Introduction

The process of biodeterioration is the main problem on historical monuments build with
limestone rock on the Península of Yucatán, since the humid tropical climate favors the
establishment of high diversity of microorganisms. These factors accelerate the degradation
of stone cultural heritage and represents an irreversible loss of our rich cultural heritage
therefore it is urgent to search new ways to preserve it. Therefore, searching for new
materials it has been reported previously that calcium zincate hydroxide dehydrate
[Ca(Zn(OH)3)2·2H2O], named CZ, can be used as a bioremediation compound to be applied
on limestone due to its antifungal activity (REF 1,2 NIKTE Y MONSE].

Several studies on preparation of calcium zincate have been carried out by wet-chemistry-
based processing routes like chemical coprecipitation under strong alkali solution such as
KOH [Chen-Chen Yang 2010, Yang 2004, REF], or by chemical precipitation [Sharma
1986, Tien-Chih Lin 1995, REF], or by sol-gel with a solution of NaOH [Nikte, REF].
Other researchers has reported properties of calcium zincate synthesized by mechanical ball
milling method of ZnO and Ca(OH)2 in water medium [Chen-Chen Yang 2007, Yang
2004, 12-13Wang 2008], or traditional solid state synthesis without strong alkali at room
temperature [Wang 2008, Zhu 2003]. However, these methods of preparation have
shortcomings for example some of them needs washing in distilled water or alcohol
repeatedly until the solution pH became around 7 or even at higher pH up to 11 [Ziegler &
Johnson 26 en Rubio Caballero 2009] which is a waste of solvents, long reaction time,
multistep reactions which need more energy and also the quantity of the prepared product is
too small that are inadequate for mass production, like the case of ball mill method.

To minimize these disadvantages mechanochemical method has been employed to

synthesize calcium zincate which was superior to the conventional wet-chemistry methods.
Double hydroxides and related materials are commonly obtained from supersaturated
solutions by the co-precipitation method at constant pH or under hydrothermal conditions.
As these two methods are commonly time consuming and/or require special equipment,
alternative processing strategies are continuously being explored. In this context, the use of
mechanical energy to obtain complex hydroxides, the so-called mechanochemical mehods,
has recently attracted a great deal of interest, mostly because they are easy to implement,
and cost-effective (Qu J, Zhang Q, Li X, He X and Song S (2016) Mechanochemical
approaches to synthesize layered double hydroxides: a review, Applied Clay Science
119:185-192)(Yang H, Zhang H, Wang X, Wang J, Meng X and Zhou Z (2004) Calcium
zincate synthesized by ball milling as a negative material for secondary alkaline batteries, J
Electrochem Soc 151:A2126-A2131). Broadly speaking, a high-energy mill can be seen as
a low-temperature chemical reactor; in this context, mechanochemical reactions between
solids carried out in the presence of water (liquid-assisted milling), are considered
hydrothermal processes (Kosova NV, Khabibulin A Kh and Boldyrev VV (1997)
Hydrothermal reactions under mechanical treatment, Solid State Ionics 101-103:53-
58)(Boldyrev VV (2002) Hydrothermal reactions under mechanochemical action, Powder
Technol 122:247-254): i.e., rapid and short-time local rise in pressure and temperature at
the point of contact between solid particles subjected to intense mechanical stress, in the
presence of water, creates a chemical scenario similar to that achieved in common
autoclaves for laboratory and industrial applications. Furthermore, the presence of water
facilitates dissolution/precipitation reactions and changes the flow and transport properties
of the working powder mixture. This type of mechanochemical processes carried out in the
presence of H2O, OH‒ groups or oxide hydrogels, are termed in the literature“soft
mechanochemical synthesis” and are considered more energetically efficient than dry
milling (Senna M (1993) Incipient chemical interaction between fine particles under
mechanical stress-a feasibility of producing advanced materials via mechanochemical
routes, Solid State Ionics 63-65:3-9)(Avvakumov E, Senna M and Kosova N (2002) Soft
mechanochemical synthesis: a basis for new chemical technologies, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands).

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INTRODUCCIÓN NO IMPORTA ESPAÑOL O INGLES