Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 16

Module 1

DC Circuits: Fundamental
Principles

Engr. Gerard Ang


School of EECE
ELECTRICITY

Electricity – it is a property of matter that


results from the presence or movement of
electric charge. According to modern theory,
matter is electrical in nature.
STRUCTURE OF MATTER
• Matter – it is anything that occupies space and has
mass.
• Atom – it is the smallest particle of an element that
is capable of independent existence.
• Molecule – it is the smallest particle of matter (an
element or a compound) that is capable of free
existence.
• Element – it is a substance that cannot be
decomposed any further by chemical action.
• Compound – it is a combination of two or more
elements.
• Mixture – it is a material composed of two or more
substances, each of which retains its own
characteristic properties.
THE ATOM
Basic Data About the Atom
• Proton – it is a positively charged particle.
• Electron – it is negatively charged particle.
• Neutron - is a particle with neutral charge (no charge).
– Atomic Number – it represents the number of protons or
electrons of an atom.
– Atomic Mass – it represents the sum of protons and electrons of
an atom.
– Ion – it is an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or
negative charge resulting from unequal number of positively
charged protons and negatively charged electrons.
– Shell – it is an energy level or region about the nucleus of an
atom in which electrons move. The atom has 5 shells, namely,
the K-shell (first orbit), the L-shell (second orbit), the M-shell
(third orbit), the N-shell (fourth orbit) and the O-shell (fifth orbit)
– Valence electrons – is the electrons found in the outermost
shell (valence shell) or orbit of an atom.
THE ATOM (cont…)

Particle Charge Mass

1.602 x 10-21 C, 1.672 x 10-27


Proton
positive kg

1.602 x 10-21 C, 9.107 x 10-31


Electron
negative kg

No charge, 1.672 x 10-27 The number of electrons in any orbit is given


Neutron
neutral kg
by:

N = 2n2
Where:
N = total number of electrons on a given orbit
n = is the orbit number
ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION
OF MATERIALS
• Electrical Conductors – these are materials that
allow the essentially free passage of current when
connected to a battery or other source of electrical
energy.
• Electrical Insulators – these are materials that
posses low conductivity or offer a relatively high
resistance to the flow of electric current. They are also
called as dielectrics.
• Electric Semiconductors – these are materials that
have conductivity about midway between good
conductors and good insulators.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES
• Electric Charge (Q) – it is the property of some bodies which causes them to
exert forces on each other. Two bodies with positive or negative charges repel
each other, while opposite or unlike charges attract each other. A body is said
to be charged if it has either excess or deficit of electrons from normal due
share. Its unit is the Coulomb (C) named after Charles Augustin de Coulomb
(1763 – 1806).

• Electric Current (I) – it is the motion or transfer of charges from one region of
a conductor to another. Its unit is the Ampere (A) named after André Marie
Ampère (1775 – 1836).
i = dQ/dt
Where: t = time which the current flows through a material

• Electric Voltage (V or E) – it is the work done in moving a unit charge (+1 C)


through an element from one terminal to the other. It is also called as electric
potential or electromotive force (emf). Its unit is the Volt (V) named in honor of
the Italian Physicist Alessandro Guissepe Antonio Anastacio Volta (1745 –
1827), the inventor of the voltaic battery.

• Electric Potential Difference – it is the difference in the electric potentials of


two charged bodies. Its unit is the volt.
SOURCES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
The following are the methods by which electric
current can be produced:
• Electric current by electromagnetic action
• Electric current by chemical action
• Electric current by pressure
• Electric current by light
• Electric current by heat
RESISTANCE
Electric Resistance (R) – it is the property of a material that limits the amount of
flow of current and converts electric energy to heat energy. Its unit is the Ohm (Ω)
named in honor of the German Physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1787 – 1854).

Factors affecting resistance:


1. Nature of the material
2. Length of the material
3. Cross-sectional area of the material
4. Temperature

𝐋 𝑽 𝐋𝟐
𝐑=𝛒 𝐑=𝛒 𝟐 𝐑=𝛒 𝐕= 𝐀×𝐋
𝐀 𝑨 𝐕

Where: R = resistance of the material


A = cross-sectional area of the material
ρ = resistivity or specific resistance of the material
L = length of the material
V = volume of the material

Resistivity – it is the resistance offered to a current if passed between the opposite


faces of a unit cube of the material. It is measured in ohm-m.
Sample Problems
1. A coil consists of 2000 turns of copper wire having a cross-sectional area
of 0.8 mm2. The mean length per turn is 80 cm. and the resistivity of
copper is 0.02 μΩ-m. Find the resistance of the coil and power absorbed
by the coil when connected across 110 V dc supply.
2. An aluminum wire 7.5 m long is connected in a parallel with a copper wire
6 m long. When a current of 5 A is passed through the combination, it is
found that the current in the aluminum wire is 3 A. The diameter of the
aluminum wire is 1 mm. Determine the diameter of the copper wire.
Resistivity of copper is 0.017 μΩ-m; that of the aluminum is 0.028 μΩ-m.
3. Calculate the resistance of 1 km long cable composed of 19 strands of
similar copper conductors, each strand being 1/32 mm in diameter. Allow
5% increase in length for the “lay” (twist) of each strand in completed
cable. Resistivity of copper may be taken as 1.72 x 10-8 -m.
4. A lead wire and an iron wire are connected in parallel. Their respective
specific resistances are in the ratio 49:24. The former carries 80 percent
more current than the latter and the latter is 47 percent longer than the
former. Determine the ratio of the cross-sectional areas.
5. A piece of silver wire has a resistance of 1 Ω. What will be the resistance
of manganin wire of one-third the length and one-third the diameter, if the
specific resistance of manganin is 30 times that of silver.
CIRCULAR MILS AND SQUARE MILS
Circular mil (CM) – it is the area of a
circle whose diameter is one mil.

1,000 mil = 1 inch


𝐂𝐌 = 𝐝𝟐
1 MCM = 1,000 CM

Where:
d = diameter of the conductor in mils

Square mil – it is the area of a square


whose side is one mil.
𝛑
𝟏 𝐂𝐌 = 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐬
𝟒
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE IN
RESISTANCE
The effect of variations of temperature
on the resistance of all materials is 𝐑𝟏 𝐓 + 𝐭𝟏
generally are as follows: 𝐑 𝟐 = 𝐑 𝟏 [𝟏 + 𝛂𝟏 𝐭 𝟐 − 𝐭 𝟏 ] =
• Resistance of most of the metallic
𝐑𝟐 𝐓 + 𝐭𝟐
conductors usually increases with rise
in temperature.
• Resistance of non-conductors or 𝟏 𝟏
𝛂𝟏 = 𝐓 =
insulator usually decreases with rise in 𝐓 + 𝐭𝟏 𝛂𝟎
temperature.

Where:
R2 = resistance at temperature t2, Ω
R1 = resistance at temperature t1, Ω
t1 = initial temperature, °C
t2 = final temperature, °C
T = inferred zero resistance, °C
= temperature when resistance of a certain
material is zero
α = temperature coefficient of resistance, /°C
= increase in resistance per ohm per °C rise
in temperature
α0 = temperature coefficient of resistance at 0°C
Sample Problems
1. A copper conductor has its specific resistance of 1.6 x 10-6 ohm-cm at 0°C
and a resistance temperature coefficient of 1/254.5 per °C at 20°C. Find (a)
the specific resistance and (b) the resistance temperature coefficient at
60°C.
2. Two coils connected in series have resistances of 600 Ω and 300 Ω with
temperature coefficient of 0.1% and 0.4% respectively at 20°C. Find the
resistance of the combination at a temperature of 50°C. What is the
effective temperature coefficient of the combination?
3. Two materials A and B have resistance temperature coefficients of 0.004
and 0.0004 respectively at a given temperature. In what proportion must A
and B be joined in series to produce a circuit having a temperature
coefficient of 0.001?
4. A coil has a resistance of 18 Ω when its mean temperature is 20°C and of
20 Ω when its mean temperature is 50°C. Find its mean temperature rise
when its resistance is 21 Ω and the surrounding temperature is 15°C.
5. A semi-circular ring of copper has an inner radius of 6 cm, radial thickness 3
cm and an axial thickness 4 cm. Find the resistance of the ring at 50°C
between its two end-faces. Assume specific resistance of Cu at 20°C =
1.724 x 10-6 ohm-cm and resistance-temperature coefficient of Cu at 0°C =
0.0043/°C.
CONDUCTANCE
• Conductance (G) – it is the measure of the
ease with which electric current will flow through
a material. It is the reciprocal of resistance. Its
unit is Siemens (S) named after two German
engineers, Werner and William Siemens (19th
century).
𝟏 𝛔𝐀
𝐆= 𝐆=
𝐑 𝐋

Where: σ = conductivity of the material


RESISTORS
Schematic Symbols
• Resistor – it is any device, which exhibits solely the property of
resistance. A resistor can either be linear or non-linear. for Various Resistors

• Classification of Resistors:
1. Fixed resistance type
2. Variable resistance type

• Types of resistors:
1. Carbon composition resistors
2. Wire-wound resistors
3. Metal film resistors
4. Carbon film resistors
5. Cermet film resistor

• Power Rating or Wattage Rating – it is the maximum power


the resistor can dissipate without being damaged without
overheating. Typical power rating of resistors are 1/8, ¼, ½, 1,
2 and 5 watts.
1. The larger the physical size of a resistor, higher is the
power rating.
2. Higher wattage resistors can operate at higher
temperatures
3. Wire-wound resistors are physical larger with wattage rating
than carbon resistors.
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
Resistor color-coding is used due to the
Color 1st Digit 2nd digit Multiplier Tolerance
small physical size of the resistor to determine
the resistance and tolerance value of a Black - 0 100 -
carbon resistor. Usually, these resistors are Brown 1 1 101 ±1%
provided with four-color bands, which are Red 2 2 102 ±2%
printed at the insulated body of the resistor.
Orange 3 3 103 -
Yellow 4 4 104 -
Green 5 5 105 -
Blue 6 6 106 -
Violet 7 7 107 -
Gray 8 8 108 -
White 9 9 109 -
Gold - - 10-1 ±5%

Tolerance Value – it is the amount, in Silver - - 10-2 ±10%


percent, by which the actual (measured) No color - - ±20%
resistance value can deviate from the color-
coded resistance value.

Вам также может понравиться