Solar

Best Performance,
Most Experience
Solar Mirrors for CSP and CPV

LEADING GLASS TECHNOLOGY

 Solar
Pioneer of Highly Efficient
Solar Mirrors for CSP and CPV
2 4
40 Years of Experience in Solar Power
From the very beginning, FLABEG was the
international market leader in the field of
glass refinement technology, and made
an important contribution to the break-
through of CSP. Our company has been
involved in the development of solar mir-
rors since the 1970s, and supplied the first
CSP applications. The first nine CSP plants,
which are still in commercial operation,
were built between 1984 and 1991 in Cali-
fornia’s Mojave Desert – and are equipped
with FLABEG mirrors.
Today, FLABEG is the international market
leader for solar mirrors and has a list of
references extending over a 30 year period.
Since 1983, we have supplied nearly 7 million
solar mirrors for CSP plants throughout the
world. Virtually all of these mirrors are still
in use today, and they are still achieving
their consistently high performance. The
perfect mix of bending radii, coating struc-
ture and reflective properties, which assure
a particularly high level of plant yield and
the good durability characteristics of the
mirrors at the same time, make this possible.
It results from decades of field-tested expe-
rience – and from our pioneer spirit, which
continues to drive us to develop ground-
breaking innovations.
Leading in Glass Technology since 1882
Established in 1882, our history dates back Our close attention to detail extends to
to the very beginning of glass finishing.
Today, FLABEG is the international market
our choice of source material. In our solar
mirror manufacturing processes, only
leader in the field of glass refinement tech- extremely white glass is used. The whiter
nology. We are available for our customers the glass, the higher the energy values.
around the world, with production facilities With the best materials, the latest coating
in Asia, Europe, and the USA, as well as a technology and the highest precision of
dense network of outlets. bending, FLABEG solar mirrors achieve an
optimum in energy reflection and collector
Bending and coating are our key competen- interception.
cies, not only in the field of solar mirrors, but
also in automotive mirrors and technical
glass. Brands such as Audi, BMW, Ford,
Mercedes-Benz, GM, Renault, Nissan, Toyota,
VW and Volvo trust in our know-how and in
our high standards of production quality.
 Best Performance, Most Experience

6 Reasons Why Customers Choose

Proven Quality
Consistently High Plant Yield
Long Term Field Durability
FLABEG Solar Mirrors
Proven Quality
For 40 years, FLABEG has been in the
market with consistently high quality.
Extremely white glass is exclusively
used in our production processes.
FLABEG mirrors verifiably achieve the
highest degree of effectiveness because
of the best materials and state-of-the-art
bending and coating technologies.
Best Investment Security
With FLABEG, your investments are se-
cured for many years. As a private equity-
owned company we pursue a company
strategy oriented toward long term market
success. In the past, this ensured enormous
growth for the company and therefore
FLABEG is trusted by banks.

Best Investment Security Sustained Competitiveness

Sustained Competitiveness
Reliable Partnership
Consistently
High Plant Yield FLABEG is and remains a pioneer, and as-
sures its own competitiveness and that of
its customers by its continual innovations.
The yield of a concentrated solar power
The most recent examples of our R&D po-
plant is highly dependent on the reflectiv-
tential are specific coatings that make our
ity and precision of the mirrors. With a
mirrors suitable for use in extraordinary
solar weighted direct reflectance of > 94.4
surroundings or duraGLARE, an anti-soiling
percent and a focus deviation of < 7 mm,
coating which increases the reflectivity of
FLABEG RP3 solar mirrors achieve the high-
a solar field by 1-2 percent.
est levels, which can easily generate higher
system yield compared to competitors’
products. Reliable Partnership
FLABEG has representatives around the
Long Term Field Durability world, and works closely with customers
with tailor-made support and engineering
Since the 1980s, extremely robust FLABEG
expertise. Our engineering team is headed
mirrors have been installed in virtually all
by engineers with long term experience
commercially operated power plants, and
in the solar power plant business, and is
are still in daily operation today, without
supported by strong partners, such as the
any decline in performance. With a total
German Aerospace Center and the
of nearly 7 million installed mirrors to this
Fraunhofer Society.
day, the average breakage rate is only
about 0.025 percent.

6 7
 High Performance Products
for Optimum Plant Yield
Parabolic Mirrors
• A verage solar weighted direct
reflectance > 94.4% (4 mm)
FLABEG provides solar mirrors for parabolic trough systems, power tower • Focus deviation (FDx) < 7 mm (RP3)
systems, Linear Fresnel and Dish Stirling systems. Each solar mirror is • Slope deviation (SDx) ≤ 2 mrad
• Intercept factor: > 99.9% for reflected laser
custom developed and produced. Mirrors for CPV applications and solar
on absorber tube
engineering round off our range of products. As a medium-sized company,
Flat Mirrors
we have the necessary flexibility to promptly tap into new application
possibilities for and with our customers and partners, and to come up • Max. dimensions: 2 m x 2.25 m
• Thickness: 0.7 mm – 5 mm
with products to suit very specialized requirements.
• Solar reflectivity > 95.5%
(depending on thickness)

Mirrors for
Parabolic Trough
The efficiency of a solar panel depends on the
solar reflection of the mirror layer and the
precision of bending. To achieve this high level of
efficiency at operating temperatures, the reflector
must reflect the incident solar rays efficiently, with
geometric precision and resistance to any wind
loads that arise. As the leading supplier in the mar-
ket, FLABEG is able to guarantee this even in mass
production, based on quality controls.
Mirrors for
Dishes
Dish Stirling systems are made up of concave
mirror systems with diameters of three to
25 meters. Individual thin glass mirrors are
perfect for assembling large dishes. FLABEG cuts
the mirrors into any shape. Per request, FLABEG
will also produce dishes measuring more than
1.30 m in diameter from a single piece of glass.
This is possible thanks to our bending technique.
© Ciemat
Mirrors for
Towers and Linear Fresnel
Solar power technology is frequently found in
desert-like areas with high climatic require-
ments. FLABEG flat mirrors are distinguished by
their tried-and-tested durability. They are also
corrosion-resistant and resistant to desert sand.
Performing ultimate precision and available in
different dimensions and thicknesses, FLABEG
flat mirrors also meet the demands of Fresnel
mirror collectors.
Mirrors for
Concentrated Photovoltaic
Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) promises to
provide cost-effective power generation at high
levels of efficiency. In comparison with the most
frequently used plastic Fresnel lenses FLABEG
solar mirrors have a higher optical efficiency. Its
higher reflectivity (up to 95% versus 92% optical
transmission in Fresnel lenses), lower light losses,
a wider acceptance angle (> 1°), no chromatic
aberration and a lower path length result in a
maximum utilization of the concentrated rays.

8 9
 Proven Quality

The high precision

quality of our para-
bolic trough mirrors is
constantly measured
by the QDec optical
measurement system
which was developed at
DLR (German Aerospace
Center) and specifi-
cally optimized for the
measurement of shape
deviations of concen-
trating solar mirrors.

For 40 years, FLABEG has been in the market with consistently high quality. The optical
characteristics of our mirrors are checked regularly according to the latest, independent
testing methods. Our quality and environmental management systems are certified
according to DIN EN ISO 9001:2008 (international standard for a quality management
system focused on the processes to enhance customer satisfaction), ISO/TS 16949:2009
(international standard for a quality management system for automotive supplier) and
DIN EN ISO 14001:2004 (international standard for an environmental management system).

Traceability

Each reflector carries a unique data matrix code and serial number en-
graved into the glass. Alternatively, a label can be placed on the back side
Proven Quality
of the mirror.

10 11
 30 Years of Field Durability

Since the 1980s, extremely robust FLABEG mirrors have been

installed in virtually all commercially operated power plants,
and are still in daily operation today without any decline in
performance. This has been demonstrated in independent tests
as well as in actual use since 1983.

For instance, FLABEG solar mirrors have been in the SEGS solar
plants in the USA since 1983. Recent measurements taken by the
DLR (German Aerospace Center) and the NREL (National Renew-
able Energy Laboratory) at the SEGS plants revealed that the solar
reflectivity of FLABEG mirrors after 30 years of use still meets the
specifications. Also, the abrasion resistance of the coating system,
after 30 years in the desert landscape still meets the specifications.
Concerning the material, the adhesion force of the ceramic pads
exceeds the requirements after all this time.

12 13
 Solar Mirror Production Processes

When it comes to glass finishing, FLABEG is the most technologically advanced company
in the business. We possess fully automated solar production capabilities in Europe, Asia
and the USA, with a huge global production capacity.

Grinding flat glass Bending Silvering/Coating Cleaning Bonding Packaging Finished

solar mirror

Tempered Glass Annealed Glass

Precise Bending, the Key to Maximum Efficiency Bonding

Our ceramic mounting pads are made of a special ceramic material developed in-house
The key parameters for the yield of a CSP plant are the bending properties of the mirrors.
for this very purpose. The material’s properties – extremely high mechanical strength, low
FLABEG is the international expert in bending technology, and produces only in
porosity, and resistance to moisture and corrosion – have an incredibly positive effect.
production plants developed and built in-house. Our precisely curved parabolic mirrors
For adhesive, we use non-hardening, two-component silicone that has been optimized for
guarantee the best performance and the highest value.
bonding glass and ceramics. This ensures that the solar field can operate smoothly, with
little maintenance required – without the ceramic mounting pads becoming detached
even in the extreme temperature fluctuations of a desert climate.

Coating – Long Lasting, Weather Resistant, Corrosion-free

The glass properties can be re-defined and tailored to specific applications by selecting
Packaging
particular coating materials and adjusting coat thicknesses. A coating conveyor is used to
Our proprietary, tried-and-tested packing boxes guarantee safe transport to the solar field
apply the silver as a functional coat with high reflection, in a wet chemical process.
and allow you to perform a quick and complete inspection of the delivery on site. Inciden-
The subsequent copper-plating to form a protective coat for the silver is also done on the
tally, FLABEG offers a choice between disposable and reusable packaging.
coating conveyor. Three other coats are poured on top: base coat, finishing coat and desert
sand-resistant protective coat. As a result, the mirrors are long-lasting, weather resistant
and corrosion-free. This has been proven by actual products which have performed in the
field for 30 years.

14 15
 Consistently High Plant Yield

The yield of a CSP plant is highly dependent
on the reflectivity and the bending proper-
ties of the mirrors. With a level of > 94.4
percent and a focus deviation of < 7 mm,
FLABEG solar mirrors achieve the best
results.
Each percent of energy reflection accounts
for approx. 21 million Euros* over a period
of 30 years. The basis for assessing the
bending properties of a solar mirror is the
focus deviation (FDx). This measures the FLABEG mirrors made of annealed glass can be bent glass. More than seven million Euros of additional
frequency distribution of the real focus more precisely and thus achieve a better degree of plant yield is achieved over the period of 25 years.
deviation in transversal (x) direction of the effectiveness than solar mirrors made of tempered This result is based on the following calculation:
reflected beam from the ideal focal line of
the collector parabola. Consequently, the
Yield and Cost Summary for a 50 MW Plant with 23,000 Tubes and 200,000 Mirrors
lower the FDx value, the higher the plant
yield. According to the calculations of the Annealed Tempered
DLR each millimeter of decreased scat-
Additional yield due to better precision
tering loss amounts to an additional plant + 7,875,000 €1) 0
collector interception (FDx)
yield of 11.25 million Euros1) over a period
of 25 years. Mirror replacements - 650,000 € - 42,500 €
Tube replacements - 65,000 € 0

TOTAL + 7,160,000 € - 42,500 €

Additional revenue after 25 years operating annealed mirrors vs tempered is 7,117,500 €

Assumptions
FLABEG focus deviation < 7 mm Mirror breakage rate (average): Annealed 0.025%2); Tempered 0.01%3)
FLABEG Solar weighted direct reflectance > 94.4% Tube breakage rate caused by broken mirrors (average): Annealed 0.025%2; Tempered 0%3)
Precision/focus deviation: Annealed ≤ 8 mm4; Tempered < 8.7 mm3)

1)
Mean values according to calculations by the German Aerospace Center, reference values: plant capacity 50 MW, period of observation
25 years, nominal glass thickness 4 mm
2)
Average values according to KJC/Harper Lake, period of oberservation 10 years, nominal glass thickness 4 mm
3)
Values according to sales documentation of tempered solar mirrors manufacturer
4)
Current average focus deviation of FLABEG parabolic solar mirrors

Influence of Mirror Quality on Plant Performance and Revenues

106% 6
104% Annual Electricty 4
102% Production 2
Annual Income
100% 0
50 MW Spain
98% -2

Energy Production
0.45 M€ Annual

M€ Income
96% -4
94% per mm of FDx -6
92% -8
90% -10
88% -12
86% -14
84% -16
82% -18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Focus Deviation FDx in mm

*Mean values according to calculations by the German Aerospace Center, reference values: plant capacity 50 MW, period of observation 30 years, nominal glass thickness 4 mm

16 17
 Track Record

SPAIN USA
Project Mirror Type Quantity/pcs Area (m²) MW Delivery Period Project Mirror Type Quantity/pcs Area (m²) MW Delivery Period
PS 10 RP 3 14,995 40,037 10 2006 SEGS I RP 1 42,600 93,902 15 1983
Andasol I RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2006 SEGS II RP 2 97,388 214,670 30 1984
Andasol II RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2007 SEGS III RP 2 119,948 256,490 30 1985
Puertollano RP 3 43,400 115,878 50 2007 SEGS IV RP 2 119,948 256,490 30 1986
Extresol I RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2007 SEGS V RP 3 128,585 278,762 30 1987
Extresol II RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2008 SEGS VI RP 3 105,085 228,511 30 1988
La Risca RP 2 165,426 441,687 50 2008 SEGS VII RP 3 90,749 216,419 30 1989
ASTE I RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2008 SEGS VIII RP 3 241,844 645,482 80 1989
ASTE II RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2009 SEGS IX RP 3 212,100 566,095 80 1990
Valle 1 RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2009 Nevada Solar One RP 2 185,100 395,744 64 2005
Valle 2 RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2010 Genesis RP 3 620,000 1,655,400 250 2011
Manchasol I RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2010 Tower in Lancester, CA Flat 32,542 36,968 5 2008
Manchasol II RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2010 Dish Stirling Flat 46,740 5,080 1 2008
Palma del Rio 1 RP 2 183,220 403,084 50 2010 Crescent Dunes Flat 365,802 1,209,341 125 2012
Termosolar I RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2011
Termosolar II RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2011
Extresol III RP 3 215,000 574,050 50 2011
INDIA
TS Guzman RP 3 130,572 348,627 50 2011 Project Mirror Type Quantity/pcs Area (m²) MW Delivery Period
La Africana RP 3 228,500 610,095 50 2011 Godawari RP 3 161,280 430,618 50 2012
Villena RP 3 142,114 379,444 50 2012 Gujarat Solar One RP 3 107,520 287,078 25 2012
Casablanca RP 3 213,700 570,579 50 2012 India One Flat 70,000 70,000 1 2012

ABU DHABI

7
Project Mirror Type Quantity/pcs Area (m²) MW Delivery Period
WORLD

2
Shams 1 RP 3 260,400 695,268 100 2010

>
AUSTRALIA GW Mio. Mirrors
Project Mirror Type Quantity/pcs Area (m²) MW Delivery Period
Dish CPV Flat 14,690 18,039 1.5 2009, 2012

EGYPT
Project Mirror Type Quantity/pcs Area (m²) MW Delivery Period
Kuraymat RP 3 55,502 148,190 25 2009

18 19
 Sustained Competitiveness
duraGLARE - Anti-Soiling Coating

duraGLARE Performance
The new anti-soiling coating reduces the settling of dust on the mirror
surface significantly. This is expected to increase the average reflec-
tivity of the solar field by 1–2%. As each percentage of increased
reflectivity leads to an additional revenue, this innovation improves
on the efficiency potential of solar mirrors.

Performed and Succeeded Tests

•• Reflectivity measurement
•• Outdoor exposure experiences since the beginning of 2011
•• Outdoor aging tests and field tests since the middle of 2011
•• Dust repellent properties according to FLABEG developed
standard test
•• Pendulum hardness test to DIN EN ISO 1522
•• Temperature change test, -40°C / +93°C (5 cycles, 120 h total)
•• Humidity test (360 h total)
Comparison: Mirrors with duraGLARE coating - uncoated mirrors

Soiling Test
FLABEG is and remains a pioneer, and assures its competitiveness and that of its 0

Change of reflectivity in %
customers through continuous innovations. duraGLARE
-10

The most recent example of our R&D potential is the innovative -20

duraGLARE coating that all FLABEG solar mirrors can be or-

New dered with from now on: an anti-soiling coating that reduces the
-30 uncoated

settling of dust on the mirror surface by up to 50%. -40

0 10 20 30 40 50

Days

20 21

FLABEG Solar
Headquarters Nürnberg
FLABEG Holding GmbH
Waldaustraße 13
90441 Nürnberg, Germany
Phone: +49 911 96456 0
Fax: +49 911 96456 453
FLABEG GmbH
Engineering
Im Zollhafen 18
50678 Köln, Germany
Phone: +49 911 96456 121
Fax: +49 911 96456 470
FLABEG GmbH
Glaserstraße 1
93437 Furth im Wald, Germany
Phone: +49 9973 8052 0
Fax: +49 9973 8052 119
Headquaters Nürnberg
Köln
Clinton
Naugatuck
FLABEG Automotive Mirrors
(Shanghai) Co. Ltd.
Heping Industry Zone,
Lvxiang Town
Jinshan District
Shanghai 201518
People’s Republic of China
Phone: +86 21 57 20 79 33
Fax: +86 21 57 20 79 55
Furth im Wald
Shanghai
New Delhi
FLABEG Solar US Corp. FLABEG Solar India Pvt. Ltd.
Clinton Commerce Park D-26, 2nd floor, Gulmohar Park,
2201 Sweeney Drive New Delhi 110049, India
Clinton, PA 15026, USA Phone: +91 11 427 057 71
Phone: +1 724 899 4622 Fax: +91 11 241 108 84
Fax: +1 724 899 4646
FLABEG
Technical Glass US Corp.
Church & Bridge Street
PO Box 71
Naugatuck, CT 06770
Conneticut, USA
Phone: +1 203 729 5227
Fax: +1 203 729 8400
FLABEG Holding GmbH
Waldaustraße 13
90441 Nürnberg, Germany
Phone: +49 911 96456 0
Fax: +49 911 96456 453
info.solar@flabeg.com
www.flabeg.com