Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Result Standardized
Bibliographic Entry
(w/surrounding text) Result
76 cm/s
Alten, Stanley R. Audio in Media. Belmont, CA: 38 cm/s
"30 ips, 15 ips, 7½ ips, 3¾ ips"
Wadsworth, 1999: 98. 19 cm/s
9.5 cm/s
38 cm/s
Daily, Jay E. Cataloging Phonorecordings "The fastest speed … is 15 inches per second or 38 cm
19 cm/s
Problems and Possibilities. Marcel Dekker, Inc., per second. Most tape decks include 7½, 3¾, and 1⅞ ips
9.5 cm/s
1975: V1, 5 speed …. so that the slowest speed is 1⅞ ips."
4.75 cm/s
Analog tape systems run at a variety of speeds depending on type. There are two basic types of audio tape: open
reel and cassette.
The larger open reel-to-reel tapes typically run at 7½ inches per second (19 cm/s) and 15 inches per second
(38 cm/s) -- the later being the professional standard. Occasionally, you may find analog machines set at 30 inches
per second (76 cm/s). The fastest speeds are reserved for professional use because they have the greatest range
due to less wow and flutter and greater frequency response. Wow is a relatively slow variation in the frequency of
reproduced sound caused by slow speed variations in records, tape recorders, etc. Pitch fluctuations of one or two
per second are classified as wow, while faster variations are called flutter. Wow and flutter are almost never an issue
in digital recorders because tape speed has no direct effect on the pitch of the audio playback or recording.
The quality of sound decreases as speed is reduced. Reproduction quality also fades as speed decreases so that
the slowest tape speed of 1⅞ inches per second (4.8 cm/s) is unsuitable for professional use. However, only a very
sophisticated device can detect the difference between 15 inches per second and 7½ inches per second. For
almost every kind of music one is just as good as the other. Also, a minimum of 7½ inches per second is required to
physically cut or edit tape.
Cassette tapes on the other hand are much smaller in size. They typically run at 1⅞ inches per second (4.8 cm/s),
however, some four track cassette devices run at 3¾ inches per second (9.5 cm/s).