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2
Workshop Agenda
What is waterhammer?
Causes of waterhammer
Instantaneous surge pressures
Surges caused by cavitation
Surge suppression
Code compliance
Reducing velocities with larger diameter pipes
Valve closures
Multiple valves in Parallel
Surge Suppression Equipment
– Gas Accumulators, Surge Tanks, Relief Valves,
Vacuum Breaker Valves
Q&A 3
What is Waterhammer?
6
Instantaneous Waterhammer
– Joukowsky Equation
– Example: Density is 62 lbm/ft3, Wavespeed is 2500 feet per
second, Initial Velocity is 10 feet per second, Static Pressure is
50 psia.
2 2
lbm ft ft 1 ft lbf − s
Pmax = 62 3 * 2500 * 10 * 2 * + 50 psia
ft s s 144 in 32.2 lbm - ft
Pmax = 334 + 50
7
Instantaneous Waterhammer
8
Cavitation’s Role in Surge Analysis
9
Two Methods for Handling Cavitation
DVCM & DGCM
Discrete Vapor Cavity Model
– Has been available in AFT Impulse since 1996
– Works well for short lived, minor, and localized cavitation
– Has the potential to return chaotic/non-real results when
cavitation becomes excessive
Discrete Gas Cavity Model
– Has been available in AFT Impulse since 2013
– Has the potential to returns more stable results than DVCM,
especially in 2nd, 3rd, etc. pressure spikes.
– If cavitation becomes excessive, model has harder time
converging than DVCM
– When cavitation is present, this method has the potential to
significantly increase the transient solver run time
10
Limitations of Cavitation Methods
11
Comparing DVCM & DGCM – Exit Valve
Pressure Profile
120
Published Data
100 Impulse DVCM
Impulse DGCM
80
HGL (meters)
60
40
20
-20
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Time (seconds)
12
Waterhammer Videos - Cavitation
13
Waterhammer Videos – Cavitation (2)
14
Surge Suppression
15
Surge Suppression (2)
16
Code Compliance
17
ASME B31.3
18
Velocity Reduction
19
Slowing System Operation Changes
20
Pressure Drop Across Valves
21
Valve Closure Time Increase
22
80-20 Rule
24
Dual Rate Single Valve
Reduce 80% of the full open Cv over 20% of the full closure
time
Close the remaining 20% of the full open Cv over the rest of
the time
25
Parallel Valves with Staggered Closures
Profiles
Staggering valve closures of parallel valves can lower surge
pressures by replicating dual rate closures
– One valve has a larger Cv profile and closes rapidly
– The other valve has a smaller Cv profile and closes more slowly
– System follows an effective Cv that is a composite of both Cv
profiles
• Includes additional piping losses in the new effective Cv
26
Effective Flow Coefficient
27
Parallel Valve Surge Reduction
28
Notes on Parallel Valve Closures
29
Surge Suppression Equipment
30
Waterhammer Videos - Accumulators
31
Gas Accumulators
PA
33
Surge Tanks
34
Surge Tanks (2)
35
Modeling Surge Tanks
A hybrid
accumulator/surge tank
can be modeled called
a "Dipping
Tube Vessel" using
features on
Tank Model tab
During steady-state
conditions, surge tanks
behave like branch
junctions
– Impulse solves for the
liquid height
37
Modeling Surge Tanks (3)
38
Surge Tank Mitigation
39
Surge Tank Mitigation (2)
40
Relief Valves
Relief valves are a common equipment type used to mitigate
surge pressures
Surge pressures are reduced by allowing flow to other parts of
system
– Relief lines
– Recirc. Lines
– Atmosphere
– Etc.
41
Pump Trip Accident
42
Pump Trip Accident (2)
The proposed relief line for this oil transfer line is as shown
below.
Note, J105 is the valve assumed to fail.
43
Vacuum Breaker Valves
44
Vacuum Breaker Valves (2)
45
Modeling Vacuum Breaker Valves
46
Three Stage Air Release Valves
48
Three Stage Air Release Valves (3)
49
Low Pressure Protection
50
Low Pressure Protection (2)
51
Questions?
52