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Synthetic methods
Wet chemistry
Citrate reduction
An early, and very common, method for
synthesizing silver nanoparticles is citrate
reduction. This method was first recorded
by M. C. Lea, who successfully produced a
citrate-stabilized silver colloid in 1889.[17]
Citrate reduction involves the reduction of
a silver source particle, usually AgNO3 or
AgClO4, to colloidal silver using trisodium
citrate, Na3C6H5O7.[18] The synthesis is
usually performed at an elevated
temperature (~100 °C) to maximize the
monodispersity (uniformity in both size
and shape) of the particle. In this method,
the citrate ion traditionally acts as both the
reducing agent and the capping ligand,[18]
making it a useful process for AgNP
production due to its relative ease and
short reaction time. However, the silver
particles formed may exhibit broad size
distributions and form several different
particle geometries simultaneously.[17] The
addition of stronger reducing agents to the
reaction is often used to synthesize
particles of a more uniform size and
shape.[18]
Seed-mediated growth
Ion implantation
Biological synthesis
Plants
Anisotropic structures
Triangular nanoprisms
Nanocubes
Silver nanocubes can be synthesized using
ethylene glycol as a reducing agent and
PVP as a capping agent, in a polyol
synthesis reaction (vide supra). A typical
synthesis using these reagents involves
adding fresh silver nitrate and PVP to a
solution of ethylene glycol heated at
140 °C.[58]
Metrology
A number of reference materials are
available for silver nanoparticles.[59] NIST
RM 8017 contains 75 nm silver
nanoparticles embedded in a cake of the
polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone to stabilize
them against oxidation for a long shelf life.
They have reference values for mean
particle size using dynamic light
scattering, ultra-small-angle X-ray
scattering, atomic force microscopy, and
transmission electron microscopy; and
size distribution reference values for the
latter two methods.[60][61] The BAM-N001
certified reference material contains silver
nanoparticles with a specified size
distribution with a number-weighted
median size of 12.6 nm measured by
small-angle X-ray scattering and
transmission electron microscopy.[62]
Use
Catalysis
Light-enhanced
Biological research
Chemotherapy
Antimicrobial
Household applications
Modes of toxicity
See also
Oxidative dissolution of silver
nanoparticles
Environmental impact of silver
nanoparticles
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