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Ans :The Fire & Gas system in any plant is a “Safety System” in order to safeguard the
personnel and plant and Equipment. The system protects personnel from toxic gases as
well as possible fire hazard. The system protects the plant from possible fire and
consequent damage.
The system provides alarms in the event of potential hazard from toxic environment or
fire hazard. Further the system shuts down plants in the event of impending disaster
such as possible Fire (due to high level of combustible gases). The system is always
associated with control actions such as Trip of devices / plants.
IP55 stands for equipment is Dust protected and protected Water jets
Ans :
The LEL of Methane is 5% of gas in air. Now Combustible Gas detectors are calibrated in
terms of %of LEL i.e. 0 to 100% LEL. ANY COMBUSTIBLE GAS CAN BE IGNITED
ONLY AT 100% LEL BELOW 100% LEL THE GAS CANNOT BE IGNITED AS
EXPLAINED ABOVE.
5% of Methane in air i.e. 5 units of Methane and 95 units of air in a mixture of 100 units form
LEL for Methane (for other gases Ethane, propane and so on the LEL may be different).
Test Gases are used to calibrate Combustible Gas Detectors (0 to 100% LEL). 5% of Methane
forms 100% LEL, if a test gas is marked (on the outside of the test cylinder) 2.5% of Methane by
Volume it forms 50% LEL, similarly if a test gas is marked (on the outside of the test
cylinder) 2% of Methane by Volume it forms 40% LEL.
Q :Explain working principle of flame(UVIR) detector
Ans :The model FL-3101 is a flame detector which contains an ultraviolet uv photo tube which
responds to uv radiation in the 185 to 260nm region. When radiation from a flame reaches the
cathode plate within the uv detector tube, electrons are ejected from the cathode plate. These
electrons are accelerated towards the positively charged anode of the tube. They collide with
molecules of an ionzable gas, with which tube is filled. This emits more electrons and produces
an avalanche condition. More electrons are released which creates a momentary electron flow
from the cathode to the anode. This momentary current(pulse) recurs at a rate proportional to
the intensity of the uv radiation.
The sensing part of the detector consists of two chambers- an open, outer chamber and a semi
sealed reference chamber within. Mounted in the reference chamber is a low activity radioactive
foil of americium 241 which enables current to flow between the inner and outer chambers
when detector is powered up.
As smoke enters the detector, it causes a reduction of the current flow in the outer chamber
and hence an increase in the voltage measured at the junction between the two chambers. The
voltage is monitored by the electronic circuitry which triggers the detector into the alarm state
at a preset threshold. An externally visible led will light up when the detector changes to alarm
state.
An integrating ionization detector suitable for using areas where transient high levels of
smoke may be expected is also available.
Optical smoke detector incorporate a pulsing led located in a labyrinth with in the housing of
the detector. The labyrinth is designed to exclude light from any external source. At an angle to
the led is a photo diode which normally does not register the column of light emitted by the led.
In the event of smoke from a fire entering the labyrinth the light pulse from the led will be
scattered and hence registered by the photo diode. If the photo diode “sees” smoke on the two
following pulses, the detector changes to the alarm state when the indicator led will light up.
The detector housing is identical to that of the ionization smoke detector. It is distinguished
from this type by having an indicator led which is clear in quiescent state but produces red light
in alarm.
The optical detectors are easy to disassemble and clean without the necessity of returning
them to the factory.
When two metals having different coefficients of thermal expansionare bonded together and
then heated, differential expansion causes bending or flexing toward the metal having the lower
expansion rate. This action closes a normally open circuit. The low expansion metal commonly
used is invar, an alloy of 36% nickel and 64% iron. Several alloys of manganese-copper-nickel,
nickel-chromium-iron, or stainless steel may be used for the high expansion component of a
bi-metal assembly. Bi-metals are used for the operating elements of a variety of fixed
temperature detectors. These detectors are generally of two types- bi-metal strip and bi-metal
snap disc. Devices using a bi-metal strip operate as follow: As strip is heated, it deforms in the
direction of the contact point. With a given bi-metal, the width of the gap between the contacts
determines the operating temperature. The wider the gap, the higher the operating point
A wet pipe sprinkler system is a sprinkler system employing automatic sprinkler heads
attached to a piping system containing water and connected to a water supply so that
water discharges immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from a fire .
DRY pipe system (air inside pipeline )
A dry pipe sprinkler system is sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers that
are attached to a piping system containing air or nitrogen under pressure, the release of
which (as from the opening of a sprinkler) permits the water pressure to open a valve
known as a dry pipe valve, and the water then flows into the piping system and out the
opened sprinklers.
Dry pipe sprinkler systems are installed in areas where wet pipe systems may be
inappropriate such as areas where freezing temperatures might be expected.
Safety Integrity Level. One of four possible discrete levels for specifying the safety
integrity requirements of the safety functions to be allocated to the safety-related
systems. SIL4 has the highest level of safety integrity; SIL1 has
the lowest.
Ans:Cold redundancy is for non-critical processes where time is not a high priority and human
intervention is acceptable.
As an example, if a pressing machine fails, the automation system should notify the operator
and issue an alarm. A simple response may be to cut the power supply and displaying a red
alarm light. The operator can resume operation by simply starting another unit and requesting
service for the failing unit.
WARM redundancy
When time and response to a failure is more important but not critical, a warm redundancy
strategy may suffice if a temporary outage is acceptable.
As an example, if a valve fails to operate on a fluid transfer system, the pump can be disabled
and the system shut down. Depending on the process, the product may have a finite period in
which it will not be damaged, contaminated or start to deteriorate.
The cycle can tolerate a few seconds or minutes of interruption but the process must be restored
quickly and automatically to avoid any integrity issues.
PLCredundancy in warm systems usually operate in shadow mode where they run the identical
software and share a heartbeat signal from the primary to the secondary.
An interruption in control with the primary will result in the secondary assuming control.
Depending on the process train & components, extra arbitration circuitry may be needed to
mux control signals.
HOT redundancy
Warm & hot redundancy are similar in architecture but hot redundancy that offers instant
process correction when a failure is detected.
For example, in a mining or ore operation, if a primary controller for a conveyor fails, a backup
one should immediately assume control to avoid any delays in the transfer.
The PLC programming software & hardware coordination must be solid to allow for constant
messaging between processors and access to common data to allow for a smooth transition.
Data can be transferred between processors or accessed through a common database located on
the network. Either way, the secondary process must have knowledge of every logic cycle as to
where the primary left off.
Ans :NFPA 72 is a prescriptive standard that applies to Fire Alarm Systems. While the NFPA 72 standard ma
no mention of gas detection, many clients are applying NFPA 72 standards and requirements to both fire and
gas detection systems. There are several advantages to NFPA 72 certified systems that include:
1.Allows for the combining of both fire alarm and gas detection functions
into a single safety system
2. Ensures that local "authorities having jurisdiction" like fire marshals or
fire authorities have assurance that the system complies with the applicable codes and standards
3.Allows the end-user to lower their insurance costs because they are
using a certified system
4. A NFPA 72 certified solution ensures that you are complying with the
best practices in the industry as drafted by the NFPA
Q :Explain fail safe mode and how they are supervision all loops (EOL resistor) in
fire and gas system
Ans : The underlying principle of fail-safe design assumes that a process or item of
equipment can be designed to take the process to a safe status on equipment failure or
power interruption. This approach requires that the switch to “safe state” be possible
without power and that the “normal operating state” of the equipment utilize energized
control circuits.
Almost all detection, extinguishing and notification circuits of a Fire Alarm system are
not normally energized and are not “fail-safe”. In order to be sure these fire circuits are
intact and ready for use when needed these circuits are “supervised”. Supervision is
normally done using a small current or voltage passed through a field circuit device
called an “end of line device”. This small current or voltage is continuously monitored
to verify that the circuit is intact and ready for operation. Fire Alarm systems in many
cases need to activate suppression or notification equipment in the event of a hazardous
condition and these systems require power be available to do so. This is the primary
arguments behind the NFPA 72 requirements associated with backup power systems
and batteries.
Ans:NFPA72 standard says need separate plc system in fire and gas system
PLCs are best suited for medium to large size gas detection systems (25+ points of gas
detection). For very large systems, PLCs have the advantage of scaling fairly
inexpensively to accommodate large point counts. PLCs offer the added benefit of
extensive connectivity options for communicating with other DCS or ESD systems.
Q:why they using time delay to co2 fire suppression deluge system
Ans:
Q :Draw double redundancy system diagram
Ans :
Ans :
LEL means “lower explosive limit” and UEL means “upper explosive limit”. The number is
expressed in percent, and means the volume percent of vapor (or gas) in air. For example,
pentane has a LEL of 1.50% and a UEL of 7.8%. Its flash point is –57oF. It has a boiling point of
97oF. The NFPA classifies pentane as a Class I A Flammable Liquid. If the volume percent of
pentane in air is less than 1.5%, the mixture is considered too lean to ignite. If the volume
percent of pentane in air is greater than 7.8%, the mixture is too reach to ignite (not enough
oxygen). The actual ignition will take place with explosive violence especially if the
concentration of pentane in air is somewhat midway between the UEL and LEL numbers.
The 1.5% concentration of pentane in air is equivalent to 15,000 parts per million (ppm)
concentration. The 7.8% conentration is equivalent to 78,000 ppm.
The LEL and UEL percentages are for mixtures of the pure gas or vapor in air. If the mixture is
enriched with oxygen, the spread between these two numbers will be greater, perhaps much
greater. In other words, the LEL will be less than 1.5% and the UEL will be greater than 7.8%.
The same is true if other oxidizers are present.
Q : What are the Extinguishing systems used in Fire and Gas System and why it is
necessary?
Non addressable means we can identify area only not particular location or room in
building