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DC Circuits: Fundamental
Principles
N = 2n2
Where:
N = total number of electrons on a given orbit
n = is the orbit number
ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION
OF MATERIALS
• Electrical Conductors – these are materials that
allow the essentially free passage of current when
connected to a battery or other source of electrical
energy.
• Electrical Insulators – these are materials that
posses low conductivity or offer a relatively high
resistance to the flow of electric current. They are also
called as dielectrics.
• Electric Semiconductors – these are materials that
have conductivity about midway between good
conductors and good insulators.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES
• Electric Charge (Q) – it is the property of some bodies which causes them to
exert forces on each other. Two bodies with positive or negative charges repel
each other, while opposite or unlike charges attract each other. A body is said
to be charged if it has either excess or deficit of electrons from normal due
share. Its unit is the Coulomb (C) named after Charles Augustin de Coulomb
(1763 – 1806).
• Electric Current (I) – it is the motion or transfer of charges from one region of
a conductor to another. Its unit is the Ampere (A) named after André Marie
Ampère (1775 – 1836).
i = dQ/dt
Where: t = time which the current flows through a material
𝐋 𝑽 𝐋𝟐
𝐑=𝛒 𝐑=𝛒 𝟐 𝐑=𝛒 𝐕= 𝐀×𝐋
𝐀 𝑨 𝐕
Where:
d = diameter of the conductor in mils
Where:
R2 = resistance at temperature t2, Ω
R1 = resistance at temperature t1, Ω
t1 = initial temperature, °C
t2 = final temperature, °C
T = inferred zero resistance, °C
= temperature when resistance of a certain
material is zero
α = temperature coefficient of resistance, /°C
= increase in resistance per ohm per °C rise
in temperature
α0 = temperature coefficient of resistance at 0°C
Sample Problems
1. A copper conductor has its specific resistance of 1.6 x 10-6 ohm-cm at 0°C
and a resistance temperature coefficient of 1/254.5 per °C at 20°C. Find (a)
the specific resistance and (b) the resistance temperature coefficient at
60°C.
2. Two coils connected in series have resistances of 600 Ω and 300 Ω with
temperature coefficient of 0.1% and 0.4% respectively at 20°C. Find the
resistance of the combination at a temperature of 50°C. What is the
effective temperature coefficient of the combination?
3. Two materials A and B have resistance temperature coefficients of 0.004
and 0.0004 respectively at a given temperature. In what proportion must A
and B be joined in series to produce a circuit having a temperature
coefficient of 0.001?
4. A coil has a resistance of 18 Ω when its mean temperature is 20°C and of
20 Ω when its mean temperature is 50°C. Find its mean temperature rise
when its resistance is 21 Ω and the surrounding temperature is 15°C.
5. A semi-circular ring of copper has an inner radius of 6 cm, radial thickness 3
cm and an axial thickness 4 cm. Find the resistance of the ring at 50°C
between its two end-faces. Assume specific resistance of Cu at 20°C =
1.724 x 10-6 ohm-cm and resistance-temperature coefficient of Cu at 0°C =
0.0043/°C.
CONDUCTANCE
• Conductance (G) – it is the measure of the
ease with which electric current will flow through
a material. It is the reciprocal of resistance. Its
unit is Siemens (S) named after two German
engineers, Werner and William Siemens (19th
century).
𝟏 𝛔𝐀
𝐆= 𝐆=
𝐑 𝐋
• Classification of Resistors:
1. Fixed resistance type
2. Variable resistance type
• Types of resistors:
1. Carbon composition resistors
2. Wire-wound resistors
3. Metal film resistors
4. Carbon film resistors
5. Cermet film resistor