CURRENT THROUGH THE RESISTANCE OF YOUR BODY

* RIGHT HAND TO LEF HAND = (300kΩ) (0.1 A) = 30, 000 VOLTS

* RIGHT HAND TO RIGHT ANKLE = (204.4kΩ) (0.1A) = 20,440 VOLTS

SUBSTITUTING THE RESISTANCE MEASURED IN F

* RIGHT HAND TO LEFT HAND = 95kΩ X 0.1 A = 9 500 VOLTS

* RIGHT HAND TO RIGHT ANKLE = 85kΩ X 0.1 A = 8 500 VOLTS

III. OBSERVATIONS
1. I OBSERVED THAT THE RESISTANCE OF YOUR BODY WILL BE LOWERED WHEN WET.

2. THE HIGHER THE RESISTANCE OF YOUR BODY, THE HIGHER THE VOLTAGE THAT WILL MAKE YOU
DIE. BOTH WILL BE DROPPED WHEN YOUR BODY IS WET.

3. I NOTICE THAT MY BODY’S RESISTANCE IS DIFFERENT FROM MY GROUPMATE’S RESISTANCE

4. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ARE REALLY HELPFUL IN PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS IN THE LABORATORY

IV. CONCLUSION
FROM THE EXPERIMENT IT IS THEREFORE CONCLUDED THAT THE BODY RESISTANCE IS NOT
A FIXED QUANTITY, IT VARIES FROM PERSON TO PERSON. SWEAT, BEING RICH IN SALT AND
MINERALS, IS AN EXCELLENT CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY FOR BEING A LIQUID. THUS, FROM MY
DATA, IT IS PROVEN THAT MY BODY’S RESISTANCE WILL BE LOWERED WHEN WET, EVEN IF I DID
NOT USE A BRINE SOLUTION TO WET THE PARTS OF MY BODY BEING MEASURE, STILL, IT CANNOT
RESIST THE CURRENT OF 0.1A RESULTING TO DEATH. MEANWHILE, UNDER DRY CONDITIONS, THE
RESISTANCE OF OUR BODY (ACCORDING TO SOME RESEARCHES) MAYBE AS HIGH AS 10 000 OHMS.
WET OR BROKEN SKIN MAY DROP THE RESISTANCE OF OUR BODY TO 1 000 OHMS. BUT MINOR OR
MAJOR INJURIES CAN BE PREVENTED BY DISCIPLINING YOURSELF AND ASKING FOR YOUR
TEACHER’S ASSISTANCE.
V. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. One of the following safety statements is not true. Circle the letter of the false statement.

a. Get your instructor’s approval before starting your work.

b. Do not use tools if they are not in proper working conditions
c. After shutting off a machine you must stay with it until it is completely stopped
d. A slight injury, such as a small cut, need not be reported

EXPLANATION: A slight injury may cause a big problem if not reported to the instructor in charge.
Blood (in the wound for example) is in the form of liquid, consequently, it will lower the resistance of
your body. This may affect you especially when you are performing experiments involving circuits.

2. Which of the following statements describe a characteristic of the human body?

a. Under certain conditions your body’s resistance can be as low as a few hundred ohms
b. The lower the resistance of your body, the more current that can be forced through it, by a
given a given amount of voltage
c. The resistance of your body is lower than the normal when wet
d. All of the above

EXPLANATION: ELECTRICITY IS A FRIEND BUT ALSO A FOE. THE STATED CONDITIONS DO REALLY
CHARACTERIZED OUR HUMAN BODY WITH REGARDS TO CURRENT. BODY RESISTANCE IS NOT A
FIXED QUANTITY, IT VARIES FROM EACH OF US. WATER BEING A GOOD CONDUCTOR OF
ELECTRICITY CAN LOWER YOUR BODY RESISTANCE TO THE CURRENT OR TO THE AMOUNT OF
VOLTAGE YOU CAN RECEIVE. SO, IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED THAT ALWAYS DRY YOUR HANDS
WHEN WORKING WITH ELECTRICITY.

3. You should discharge electrolytic capacitors before starting to work on a circuit because:
a. They can hold an electrical charge after the power has been turned off.
b. They are high voltage components
c. They are high capacity components
d. They got hot when power is applied to them

EXPLANATION: CAPACITORS ARE FOUND IN A NUMBER OF ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES AND PIECES

OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT. THEY STORE EXCESS ELECTRICAL ENERGY DURING POWER SURGES
AND DISCHARGE IT DURING POWER LULLS TO PROVIDE THE APPLIANCE WITH A CONSTANT, EVEN
SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY. THE LARGER THE CAPACITOR, THE MORE CHARGE IT CAN STORE PER
UNIT VOLTAGE, EVEN AFTER THE APPLIANCE IS TURNED OFF. BEFORE WORKING ON AN APPLIANCE
OR ELECTRONIC DEVICE, YOU MUST FIRST DISCHARGE ITS CAPACITOR

4. Which of the following statements describe the purpose of the on-off panel lamp of a power supply
a. It indicates that the voltage is present at the output terminal
b. It indicates when the power supply is connected to the ac power line
c. It indicates when the power supply is on
d. All of the above

EXPLANATION: EVERY POWER SUPPLY HAS ITS OWN ON-OFF PANEL LAMP, THIS INDICATES
THAT IF IT IS ON, THE POWER OR CURRENT HAS BEEN SUPPLIED, OFF IF IT IS OTHERWISE.
5. Which of the following statements describe a characteristic of a voltmeter?
a. It has a high internal resistance and is connected in series with the circuit component being
measured
b. It has a low internal resistance and is connected in parallel with the circuit component being
measured.
c. It must be connected in parallel with the circuit component being measured
d. It can be used to measure voltage, current and resistance.

EXPLANATION: TO MEASURE THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE IN THIS SERIES CIRCUIT, THE

VOLTMETER (V) IS PLACED IN PARALLEL WITH THE VOLTAGE SOURCE OR EITHER OF THE
RESISTORS. NOTE THAT TERMINAL VOLTAGE IS MEASURED BETWEEN POINTS A AND B. IT IS NOT
POSSIBLE TO CONNECT THE VOLTMETER DIRECTLY ACROSS THE EMF WITHOUT INCLUDING ITS
INTERNAL RESISTANCE, R.

6. Which of the following statements describe a characteristic of a ammeter?

a. It has high internal resistance and is used to measure circuit current.
b. It must be connected in parallel with the circuit being measured
c. It has a low resistance and is connected in series with the circuit being measured
d. The ground or common terminal must be connected to the circuit ground point

EXPLANATION: AN AMMETER (A) IS PLACED IN SERIES TO MEASURE CURRENT. ALL OF THE

CURRENT IN THIS CIRCUIT FLOWS THROUGH THE METER. THE AMMETER WOULD HAVE THE SAME
READING IF LOCATED BETWEEN POINTS D AND E OR BETWEEN POINTS F AND A, AS IT DOES IN
THE POSITION SHOWN. (NOTE THAT THE SCRIPT CAPITAL E STANDS FOR EMF, AND R STANDS FOR
THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE SOURCE OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE.

VI. REFERENCES
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3080.html

https://www.drs.illinois.edu/SafetyLibrary/ElectricalSafetyInTheLaboratory

http://www.ia.omron.com/product/cautions/22/safety_precautions.html

https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/circuits-and-direct-
currents-20/voltmeters-and-ammeters-153/voltmeters-and-ammeters-542-11287/