Segment Routing

GTER 42 – São Paulo

Alvaro Retana (aretana@cisco.com)
Distinguished Engineer

GTER 42
Agenda
•  Technology Overview

•  Use Cases

•  Control and Data Plane

•  Conclusions

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Segment Routing
•  Source Routing
•  the source chooses a path and encodes it in the packet header as an
ordered list of segments
•  the rest of the network executes the encoded instructions without any further
per-flow state
•  Segment: an identifier for any type of instruction
•  forwarding or service

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IGP Prefix Segment
•  Shortest-path to the IGP prefix
•  Global
12
• 16000 + Index
10
2 4
•  Signaled by ISIS/OSPF
1
7
13 16005

3 6 5

11
14
DC (BGP-SR) WAN (IGP-SR) PEER
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IGP Adjacency Segment
•  Forward on the IGP adjacency
•  Local
12 124
•  1XY
10
•  X is the “from” 2 4
•  Y is the “to”
1
7
•  Signaled by ISIS/OSPF 13

3 6 5

11
14
DC (BGP-SR) WAN (IGP-SR) PEER
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BGP Prefix Segment
•  Shortest-path to the BGP prefix
•  Global 16001
12
• 16000 + Index
10
2 4
•  Signaled by BGP
1
7
13

3 6 5

11
14
DC (BGP-SR) WAN (IGP-SR) PEER
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BGP Peering Segment
•  Forward to the BGP
peer
•  Local 12 147 Low Lat,
10 Low BW
•  1XY 2 4
•  X is the “from”
1
•  Y is the “to” 7
13
•  Signaled by BGP-LS
3 6 5
(topology information) High Lat, High BW

to the controller 11
14
DC (BGP-SR) WAN (IGP-SR) PEER
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WAN Controller
BGP-LS
•  WAE collects via BGP-LS BGP-LS
•  IGP segments
BGP-LS
•  BGP segments
•  Topology 12
10
2 4
Low Lat, Low BW

1
7
13

3 6 5

11
14
DC (BGP-SR) WAN (IGP-SR) PEER
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An end-to-end path as a list of segments
PCEP, Netconf,
BGP

•  WAE computes that

the green path can be
encoded as
• 16001 12
{16001,
16002 16002, 10
•
124, 2 50
4
Low Lat, Low BW

• 124 147}
1
• 147 7
13
•  WAE programs a
single per-flow state 3 6 5
to create an
11
application-
engineered end-to- 14
Default ISIS cost metric: 10
end policy DC (BGP-SR) WAN (IGP-SR) PEER
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 Segment Routing Standardization
•  IETF standardization in SPRING
•  working group
•  Protocol extensions progressing in
Sample IETF Documents
Segment Routing Architecture
(draft-ietf-spring-segment-routing)
Problem Statement and Requirements
(draft-ietf-spring-problem-statement)
IPv6 SPRING Use Cases
(draft-ietf-spring-ipv6-use-cases)

multiple groups Segment Routing Use Cases

(draft-filsfils-spring-segment-routing-use-cases)
•  IS-IS Topology Independent Fast Reroute using Segment Routing
(draft-francois-spring-segment-routing-ti-lfa)
•  OSPF
IS-IS Extensions for Segment Routing
•  PCE (draft-ietf-isis-segment-routing-extensions)

•  IDR OSPF Extensions for Segment Routing

(draft-ietf-ospf-segment-routing-extensions)
•  6MAN PCEP Extensions for Segment Routing
(draft-ietf-pce-segment-routing)
•  Broad vendor and customer support
•  Close to© 2016
30Cisco
IETF drafts in progress
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Use Cases

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 16007
IPv4/6 VPN/Service transport vpn
pkt
•  IGP only
2 3 vpn
•  No LDP, no RSVP-TE
pkt
•  ECMP
1 4 7
pkt
pkt
6 5
Site1 Site2
16007
vpn
pkt

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Seamless interworking with LDP 16007
vpn
•  Seamless deployment pkt LDP(7)

vpn
2 3 vpn
pkt
pkt

1 4 7
pkt
pkt
6 5
Site1 Site2
16007
vpn
pkt

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Topology-Independent LFA (TI-LFA FRR)
•  50msec FRR in any topology
7
•  IGP Automated
2 3
•  No LDP, no RSVP-TE 16007
•  Optimum pkt
1 4
•  Post-convergence path

•  No midpoint backup state 16007

6 5
•  Detailed operator report pkt
•  S. Litkowski, B. Decraene, Orange
16005
•  Mate Design 16007
•  How many backup segments
pkt
•  Capacity analysis
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Automated Traffic Matrix Collection
1 2 3 4

•  Traffic Matrix is fundamental for 2

•  capacity planning 3

•  centralized traffic engineering 4

•  IP/Optical optimization
2
•  Most operators do not have an
accurate traffic matrix
•  With SR, the traffic matrix 1 3
collection is automated

4
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Optimized Content Delivery
7
AS7
•  On a per-content, per-user basis,
the content delivery application
can engineer 16003 5 6
•  the path within the AS 16002 AS5 AS6
•  the selected border router 126
•  the selected peer pkt
1 2
•  Also applicable for engineering
egress traffic from DC to peer
•  BGP Prefix and Peering Segments
4 3
AS1
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Application Engineered Routing
Low-Latency to 7
for application A12
PeerSID: 147, Low Lat, Low BW

•  Per-application PeerSID: 147, High Lat, High BW

flow engineering Low-Lat to 4

BSID: 200

•  End-to-End
12
•  DC, WAN, AGG, PEER
10 ISIS: 35
Push
2 4
Low Lat, Low BW

•  Millions of flows {16001,

200, 147}
•  No signaling 1
200: pop
and push
7
•  No midpoint state 13 {16002,
16004}
•  No reclassification at
boundaries 3 6 5

11
Default ISIS cost metric: 10
14 Default Latency metric: 10
DC (or AGG) WAN PEER
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A Closer look to Control and
Data Plane

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MPLS Control and Forwarding Operation with Segment
Routing
Services
BGP / LDP
No changes to
IPv4 IPv6
PE1 PE2 IPv4 IPv6 VPN VPN VPWS VPLS control or
forwarding plane

Packet
Transport LDP RSVP Static BGP IS-IS OSPF IGP label
distribution for IPv4
PE1 IGP PE2
and IPv6, same
MPLS Forwarding
forwarding plane

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SID Encoding
•  Prefix SID
•  SID encoded as an index SR-enabled Node
•  Index represents an offset from SRGB base
•  Index globally unique
•  SRGB may vary across LSRs
•  SRGB (base and range) advertised with
router capabilities SRGB = [ 16000 - 23999 ]. Advertised as base = 16,000, range = 7,999
Prefix SID = 16041. Advertised as Prefix SID Index = 41
•  Adjacency SID Adjacency SID = 24000. Advertised as Adjacency SID = 24000

•  SID encoded as absolute (i.e. not indexed)

value
•  Locally significant
•  Automatically allocated for each adjacency

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MPLS Data Plane Operation (Prefix SID)
SRGB [16,000 – 23,999 ] SRGB [16,000 – 23,999 ] SRGB [26,000 – 23,999 ] SRGB [16,000 – 23,999 ]
A B C D Loopback X.X.X.X
Prefix SID Index = 41

Push Swap Pop Pop

Push

16041 26041

VPN Label VPN Label VPN Label

Payload Payload Payload Payload Payload

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MPLS Data Plane Operation (Adjacency SIDs)
MPLS Label Range MPLS Label Range MPLS Label Range MPLS Label Range
[ 24000– 265535 ] [ 24000– 265535 ] [ 24000– 265535 ] [ 24000– 265535 ]
A B C D
Adjacency Adjacency Adjacency
SID = 24010 SID = 24000 SID = 24000
Push Pop Pop Pop
Push
Push 24000
24000 24000
24000
VPN Label VPN
VPNLabel
Label VPN
VPNLabel
Label

Payload Payload Payload Payload Payload

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MPLS LFIB with Segment Routing
PE PE

•  LFIB populated by IGP (ISIS / PE PE

OSPF)
PE PE
P

•  Forwarding table remains PE PE

constant (Nodes + Adjacencies)

regardless of number of paths In Out Out
Label Label Interface

•  Other protocols (LDP, RSVP, Network

L1
L2
L1
L2
Intf1
Intf1
Node
BGP) can still program LFIB Segment Ids … … …
Forwarding
table remains
L8 L8 Intf4 constant
L9 L9 Intf2
Node L10 Pop Intf2
Adjacency … … …
Segment Ids
Ln Pop Intf5
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Conclusion

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Conclusion
•  Simple routing extensions to implement source routing
•  Packet path determined by prepended segment identifiers (one or
more)
•  Data plane agnostic (MPLS, IPv6)
•  Network scalability and agility by reducing network state and
simplifying control plane
•  Traffic protection with 100% coverage with more optimal routing

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