Modules 30, 31, 32, and 33 – Problem Set Scoring Guide.

Using your Statistics Alive! text:

1. Repeat the SPSS Connection from pages 379–380 on your computer. Copy and paste the
SPSS output for the chi-square test to a Word document.

SPSS Connection
Download the file data_political party registrations.sav from
www.sagepub.com/steinberg2e. These data are used in the textbook
example.
Alternatively, manually enter the categories frequencies from the political
party example in Module 30 into the SPSS Data View spreadsheet.(See on
page 3 and 4 of this project)Data entry for a chi-square goodness-of-fit
test is not intuitively obvious. In the textbook. The data are set up as four
categories. But for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test in SPSS. The categories
form one variable placed in one column. The observed frequencies are a
second variable placed in another column, and the expected frequencies are
input at the time of analysis, the category designations can be coded as
numeric or string (nominal). However, SPSS will print the categories as if
they had a natural order—which, for a string variable, will be alphabetical. If
that is not the order in which you want your categories to appear, it is best to
code your category values numerically. Then you can create a narrative label
for the numeric codes, using the Label Values function. Thus, set up the data
like this:

Click on the Variable View tab to define the variables. Name the first
variable polparty, set the decimals at 0, and label the variable as Political
Party. Label the values as follows: 1 = Libertarian, 2 = Green, 3 =
Democrat, and 4 = Republican. Name the second variable obsregis, set
the decimals at 0, and label the variable as Observed Registrations.

If the file is not already in Data View, click that tab in the lower left of the
screen.

Data analysis in SPSS for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, like its data entry,
also is not intuitively obvious. SPSS does not ask you to transfer the
observed frequencies variable (the “obsregis”, in our example) into the
analysis window, as it does for most other types of analysis. Instead, prior to
requesting the chi-square analysis, it asks you to “weight” the category
variables (the “polparty”, in our example) by the observed frequencies. On
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the toolbar at the top of the screen, click on Data. Then Weight Cases.
Select the button for Weight cases by. Then highlight the variable
Observed Registrations in the left window and click on the arrow before
the Frequency Variable window to send the variable into that window. This
is the set of frequencies we will test. Click OK.

On the toolbar at the top of the screen, click on Analyze, then

Nonparametric Tests, then Legacy Dialogs, then Chi Square. Highlight
the variable Political Party in the left window, and then click on the arrow
before the Test Variable window to send the variable into that window. This
is the variable we will test. (Recall that the observed frequencies for this
variable were selected in the prior Data-Weight Cases step.)

So far, we have told the system what variable we are testing and also what
the observed frequencies are for that variable. Before doing the analysis, we
must tell the system what the expected frequencies are for that variable.
Note that the expected frequencies are not part of the actual data
spreadsheet. Instead, we manually enter the expected frequencies to which
the observed frequencies will be compared. In the Expected Values box,
SPSS gives us two choices. “All Categories Equal” tests the hypothesis that
we expect equal numbers of registrants across the four political parties. This
is not the case in our study. Values allows us to input hypothesized values.
This is the case in our study. Therefore, click on Values. In the blank box to
the right, enter the expected frequencies of the first category (in this case,
for the Libertarian party). That expected value is 43. Click Add. Repeat the
expected values for the remaining categories: 43 (already entered, so do not
enter this one again), 58, 253, and 414. It is important that the expected
values be entered in the same order as those categories were listed in the
obsregis variable in the Data View spreadsheet, because SPSS will pair the
obsregis data with inputted expected frequencies row-for-row. Now click OK.
This is what you will see.

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HERE IS MODULE 30

3
 Module 30. One-Variable Chi-Square: Goodness of
Fit

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

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(Steinberg 574-575)

Steinberg, Wendy J. Statistics Alive!, 2nd Edition. SAGE Publications, Inc,

07/2010. VitalBook file.

5
2. Complete problem 2 on page 377. Use SPSS for problems 2c and 2d. Copy and paste the
SPSS output to the Word document and enter the other answers.

Problem 2.A dorm has 86 men and 132 women Living in it. The number of
men and women at the college is 753 and 1,063, respectively. The dean of
students wonders if this dorm's sex ratio reflects the sex ratio of the college.

a. State the research hypothesis.

b. What is the df for this study?

c. Complete the following table:

d. Calculate Ξ2.

e. Interpret the result at the .05 error level. Is the research hypothesis
supported?
(Steinberg 377)

3. Complete problem 2 on page 382.

Problem 2.You read a report saying that people who buy antiques online
tend to be more highly educated than people who buy antiques at live
auctions. What are the two variables in this study?

4. Repeat the SPSS Connection from pages 390–392 on your computer. Copy and paste the
SPSS output for the chi-square test to the Word document. Highlight the chi-square value.
Highlight the significance level. Using page 386 as a guide, report the results in APA sixth
edition style (as they would appear in a journal article).(See page 9 of this project for page
386).

SPSS Connection ...this is the info from pages 390-392

Download the file data_gender and gifted program placement.sav from
www.sagepub.com/steinberg2e. These data are used in the textbook
example.

Alternatively, manually enter the categories frequencies from the political

party example in Module 31 into the SPSS Data View spreadsheet. Data
entry for a chi-square test of independence is not intuitively obvious. In the
textbook. The data are set up as four categories. But for a chi-square test of

6
independence in SPSS. The categories of the first variable are placed in one
column. The categories of the second variable are placed in a second
column, and the observed frequencies form a third variable that is placed in
a third column. Unlike the one-variable chi-square goodness-of-fit test. The
expected frequencies for a two-variable chi-square test of independence are
calculated by SPSS from the row and column totals and so do not have to be
input.

The category designations can be coded as numeric or string (nominal).

However, SPSS will print the categories as if they had a natural order—which,
for a string variable, will be alphabetical. If that is not the order in which you
want your categories to appear, it is best to code your category values
numerically. Then you can create a narrative label for the numeric codes,
using the Label Values function. Set up the data like this:

Click on the Variable View tab to define the variables. Name the first
variable progplac, set the Type as String, and label the variable as
Program Placement. Label the values as follows: i = In Program and n =
Not In Program. Name the second variable gender, set the Type as
String, and label the variable as Gender. Label the values as follows: 1 =
Male and 2 = Female. Name the “final” variable obscount, set the
decimals at 0, and label the variable as Observed Count.

If the file is not already in Data View, click that tab in the lower left of the
screen.

Data analysis in SPSS for a chi-square test of independence, like its data
entry, is not intuitively obvious. SPSS does not ask you to transfer the
observed frequencies variable (the “obscount”, in our example) into the
analysis window, as it does for most other types of analysis. Instead, prior to
requesting the chi-square analysis, it asks you “weight” the cells (the
intersection of “progplac” and “gender”, in our example) by the observed
frequencies. On the toolbar at the top of the screen, click on Data. Then
Weight Cases. Select the button Weight cases by. Highlight the variable
Observed Count in the left window and click on the arrow before the
Frequency Variable window to send the variable into that window. This is
the set of frequencies we will test.

The placement of this statistical test also is not intuitively obvious. You might
expect it to be found under nonparametric tests. Then chi-square—just as
the chi-square goodness-of-fit test was. However. That is not the location of
the chi-square test of independence. Instead, it is a statistical option under a
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different analytic procedure. On the toolbar at the top of the screen, click on
Analyze, then Descriptives, then Crosstabs. Highlight the variable
Program Placement in the left window and then click on the arrow before
the Rows window to send the variable into that window. Click on the variable
Gender in the left window and then click on the arrow before the Columns
window to send the variable into that window. Click on the Statistics button
in the upper right and check the box for Chi Square. Click Continue. If you
want to see expected counts as well as observed counts within the cells
(recommended if you hand-calculated chi-square and are checking your
calculations in SPSS), click the Cells button in the upper right and check the
box for Expected. Click Continue and then OK. This is what you will see.

Crosstabs

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…Info from page 386

Table 31.1 A Portion of the Ξ2 Table

Our calculated Ξ2 was 2.19. Assume that we are willing to make a Type 1
error 5% of the time. At α = .05, what is the tabled critical Ξ2? Can we reject
the null hypothesis?

The tabled critical Ξ2 is 3.84. No, we cannot reject the null hypothesis
because the calculated Ξ2 of 2.19 does not meet the tabled critical Ξ2 of 3.84.
The observed difference in the number of boys versus girls selected for the
gifted program is not big enough for us to conclude that there is a significant
relationship between students' gender and selection for the gifted program.

5. Complete problem 2 on page 402.

Problem 2. Exercise 3 in Module 20 (see on next page)examined

whether adding a fragrance to a window cleaner led people to believe that it
cleans better than an unscented product. There were 12 subjects in each
group: scented or unscented. The mean cleaning effectiveness rating for the
group getting the scented cleaner was 7.42. The mean cleaning
effectiveness rating for the group getting the unscented cleaner was 6.00.
The standard deviation for cleaning effectiveness ratings across all subjects
is 1.369. A t test showed that the scented cleaner was rated as a
significantly more effective cleaner (t = 2.84, α < .01).

a. Calculate the effect size for this study, using both Cohen's d and effect
size r.

b. Interpret the result: Was there a practical difference in cleaning

effectiveness between scented and unscented cleaners?

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Module 20.T Test With Independent Samples and Equal
Sample Sizes

6. Complete problem 8 on page 414.

Directions for this set of practice exercises: Use Power Tables 33.1, 33.2, and
33.3 to answer the questions.

Problem 8.You are designing a study to be evaluated with a two-sample

nondirectional independent t test at α = .05. You want .90 power. You expect
Cohen's d to be about .40. How many subjects will you need per group?

Table 33.1 Sample Size Needed per Group to Obtain .

80 or .90 Power, Given Various Cohen's ds or Effect Size
rs, for a Two-Sample Independent t Test With Equal
Sample Sizes and .05 Nondirectional α

SOURCE: Adapted from Cohen (1988).

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Table 33.2 Sample Size Needed per Group to Obtain .
80 or .90 Power, Given Various Effect Size ηs, for an
Independent Sample's One-Way ANOVA With Equal
Sample Sizes and .05 α

SOURCE: Adapted from Cohen (1988).

Table 33.3 Total Sample Size Needed to Obtain .80 or .

90 Power, Given Various Effect Size ηs or Vs, for a Two-
Variable Chi-Square Test of Independence at .05 α and 1
to 5 df

SOURCE: Adapted from Cohen (1988).

Examine the three tables. It is apparent from each table that, as effect
size (left column) increases, necessary sample size (table entries)
decreases. This makes sense because, as you learned in Module 32. The
bigger the actual treatment effect (i.e., The bigger the difference
between the means). The greater the probability of finding that effect.
When the actual difference between means is very large, we will find it
even with a small number of subjects.

It is also apparent from each table that, as desired power (across the
top) increases, necessary sample size (table entries) also increases.
This, too, makes sense. Recall from the discussion earlier in this module
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 that smaller samples contain greater error variance and that error
variance lies in the denominator of the significance test statistic, too
much error variance in the denominator masks the treatment effect in
the numerator. Thus, the more certain we want to be of actually finding
an existing treatment effect. The more subjects we need.

Now, let's try reading one of the tables. Reading down the .80 power
column in Table 33.1, when Cohen's d is .20 or when effect size r is .100,
a study with .80 power requires 393 subjects per group. However, when
Cohen's d is .50 or when effect size r is .243, only 64 subjects per group
are needed. With a Cohen's d of .80 or with effect size r of .371, only 26
subjects per group are needed.

The other way of reading the table is to estimate actual power once a
study is complete. From the same table, if we conduct a study with 26
subjects per group and find Cohen's d to be .80 or find effect size r to be
.371. The power of our study is .80. But if we find Cohen's d to be .50 or
find effect size r to be .243 and have only those same 26 subjects, we
have fallen short of 80% power. Complex formulas and more complete
tables would tell us exactly how short our power fell.

Each of the tables reads similarly. Note that sample size is per group for
the parametric studies (t test, ANOVA), but sample size is total for chi-
square. This is because chi-square has no “groups,” only categories
across variables.

7. Complete problem 14 on page 415.

Problem 14. You are designing a three-group study to be evaluated with

a one-way ANOVA at α = .05. You expect effect size η to be about .29.
How many subjects will you need per group for .80 power?

***For problems that require calculations, please show your work to receive full credit.***

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1. Repeat the SPSS Connection from pages 379–380:

The required SPSS outputs showing results of Chi-square test for goodness of fit are shown
below:

Political Party

Observed N Expected N Residual

Libertarian 33 43.0 -10.0

Green 57 58.0 -1.0

Democrat 322 253.0 69.0

Republican 356 414.0 -58.0

Total 768

Test Statistics

Political Party

Chi-Square 29.287a

df 3

Asymp. Sig. .000

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected

frequencies less than 5. The
minimum expected cell
frequency is 43.0.

2. Solution to the problem 2 on page 377:

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A dorm has 86 men and 132 women Living in it. The number of men and
women at the college is 753 and 1,063, respectively. The dean of students
wonders if this dorm's sex ratio reflects the sex ratio of the college.

a. State the research hypothesis.

H A : Dorm's sex ratio doesn't reflect the sex ratio of the college.

b. What is the df for this study?

Since the data given for this study can be expressed in the form of a
2X2 contingency table, the degrees of freedom for this study = (2–1)
(2–1) = 1 df.
c. Complete the following table:

Source at which Data Collected * Gender Crosstabulation

Gender

Male Female Total

Source at which Data College Count 753 1063 1816

Collected
Expected Count 749.1 1066.9 1816.0

Residual 3.9 -3.9

Std. Residual .1 -.1

Dorm Count 86 132 218

Expected Count 89.9 128.1 218.0

Residual -3.9 3.9

Std. Residual -.4 .3

Total Count 839 1195 2034

Expected Count 839.0 1195.0 2034.0

d. Calculate c 2 .

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 Chi-Square Tests

Asymp. Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1-

Value df sided) sided) sided)

Pearson Chi-Square .326a 1 .568

Continuity Correctionb .248 1 .618

Likelihood Ratio .327 1 .567

Fisher's Exact Test .610 .310

N of Valid Cases 2034

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 89.92.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

From the output above output we can obtain the test statistic along with p-value.
Test Statistic, c 2 = 0.326
p-value = 0.568

e. Since p-value is significantly larger than a = 0.05 , we fail to support the research
hypothesis. Therefore, at 5% level the data provides no sufficient evidence to support the
claim that dorm's sex ratio doesn’t reflect the sex ratio of the college.

3. Solution to the problem 2 on page 382:

You read a report saying that people who buy antiques online tend to be
more highly educated than people who buy antiques at live auctions. What
are the two variables in this study?

The two variables in this study are whether an individual buys the antiques
at live auctions or not
and the education level of the individual, i.e. highly educated or not.

4. Repeat the SPSS Connection from pages 390–392:

The required SPSS outputs showing results of Chi-square test for goodness of fit are shown
below:
15
 Program Placement * Gender Crosstabulation

Gender

Male Female Total

Program Placement In Program Count 22 28 50

Expected Count 27.0 23.0 50.0

Residual -5.0 5.0

Std. Residual -1.0 1.0

Not In Program Count 324 266 590

Expected Count 319.0 271.0 590.0

Residual 5.0 -5.0

Std. Residual .3 -.3

Total Count 346 294 640

Expected Count 346.0 294.0 640.0

Chi-Square Tests

Asymp. Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1-

Value df sided) sided) sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 2.211a 1 .137

Continuity Correctionb 1.794 1 .180

Likelihood Ratio 2.203 1 .138

Fisher's Exact Test .142 .090

N of Valid Cases 640

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 22.97.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

From the output above output we can obtain the test statistic along with p-value.
Test Statistic, c 2 = 2.211
p-value = 0.137

Since p-value is significantly larger than a = 0.05 , we fail to support the research

16
hypothesis. Therefore, at 5% level the data provides no sufficient evidence to support the claim
that there is a significant relationship between students' gender and selection
for the gifted program.

5. Solution to the problem 2 on page 402:

There were 12 subjects in each group: scented or unscented. The mean

cleaning effectiveness rating for the group getting the scented cleaner was
7.42. The mean cleaning effectiveness rating for the group getting the
unscented cleaner was 6.00. The standard deviation for cleaning
effectiveness ratings across all subjects is 1.369. A t test showed that the
scented cleaner was rated as a significantly more effective cleaner (t = 2.84,
α < .01).

a. Calculate the effect size for this study, using both Cohen's d and effect
size r.

Effect size:
x1 - x2 7.42 - 6.00
Cohen's d = = = 1.04
s 1.369

Effect size:

( 2.84 ) =
2
t2
r= 2 = 0.40 = 0.63
t + df ( 2.84 ) + 12
2

b. Interpret the result: Was there a practical difference in cleaning

effectiveness between scented and unscented cleaners?

Both Cohen’s d and effect size r indicate a large effect.

Therefore, there was a practical difference in cleaning effectiveness

between scented and unscented cleaners.

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6. Solution to the problem 8 on page 414:

You are designing a study to be evaluated with a two-sample

nondirectional independent t test at α = .05. You want .90 power. You
expect Cohen's d to be about .40. How many subjects will you need per
group?

The table shown below is useful for us in obtaining the size of the
sample under given conditions.

Table 33.1 Sample Size Needed per Group to

Obtain .80 or .90 Power, Given Various Cohen's ds or
Effect Size rs, for a Two-Sample Independent t Test
With Equal Sample Sizes and .05 Nondirectional α

Therefore, 132 subjects will be needed per group, if .90 power and
Cohen's d to be about .40 be expected from the study.

7. Solution to the problem 15 on page 415:

You are designing a three-group study to be evaluated with a one-way

ANOVA at α = .05. You expect effect size η to be about .29. How
many subjects will you need per group for .80 power?

The table shown below is useful for us in obtaining the size of the
sample under given conditions.

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Table 33.2 Sample Size Needed per Group to
Obtain .80 or .90 Power, Given Various Effect Size ηs,
for an Independent Sample's One-Way ANOVA With
Equal Sample Sizes and .05 α

Therefore, 36 subjects will be needed per each of the three groups for
attaining a power of 0.80.

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