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1. Verb'이다' : to be
'이다' is the form which links a subject with its predicate, indicating equality or identification.
If this form is attached to the noun, there can be no pause or space between it and the Noun. It is
pronounced like a part of the Noun.
It has two different forms '-예요' and '-이에요'. '-예요' is used when the Noun ends with a vowel, and '-이
에요' is used when the Noun ends with a consonant.
가방이 있어요.
모자가 있어요.
4. The topic marker '-은/는' While the subjective marker `-이/가' indicates the subject of a sentence,
the topic marker `은/는' is used to indicate the comparison of topics. If there is no connotation of comparison with
another subject, this marker cannot be used. '-는' is used after words ending in a vowel, `-은' is used after words
ending in a consonant.
Here are some examples:
이것이 연필이에요. This is a pencil.
이것은 연필이에요. This (in comparison with other things) is a pencil.
저것+ 이 -> 저게 'that over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker)
5.2. 이건,그건,저건 These are the contractions of '이것,그것,저것' and the topic marker
'-은'.
이것+ 은 -> 이건 'this' (close to the speaker)
그것+ 은 -> 그건 'that' (far from the speaker, close to the listener)
저것+ 은 -> 저건 'that over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker)
5.3. 이분,그분,저분
'이, 그, 저' can indicate persons with '분' which means person.
저분 'that person over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker)
There are no contracions when the subjective or topic markers follow
'이분, 그분, 저분' like '이분이, 그분이, 저분이, 이분은, 그분은, 저분은'.
이분이 안나씨 아버지예요. 저분은 안나씨 동생이에요.
This person is Anna's father and that person is Anna's younger brother.
6. Verb '아니다' : not to be This word is used for making negatives. You have already studied '이다`
which indicates equality or identification. The '이다' is attached directly to a noun, and is pronounced as one word
with the noun. When you make the negative construction of '이다', the subject marker '-이/가' is attached directly to
the noun, and then followed by the negative verb '아니다'.
이것이 의자예요. <---> 이것이 의자가 아니예요.
8. The marker '-에' : at/in This locative marker indicates that someone or something is
stationary in a place. It is attached to nouns, and followed by '있다'(to be) and '없다'(not to be).
서점에 가요.
생일 잔치에 가요.
1.2. at, in
This locative marker indicates that someone or something is stationary in a place. In this case, '에' is attached to
nouns, and is followed by an inactive verb, such as '있다 (to be)` or '없다 (not to be)`
서점은 도서관 옆에 있어요.
꽃가게 뒤에 있어요.
좋다 ; 좋 + --> 좋아요
먹다 ; 먹 + 어요 --> 먹어요
없다 ` 없 + --> 없어요
(3) `여요' form :
This is used after a '하다` verb.
공부하다 ; 공부하 + --> 공부하여요 --> 공부해요(contraction)
의자가 책상 옆에 있어
There is a chair beside the desk.
요.
의자가 책상 옆에 있어
Is there a chair beside the desk?
요?
4. The marker 도 : also/too The marker '-도` means 'also' or 'too'. This can replace the subjective
marker '-가/이', and the objective marker '-을/를`.
맥주가 있어요. There is some beer.
점심을 안 먹었어요.
2. Adverb '못' : want to do but can not The adverb '못' is used with action verbs, and means
impossibility or strong denial and refusal.
파티에 못 갔어요.
형을 못 만났어요.
3. The marker '-에서' : at/in,from The marker '-에서' has two meanings. One is 'at' or 'in' indicating
the place where an action takes place. Another meaning is 'from', indicating a starting point or cause.
맥도널드에서 점심을 먹었어요.
스페인에서 왔어요.
4. The objective marker '-을/를' The marker '-을/를' is attached to a Noun to indicate the direct
object of a transitive verb. '-를' is used after a vowel while '을' is used after a consonant.
생일파티를 했어요.
점심을 먹었어요.
5. The pre-ending '-았/었/였-' This is used to indicate an action which took place in the past or a
condition which used to exist. (1) -았-
When the final vowel of the verb stem is 'ㅏ,ㅗ', it takes '-았-'
많다: 많 + -> 많았어요.
(3) -였-
When the verb is a '하다' verb, it takes '-였-'.
몇시 What time
몇개 How many
며칠 What day
책 일곱 개 seven books
학생 열 명 ten students
하나 한 개, 한 명, 한 분, 한 사람
둘 두 개, 두 명, 두 분, 두 사람
셋 세 개, 세 명, 세 분, 세 사람
넷 네 개, 네 명, 네 분, 네 사람
스물 스무 개, 스무 명, 스무 분, 스무 사람
K.N : C.N.
네 시 사십 분
Korean number + 시 (o'clock)
한시 one o'clock
열시 ten o'clock
Chinese number + 분 (minutes)
사십 분 fourty minutes
삼십 분 thirty minutes
'으' is other vowel except '아' and '오'. -으 irregular verbs + '-아요'
배가 고프(다) : to be hungry
나쁘(다) : to be bad
잠그(다) : to lock
아프(다) : to be painful
기쁘(다) : to be happy
슬프(다) : to be sad
LESSON 5
1. The pattern '-아(어/여) 보다' (1) On it's own, '보다' means 'to see.' The pattern '-아(어/
여)보다' is used to convey meanings such as 'someone tries doing something ( to see how it will
turn out) or 'someone does something to see (how it will turn out).'
이 구두를 신어 보세요. Please try on these shoes.
1. The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 거예요' : will This pattern is used in the first or second person to express an
action which is going to take place in the future. (1) -ㄹ 거예요 : If the verb stem ends in a vowel.
4. The Marker '-에서' : from The marker '-에서' is attached to place nouns and indicates a starting
point of movement.
안나는 호주에서 왔어요. Anna came from Australia.
5. The Plain Speech Style You have already studied the formal and informal polite speech
style. Now you will study the plain style (in Korean 반말) which is used among truly close
friends, to a social inferior, or when talking with children.
There are several ways to form the plain speech style. 5.1. The easiest way to form the plain
speech style is to just attach '-아/어/여' to the verb stem. It is very similar to the formation of the
informal polite style which is formed by the ending '-아/어/여요'. If you drop the '-요', you will
get the plain speech style.
어디 가요? ----> 어디 가? Where are you going? <Interrogative>
The sentence ending of the four types of sentences are the same, but they are differenciated by
intonation.
If the predicate has the construction 'Noun + -이다', the ending '-야' is used.
술 한 잔 하러 가자 ! Let's go to drink.
5.4. The imperative is formed with the ending ' 아/어/여' . However, its use is restricted and
it is not commonly used among close friends.
조용히 해 ! Be quiet !
빨리 와 ! Come quickly !
나한테 던져 ! Throw it to me !
6. '-ㄷ' Irregular verbs The final consonant '-ㄷ' of the verb stem changes '-ㄹ' when
followed by a vowel, but it does not change when followed by a consonant.
듣다(to listen): 듣 + 어요 ---> 들어요.
7. '-ㅂ' Irregular verbs Some verbs of which the verb stems ends in the final consonant '-
ㅂ' are irregular. When the final consonant '-ㅂ' of the verb stem is followed by a vowel, it
changes into '우'. The vowel which follows the verb stem is usually '어요' except for some verbs
like '돕다' and '곱다'. When the final consonant '-ㅂ' of the verb stem is followed by a
consonant, it does not change.
즐겁다 (to be pleasant) 즐거우 + 어요 -> 즐거우어요 -> 즐거워요
(contraction)
LESSON 7
1. The pattern' -(으)ㄹ까요?' Shall we(I) ~ ?/Will it be ~ ? The pattern '-(으)ㄹ까요?' is used to
express inquiring about someone's opinion, view or appraisal on a certain matter or fact with the action verb.
In this case, the subject of the sentence is always the first person, singular or plural.
우리 거기에서 만날까요? Shall we meet there?
2. The Propositive '-(으)ㅂ시다' : let's --(propositive) This form is used to expressing the
subject's suggestion with the action verbs and the verb of existence '있다'. It cannot be used with '이다' nor with
adjectives.
빨리 갑시다. Let's go quickly.
(저는) 공원에 운동하러 왔어요. I came to the park (in order) to exercise.
4. The pattern '-(으)ㄹ게요' : I will do -- This form is used for expressing the speaker's
intention or plan or promise. It is used with action verbs as well as with the verb 있다, but not
with adjectives.
제가 할게요. I will do it.
LESSON 8
1. The pattern' -고 싶어하다' : want to do -, would like to - This pattern `-고 싶어 하다' is used
to express desires in third person subject statements and questions with all verbs and `있다'.
안나씨가 어디에 가고 싶어 해요? Where does Anna want to go?
안나씨는 집에 가고 싶어 해요. Anna wants to go to home.
2. The pattern '-ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다' : One knows (doesn't know) how to do sth This
pattern is used to express the knowledge or lack of knowledge of a technique or process of doing
something.
자동차 운전할 줄 알아요(아세요) ? Do you know how to drive ?
4. '-르' irregular verbs 1. When '르' of the verb stem is followed by the vowel '-어' and
preceded by the vowels '-아-' or '-오-', it is changed into '라'. And the consonant '-ㄹ' is added to
the preceding syllable.
모르다 ( not to know) --> 몰라요
LESSON 9
1. The ending '-ㅂ/습니다' People use this formal polite speech style when they speak to strangers,
casual acquaintances, superiors, their elders, and social inferiors in formal situations.of1.1 The formation
present tense The declarative verb form is made by attaching '-ㅂ/습니다' to the verb stem
and '-ㅂ/습니까?' must be attached to the verb stem to make the interrogative verb form. '-ㅂ니
다/-ㅂ니까?' is used after verb stems (or the honorific infix -시-) ending in a vowel and '습니다/
습니까?' after verb stems ending in a consonant.
가다: 가 + ㅂ니다/ㅂ니다 갑니다/갑니까?
하다: 하 + 였습니다/였습니
했습니다/했습니까? (contraction)
까?
먹다 :먹 + 을 겁니다 먹을 겁니다
입다 : 입 + 으십시오. 입으십시오.
갈 수 있을 거에요 먹을 수 있을 거에요
4. The pattern '-지 말다' : don't do On it's own, the verb `말다' means 'to stop, to cease,
to quit.' So the pattern
'-지 말다` preceded by an action verb expresses prohibition or dissuasion. This pattern is always
used as a negative imperative sentence or a negative propositive sentence.
학교에 가지 마세요. Please don't go to school.
받다 받 + 으시 + 어요 받 + 으시어요 받으세요
하다 하 + 시 + ㅂ니다 하십니다
There are also special honorific verbs indicating respect for the person
spoken to. These honorifics are used when the person deserving respect is the subject of the
sentence.
먹다 잡수시다 to eat
자다 주무시다 to sleep
있다 계시다 to exist, to be
주다 드리다 to give
보다 뵙다 to see/to meet
7. '-ㄹ' irregular verbs The final consonant 'ㄹ' of the verb stem is dropped when it is
followed by the endings which begins with the consonants '-ㄴ,-ㅂ,-ㅅ'.
살다(to live) 어디에서 사세요? Where do you live?
팔다(to sell) 그 가게에서 무엇을 파니? What they sell at the store?
1. The pattern '-(으)려고 하다' : intend to The pattern `-(으)려고 하다' is used with
verbs(including `있다'). This pattern is used to indicate a subject's intention. However, this
pattern is restricted to first and second personal pronouns. The third personal pronoun will be
dealt with in detail later. `려고 하다' is used if the verb stem ends in a vowel.
`-으려고 하다' is used if the verb stem ends in a consonant.
저는 내일 극장에 가려고 해요. I intend to go to the theater.
(= 그 책을 사지 않으려고 해요.)
However tense is expressed in the main verb. It will be dealt with in detail later. 2. The
marker '-한테' : to (person) This marker '-한테' is used for indicating the receiver of an
action or the one whom something is done or exists.
누구한테 책을 주었어요? To whom did you give a book?
누구한테서 그 선물을 받았어요? From whom did you receive that present?
4. Pre-ending '-겠-' : guess/conjecture This pre-ending -겠- is used for expressing
the speaker's conjecture or supposition or for asking intention of the person spoken to in a polite
request.
요즘 많이 바쁘겠어요. I think you will be busy these days.