Chapter Ten

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1. Who did Europeans get “Arabic” numerals and the concept of zero from? Arab traders

2. Why couldn’t Abelard marry Heloise?

Abelard fell in love with Heloise, who was about 18 years old. Abelard wanted to marry Heloise,
when she got pregnant. Heloise didn’t want to marry him, because a married man couldn’t be a
teacher, and she did not want Abelard to stop being a teacher. But in the end they married
secretly, and they only told uncle Fulbert about it. But he told everybody about the marriage.

3. Where was the earliest university to receive legal recognition located?

Circa 1000 (1158 Charter Granted) University of Bologna Holy Roman Empire
Bologna, Italy

4. What was the language of instruction in medieval universities? Latin

5. What degrees were awarded by universities in the middle Ages? Arts, law

Degrees in divinity (Bachelor of Divinity (BD), Doctor of Divinity (DD)), law (Bachelor of Civil Law
(BCL), Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) at Oxford, Bachelor of Laws (LLB), Doctor of Laws (LLD) at
Cambridge),(14) and medicine(15) (Bachelor of Medicine (BM), Doctor of Medicine (DM) at
Oxford, Bachelor of Medicine (MB), Doctor of Medicine (MD) at Cambridge) were awarded.
Music, as a subject in which degrees could be awarded, was post-medieval. (16)

6. What ancient Greek scholar’s work became available in Europe during the 13 th century?
Aristotle

7. What is Thomas Aquinas known for?

He was an immensely influential philosopher, theologian, and jurist in the tradition of

scholasticism, within which he is also known as the Doctor Angelicus and the Doctor Communis.

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1. Where did Cistercians establish their houses? Cîteaux (Latin: Cistercium)

2. How did the Franciscans differ from previous religious orders? The Franciscans, formally
known as the Order of Friars Minor, can be identified by the abbreviation for this formal name
of the order after their own name: O.F.M. Franciscans are not monks and they do not live in
monasteries. They are friars and live in friaries, because their order is not monastic, but
Mendicant, like the Dominicans. The Franciscans were founded in the 13th Century as
reformers, radical in their practice of poverty and vocal opponents of corruption in the Church.
They lived only on what people would provide for their daily needs.

3. What were the Dominicans primarily trained to do? The Dominicans were friars, receiving
rigorous theological training in order to preach and answer objections against the Christian
faith. They were to be poor and to travel on foot.

4. What was the primary theme of troubadours? Courtly love

5. What did the Waldensians believe? Calvinism

It’s a complex and controversial subject. The consensus today among scholars is that the
medieval Waldensians were not much like Protestants in their theology. We have accounts
(though their accuracy is sometimes questioned) of confrontations between Waldensians and
Protestants in the sixteenth century. In particular, the Waldenses do not seem to have had
anything remotely corresponding to the Protestant doctrine of justification by faith alone. They
seem to have privileged the practical parts of the New Testament (the Pastoral Epistles, James,
etc.), rather than the doctrinal texts (Romans, John, etc.) that the Protestants loved. They also
valued celibacy. It appears that the early Waldenses didn’t differ much from Catholic doctrine–
after their desire to preach and teach was rejected (for largely non-doctrinal reasons) by the
Catholic Church, some of them submitted and those who continued their activities became
increasingly critical of the authority and sacramental system of the Church.

I do not recall that the Waldensians engaged in practices that were considered “Judaizing,” but I
could be wrong. Furthermore, in the sixteenth century the Waldenses became Protestants
(after, as I noted, some disagreement and resistance). The Calvinists sent in pastors who
indoctrinated the Waldenses in the new doctrines and turned them into proper Protestants. For
the past 450 years or so they have basically been Presbyterians.

6. What did the Cathars believe? GNOSTICISM

7. Who was Hildegard of Bingen? Hildegard of Bingen OSB, also known as Saint Hildegard and
Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess, writer, philosopher, Christian mystic,
visionary, polymath and most notably the first female hymnodist.

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1. What are the main characteristics of Romanesque architecture? Romanesque architecture is

characterized by round arches and vaults and by the substitution of piers for columns.
2. What are the main characteristics of Gothic architecture? The pointed arch.

The ribbed vault.

The flying buttress.

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1. Where did juries become part of the justice system? Medieval Germany, Anglo-Saxon
England, ancient Greece

2. What happened to Thomas Becket? Murdered

3. Who hatched plots against Henry II? The Revolt of 1173–74 was a rebellion against King
Henry II of England by three of his sons, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, and their rebel supporters

4. What rulers went on the Third Crusade? Outrage over these defeats inspired the Third
Crusade, led by rulers such as the aging Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (who was drowned at
Anatolia before his entire army reached Syria), King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of
England (known as Richard the Lionheart).

5. Who had to sign Magna Carta? The Magna Carta was signed in June 1215 between the
barons of Medieval England and King John. 'Magna Carta' is Latin and means “Great Charter”.
The Magna Carta was one of the most important documents of Medieval England.

6. What was the Magna Carta? A charter of liberties to which the English barons forced King
John to give his assent in June 1215 at Runnymede. 2: a document constituting a fundamental
guarantee of rights and privileges.

7. What groups were at England’s first Parliament in 1264? In June 1264 de Montfort
summoned a parliament of Knights and Lords from across the kingdom in a bid to consolidate
his control

8. How did Edward I raise money? A functional system for raising taxes

In 1275 Edward issues the Statute of Jewry that persecuted the Jewish population of England
and imposed severe taxation on them. Proving both lucrative and popular, Edward extended this
policy further. In 1290 the Jews were expelled from England – minus their money and property.
The money raised from this dark practice was used to fund his ambition to be overlord of the
Scotland and Wales.

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1. How did Philip Augustus get control of southern France? After Frederick Barbarossa drowned
in 1190, Germany fell into civil war, which also helped Philip get more power. In 1212, he sent
an army into the south of France on the Albigensian Crusade, killing tens of thousands of
Cathars. With control over the south of France, the French kings became much, much richer.
Money flowed from the south to the north, paying for the great cathedrals.

2. What did French nobles try to do in the early years of the reign of Louis IX? As an adult, Louis
IX faced recurring conflicts with some of the most powerful nobles, such as Hugh X of Lusignan
and Peter of Dreux. Simultaneously, Henry III of England tried to restore his continental
possessions, but was defeated at the battle of Taillebourg. His reign saw the annexation of
several provinces, notably Normandy, Maine and Provence.

3. Who declared that Louis IX of France was a saint? Pope Boniface VIII.

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1. What geographic area did Frederick I “Barbarossa” try to add to his kingdom? Sicilian dynasty
Prussia Austria

2. Why did Frederick II let German barons do as they wished? They shared a strong aversion
from the Germans, they shared the desire to strengthen Frederick in his hereditary possessions,
and to confine him strictly to them

3. Who was one of Frederick II’s biggest opponents? Meanwhile, in Germany, Otto of Brunswick
(Otto IV) and Philip of Swabia were elected rival kings.