Basic Maths 0

BASIC
Contents
Topic Page No.
Theory 01 - 09
Exercise - 1 10 - 14
Exercise - 2 16 - 18
Answer Key 19 - 20
Syllabus
Number system, Modulus, Logarithm, GIF,
Trigonometric Inequality & Graphic Transformation.
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
Number System :
(I) Natural Number
Numbers 1,2,3,4,... etc. are known as natuaral numbers. It is denoted by the symbol N. It can also be denoted
by I  or z  . N  {1, 2,3, 4,....}
(II) Whole Numbers
All natural numbers along with zero are known as whole numbers. It is denoted by the symbol W. They are also
known as non-negative numbers. W  {0,1, 2,..........}
(III) Integers
The numbers -----3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3..... are known as integers. They are denoted by I or Z.
I or Z = {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3.....}
(a) Positive integers are denoted by I  = {1,2,3.....}
(b) Negative integers are denoted by I  = {.......,-3,-2,-1}
(c) The set of non-negative integers is {0,1,2,....}
(d) The set of non-positive integers is {......,-3,-2,-1,0}
(IV) Even Integers
Integers divisible by 2 are known as even integers. For example, 0, 2, 4,.......
(V) Odd Integers
Integers which are not divisible by 2 are known as even integers. For example, 1, 3, 5, 7.........
(VI) Prime Number
The natural numbers which are divisible by 1 or itself are known as prime numbers. For example, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,
13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31
(VII) Composite Number
The natural numbers which are not prime are known as composite numbers.
Note : (i) '1' is neither prime nor composite.
(ii) '2' is the only even number which is prime.
(iii) '4' is the least composite number.
(VIII) Co-prime Number
Two numbers are coprime if their HCF is 1. For example, (3,4), (3,10), (3,8), (5,6), (7,8) etc.
Note : (i) Two consecutive numbers are always coprime.
(ii) Two distinct prime numbers are always coprime but vice-versa is not true.
(IX) Twin Prime
If the difference between two prime numbers is 2 then they are known as twin prime numbers. For example,
{3,5}, {5,7}, {11,13}, {17,19}, {29,31}
(X) Rational Numbers
The numbers that can be written in the form p/q where p and q are integers and q  0 , are known as rational
numbers. The set of rational numbers is denoted by Q.
p
Q  { : p, q  I and q  0}
q
Note : (i) Every integer is rational as they can be expressed as p/1.
(ii) The rational number are either terminating decimal or non-terminating repeating decimal.
(XI) Irrational Numbers
The numbers which cannot be expressed in the form p/q are known as irrational numbers. The set is denoted by
Q C . For example, 2,1  3, e,  etc

Note : Irrational numbers non-terminating, non-repeating decimals.
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(XII) Real Numbers :
All rational and irrational numbers are known as real numbers. The set of real numbers is denoted by R.
R  Q  QC .
Every real number lies on a line known as real line. In other words, every point on the real line is real.
Negative Part Positive Part
Real Line or Number Line
Every such numbers can be compared, i.e., if a and b are two distinct numbers then either a < b or a < b.
Note : (a) All integers are rational but vice-versa is not true.
(b) Negative of any irrational number is irrational.
(c) The sum and difference of a rational and irrational is irrational.
(d) The product and quotient of a non-zero rational and irrational number is irrational.
(e) The product and quotient of two irrational numbers may be rational or irrational.
(XIII) Complex Number
The numbers that can be written in the form a+ib are known as complex numbers. Here, a and b are real and
i  1 is called 'iota'. The set of complex numbers is denoted by C.
Note : N  W  I  Q  R  C
Divisibility Test :
(i) Any number is divisible by 2 if the digit at unit place is divisible by 2.
(ii) Any number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
(iii) Any number is divisible by 4 if the number formed its last two digits is divisible by 4.
(iv) Any number is divisible by 5 if the digit at unit place is 0 or 5.
(v) Any number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
(vi) Any number is divisible by 8 if the number formed its last three digits is divisible by 8.
(vii) Any number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
(viii) Any number is divisible by 10 if the digit at unit place is 0.
(ix) Any number is divisible by 11 if the difference of the sum of its digits at even and odd places is divisible by 11.
For example, 1298,1221, 12344321, 1234554321, 1234566654231
Remainder Theorem :
Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree 1 or more. Let a be any real number. If p(x) is divided by (x-a) then the
remainder is p(a).
Factor Theorem :
Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree 1 or more. Let a be any real number such that p(a) = 0 then (x-a) is a factor
of p(x). Also if (x-a) is a factor of p(x) then p(a) = 0.
Some Important Formulae :
(1) (a  b)2  a 2  2ab  b 2  (a  b)2  4ab (2) (a  b) 2  a 2  2ab  b 2  (a  b) 2  4ab
(3) a 2  b 2  (a  b)(a  b) (4) (a  b) 2  a 3  b3  3ab(a  b)
(5) (a  b)2  a 3  b3  3ab(a  b)
(6) a 3  b3  (a  b)3  3ab(a  b)  (a  b)(a 2  b 2  ab)
(7) a 3  b3  (a  b)3  3ab(a  b)  (a  b)(a 2  b 2  ab)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
(8) (a  b  c)  a  b  c  2ab  2bc  2ca  a  b  c  2abc    
a b c
2 2 2 1
(9) a  b  c  ab  bc  ca  [(a  b) 2  (b  c) 2  (c  a) 2 ]
2
1
(10) a 3  b3  c3  3abc  (a  b  c)(a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca)  (a  b  c)[(a  b) 2  (b  c) 2  (c  a) 2 ]
2
(11) a 4  b 4  (a  b)(a  b)(a 2  b 2 ) (12) a 4  a 2  1  (a 2  1)2  a 2  (1  a  a 2 )()1  a  a 2 )
Indices :
If a be any non-zero real or imaginary number and m be positive integer then a m  a.a.a......a(m times) where
m is known as index and a is known as base.
Law of indices
m 1
(1) a 0  1, (a  0) (2) a  , (a  0)
am
mn am
(3) a mn m n
 a . a where m and n are real. (4) a  , a  0 where m & n are real.
an
(5) (a m )n  a mn (6) a p/q  a p
q
Ratio :
A
1. If A and B are two numbers of same type then their ratio is represented by A : B and is equal to
B
a ma na
2. Any ratio can be represented as    .... where m and n are real numbers.
b mb nb
3. To compare two ratios their denominators should be same.
a c a / b ad
4. The ratio of two integers can be expressed as ratio, i.e., : :  or ad : bc , etc.
b d c / d bc
a c e ace
5. The ratios can be multiplied to combine, i.e., . . .....  ....
b d f bdf
Proportion :
a c
If two ratios a:b and c:d are equal then the numbers a,b,c,d are said to be proportional. If  then a:b=c:d or
b d
a:b:: c:d .
1. a and d are known as exterior and b and c are interio quantities.
2. Product of exteriors = Product of interiors
3. If a:b = c:d then b:a = d:c 4. If a:c = b:d then a:c = b:d
a b cd a b cd
5. If a:b = c:d then  6. If a:b = c:d then 
b d b d
a b cd
7. If a:b = c:d then
a b cd
Cross multiplication :
Two equations in three variables are as follows:
a1x  b1 y  c1z  0 ...........(i)
a 2 x  b2 y  c2 z  0 ...........(ii)
x y z
then by cross multiplication,   ..................(iii)
b 1 c 2  b 2 c1 c1 a 2  c 2 a 1 a 1 b 2  a 2 b1
b1 c1 a1 b1
b2
c2 a2 b2

Intevals
Intervals are the subsets of R and are used to express the solutions of inequation or the domain of functions. If
a and b are two real numbers such that a<b then following four intervals can be defined-
Intervals Symbols
(i) Open Interval : (a, b)  {x : a  x  b} ( ) or ][
(ii) Closed Interval : [a, b]  {x : a  x  b} []
(iii) Open-Closed Interval : (a, b]  {x : a  x  b} ( ] or ] ]
(iv) Closed-Open Interval : [a, b)  {x : a  x  b} [ ) or [ [
Infinite intervals may be as follows :
(i) (a,  )  {x : x  a} (ii) [a,  )  {x : x  a}
(iii) (, b)  {x : x  b} (iv) ( , b]  {x : x  b} (v) (  ,  ]  {x : x  R}
Note : (i) For some values of x we can use the brackets {}. For example, If x = 1,2 then x  {1, 2}
(ii) If there is no value of x then we write x   (null set)
Various Types of functions
(I) Polynomial fucutions
If a function f is defined as f (x)  a 0 x n  a1 x n 1  a 2 x n  2  ...  a n 1 x  a n where n is a non-negative integers
and a 0 , a1 ,.........., a n are real and a 0  0 then f is known as a polynomial function of degree n.
Note : If two polynomial functions are such that f (x), f (1/ x)  f (x)  f (1 / x), then f (x)  1  x n
(II) Constant function
Function f : A  B is a constant function if the image of every element of A is a constant in set B. Therefore,
f : A  B;f (x)  c, x  A, c  B is constant function.
(III) Identity function
The function f : A  A, f (x)  xx  A is an identity function in A and is denoted by I A .
(IV) Algebraic Fuctions
y is an algebraic function of x if it satisfies the equation
P0 (x)y n  P1 (x)y n 1  .......  Pn 1 (x)y  Pn (x)  0 where n is a positive polynomial and P0 (x), P1 (x)..... are
the polynomials in x. For example, y  x is an algebraic function as it satisfies the relation y 2  x 2  0 .
Note : (i) All polynomial functions are algebraic but vice-versa is not true.
(ii) The functions which are not algebraic are nown as non-algebraic.
(V) Rational Fuction
g(x)
A function of the form y  f (x)  , is known as rational function where g(x) and h(x) are polynomial
h(x)
functions and h(x)  0 .
(VI) Irrational Fuction
Functions that include sum, difference, product and division operations of fractional powers of x are known as
irrational numbers.
x 3  x1/3
For example, y 
2x  x
(a) Equation f (x)  g(x) is equivalent to the system f (x)  g 2 (x) and g(x)  0 .
(b) Inequation f (x)  g(x) is equivalent to the system f (x)  g 2 (x) and f (x)  0 and g(x)  0
(c) Inequation f (x)  g(x) is equivalent to the system g(x)  0 and f (x)  0 and g(x)  0 and f (x)  g 2 (x)

(VII) Exponential Function
Functions f (x)  a x  e x ln a (a  0, a  1, x  R) is known as exponential function and their graph can be of
the following form :
(VIII) Logarithmic Function

f (x)  log a x is known as logarithmic function where a  0 and a  1 and x  0 . Their graphs can be as follows:
Case-1 : a>1
(IX) Absolute Value Function/ Modulus Fuction

x if x0
f (x)  x is known as modulus function and is defined as y  x   x  if x0
Properties of Modulus Function :

If a, b  R then
(i) a 0 (ii) a  a (iii) a  a, a  a (iv) ab  a b
a a
(v)  (vi) ab  a  b (vii) a  b  a  b
b b
(X) Signum Function
Function f(x) = sgn (x) is known as signum function and defined as follows :
1 , x  0  x
f (x)  sgn(x)  0 ,x  0   x ; x0
. Its graph is as follows
1 , x  0 0; x0
 f (x)
 ; f (x)  0
Note: sgn f (x)   f (x)
0; f (x)  0

(XI) Greatest Integer Functions or Step Up Function
Function y  f (x)  [x] is known as greatest integer function, where [x] is less than or equal to x.
For  1  x  0; [x]  1; For 0  x  1; [x]  0

For Example, For 1  x  2; [x]  1; For 2  x  3; [x]  2; and so on
Properties of greatest integer function :

(a) x  1  [x]  x (b) [x  m]  [x]  m if and only if m is an integer..
0 ; if x  I
(c) [x]  [y]  [x  y]  [x]  [y]  1 (d) [x]  [ x]   1 otherwise

(XII) Fractional Part Function
This function is defined as y = {x} = x - [x]
e.g. The fractional part of 7.6 is 0.6 and that of -6.8 is 0.2. This function is periodic with period 1 and its graph is
as follows
Properties of fractional part function :
(a) {x  m}  {x} iff m is an integer.. (b) {x}  { x}  1,0, if x  I

otherwise
Graphs of Trigonometric functions :
(a) y  sin x x  R; y  [ 1,1] :
(b) y  cos x x  R; y  [ 1,1] :
(c) y  tan x x  R  (2n  1)   , n  I; y  R :
(d) y  cot x x  R  n, n  I; y  R :

(e) y  cos ec x x  R  n, n  I; y  ( , 1]  [1, )
(f) y  s ec x x  R  (2n  1)    n  I; y  ( , 1]  [1,  )
Trigonmetric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles :

(a) sin(A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(b) cos(A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
(c) sin 2 A  sin 2 B  cos 2 B  cos 2 A  sin(A  B).sin(A  B)

(d) cos 2 A  sin 2 B  cos 2 B  sin 2 A  cos(A  B).cos(A  B)
tan A  tan B
(e) tan(A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
cot A cot B  1
(f) cot(A  B) 
cot B  cot A
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C
(g) tan(A  B  C) 
1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A
Facorisation of the Sum or Difference of Two Sines or Cosines :
CD CD CD CD
(a) sin C  sin D  2sin cos (b) sin C  sin D  2 cos sin
2 2 2 2
CD CD CD CD
(c) cos C  cos D  2 cos cos (d) cos C  cos D  2sin sin
2 2 2 2
Transformation of Products Into Sum or Difference of Sines or Cosines :
(a) 2 sin A cos B  sin(A  B)  sin(A  B) (b) 2 cos A sin B  sin(A  B)  sin(A  B)
(c) 2 cos A cos B  cos(A  B)  cos(A  B) (d) 2sin A sin B  cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)
Multiple and sub-multiple Angles :

 
(a) sin 2A  2sin A cos A;sin    sin cos ,
2 2
2 2 2 2 2  
(b) cos 2A  cos A  sin A  2 cos A  1  1  2sin A; 2 cos  1  cos  2sin 2  1  cos 
2 2
2 tan A 2 tan A
(c) tan 2A  2
; tan  
1 – tan A 1  tan 2 2

2 tan A 1  tan 2 A
(d) sin 2A  , cos 2A  (e) sin 3A  3sin A  4 sin 3 A
1  tan 2 A 1  tan 2 A
3 tan A  tan 3 A
(f) cos 3A  4 cos A  3cos A (g) tan 3A 
3
1  3 tan 2 A
Important Trigonometric Ratios :
(a) sin n  0 ; cos n  1n ; tan n  0, nI
 3 1 5
(b) sin15o or sin   cos 75o or cos ;
12 2 2 12
 3 1 5
cos15o or cos   sin 75o or sin ;
12 2 2 12
3 1 3 1
tan15o   2  3  cot 75o ; tan 75o   2  3  cot15o
3 1 3 1
 5 1  5 1
(c) sin or sin18o  and cos36o or cos 
10 4 5 4
Conditional Identities :
If A  B  C   then
(i) sin 2A  sin 2B  sin 2C  4sin A sin Bsin C
A B C
(ii) sin A  sin B  sin C  4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
(iii) cos 2A  cos 2B  cos 2C  1  4cos A cos Bcos C
A B C
(iv) cos A  cos B  cos C  1  4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
(v) tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C
A B B C C A
(v) tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(vi) cot  cot  cot  cot .cot .cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
(vii) cot A cot B  cot Bcot C  cot Ccot A  1
(viii) cot A cot B  cot Bcot C  cot Ccot A  1

(ix) A  B  C  then tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A  1
2
Range of Trigonometric Expression :
E  a sin   b cos 
b a
E  a 2  b2 sin(  ), where tan    a 2  b 2 cos(), where tan  
a b
Hence, for some real  we have  a 2  b 2  E  a 2  b 2

Sine and Cosine Series :
n
sin
sin   sin(  )  sin(  )  ......  sin   n  1  2 sin    n  1  
  


2 

sin
2
n
sin
cos   cos(  )  cos(  )  ......  cos   n  1  2 cos    n  1  

 
 2 
 
sin
2
Trigonometric Equations :
Principle Solution :
The solution of any trigonometric equation which lies in the interval [0, 2] is known as its general solution.
1
For Example, The solution of the equation sin x  is as follows :
2
Solution :
1  5
 sin x  Hence there exists two values x in [0, 2] i.e., and
2 6 6
General Solution :
An expression in n that satisfies the given equation is known as the general solution. Some general solutions
are as follows :
n   
(i) If sin   sin     n  1  where     , ,n I
 2 2 
(ii) If cos   cos     2n   where   [0, ], n  I.
  
(iii) If tan   tan     n   where     , ,n I
 2 2
(iv) sin 2   sin 2     n   
(v) cos 2   cos 2     n  
(vi) tan 2   tan 2     n  
Trigonometric Inequalities :
Inequality Set of solution (n  z)
sin x  a( a  1) x  (sin 1  2n,   sin 1 a  2n)

sin x  a( a  1) x  (  sin 1 a  2n,sin 1 a  2n)
cos x  a( a  1) x  ( cos 1 a  2n, cos 1 a  2n)
cos x  a( a  1) x  (tan 1 a  n,   2  n)
  
tan x  a x     n, tan 1 a  n 
 2 

PART - I : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Solutions of | 4x + 3 | + | 3x – 4 | = 12 are :
7 3 5 2 11 13 3 7
(A) x =  , (B) x =  , (C) x   , (D) x   ,
3 7 2 5 7 7 7 5
2. The minimum value of f(x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 | + | x – 3 | is equal to :

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
3. If | x2 – 2x – 8 | + | x2 + X – 2 | = 3 | x + 2 |, then the set of all real values of x is :

(A) [1, 4]  {– 2} (B) [1, 4] (C) [– 2, 1]  [4, ) (D) (– , – 2]  [1, 4]
4. The equation || x – 1 | + a | = 4 can have real solutions for x if 'a' belongs to the interval :
(A) (– , 4] (B) (0, 4) (C) (4, + ) (D) [4, 14]
5. The set of real value(s) of p for which the equation I 2x + 3 I + I 2x - 3 I = px + 6 has more than two
solutions is :
(A) [0, 4) (B) (– 4, 4) (C) R – {4, – 4, 0} (D) {0}
6. The complete set of real 'x' satisfying || x – 1 | – 1 |  1 is :

(A) [0, 2] (B) [– 1, 3] (C) [– 1, 1] (D) [1, 3]
| x2|| x|
7. The solution set of the inequality  0 is :
4  x3
(A) [ 1, 3 4) (B) [1, 3 4) (C) [ 1, 3 2) (D) [0, 3 4)
2
8. Number of real solution(s) of the equation | x  3 |3 x 10x  3
 1 is :
(A) exactly four (B) exactly three (C) exactly two (D) exactly one
9. The set of all real numbers x for which x2 – | x + 2 | + x > 0 is :

(A) ( ,  2)  (2, ) (B) ( ,  2)  ( 2,  )
(C) ( , 1)  (1,  ) (D) ( 2,  )
10. Complete set of values of x satisfying the inequality x  3  x 2  4x  5 is :

(A) (– , 5]  [1, ) (B) (– 5, 3] (C) [3, 5) (D) (– 5, 3)
(x  8)(2  x)
11. The set of values x satisfying simultaneously the inequalities  0 and
 10 
log0.3  (log2 5  1) 
2x–3 – 31 > 0 of is :  7 
(A) a unit set (B) an empty set
(C) an infinite set (D) a set consisting of exactly two elements.

1
12*. If  log0.1 x  2 , then :
2
1 1 1
(A) maximum value of x is (B) x lies between and
10 100 10
1 1
(C) minimum value of x is (D) minimum value of x is
10 100
13. The value of [e] – [– ] is, where [.] denotes greatest integer function :
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
14. The number of solutions of the equation 2{x}2 – 5 {x} + 2 = 0 is (where {.} denotes the fractional part
function) :
(A) no solution (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
1 n  151
15. Let f(n)     , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then the value of  f(n) is :
 2 100  n 1
(A) 101 (B) 102 (C) 104 (D) 103
16. Number of solutions of the equation [2x] – 3 {2x} = 1 (where [ . ] and { . } denotes greatest integer and
fractional part function respectively)
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
17. If [x + [2x]] < 3, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then x is :
 3
(A) [0, 1) (B)  .  (C) (1, ) (D) (– , 1)
 2
18. The number of integral values of a for which the equation cos 2x + a sin x = 2a – 7 possesses a solution
is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
19. Total number of solutions of [sin x] + cos x = 0, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, for
x  [0, 100] is :
(A) 100 (B) 50 (C) 25 (D) 0
20. The solution of inequality cos 2x  cos x is :

    2 2 
(A) x  2n  ,2n   (B) x   2n  ,2n 
 3 3   3 3 
 2   2 
(C) x  2n, 2n  (D) x  2n  ,2n
 3   3 
21*. Solution set of inequality sin3 x cos x > cos3 x sin x, where x  (0, ), is
   3      3 
(A)  ,  (B)  ,   (C)  0,  (D)  , 
4 2  4   4 2 4 
22. The solution of inequality 4tanx – 3.2tanx + 2  0 is :

   
(A) x  n,n   ;n  I (B) x  n,n  ;n  I
 4   4 
 2   
(C) x  2n, 2n  ; n  I (D) x  n, n   ; n  I
 3   6

 x 2  5x  6
23. The set of all values of x for which  0 is (where {.} denotes the fractional part function)
1  2{x}
 5 5   5 5 
(A) 2,   {3} (B) (2, 3) (C)  ,3  (D) 2,    ,3 
 2 2   2 2 
24. The set of all values of  for which x2 – 9 + | x + sin  | < 0 has a solution, is :
  5    
(A)  2n  ,2n  ,n  I (B)  2n  , 2n   ,n  I
 6 6   6 6 
(C) (– , ) (D) [ – 1, 1]
  3 
25. The number of roots of the equation cot x   x in  ,  is :
2  2
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) infinite
26*. Let f(x) = cos ( [2] x) + cos ( [– 2] x) where [ . ] is the greatest integer function, then :
 
(A) f    1 (B) f() = 1 (C) f (– ) = 0 (D) f    2
2 4
27. Graph of y = f(x) is given below :
1
then graph of y = is best represented by
f(x)
(A) (B)
(C) (D)

28. If graph of y = f(x) where f(x) is differentiable in (– 3, 1), is as shown in the following figure :
and g(x) = ln(f(x)), then the graph of y = g(–|x|) is :
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
 1  1
29. If the solution set of [x]   x     x    8 is [a, b), then (a + b) equals (where [ ] denotes greatest integer
 2   3 
function) :
19 20
(A) (B) (C) 6 (D) 7
3 3
30. If x  0 and y  0, then the area bounded by the graph of [x] + [y] = 2 is (where [ . ] denotes greatest integer
function) :
(A) 4 sq. unit (B) 1 sq. unit (C) 2 sq. unit (D) 3 sq. unit
PART - II : MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
Comprehension # 1
Let f() = 2 sin2 + 4 cos () sin  sin  + cos 2()

General solution of cos x = 0 is x  (2n  1) , n  I
2
General solution of sin x = 0 is x = n, n  I
 
1. The value of f  ,  is :
3 4
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
 
2. The general solution of f  ,    0 is
3 
 
(A)   (2n  1) , n  I (B)   (2n  1) , n  I
2 4

(C)   (2n  1), n  I (D)   (2n  1) , n  I
3
  1
3. If f  ,   , then
 6 2
n
(A)   n, n  I (B)   , nI (C)   2n, n  I (D)  is any real number
2
Comprehension # 2
Let P(x) be quadratic polynomial with real coefficients such that for all real x the relation
2 1 P( x ) = P(x – 1) + P(x + 1) holds. If P(0) = 8 and P(2) = 32 then
4. Sum of all the coefficients of P(x) is

(A) 20 (B) 19 (C) 17 (D) 15
5. If the range of P(x) is [m, ) then the value of 'm' is

(A) – 12 (B) – 15 (C) – 17 (D) – 5
6. The value of P(40) is

(A) 2007 (B) 2008 (C) 2009 (D) 2010
Match The Column :
7. If y = f(x) has following graph, then match the column.
(a) y = |f(x)| (p)
(b) y = f(|x|) (p)
(c) y = f(– |x|) (p)
(d) y = | f ( |x| ) | (p)

1. Solve the following linear equations
(i) |x|2 – |x| + 4 = 2 x2 – 3|x| + 1 (ii) ||x – 1| – 2| = |x – 3|
2. Solve the simultaneous equations |x + 2| + y = 5, x – |y| = 1
3. Solve the following inequalities :

3x | x  3 | x
(i) 1 (ii) 1
x2  4 x2
(iii) |x2 + 3x| + x2 – 2 > 0 (iv) |x + 3| > |2x – 1|
4. Solve the following equations :

(i) 2x  4  x  5  1 (ii) x  x  1 x  1
5. Solve the following equations :
1  21  4x  x 2
(i) x  1 | x |  0 (ii) 0
x 1
6. Solve the following equations (where [ . ] and { . } denotes greatest integer and fractional part function respectively):
(i) 4[x] = x + {x} (ii) |2x – 1| = 3 [x] + 2{x}
7. Solve the equation 2x + 3 [x] – 4 {– x} = 4 for x (where [x] and {x} denote integral and fractional part of x)
8. For all  [0, /2], show that cos(sin ) > sin (cos ).
9. Solve the following inequalities :

(i) sin 3x < sin x (ii) tan2 x  (1  3)tan x  3  0
10. Solve the following trigonometric inequalities :

(i) 5  2 sin x  6 sin x  1 (ii) (logsinx 2)2 < logsinx (4 sin3 x)
11. Draw the graph of the followings :
| sin x |  
(i) y  (ii) y = log1/2 (1 – x) (iii) y  tan  2x  
sin x  3
(iv) y = [x2 – 2x], 0 < x < 2 (where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function)
x 3  4x
(v) y  (vi) y = x4 – 2x2 + 5
4
12. If y = x3 – 3x + 2, then draw the graph of the followings :
(i) y = |x3 – 3x + 2| (ii) y = |x|3 – 3|x| + 2 (iii) y = – |x|3 + 3|x| + 2 (iv) |y| = x3 – 3x + 2
13. Draw the graph of followings :

(i) y = – |x + 2| (ii) y = ||x – 1| – 2| (iii) y = |x + 2| + |x – 3| (iv) |y| + x = – 1
14. Draw the graphs of the following curves :

1 y | x 2  1|
(i) y   | 2x  1| (ii) | x | 1  1 (iii) | y – 3 | = | x – 1 | (iv) y  ln x
nx
(x 2  1)

PART - I : IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
* Marked Questions are having more than one correct option.
1 1
1. If sin   , cos   (both  &  are acute angles) then ( + ) lies in the interval : [IIT-JEE _ 2004]
2 3
    , 2   2 , 5   5 , 
(A)  ,  (B) (C) (D)
3 2  2 3   3 6   6 
2. The number of pairs (, ), where ,   [–, ] and satisfy the equations cos( – ) = 1 and
cos ( + ) = 1/e is : [IIT-JEE _ 2005]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
3. If t1 = (tan )tan , t2 = (tan )cot , t3 = (cot )tan  and t4 = (cot )cot , where   (0, /4), then :
[IIT-JEE _ 2006]
(A) t4 < t2 < t1 < t3 (B) t4 < t1 < t3 < t2 (C) t4 < t3 < t2 < t1 (D) t2 < t1 < t3 < t4
4. If 0 <  < 2, then the intervals of values of  for which 2 sin2 – 5 sin + 2 > 0, is [IIT-JEE _ 2006]
    5    5       5   41 
(A)  0,    , 2  (B)  ,  (C)  0,    ,  (D)  , 
 6   6  8 8   6 6 6   48 
5. The number of solutions of the pair of the equations [IIT-JEE _ 2007]

2sin2 – cos 2 = 0 ......(1)
and 2cos2 – 3cos  = 0 ......(1)
in the interval [0, 2] is :
(A) Zero (B) One (C) Two (D) Four
sin 4 x cos 4 x 1
6.* If   , then : [IIT-JEE _ 2009]
2 3 5
2 2 sin 8 x cos 8 x 1
(A) tan x  (B)  
3 8 27 125
1 sin 8 x cos 8 x 2
(C) tan 2 x  (D)  
3 8 27 125
6 (m  1) m 
  
7.* For 0 <  < /2, the solution(s) of  cos ec     cos ec    4   4 2 is/are : [IIT-JEE _ 2009]
m 1  4   
   5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 6 12 12
   n
8. The number of values of  in the interval   ,  such that   for n = 0, ±1, ±2 and tan  = cot 5 as well
 2 2 5
as sin 2 = cos 4  is [IIT-JEE _ 2010]

1
9. The maximum value of the expression is [IIT-JEE _ 2010]
sin   3 sin  cos   5 cos 2 
2
10. Let (x0 , y0) be the solution of the following equations [IIT-JEE _ 2010]
(2x)ln 2  (3y)ln3
3ln x  2ln y
Then x0 is
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 6
6 3 2
11. Let    [0, 2] be such that
2   
2 cos  (1 – sin) = sin   tan  cot  cos   1
 2 2
3
tan (2 – ) > 0 and – 1 sin  < – Then  cannot satisfy
2
  4 4 3 3
(A) 0    (B)  (C)  (D)    2
2 2 3 3 2 2
 
1 1 1 1
12. The value of 6  log3  4 4 4 ......  is [IIT-JEE _ 2012]
2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 
 
PART - II : AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

4 xy
1. sec2  = is true if and only if [AIEEE 2002]
( x  y )2
(1) x – y  0 (2) x = –y (3) x = y (4) x  0, y  0
1  tan 2 15
2. The value of is [AIEEE 2002]
1  tan 2 15
3
(1) 1 (2) 3 (3) (4) 2
2
4
3. If tan  = – , then sin  is [AIEEE 2002]
3
4 4 4 4 4 4
(1) – but not (2) – or (3) but not – (4) none of these
5 5 5 5 5 5
1
4. If sin ( + ) = 1, sin ( – ) = then tan( + 2) tan(2 + ) = [AIEEE 2002]
2
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 0 (4) none of these
5. If y = sin2  + cosec2 , then [AIEEE 2002]

(1) y = 0 (2) y  2 (3) y  –2 (4) y  2

6. The equation a sin x + b cos x = c, where |c| > a 2  b 2 has [AIEEE 2002]
(1) a unique solution (2) infinite number of solutions
(3) no solution (4) none of the above

7. If  is a root of 25 cos2  + 5 cos  – 12 = 0, <  < , then sin 2 = [AIEEE 2002]
2
24 24 13 13
(1) (2) – (3) (4) –
25 25 18 18
2
8. The number of real roots of 3 2 x  7x  7 = 9 is [AIEEE 2002]
(1) 0 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 4
9. The number of the real solutions of the equation x2 – 3|x| + 2 = 0 is [AIEEE 2003]
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 1 (4) 3
21 27
10. Let ,  be such that  <  –  < 3. If sin  + sin  = and cos  + cos  = , then the value of cos
65 65
 
  is [AIEEE 2004]
 2 
3 3 6 6
(1)  (2) (3) (4) –
130 130 65 65
11. The number of values of x in the interval [0, 3] satisfying the equation 2 sin2 x + 5 sin x – 3 = 0 is
(1) 6 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 4 [AIEEE 2006]
1
12. If 0 < x <  and cos x + sin x = then tan x is [AIEEE 2006]
2
4 7 4 7 1 7 1 7
(1) (2) – (3) (4)
3 3 4 4
13. If p and q are positive real numbers such that p2 + q2 = 1, then the maximum value of (p + q) is
1 1
(1) 2 (2) (3) (4) 2 [AIEEE 2007]
2 2
4 5 
14. Let cos( + ) = and let sin( – ) = , where 0  ,   . Then tan 2 = [AIEEE 2010]
5 13 4
56 19 20 25
(1) (2) (3) (4)
33 12 7 16

Exercise # 1
PART - I
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (B) 7. (A)

8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (A) 11. (A) 12*. (ABD) 13. (B) 14. (D)
15. (C) 16. (C) 17. (D) 18. (D) 19. (D) 20. (B) 21*. (AB)
22. (A) 23. (A) 24. (C) 25. (A) 26*. (AC) 27. (A) 28. (D)
29. (A) 30. (D)
PART - I
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (B)
7. (A)  (r), (B)  (p), (C)  (q), (D)  (s),
Exercise # 2
PART - I
1. (i) x = – 3, 3 (ii) x  [1, ) 2. x = 2, y = 1
3. (i) x  (– , – 4]  [– 1, 1]  [4, ) (ii) x  (– 5, – 2)  (– 1, )
 2  1   2 
(iii) x        ,   (iv) x    ,4 
 3  2   3 
4. (i) {20} (ii) {16/25}
5. (i) [ 1,( 5  1) / 2)
(ii) [ 2  2 6, 1)  [ 2  2 6,3]
1 3 
6. (i) { 0 } (ii)   7.  
4 2
9. (i) ( (8n – 1)/4, 2n)  ( (8n + 1)/4,  (8n + 3)/4)  ( + 2n,  (8n + 5)/4), (n  Z)
(ii) ( (4n + 1)/4,  (3n + 1)/3, (n  Z)
10. (i) [ (12n – 7)/6,  (12n + 1)/6] (n  Z)
(ii) 2k < x < (/6) + 2k, (5/6) + 2k < x < (2k + 1), k  Z
11. (i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v) (vi)

12.
13. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
14. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Exercies # 3
PART - I
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (C) 6.* (AB) 7.* (CD)

8. 3 9. 2 10. (C) 11. (ACD) 12. 4
PART - II
1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (1) 5. (4) 6. (3) 7. (2)

8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (1) 11. (4) 12. (2) 13. (4) 14. (1)


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BASIC

Name : ____________________________ Contact No. __________________

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Q C . For example, 2,1  3, e,  etc

Negative Part Positive Part

Real Line or Number Line

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(VIII) Logarithmic Function

(IX) Absolute Value Function/ Modulus Fuction

Properties of Modulus Function :

(i) a 0 (ii) a  a (iii) a  a, a  a (iv) ab  a b

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For  1  x  0; [x]  1; For 0  x  1; [x]  0

Properties of greatest integer function :

Properties of fractional part function :

(a) {x  m}  {x} iff m is an integer.. (b) {x}  { x}  1,0, if x  I

(a) y  sin x x  R; y  [ 1,1] :

(b) y  cos x x  R; y  [ 1,1] :

(c) y  tan x x  R  (2n  1)   , n  I; y  R :

(d) y  cot x x  R  n, n  I; y  R :

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(f) y  s ec x x  R  (2n  1)    n  I; y  ( , 1]  [1,  )

Trigonmetric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles :

(c) sin 2 A  sin 2 B  cos 2 B  cos 2 A  sin(A  B).sin(A  B)

Multiple and sub-multiple Angles :

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sin x  a( a  1) x  (sin 1  2n,   sin 1 a  2n)

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2. The minimum value of f(x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 | + | x – 3 | is equal to :

3. If | x2 – 2x – 8 | + | x2 + X – 2 | = 3 | x + 2 |, then the set of all real values of x is :

6. The complete set of real 'x' satisfying || x – 1 | – 1 |  1 is :

(A) [ 1, 3 4) (B) [1, 3 4) (C) [ 1, 3 2) (D) [0, 3 4)

9. The set of all real numbers x for which x2 – | x + 2 | + x > 0 is :

(C) ( , 1)  (1,  ) (D) ( 2,  )

10. Complete set of values of x satisfying the inequality x  3  x 2  4x  5 is :

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(A) 101 (B) 102 (C) 104 (D) 103

20. The solution of inequality cos 2x  cos x is :

22. The solution of inequality 4tanx – 3.2tanx + 2  0 is :

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27. Graph of y = f(x) is given below :

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and g(x) = ln(f(x)), then the graph of y = g(–|x|) is :

PART - II : MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS

4. Sum of all the coefficients of P(x) is

5. If the range of P(x) is [m, ) then the value of 'm' is

6. The value of P(40) is

Match The Column :

7. If y = f(x) has following graph, then match the column.

(a) y = |f(x)| (p)

(b) y = f(|x|) (p)

(c) y = f(– |x|) (p)

(d) y = | f ( |x| ) | (p)

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2. Solve the simultaneous equations |x + 2| + y = 5, x – |y| = 1

3. Solve the following inequalities :

4. Solve the following equations :

5. Solve the following equations :

9. Solve the following inequalities :

10. Solve the following trigonometric inequalities :

11. Draw the graph of the followings :

13. Draw the graph of followings :

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