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ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ 3
ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ
Ïðåäèñëîâèå . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Ãëàâà 15. Àñèìïòîòè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû â çàäà÷àõ êëàññè÷åñêîé è
ôðàêòàëüíîé èìïóëüñíîé ýëåêòðîäèíàìèêè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15.1. Èñõîäíûå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèå óðàâíåíèÿ è èõ ñëåäñòâèÿ.
Ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15.2. Îáîáùåííûé êàíîíè÷åñêèé îïåðàòîð Â.Ï.Ìàñëîâà.
Àíàëèç ÷èñëåííîé ðåàëèçàöèè ìåòîäà îáîáùåííîãî êàíîíè÷åñêîãî
îïåðàòîðà ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê çàäà÷àì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ÝÌÈ . . . . . . . . . . . 31
15.3. Òî÷íàÿ êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà ñðåäíèõ çíà÷åíèé
íàáëþäàåìûõ â êâàíòîâîé ìåõàíèêå. Óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà
ñ äåòåðìèíèðîâàííûì ïîòåíöèàëîì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
15.4.Òî÷íàÿ êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà ñðåäíèõ çíà÷åíèé ÊÌ
íàáëþäàåìûõ. Êâàíòîâîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà . . . . . 64
15.5. Óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñ îïåðàòîðîì äðîáíîãî
äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ïî ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûì êîîðäèíàòàì.
Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé èíòåãðàë ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì äëÿ îáîáùåííîãî
Ëàãðàíæèàíà ñ îïåðàòîðîì äðîáíîãî äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ïî
âðåìåíè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
15.6. Ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñ îïåðàòîðîì äðîáíîãî
äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ïî ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûì êîîðäèíàòàì . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
15.7. Ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé èíòåãðàë â ôàçîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå. Óðàâíåíèå
Øðåäèíãåðà ñ ïîòåíöèàëîì óáûâàþùèì íà áåñêîíå÷íîñòè . . . . . . . . . . . 129
15.8. ×èñëåííîå ñðàâíåíèå íåïåðòóðáàòèâíîé àñèìïòîòèêè ñ
ðåçóëüòàòàìè, ïîëó÷åííûìè â ðàìêàõ êàíîíè÷åñêîé òåîðèè
âîçìóùåíèé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Ãëàâà 16. Êâàíòîâàÿ êîñìîëîãèÿ â ïðîñòðàíñòâå-âðåìåíè
îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôðàêòàëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè è
êâàíòîïîëåâàÿ ïåðòóðáàòèâíàÿ ìîäåëü âàêóóìà
Ýéíøòåéíà-Ãëèíåðà-Çåëüäîâè÷à . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
16.1 Ââåäåíèå . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
16.2 Ïðîáëåìà êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîñòîÿííîé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
16.3 Âàêóóì Ýéíøòåéíà-Ãëèíåðà-Çåëüäîâè÷à . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
16.4. Êâàíòîâàÿ ìåõàíèêà è êâàíòîâàÿ òåîðèÿ ïîëÿ â ïðîñòðàíñòâàõ
îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôðàêòàëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
16.5. Èíäóöèðîâàííàÿ ãðàâèòàöèÿ Ñàõàðîâà â ðèìàíîâîì
ïðîñòðàíñòâå îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôðàêòàëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Ïðèëîæåíèå I
Îáîáùåííûå ìóëüòèôðàêòàëüíûå ìåðû Êîëîìáåàó-Õàóñäîðôà.
Èíòåãðèðîâàíèå ôóíêöèé, çàäàííûõ íà ìíîæåñòâàõ îòðèöàòåëüíîé
ðàçìåðíîñòè Êîëîìáåàó-Õàóñäîðôà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4 ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ
Ïðèëîæåíèå II
Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ëåæàíäðà îáîáùåííîé ìåðû Êîëîìáåàó
è åãî îñíîâíûå ñâîéñòâà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Ïðèëîæåíèå III
Ôðàêòàëüíûå êâàíòîâûå ïîëÿ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè. Ôóíêöèè
Ãðèíà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ôðàêòàëüíûì êâàíòîâûì ïîëÿì . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Ïðèëîæåíèå IV
Âûðàæåíèÿ äëÿ äàâëåíèÿ è ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãèè âàêóóìà â
äîïëàíêîâñêóþ è ïëàíêîâñêóþ êîñìîëîãè÷åñêèå ýïîõè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Ïðèëîæåíèå V
Óðàâíåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ "âàêóóìíîé ñðåäû"â ñîâðåìåííóþ
êîñìîëîãè÷åñêóþ ýïîõó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Ëèòåðàòóðà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ 5
Ïðåäèñëîâèå
Ìîíîãðàôèÿ ñîñòîèò èç òðåõ äîïîëíÿþùèõ äðóã äðóãà òîìîâ. Ïåð-

âûé òîì ïîñâÿùåí îäíîìó èç àêòóàëüíûõ âîïðîñîâ ñîâðåìåííîé ôè-
çèêè òåîðèè èìïóëüñíîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ è âçàèìîäåéñòâèþ ýòîãî èçëó-
÷åíèÿ ñ ãîëîíîìíûìè è ôðàêòàëüíûìè ñðåäàìè. Ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûå
èìïóëüñû (ÝÌÈ) - ýòî íàñòîÿùåå è áóäóùåå ñîâðåìåííîé ðàäèîëîêà-
öèè ïðèìåíèòåëüíî êàê ê çåìíûì, òàê è ê ìåæçâåçäíûì ðàññòîÿíè-
ÿì, ãäå ñîâðåìåííûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ òðåáóþò äàëüíåéøåãî ðàçâèòèÿ.
Â ïåðâîì òîìå ïîëó÷åíà ñèñòåìà èíòåãðî-äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûõ óðàâíå-
íèé äëÿ ïëîòíîñòåé çàðÿäîâ è òîêîâ çàðÿæåííûõ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ òåë
è ïðîâîäîâ, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ âî âíåøíåì íåîäíîðîäíîì è íåñòàöèîíàð-
íîì ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíîì ïîëå. Ïðåäëîæåí íîâûé ïðîñòîé ìåòîä ðàñ÷å-
òà èìïóëüñíîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ âî âðåìåííîé îáëàñòè, îñíîâàííûé íà íåïî-
ñðåäñòâåííîì íàõîæäåíèè òåíçîðà ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíîãî ïîëÿ îò áåãó-
ùåé âîëíû òîêà ïðîèçâîëüíîé ôîðìû áåç ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî âû÷èñëå-
íèÿ çàïàçäûâàþùèõ ïîòåíöèàëîâ. Ðåçóëüòàòû èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ ðàñ-
÷åòà èçëó÷åíèÿ V-îáðàçíîé è ëèíåéíîé àíòåíí, à òàêæå àíòåíí, ñîñòàâ-
ëåííûõ èç ïðÿìîëèíåéíûõ îòðåçêîâ. Ðàññìîòðåí íîâûé ñïîñîá ðàñ÷åòà
èìïóëüñíîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ àíòåííû ñ ðåôëåêòîðîì êàê â áëèæíåé, òàê è
â äàëüíåé çîíå. Ìåòîä îñíîâàí íà çàìåíå ïîëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ îò ïàðàáîëè-
÷åñêîãî çåðêàëà ïîëåì èçëó÷åíèÿ îò îòðàæåííîé â çåðêàëå V-îáðàçíîé
âîçáóæäàþùåé àíòåííû. Ïðîâåäåíî ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîå èññëåäîâàíèå
ïîëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ ñèñòåìû è ñðàâíåíèå ñ òåîðåòè÷åñêèìè ðåçóëüòàòàìè.
Ñîñòàâëåíà ïðîãðàììà âû÷èñëåíèÿ ïîëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ îò ñèñòåìû ðó-
ïîðîâ, êîòîðóþ ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü, ïðèìåíÿÿ îáû÷íûé ïåðñîíàëü-
íûé êîìïüþòåð. Äëÿ ïðîâåðêè ïðàâèëüíîñòè òåîðèè áûë ïðîâåäåí
ðÿä ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ. Áûë ïðîâåäåí ðàñ÷åò ïîëÿ ñèñòåìû èç 64, 36 è
144 ðóïîðîâ. Èç ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ äàííûõ ñëåäóåò õîðîøåå ñîâïà-
äåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ ñîâåðøåííî ðàçíûìè ìåòîäàìè. Ýòî
ãîâîðèò î êîððåêòíîñòè ìåòîäà ÷èñëåííîãî ðàñ÷åòà è ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè
ðàçâèòîãî íàìè ìåòîäà Ãþéãåíñà - Êèðõãîôà íà âðåìåííóþ îáëàñòü.
Èç ïðîâåäåííûõ ðàñ÷åòîâ è ñðàâíåíèÿ èõ ñ ýêñïåðèìåíòîì ñëåäóåò,
÷òî ìîäèôèöèðîâàííûé ìåòîä Ãþéãåíñà - Êèðõãîôà ìîæíî ïðèìå-
íÿòü äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà ïîëÿ èçëó÷åíèÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèÿõ ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî â
7 ðàç áîëüøèõ ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðàçìåðà ðàñêðûâà ðóïîðîâ. Ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ
ïðîñòîé ìåòîä ðàñ÷åòà ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ ïîëåé âî âðåìåííîé îáëà-
ñòè, êàê îò èìïóëüñîâ òîêà, òàê è ìîíîõðîìàòè÷åñêèõ âîëí, áåãóùèõ
ïî òîíêèì ïðîâîäàì ñ èçëîìàìè. Ýòîò ñïîñîá ðàñ÷åòà, â îòëè÷èå îò
ðàíåå ïðåäëîæåííîãî àâòîðàìè íîâîãî ìåòîäà ìîíîïîëüíîé òåõíèêè,
ó÷èòûâàåò ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå òîêîâ â ïðîâîäàõ çà ñ÷åò ïîòåðè ýíåð-
ãèè èçëó÷åíèÿ îò èçëîìîâ. Ýòî òðåáóåò ïåðåñìîòðà ðåøåíèé çàäà÷ äëÿ
ñëîæíûõ ïðîâîëî÷íûõ ñòðóêòóð. Ðåøàþòñÿ çàäà÷è î ðàñïðåäåëåíèè
âîëí òîêîâ è èõ èçëó÷åíèè îò èçëîìîâ òîíêèõ îäíîïðîâîäíûõ è äâóõ-
ïðîâîäíûõ ëèíèé ïåðåäà÷. Äàåòñÿ êðèòåðèé íàèëó÷øåãî ïðîïóñêàíèÿ
äâóõïðîâîäíûìè ëèíèÿìè èìïóëüñíûõ òîêîâ. Íàéäåíû êîýôôèöèåí-
6 ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ
òû îòðàæåíèÿ è ïðîõîæäåíèÿ èìïóëüñîâ òîêà îò èçëîìîâ ëèíèé, çà-

âèñÿùèå îò ïàðàìåòðîâ èìïóëüñîâ è âðåìåíè èõ ïðîõîæäåíèÿ ÷åðåç
èçëîìû. Ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò âî âðåìåííîé îáëàñòè îïðåäåëèòü ôîðìó îò-
ðàæåííîãî è ïðîõîäÿùåãî èìïóëüñîâ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïàäàþùèì. Äëÿ
ìîíîõðîìàòè÷åñêèõ âîëí íàéäåíà çàâèñèìîñòü ýòèõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ
îò ÷àñòîòû. Äàåòñÿ ýëåêòðîäèíàìè÷åñêèé âûâîä òåëåãðàôíûõ óðàâ-
íåíèé äëÿ âîçáóæäàåìîé ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûì ïîëåì ëèíèè ïåðåäà÷è,
ñîñòîÿùèé èç äâóõ ëèíåéíûõ ïàðàëëåëüíûõ ïðîâîäîâ, ðàçäåëåííûõ
äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèì ñëîåì. Â êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðà ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ âçàèìî-
äåéñòâèå ëèíèè ñ ïëîñêîé ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíîé âîëíîé ïðè ïðîèçâîëüíîé
îðèåíòàöèè âåêòîðà Ïîéíòèíãà è ðàçëè÷íûõ óãëàõ ïîëÿðèçàöèè. Ïðî-
âîäèòñÿ ñðàâíåíèå ñ ðåçóëüòàòàìè äðóãèõ ðàáîò è âûÿñíÿåòñÿ ðîëü
ìàãíèòíîãî ïîëÿ ïðè âîçáóæäåíèè ëèíèè. Ïðîáëåìà íàïðàâëåííîãî
èçëó÷åíèÿ êîðîòêèõ ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ èìïóëüñîâ èìååò âàæíîå çíà-
÷åíèå äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ïðèêëàäíûõ çàäà÷ ñâåðõøèðîêîïîëîñíîé êîðîòêî-
èìïóëüñíîé ýëåêòðîäèíàìèêè. Íà îñíîâå ïðåäëîæåííîãî ìåòîäà ðàñ-
ñ÷èòàíû ðàçëè÷íûå ïîëåîáðàçóþùèå ñèñòåìû è ïðîâåäåí êðèòè÷åñêèé
àíàëèç ñóùåñòâóþùèõ â ýòîé îáëàñòè ðàáîò. Ïðè ðàññìîòðåíèè çà-
äà÷ äèôðàêöèè ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ âîëí íà ìàëûõ òåëàõ, à òàêæå ïðè
îöåíêå êâàçèñòàöèîíàðíîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ïîëÿðèçîâàííûõ ýëåêòðè-
÷åñêèì èëè ìàãíèòíûì ïîëåì òåë ìåæäó ñîáîé è ñ ïîëåîáðàçóþùåé
ñèñòåìîé (ÏÑ), âîçíèêàåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü îïðåäåëåíèÿ êîìïîíåíò òåí-
çîðà ïîëÿðèçóåìîñòè ýòèõ òåë. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, òåíçîð ïîëÿðèçóåìîñòè
èçìåðèòåëüíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (ÈÏ) ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî è ìàãíèòíîãî
ïîëÿ îïðåäåëÿåò ñîñòàâëÿþùóþ ïîãðåøíîñòè åãî êàëèáðîâêè â ÏÑ,
ñâÿçàííóþ ñ âçàèìîäåéñòâèåì ÈÏ è ÏÑ. ×èñëåííûé ðàñ÷åò òåíçîðà
ïîëÿðèçóåìîñòè ïðîèçâîëüíûõ òåë â ïðèíöèïå âîçìîæåí, íî îí äîñòà-
òî÷íî ñëîæåí è òðåáóåò áîëüøèõ çàòðàò ìàøèííîãî âðåìåíè. Â ïåðâîì
òîìå êíèãè ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ ïðîñòîé ðàñ÷åòíî-ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûé ìåòîä
îïðåäåëåíèÿ äèïîëüíîãî ìîìåíòà è òåíçîðà ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé ïîëÿðèçóå-
ìîñòè ïðîâîäÿùèõ òåë ïðîèçâîëüíîé ôîðìû, ñâÿçàííûé ñ èçìåðåíèåì
åìêîñòè êîíäåíñàòîðà äî è ïîñëå âíåñåíèÿ â íåãî èñïûòóåìîãî òåëà.
Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå èíñòèòóòû ìèðà ñîñðåäîòî÷èëè
ñâîè óñèëèÿ íà ðàçðàáîòêå òåîðåòè÷åñêèõ è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ âî-
ïðîñîâ ñâåðõøèðîêîïîëîñíîé êîðîòêîèìïóëüñíîé ýëåêòðîäèíàìèêè è
ìîäóëèðîâàííûõ ðàäèîâîëí ÑÂ× - äèàïàçîíà. Â ðàäèîëîêàöèè ïðåäëà-
ãàåòñÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü ñâåðõêîðîòêèå èìïóëüñû ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíîãî ïî-
ëÿ. Ïåðåäà÷à èíôîðìàöèè ñ ïîìîùüþ ñâåðõêîðîòêèõ ýëåêòðîìàãíèò-
íûõ èìïóëüñîâ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêè âûãîäíåå ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ñóùåñòâóþ-
ùèìè ñïîñîáàìè ìîäóëÿöèè ðàäèîâîëí, ïîñêîëüêó ýíåðãèÿ èçëó÷àåòñÿ
òîëüêî â òå÷åíèå î÷åíü êîðîòêèõ èíòåðâàëîâ âðåìåíè. Åñëè îòðàæåí-
íûé ðàäèîèìïóëüñ îáû÷íîãî ðàäàðà ïîçâîëÿåò óñòàíîâèòü äàëüíîñòü
è óãëîâûå êîîðäèíàòû öåëè, òî îòðàæåííûé êîðîòêèé ýëåêòðîìàãíèò-
íûé èìïóëüñ ñîäåðæèò, êðîìå òîãî, èíôîðìàöèþ î ðàçìåðàõ, ðàêóð-
ñå è ñòðóêòóðå öåëè. Ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò áûñòðî è òî÷íî èäåíòèôèöèðî-
âàòü öåëü è ñ ïîìîùüþ ñîâðåìåííîé âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé òåõíèêè óäàåòñÿ
âîññòàíîâèòü îáðàç (ñèãíàòóðó) îáúåêòà. Ïðè äëèòåëüíîñòè èìïóëü-
ñà 10−10 ñåê äîñòèãàåòñÿ ðàçðåøåíèå â íåñêîëüêî ñàíòèìåòðîâ. Óñòà-

íîâëåíî òàêæå, ÷òî ïîäîáíûé ðàäàð ïîçâîëÿåò ýôôåêòèâíî îáíàðó-
æèâàòü öåëè, ðàñïîëîæåííûå ïîä ïîêðîâîì ëåñà, â ãëóáèíå îêåàíà
è ïîä ïîâåðõíîñòüþ çåìëè. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå òåîðèè ôðàêòàëîâ è äå-
òåðìèíèðîâàííîãî õàîñà ïîçâîëÿåò ñèíòåçèðîâàòü áîëåå àäåêâàòíûå
ìîäåëè, êîòîðûå çíà÷èòåëüíî óìåíüøàþò ðàñõîæäåíèÿ ìåæäó òåîðå-
òè÷åñêèìè è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûìè ðåçóëüòàòàìè. Â ïåðâîì òîìå êíè-
ãè òàêæå ðàçâèòû òåîðåòè÷åñêèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î ðàññåÿíèè ìîäó-
ëèðîâàííûõ ðàäèîâîëí ÑÂ× - äèàïàçîíà ïîâåðõíîñòüþ ñ êðóïíîìàñ-
øòàáíûìè íåðîâíîñòÿìè íà îñíîâå èíòåãðàëüíûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé Ôó-
ðüå - îïòèêè è òåîðèè ëèíåéíûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé. Òåîðåòè÷åñêèé àíà-
ëèç ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì ðàçìåðîâ íåðîâíîñòåé, óãëà ïàäåíèÿ
âîëíû è óìåíüøåíèåì øèðèíû äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè àíòåííû
ïðîèñõîäèò ñïàä îáîáùåííîé àìïëèòóäíî-÷àñòîòíîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè
ðàäèîëîêàöèîííîãî êàíàëà çîíäèðîâàíèÿ. Ïðîâåäåí äåòàëüíûé àíà-
ëèç ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-÷àñòîòíûõ ôóíêöèé êîððåëÿöèè âîëí, ðàññåÿí-
íûõ øåðîõîâàòîé èçîòðîïíîé è àíèçîòðîïíîé ïîâåðõíîñòÿìè ñ ó÷åòîì
âçàèìíîé ñòàòèñòè÷åñêîé ñâÿçè íàêëîíîâ êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûõ íåðîâ-
íîñòåé. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ïðè îñòðîíàïðàâëåííûõ àíòåííàõ çíà÷åíèÿ
ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ êîððåëÿöèè è ÷àñòîòíûõ ôóíêöèé
êîãåðåíòíîñòè ïîëåé ðàññåÿíèÿ îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ â îñíîâíîì ëèøü øè-
ðèíîé äèàãðàììû íàïðàâëåííîñòè. Íà îñíîâå ïðåäëîæåííîãî ìåòîäà
ïîëó÷åíû è èññëåäîâàíû êîëè÷åñòâåííûå çíà÷åíèÿ ïîëîñû êîãåðåíò-
íîñòè ðàäèîëîêàöèîííîãî êàíàëà äèñòàíöèîííîãî çîíäèðîâàíèÿ çåì-
íûõ ïîêðîâîâ. Èññëåäîâàíî è êîëè÷åñòâåííî ïîäòâåðæäåíî ïðèìåíå-
íèå ìîäóëÿ è ôàçîâîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ÷àñòîòíîé ôóíêöèè êîãåðåíòíî-
ñòè äëÿ ïðåöèçèîííîé îöåíêè âûñîòû ïîëåòà è âåëè÷èíû êðóïíîìàñ-
øòàáíûõ íåðîâíîñòåé ïðè ðàçëè÷íûõ çíà÷åíèÿõ âçàèìíîé êîððåëÿöèè
è èõ íàêëîíîâ. Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ìåòîäû èçìåðåíèÿ êîíêóðåíòíîñïîñîáíû
ñ îáû÷íûìè êîðîòêîèìïóëüñíûìè ìåòîäàìè èçìåðåíèÿ âûñîòû ïîëå-
òà è õàðàêòåðèñòèê êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûõ íåðîâíîñòåé çåìíûõ ïîêðîâîâ.
Ïîëó÷åíû àíàëèòè÷åñêèå âûðàæåíèÿ äëÿ ÿäðà îáîáùåííîé ôóíêöèè
íåîïðåäåëåííîñòè ñ ó÷åòîì õàðàêòåðèñòèê àíòåííû, åå óãëîâîé îðèåí-
òàöèè è õàðàêòåðèñòèê ðàññåèâàþùåé àíèçîòðîïíîé èëè èçîòðîïíîé
ïîâåðõíîñòè äëÿ âñåãî äèàïàçîíà êîýôôèöèåíòà êîððåëÿöèè íàêëîíîâ
êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûõ íåðîâíîñòåé. Ôðàêòàëüíàÿ ðàçìåðíîñòü åñòåñòâåí-
íûõ ïîêðîâîâ îïðåäåëÿåò óãëîâîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå èíòåíñèâíîñòè ðàññå-
ÿíèÿ (èíäèêàòðèñó ðàññåÿíèÿ). Ïî èñêàæåíèþ îòðàæåííûõ ðàäèîñèã-
íàëîâ ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü ìåðó ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ íåðîâíîñòåé è ôðàê-
òàëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè. Ïåðå÷èñëåííîå âûøå - ýòî ëèøü ìàëàÿ ÷àñòü
îáëàñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ ñâåðõøèðîêîïîëîñíîé ýëåêòðîäèíàìèêè è îò÷à-
ñòè îáúÿñíÿåò áîëüøîé èíòåðåñ, ïðîÿâëÿåìûé ê ýòîé ïðîáëåìå. Îïóá-
ëèêîâàíû ñîòíè è ñîòíè ðàáîò, ïîñâÿùåííûõ òåîðåòè÷åñêèì è ýêñïå-
ðèìåíòàëüíûì èññëåäîâàíèÿì â äàííîé îáëàñòè. Îäíàêî êíèã ïî èì-
ïóëüñíîé ýëåêòðîäèíàìèêå, âûïóùåííûõ â Ðîññèè, ÿâíî ìàëî. Ïðåä-
ëàãàåìûé ïåðâûé òîì ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ çàïîëíåíèÿ ïðîáåëà ìåæäó
îáèëèåì æóðíàëüíûõ ñòàòåé è íåäîñòàòêîì êíèæíûõ èçäàíèé â îá-
ëàñòÿõ èññëåäîâàíèÿ íåñòàöèîíàðíûõ ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ ïîëåé è èõ

ïðèìåíåíèÿ â ðàäèîëîêàöèè è ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíîé ñîâìåñòèìîñòè. Âî
âòîðîì òîìå ðàññìîòðåíû âîïðîñû èíåðöèàëüíîé íàâèãàöèè è ðàäèî-
ëîêàöèè ñ ó÷åòîì ðåëÿòèâèñòñêèõ ïîïðàâîê, äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ êîòîðûõ òðå-
áóåòñÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèå àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî àïïàðàòà ðåëÿòèâèñòñêèõ íåèíåð-
öèàëüíûõ ñèñòåì îòñ÷åòà (ÍÑÎ). Îäíàêî â ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîé òåîðèè íå
ñóùåñòâóåò åäèíîãî àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî îïðåäåëåíèÿ, êàê ñèñòåì îòñ÷åòà,
òàê è ïðàâèë, óñòàíàâëèâàþùèõ ïåðåõîä ìåæäó íèìè. Äàæå ïðè ðàñ-
ñìîòðåíèè ïðîñòåéøèõ ÍÑÎ â ñïåöèàëüíîé òåîðèè îòíîñèòåëüíîñòè
(ÑÒÎ), òàêèõ êàê ðàâíîóñêîðåííàÿ è ðàâíîìåðíî âðàùàþùàÿñÿ, ïðè-
õîäèòñÿ ñòàëêèâàòüñÿ ñ ëîãè÷åñêèìè òðóäíîñòÿìè, êîòîðûì óäåëÿåòñÿ
ìàëî âíèìàíèÿ â ðàáîòàõ ïî ñèñòåìàì îòñ÷åòà. Èçëîæåíèå ìàòåðèàëà
íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ ðàññìîòðåíèÿ ñèñòåì îòñ÷åòà (ÑÎ) ñ íåòðàäèöèîííûõ ïî-
çèöèé, àêöåíòèðóÿ îñíîâíîå âíèìàíèå íà ïðè÷èíå âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ êðè-
âèçíû ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè ñïëîøíîé ñðåäû. Âòîðîé òîì êíèãè ñî-
äåðæèò íîâûå ìàòåðèàëû, î êîòîðûõ êðàéíå ìàëî èçâåñòíî êàê â Ðîñ-
ñèè, òàê è çà ðóáåæîì. Êàê èçâåñòíî, îáëó÷àåìûå ðàäèîëîêàöèîííûìè
ñèãíàëàìè ëåòàòåëüíûå àïïàðàòû (ñàìîëåòû), íàïðèìåð, ïðè âçëåòå,
ïîñàäêå è ìàíåâðàõ äâèæóòñÿ óñêîðåííî. Ñïóòíèêè, äâèæóùèåñÿ ïî
îðáèòàì, âñåãäà èìåþò óñêîðåíèå. Ïîýòîìó ïåðåäàþùèå è ïðèåìíûå
ñòàíöèè, ðàñïîëîæåííûå íà ëåòàþùèõ îáúåêòàõ, åñòåñòâåííî ñàìè èñ-
ïûòûâàþò óñêîðåíèå. Íåìåäëåííî âîçíèêàåò âîïðîñ î äåéñòâèè ñèë
èíåðöèè íà ÷àñòîòó è ôîðìó ïðèíèìàåìûõ è èçëó÷åííûõ ñèãíàëîâ íà
ëåòàòåëüíûõ àïïàðàòàõ, ïðè îáìåíå ñèãíàëàìè ìåæäó íèìè è íàáëþ-
äàòåëÿìè íà Çåìëå. Îáû÷íî ýòè âîïðîñû ðåøàþòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ õîðîøî
èçâåñòíîãî ýôôåêòà Äîïëåðà, êîòîðûé ïðåêðàñíî ðàáîòàåò â èíåðöè-
àëüíûõ ñèñòåìàõ îòñ÷åòà (ÈÑÎ). ×òî êàñàåòñÿ íåèíåðöèàëüíûõ ñèñòåì
îòñ÷åòà (ÍÑÎ), òî äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè íå ñóùåñòâóåò îáùåïðèçíàí-
íîãî îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïðàâèë ïåðåõîäà îò ÈÑÎ ê ÍÑÎ. Âî âòîðîì òîìå
êíèãè äîêàçàíî, ÷òî â ÍÑÎ, êàê è â îáùåé òåîðèè îòíîñèòåëüíîñòè
(ÎÒÎ) ýôôåêò Äîïëåðà çàâèñèò íå òîëüêî îò ñêîðîñòè, íî è îò óñêî-
ðåíèÿ è ðàññòîÿíèÿ äî èçëó÷àþùåãî îáúåêòà. Áîëåå òîãî, íàáëþäàòåëü,
åãî ïðèåìíîå èëè ïåðåäàþùåå óñòðîéñòâî, íàõîäÿñü â óñêîðåííî äâè-
æóùåìñÿ àïïàðàòå, îêàçûâàþòñÿ â ðèìàíîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå - âðåìå-
íè. Êðèâèçíà âíóòðè "ìèðîâîé òðóáêè"àïïàðàòà çàâèñèò îò óñêîðåíèÿ
îáúåêòà è íèêàê íå ñâÿçàíà ñ èñêðèâëåíèåì ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè â
òåîðèè ãðàâèòàöèè Ýéíøòåéíà. Îòñþäà âîçíèêàåò ïðîáëåìà ïðåîáðà-
çîâàíèÿ ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèõ îáúåêòîâ (âåêòîðîâ, òåíçîðîâ, ñïèíîðîâ, ñâÿç-
íîñòåé è ò. ä.) èç ïëîñêîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà Ìèíêîâñêîãî â èñêðèâëåííîå
ïðîñòðàíñòâî Ðèìàíà è íàîáîðîò. Ðåøåíèå ýòîé ïðîáëåìû ïðèâîäèò
ê ïðåäñêàçàíèþ íîâûõ ýôôåêòîâ ïðè ðàññìîòðåíèè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ
ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ âîëí è ñîçäàíèþ íîâîé îáëàñòè íàóêè - ðåëÿòèâèñò-
ñêîé íåèíåðöèàëüíîé ðàäèîëîêàöèè. Ðàçâèòèå íåòðàäèöèîííîãî ïîäõî-
äà ê ÍÑÎ ïðèâåëî ê íîâîìó êðóãó çàäà÷, êîòîðûå, íà ïåðâûé âçãëÿä,
íå èìåþò íèêàêîãî îòíîøåíèÿ ê ÍÑÎ, íî íà ñàìîì äåëå îêàçàëèñü ñ
íèìè òåñíî ñâÿçàííûìè. Íà ñòûêå ÎÒÎ è ÍÑÎ âîçíèêëà íîâàÿ îá-
ëàñòü èññëåäîâàíèé, ñâÿçûâàþùèõ ãåîìåòðèþ ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè
ñ êëàññè÷åñêèìè (íåêâàíòîâûìè) ïîëÿìè ñâÿçàííûõ çàðÿäîâ. Ñàìûì

åñòåñòâåííûì îáðàçîì âîçíèêëà íåëèíåéíàÿ ýëåêòðîäèíàìèêà, ëèøåí-
íàÿ ðàñõîäèìîñòåé, íî ðàññìàòðèâàåìàÿ â ðèìàíîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå-
âðåìåíè. (Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî áåñêîíå÷íàÿ ñîáñòâåííàÿ ýíåðãèÿ ïîëÿ òî÷å÷-
íîãî çàðÿäà - ãëàâíàÿ òðóäíîñòü êëàññè÷åñêîé è (êâàíòîâîé) òåîðèè
ïîëÿ). Îòìåòèì, ÷òî óðàâíåíèÿ Ýéíøòåéíà (ââèäó ñëàáîñòè ãðàâèòà-
öèîííîãî ïîëÿ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûì) ïðè ýòîì íå èñ-
ïîëüçîâàëèñü, õîòÿ ðåøåíèå äëÿ êóëîíîâñêîãî ïîëÿ òî÷å÷íîãî çàðÿäà
(ïðè çàìåíå ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ êîíñòàíò âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ íà ãðàâèòàöèîí-
íûå) ïåðåøëî â ïåðâîì ïðèáëèæåíèè â òî÷íîå ðåøåíèå Øâàðöøèëüäà
â ÎÒÎ. Ðåçóëüòàòû, ïðîâåäåííûõ âî âòîðîì ðàçäåëå êíèãè èññëåäîâà-
íèé, ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî âçàèìîñâÿçü ìåæäó òåîðèÿìè Íüþòîíà, Ìàêñâåëëà
è Ýéíøòåéíà îêàçàëàñü ãîðàçäî ïðî÷íåå è îáúåìíåå, ÷åì ïðèíÿòî ñ÷è-
òàòü â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ. Âî ìíîãèõ çàäà÷àõ íå çàäàåòñÿ çàðàíåå ñòðóê-
òóðà ñðåäû, ïðèâîäÿùàÿ â îáùåì ñëó÷àå ê âûõîäó çà ðàìêè ïëîñêîãî
ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè, à ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ äâèæåíèå ñïëîøíîé ñðåäû
(áàçèñà ÍÑÎ) â ïëîñêîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå Ìèíêîâñêîãî â çàäàííîì ñèëî-
âîì ïîëå. Îäíàêî è â ýòîì ñëó÷àå âîçíèêàåò îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ êðèâèç-
íà ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè, îáóñëîâëåííàÿ íåñîâïàäåíèåì ãèïåðïîâåðõ-
íîñòè, îðòîãîíàëüíîé ìèðîâûì ëèíèÿì ÷àñòèö áàçèñà ñ ãèïåðïîâåðõ-
íîñòüþ îäíîâðåìåííîñòè. Ðàçðàáîòêå íåãîëîíîìíîãî ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî
àïïàðàòà è åãî ïðèìåíåíèþ ïîñâÿùåí âòîðîé òîì êíèãè. Âî âòîðîì
òîìå êíèãè ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ ýëåêòðîäèíàìèêà êàê â ÑÎ ñ çàäàííûì
çàêîíîì äâèæåíèÿ, òàê è â ÑÎ ñ çàäàííîé ñòðóêòóðîé. Ïðîâîäèò-
ñÿ ïàðàëëåëüíîå ñðàâíåíèå äëÿ ðåøåíèé â "ðàâíîóñêîðåííîé"ñèñòåìå
Ìåëëåðà è ðàâíîóñêîðåííîé æåñòêîé ÍÑÎ â ïðîñòðàíñòâå ïîñòîÿí-
íîé êðèâèçíû. Ôîðìóëèðóåòñÿ êðèòåðèé ñòàöèîíàðíîñòè, íà îñíîâå
êîòîðîãî ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ îäèí èç "âå÷íûõ âîïðîñîâ ôèçèêè î ïîëå
ïðè ðàâíîìåðíî óñêîðåííîì äâèæåíèè çàðÿäà. Îáñóæäàþòñÿ âîïðîñû
ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ âîëí, îáîáùåííûé íà ïðîèçâîëü-
íûå ÍÑÎ ýôôåêò Äîïëåðà è ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ïîëåé. Èíûìè ñëîâàìè,
çàêëàäûâàþòñÿ îñíîâû íîâîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðåëÿòè-
âèñòñêîé íåèíåðöèàëüíîé ðàäèîëîêàöèè. Â êíèãå ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ íî-
âîå íàïðàâëåíèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñèëîâûõ ïîëåé, îñíîâàííîå íà ïîñòó-
ëàòå ýêâèâàëåíòíûõ ñèòóàöèé. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî èñêðèâëå-
íèå ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè - ýòî íå ïðèâèëåãèÿ òîëüêî ãðàâèòàöèîííîãî
ïîëÿ. Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû ÿâëÿþòñÿ îðèãèíàëüíûìè. Ðàçâèòèå íî-
âîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ ïîçâîëèëî óñòðàíèòü ðàñõîäèìîñòü ïîëÿ òî÷å÷íîãî
çàðÿäà, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëàâíîé ïðèíöèïèàëüíîé òðóäíîñòüþ êëàñ-
ñè÷åñêîé è êâàíòîâîé òåîðèè ïîëÿ. Ïðåäëîæåííûé ïîäõîä ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ñâîåîáðàçíûì ìîñòèêîì, êîòîðûé ñîåäèíèë, êàçàëîñü, íåñîâìåñòèìûå
òåîðèè: êëàññè÷åñêóþ ìåõàíèêó Íüþòîíà, êëàññè÷åñêóþ ýëåêòðîäèíà-
ìèêó Ìàêñâåëëà è îáùóþ òåîðèþ îòíîñèòåëüíîñòè Ýéíøòåéíà. Îêà-
çàëîñü, ÷òî ñõîäñòâî ìåæäó ýòèìè òåîðèÿìè çíà÷èòåëüíî áëèæå, ÷åì
ñ÷èòàëîñü ðàíåå. Ðàññìîòðåíî äâèæåíèå çàðÿæåííûõ ÷àñòèö â ïîëÿõ
ñâÿçàííûõ çàðÿäîâ äëÿ ñëó÷àåâ ïëîñêîé è ñôåðè÷åñêîé ñèììåòðèè.
Ïðîâåäåíî ñðàâíåíèå ñ ðåçóëüòàòàìè, ïîëó÷àåìûìè ïðè êëàññè÷åñêîì
ðàññìîòðåíèè â ÑÒÎ è ÎÒÎ. Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû îðèãèíàëüíû. Âî

âòîðîì òîìå ïîëó÷åíî óðàâíåíèå ñêàëÿðíîãî ìåçîííîãî ïîëÿ ñâÿçàí-
íûõ íóêëîíîâ, ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîå óðàâíåíèå äâèæåíèÿ ïðîáíûõ íóêëîíîâ
â ïîëå ñâÿçàííûõ ìåçîíîâ. Îïðåäåëåíà ãåîìåòðèÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâà - âðå-
ìåíè ìåçîííîãî ñêàëÿðíîãî ïîëÿ è íàéäåí òåíçîð ýíåðãèè - èìïóëüñà
ýòîãî ïîëÿ. Ïðè ðàäèîëîêàöèè êàê äàëüíèõ, òàê è áëèæíèõ îáúåê-
òîâ, èñïóñêàåìûé è ïðèíèìàåìûé ñèãíàëû âñåãäà ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ â
íåêîòîðîé ñïëîøíîé ñðåäå. (Èäåàëüíîãî âàêóóìà íå áûâàåò). Ñàì ñèã-
íàë - óëüòðàðåëÿòèâèñòêèé, à ñïëîøíàÿ ñðåäà, â êîòîðîé ðàñïðîñòðà-
íÿåòñÿ âçàèìîäåéñòâèå, êàê ïðàâèëî, ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ â êëàññè÷åñêîì
ïðèáëèæåíèè, ÷òî ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê çíà÷èòåëüíûì íåòî÷íîñòÿì. Äëÿ
óñòðàíåíèÿ ýòîãî ïðîáåëà â êíèãå ðàçâèòà ðåëÿòèâèñòñêàÿ òåîðèÿ äå-
ôîðìèðóåìûõ ñðåä, íà ôîíå êîòîðîé è äîëæíà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî ñòðî-
èòüñÿ òåîðèÿ ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîé íåèíåðöèàëüíîé ðàäèîëîêàöèè. Â êíèãå
ðàññìîòðåíà êèíåìàòèêà äåôîðìèðóåìîé ñðåäû â ðàìêàõ ÑÒÎ. Íà ãè-
ïåðïîâåðõíîñòÿõ îðòîãîíàëüíûõ ìèðîâûì ëèíèÿì ÷àñòèö ñðåäû (àê-
òóàëüíîé è íà÷àëüíîé) íàéäåíû òåíçîðû äåôîðìàöèé â ðàçëè÷íûõ ñè-
ñòåìàõ îòñ÷åòà, îáîáùàþùèå êëàññè÷åñêèå òåíçîðû Àëüìàíñè, Ãðèíà,
Êîøè, Ôèíãåðà. Ïîëó÷åíû ðåëÿòèâèñòñêèå óðàâíåíèÿ ñîâìåñòíîñòè
äåôîðìàöèé è âûâåäåíû ñîîòíîøåíèÿ, ñâÿçûâàþùèå òåíçîð ðàñïðî-
ñòðàíåíèÿ íàòÿæåíèé ñî ñêîðîñòüþ èçìåíåíèÿ òåíçîðà äåôîðìàöèé â
ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿõ. Íàéäåíû ðåëÿòèâèñòñêèå óðàâíåíèÿ ñîâ-
ìåñòíîñòè äëÿ òåíçîðà ñêîðîñòåé äåôîðìàöèé. Â ýòîì òîìå êíèãè âû-
âåäåíî ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîå óðàâíåíèå íåðàçðûâíîñòè è íàéäåíî åãî ðåøå-
íèå. Íà îñíîâå âàðèàöèîííîãî ïðèíöèïà Ëàãðàíæà ïîñòðîåíà ðåëÿòè-
âèñòñêàÿ äèíàìèêà èçîòðîïíîãî óïðóãîãî êîíòèíóóìà. Ïîëó÷åí ðåëÿ-
òèâèñòñêèé çàêîí Ãóêà è ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ìåõàíè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà óðàâíå-
íèé, îïèñûâàþùàÿ ïîâåäåíèå ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîãî èçîòðîïíîãî óïðóãîãî
êîíòèíóóìà, ÿâëÿåòñÿ çàìêíóòîé. Â êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðîâ ðåøåíà çàäà÷à
î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè ïëîñêèõ âîëí â íåîãðàíè÷åííîé èçîòðîïíîé äâèæó-
ùåéñÿ ñðåäå è â ðàìêàõ ÑÒÎ íàéäåí àíàëîã æåñòêîãî "ðàâíîóñêîðåí-
íîãî"äâèæåíèÿ êîíòèíóóìà, ïðèâåäøèé ê êîíöåïöèè Áîðíà è ìåòðèêå
Ìåëëåðà. Â íüþòîíîâñêîé ìåõàíèêå è ÑÒÎ ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî ìàòåðèàëü-
íàÿ òî÷êà èëè öåíòð ìàññ òåëà èìåþò íóëåâîå àáñîëþòíîå óñêîðåíèå
îòíîñèòåëüíî (ÈÑÎ) â ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà îòñóòñòâóþò ïðèëîæåííûå ê òå-
ëó ñèëû èëè êîãäà èõ âåêòîðíàÿ ñóììà ðàâíà íóëþ. Â îáùåé òåîðèè
îòíîñèòåëüíîñòè (ÎÒÎ) ýòîò ïðàâèëî íå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ. Íàïðèìåð, ïî-
êîÿùååñÿ íà ïîâåðõíîñòè Çåìëè òåëî èìååò ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ÎÒÎ îò-
ëè÷íûé îò íóëÿ âåêòîð ïåðâîé êðèâèçíû (4 - óñêîðåíèå). Ñèëà ðåàêöèè
îïîðû ñî ñòîðîíû ïîâåðõíîñòè Çåìëè ñáèâàåò òåëî ñ åãî ãåîäåçè÷åñêîé
ëèíèè, èìåþùåé íóëåâîé âåêòîð ïåðâîé êðèâèçíû òîëüêî ïðè îòñóò-
ñòâèè ðåàêöèè îïîðû. Ñîãëàñíî ÎÒÎ òåëî, ëåæàùåå íà ïîâåðõíîñòè
Çåìëè, èìååò àáñîëþòíîå óñêîðåíèå, íàïðàâëåííîå ââåðõ è ðàâíîå ïî
âåëè÷èíå óñêîðåíèþ ñâîáîäíîãî ïàäåíèÿ âáëèçè ïîâåðõíîñòè. Íüþòî-
íèàíåö áóäåò óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî àáñîëþòíîå óñêîðåíèå òåëà íà ïîâåðõ-
íîñòè Çåìëè, îðáèòàëüíûì è ñîáñòâåííûì âðàùåíèåì êîòîðîé ïðåíå-
áðåãàåì, ðàâíî íóëþ. Õîòÿ äëÿ ñëàáûõ ïîëåé óðàâíåíèÿ Ýéíøòåéíà
ñîâïàäàþò ñ òåîðèåé Íüþòîíà, îäíàêî ïðèíöèï ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ïî îò-

íîøåíèþ ê àáñîëþòíûì óñêîðåíèÿì íå ðàáîòàåò. Öåëüþ ïðåäëàãàåìîé
êíèãè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïðèíöèïîâ ÎÒÎ íà ïðîèçâîëüíûå ñè-
ëîâûå ïîëÿ áåç ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ óðàâíåíèé Ýéíøòåéíà. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà-
ìè ñïëîøíîé ñðåäû â 4-ïðîñòðàíñòâå - âðåìåíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ 4-óñêîðåíèå,
òåíçîð ñêîðîñòåé äåôîðìàöèé è òåíçîð óãëîâîé ñêîðîñòè âðàùåíèÿ.
4 óñêîðåíèå âõîäèò â çàêîí äâèæåíèÿ è ïðè èçâåñòíîé ïëîñêîé ìåò-
ðèêå èíòåãðèðîâàíèåì óðàâíåíèÿ äâèæåíèÿ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïîëå 4- ñêî-
ðîñòè è îñíîâíûå òåíçîðû ñðåäû. Äëÿ ñèñòåì îòñ÷åòà ñ çàäàííûìè èç
ôèçè÷åñêèõ òðåáîâàíèé ñâîéñòâàìè íåîáõîäèìî çíàòü äîïîëíèòåëüíûå
óñëîâèÿ, ïðèïèñûâàåìûå îñíîâíûì òåíçîðàì ñðåäû, çàâèñÿùèì îò 4 -
ñêîðîñòåé è 4 - óñêîðåíèé. Íàïðèìåð, òðåáîâàíèå îòñóòñòâèÿ âðàùåíèé
è æåñòêîñòè ïî Áîðíó. ×èñëî óðàâíåíèé äëÿ íàõîæäåíèÿ 4 - ñêîðîñòè
ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïåðåîïðåäåëåííûì è äîëæíû âûïîëíÿòüñÿ óñëîâèÿ èíòå-
ãðèðóåìîñòè. Ïîñëåäíèå âûïîëíÿòñÿ, åñëè èñêîìûìè áóäóò íå òîëüêî
4 - ñêîðîñòè ñðåäû, íî è ìåòðè÷åñêèå êîýôôèöèåíòû. Äëÿ ñóùåñòâîâà-
íèÿ ðåøåíèÿ ïîëó÷åíû óñëîâèÿ èíòåãðèðóåìîñòè (óðàâíåíèÿ ñòðóêòó-
ðû). Äîêàçàíà òåîðåìà, ÷òî æåñòêàÿ ïî Áîðíó ðàâíîóñêîðåííàÿ ñðåäà
ìîæåò áûòü îïèñàíà â ðàìêàõ ïðîñòðàíñòâà Ðèìàíà. Óðàâíåíèå ñòðóê-
òóðû íå ñâÿçàíî ñ ÎÒÎ, íî äàåò äîïîëíèòåëüíîå óñëîâèå ê óðàâíåíè-
ÿì Ýéíøòåéíà. Äîêàçàíà òåîðåìà, ÷òî âñå ñòàòè÷åñêèå ñôåðè÷åñêè-
ñèììåòðè÷íûå ðåøåíèÿ ÎÒÎ ñîâìåñòíû ñ óðàâíåíèåì ñòðóêòóðû. Îä-
íîìåðíîãî ðåøåíèÿ âíå ïëîñêîãî áåñêîíå÷íîãî ìàññèâíîãî èñòî÷íèêà
â ÎÒÎ íå ñóùåñòâóåò, à óðàâíåíèå ñòðóêòóðû èìååò åãî è èíäóöèðó-
åò ìåòðèêó äëÿ ïîñòîÿííîãî îäíîðîäíîãî ñòàòè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ. Èññëåäî-
âàíà ñèñòåìà ðåøåíèé óðàâíåíèé Ýéíøòåéíà-Ìàêñâåëëà, ñîâìåñòíàÿ
ñ óðàâíåíèÿìè ñòðóêòóðû. Íàðÿäó ñ ðåøåíèÿìè óðàâíåíèé ýëåêòðî-
ñòàòèêè â ïëîñêîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå Ìèíêîâñêîãî äîêàçàíà âîçìîæíîñòü
îïèñàíèÿ ýëåêòðîñòàòè÷åñêèõ ïîëåé â ðèìàíîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå - âðå-
ìåíè, íå ñâÿçàííîãî ñ ÎÒÎ, íî ñîâìåñòíîãî ñ óðàâíåíèåì ñòðóêòóðû.
Ðàññìîòðåíèå ñïëîøíîé ñðåäû â ëàãðàíæåâîé ñîïóòñòâóþùåé ñèñòåìå
îòñ÷åòà (ÑÎ) ñâÿçàíî ñ ïåðåõîäîì â íåèíåðöèàëüíóþ ñèñòåìó îòñ÷åòà
(ÍÑÎ). Êàê èçâåñòíî, "...íåèíåðöèàëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà îòñ÷åòà ýêâèâàëåíò-
íà íåêîòîðîìó ãðàâèòàöèîííîìó ïîëþ. Ýòî îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî íàçûâàþò
ïðèíöèïîì ýêâèâàëåíòíîñòè". Â íàñòîÿùåé êíèãå ïðåäïðèíÿòà ïîïûò-
êà âûÿñíåíèÿ ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ êðèâèçíû ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè ñïëîø-
íîé ñðåäû áåç îáðàùåíèÿ ê ÎÒÎ Ýéíøòåéíà. Âûâåäåííûå óðàâíåíèÿ
ñòðóêòóðû ïîçâîëÿþò îáúåêòèâíî îöåíèòü êàê ïðàâîìåðíîñòü íåêîòî-
ðûõ èçâåñòíûõ ðåøåíèé ÎÒÎ, òàê è ïîñòðîèòü ýëåêòðîñòàòèêó â ðè-
ìàíîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå-âðåìåíè íà îñíîâå îáùåêîâàðèàíòíûõ óðàâíå-
íèé Ìàêñâåëëà è óðàâíåíèé ñòðóêòóðû. Äîêàçàíà òåîðåìà. ¾Æåñòêîå
ïî Áîðíó ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîå ðàâíîóñêîðåííîå ïîñòóïàòåëüíîå äâèæåíèå
ñïëîøíîé ñðåäû âîçìîæíî òîëüêî â ïðîñòðàíñòâå-âðåìåíè ñ íåðàâ-
íûì íóëþ òåíçîðîì Ðèìàíà¿. Ñëåäñòâèåì òåîðåìû ÿâëÿåòñÿ îøèáî÷-
íîñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîãî ìíåíèÿ, ÷òî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ìåëëåðà îñó-
ùåñòâëÿåò ïåðåõîä îò ÈÑÎ ê ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîé ðàâíîóñêîðåííîé ÍÑÎ.
Ýòà òî÷êà çðåíèÿ íàøëà îòðàæåíèå â ïðåêðàñíîé ìîíîãðàôèè Ôîêà
[15]. Èçâåñòíàÿ ìåòðèêà Ìåëëåðà, ÿâëÿÿñü æåñòêîé ïî Áîðíó, îòíþäü

íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàâíîóñêîðåííîé. Îá ýòîì æå ïèñàë è ñàì Ìåëëåð. Â òðå-
òüåì òîìå îáîáùåííûé êàíîíè÷åñêèé îïåðàòîð Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà ïðèìå-
íåí äëÿ àíàëèçà ÷èñëåííîé ðåàëèçàöèè ìåòîäà ê çàäà÷àì ðàñïðîñòðà-
íåíèÿ ÝÌÈ. Äàíà êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà ñðåäíèõ çíà÷åíèé
êâàíòîâî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ íàáëþäàåìûõ íà îñíîâå êâàíòîâîãî ñòîõàñòè-
÷åñêîãî óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà. Íà îñíîâå óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà ñ
îïåðàòîðîì äðîáíîãî äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ïî ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûì êîîð-
äèíàòàì âû÷èñëåí ôåéíìàíîâñêèé èíòåãðàë ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì äëÿ îáîá-
ùåííîãî ëàãðàíæèàíà ñ îïåðàòîðîì äðîáíîãî äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ïî
âðåìåíè. Ïðîâåäåíî ÷èñëåííîå ñðàâíåíèå íåïåðòóðáàòèâíîé àñèìïòî-
òèêè ñ ðåçóëüòàòàìè, ïîëó÷åííûìè â ðàìêàõ êàíîíè÷åñêîé òåîðèè âîç-
ìóùåíèé. Ðàññìîòðåíû íîâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â òåîðåòè÷åñêîé àñòðîôè-
çèêå òàêèå, êàê êâàíòîâàÿ êîñìîëîãèÿ â ïðîñòðàíñòâå-âðåìåíè îòðèöà-
òåëüíîé ôðàêòàëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè è êâàíòîâîïîëåâàÿ ïåðòóðáàòèâíàÿ
ìîäåëü âàêóóìà Ýéíøòåéíà-Ãëèíåðà-Çåëüäîâè÷à, à òàêæå èíäóöèðî-
âàííàÿ ãðàâèòàöèÿ Ñàõàðîâà â ðèìàíîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå îòðèöàòåëü-
íîé ôðàêòàëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñòàíîâèòñÿ ÿñíûì,
÷òî ïðèìåíåíèå â ôèçèêå èäåé íåòðèâèàëüíîé ìàñøòàáíîé èíâàðèàíò-
íîñòè ñêåéëèíãà è òåîðèè ôðàêòàëîâ, à òàêæå ðàçäåëîâ ñîâðåìåííîãî
ôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî àíàëèçà, êîòîðûå ñâÿçàíû ñ òåîðèåé ìíîæåñòâ, òåî-
ðèåé ðàçìåðíîñòè, îáùåé òîïîëîãèåé è ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîé òåîðèåé ìåðû,
îòêðûâàþò áîëüøèå ïîòåíöèàëüíûå âîçìîæíîñòè è íîâûå ïåðñïåêòè-
âû (ñì., íàïðèìåð, êíèãè: Ïîòàïîâ À.À. Ôðàêòàëû â ðàäèîôèçèêå è
ðàäèîëîêàöèè.- Ì.: Ëîãîñ, 2002.- 664 ñ.; Ïîòàïîâ À.À. Ôðàêòàëû â ðà-
äèîôèçèêå è ðàäèîëîêàöèè: Òîïîëîãèÿ âûáîðêè. Èçä. 2-å, ïåðåðàá. è
äîï.- Ì.: Óíèâåðñèòåòñêàÿ êíèãà, 2005.- 848 ñ.; Ïîòàïîâ À.À. Ôðàê-
òàëû è õàîñ êàê îñíîâà íîâûõ ïðîðûâíûõ òåõíîëîãèé â ñîâðåìåííûõ
ðàäèîñèñòåìàõ. - Äîïîëíåíèå ê êí.: Êðîíîâåð Ð. Ôðàêòàëû è õàîñ â
äèíàìè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåìàõ / Ïåð. ñ àíãë.; Ïîä ðåä. Ò.Ý. Êðåíêåëÿ.- Ì.:
Òåõíîñôåðà, 2006.- Ñ. 374 479; Ïîòàïîâ À.À., Ãóëÿåâ Þ.Â., Íèêèòîâ
Ñ.À., Ïàõîìîâ À.À., Ãåðìàí Â.À. Íîâåéøèå ìåòîäû îáðàáîòêè èçîá-
ðàæåíèé / Ïîä ðåä. À.À. Ïîòàïîâà. Ì.: ÔÈÇÌÀÒËÈÒ, 2008.- 496 ñ.
(ìîíîãðàôèÿ - ïî ãðàíòó ÐÔÔÈ 07 07 - 07005); Ïîäîñåíîâ Ñ.À.,
Ïîòàïîâ À.À., Ñîêîëîâ À.À. Èìïóëüñíàÿ ýëåêòðîäèíàìèêà øèðîêî-
ïîëîñíûõ ðàäèîñèñòåì è ïîëÿ ñâÿçàííûõ ñòðóêòóð / Ïîä ðåä. À.À.
Ïîòàïîâà.- Ì.: Ðàäèîòåõíèêà, 2003.- 720 ñ.; Ïîòàïîâ À.À. Ôðàêòàëü-
íûé ìåòîä è ôðàêòàëüíàÿ ïàðàäèãìà â ñîâðåìåííîì åñòåñòâîçíàíèè.-
Âîðîíåæ: ÈÏÖ Íàó÷íàÿ êíèãà, 2012.- 108 ñ.). Îñíîâíûå ðåçóëüòàòû,
âîøåäøèå â ìîíîãðàôèþ, îïóáëèêîâàíû â ñòàòüÿõ àâòîðîâ. ×àñòü ðå-
çóëüòàòîâ ïî ôðàêòàëàì â ðàäèîëîêàöèè, îáðàáîòêå ñâåðõñëàáûõ ñèã-
íàëîâ â èíòåíñèâíûõ ïîìåõàõ íåãàóññîâñêîãî òèïà, à òàêæå ïî ôðàê-
òàëüíûì àíòåííàì, ôðàêòàëüíûì ðàäèîýëåìåíòàì, ôðàêòàëüíûì ðà-
äèîñèñòåìàì è îáíàðóæèòåëÿì âîøëè â ¾Îò÷åòíûå äîêëàäû Ïðåçè-
äèóìà Ðîññèéñêîé àêàäåìèè íàóê. Íàó÷íûå äîñòèæåíèÿ Ðîññèéñêîé
àêàäåìèè íàóê¿ - â 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012 ãã., à òàêæå â ¾Äîêëàä Ïðà-
âèòåëüñòâó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. Îá èòîãàõ ðåàëèçàöèè â 2011 ãîäó
Ïðîãðàììû ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ãîñóäàðñòâåí-

íûõ àêàäåìèé íàóê íà 2008 - 2012 ãã. Â òðåõ òîìàõ. Ì.: Íàóêà, 2012¿.
×àñòü ðåçóëüòàòîâ áûëà ïîëó÷åíà â ïðîöåññå ðàáîòû íàä ðóêîïèñüþ.
Íåñêîëüêî ñëîâ î ñòðóêòóðå ìîíîãðàôèè. Ñóùåñòâî åå îïðåäåëåíî íà-
çâàíèåì. Êðóã âîïðîñîâ, âêëþ÷åííûõ â êíèãó, âèäåí èç îãëàâëåíèÿ.
Êíèãà ñîñòîèò èç 3 òîìîâ è 16 ãëàâ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîíîãðàôèÿ çíà-
êîìèò ÷èòàòåëÿ ñ öåëûì ðÿäîì íîâûõ êëþ÷åâûõ èäåé â ðàññìîòðåí-
íûõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ è ôîðìóëèðóåò îñíîâó äëÿ äàëüíåéøåãî èõ èçó-
÷åíèÿ. Â ðÿäå ãëàâ äîêàçàíî ïî íåñêîëüêó íîâûõ òåîðåì, èìåþùèõ
âàæíîå çíà÷åíèå. Ïî ñâîåìó íàçíà÷åíèþ è îòáîðó ìàòåðèàëà ìîíî-
ãðàôèÿ íå èìååò àíàëîãîâ â ìèðîâîé ëèòåðàòóðå. Êíèãà îïðåäåëåííî
áóäåò ïîëåçíà øèðîêîìó êðóãó, êàê íàó÷íûõ ðàáîòíèêîâ, òàê è èíæå-
íåðîâ, à òàêæå àñïèðàíòàì è ñòóäåíòàì ñòàðøèõ êóðñîâ, çàíèìàþùèõ-
ñÿ èìïóëüñíûì èçëó÷åíèåì, òåîðèåé ôðàêòàëîâ è äðîáíûõ îïåðàòîðîâ,
ñâåðõøèðîêîïîëîñíîé ðàäèîëîêàöèåé, òåîðèåé îòíîñèòåëüíîñòè, ðåëÿ-
òèâèñòñêîé ìåõàíèêîé ñïëîøíûõ ñðåä, íåëèíåéíîé ýëåêòðîäèíàìèêîé,
íååâêëèäîâûìè ãåîìåòðèÿìè è äðóãèìè ñìåæíûìè âîïðîñàìè ôèçèêè
è ìàòåìàòèêè. Àâòîðû èñêðåííå ïðèçíàòåëüíû ä.ò.í. Â. Í. Êðóòèêîâó
è ïðîô. Â. Ñ. Èâàíîâó çà áëàãîæåëàòåëüíîñòü è ñîäåéñòâèå â ïðîâå-
äåíèè â ïðàêòèêó íàó÷íûõ èçûñêàíèé. Àâòîðû áëàãîäàðíû çàâ. ëàá.
ä.ò.í. Ê. Þ. Ñàõàðîâó, ê.ò.í. Î. Â. Ìèõååâó, ê.ò.í. Â. À. Òóðêèíó, Ñ.
Àëüáåòêîâó è Â. À. Ñàáåëüíèêîâó çà ëþáåçíîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå ýêñïåðè-
ìåíòàëüíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ, ðèñóíêîâ è ìàêåòîâ, êîòîðûå áûëè èñïîëüçî-
âàíû äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ ñ ðàçâèòîé â êíèãå òåîðèåé. Â çàêëþ÷åíèå àâòîðû
òàêæå ñ÷èòàþò ñâîèì ïðèÿòíûì äîëãîì âûðàçèòü ïðèçíàòåëüíîñòü çà
íåîöåíèìóþ ïîìîùü ïðè ïîäãîòîâêå êíèã ê ïå÷àòè Ñ. Â. ×åòûðêèíó.
Àâòîðû èñêðåííå ïðèçíàòåëüíû àêàäåìèêó Þ. Â. Ãóëÿåâó çà èíòå-
ðåñ ê äàííîìó íàó÷íîìó íàïðàâëåíèþ, ïîääåðæêó ýòèõ èññëåäîâàíèé
è âíèìàíèå ê íèì. Àâòîðû áóäóò ðàäû îáñóäèòü ñ çàèíòåðåñîâàííû-
ìè ÷èòàòåëÿìè ïðîáëåìû, çàòðîíóòûå â ýòîé ìîíîãðàôèè, è ñ ÷èòà-
òåëÿìè, êîòîðûå çàõîòÿò ïîäåëèòüñÿ ñ íàìè ñâîèìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè è
çàìå÷àíèÿìè î êíèãå.
Ïî÷òîâûé àäðåñ: 125009, Ìîñêâà, óë. Ìîõîâàÿ, äîì 11, ñòð. 7,
Èíñòèòóò Ðàäèîòåõíèêè è Ýëåêòðîíèêè èì. Â.À.Êîòåëüíèêîâà ÐÀÍ.
Ïîòàïîâ Àëåêñàíäð Àëåêñååâè÷, E-mail: potapov@cplire.ru
Ïî÷òîâûé àäðåñ: 119361, Ìîñêâà, óë. Îçåðíàÿ, 46,
ÔÃÓÏ "ÂÍÈÈÎÔÈ"
(Âñåðîññèéñêèé Íàó÷íî-Èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé Èíñòèòóò Îïòèêî-Ôè-
çè÷åñêèõ Èçìåðåíèé).
Ïîäîñåíîâ Ñòàíèñëàâ Àëåêñàíäðîâè÷, E-mail: podosenov@mail.ru
Ñ. À. Ïîäîñåíîâ, À. À. Ïîòàïîâ, Äæ. Ôîóêçîí, Å. Ð. Ìåíüêîâà.
Ìîñêâà, 2014.
14 Ãëàâà 15. Àñèìïòîòè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû â çàäà÷àõ êëàññè÷åñêîé...
Ãëàâà 15
ÀÑÈÌÏÒÎÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÌÅÒÎÄÛ Â ÇÀÄÀ×ÀÕ

ÊËÀÑÑÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ È ÔÐÀÊÒÀËÜÍÎÉ ÈÌÏÓËÜÑÍÎÉ
ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÄÈÍÀÌÈÊÈ
Ýòà ãëàâà ñîäåðæèò:

1. Ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà.
2. Îáîáùåííûé êàíîíè÷åñêèé îïåðàòîð Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà. Àíàëèç ÷èñ-
ëåííîé ðåàëèçàöèè ìåòîäà îáîáùåííîãî êàíîíè÷åñêîãî îïåðàòîðà Â.Ï.
Ìàñëîâà ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê çàäà÷àì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ÝÌÈ.
3. Òî÷íàÿ êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà ñðåäíèõ çíà÷åíèé íà-
áëþäàåìûõ â êâàíòîâîé ìåõàíèêå. Óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñ äåòåðìè-
íèðîâàííûì ïîòåíöèàëîì.
4. Òî÷íàÿ êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà ñðåäíèõ çíà÷åíèé ÊÌ
íàáëþäàåìûõ. Êâàíòîâîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà.
5. Óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñ îïåðàòîðîì äðîáíîãî äèôôåðåíöèðî-
âàíèÿ ïî ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûì êîîðäèíàòàì. Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé èíòåãðàë
ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì äëÿ îáîáùåííîãî Ëàãðàíæèàíà ñ îïåðàòîðîì äðîáíî-
ãî äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ïî âðåìåíè.
6. Ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñ îïåðàòîðîì äðîáíîãî
äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ïî ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûì êîîðäèíàòàì.
7. Ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé èíòåãðàë â ôàçîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå. Óðàâíåíèå
Øðåäèíãåðà ñ ïîòåíöèàëîì, óáûâàþùèì íà áåñêîíå÷íîñòè.
8. ×èñëåííîå ñðàâíåíèå íåïåðòóðáàòèâíîé àñèìïòîòèêè ñ ðåçóëü-
òàòàìè, ïîëó÷åííûìè â ðàìêàõ êàíîíè÷åñêîé òåîðèè âîçìóùåíèé.
15.1. Èñõîäíûå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèå óðàâíåíèÿ è èõ ñëåäñòâèÿ.

Ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà.
Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîíîõðîìàòè÷åñêîé âîëíû â ñðåäå ñ êðóïíîìàñ-

øòàáíûìè ñëó÷àéíûìè íåîäíîðîäíîñòÿìè îïèñûâàåòñÿ âîëíîâûì óðàâ-
íåíèåì ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà [1]
ε(r, ω)−hε(r, ω)i
∆Ψ (r) + k 2 [1 + εb (r, ω)] Ψ (r) = 0, εb (r, ω) = hε(r, ω)i ,
(1)
15.1. Èñõîäíûå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèå óðàâíåíèÿ è èõ ñëåäñòâèÿ... 15
ãäå r= (x, y, z), a εb (r, ω) - ôëóêòóèðóþùàÿ ÷àñòü äèýëåêòðè÷åñêîé

ïðîíèöàåìîñòè. Ôóíêöèÿ Ψ (r) ñâÿçàíà ñ êîìïîíåíòîé âîëíîâîãî ïîëÿ
E ñîîòíîøåíèÿìè
ω2
E (r) = Ψ (r) exp (−iωt) , k 2 = c2 hε (r, ω)i .
(2)
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.1.1. Ìû áóäåì ïðåäïîëàãàòü â äàëüíåéøåì, ÷òî
âûïîëíåíû ñëåäóþùèå óñëîâèÿ:
1. ε (r, ω) ýòî Σ -èçìåðèìàÿ ñëó÷àéíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ, çàäàííàÿ íà íåêî-
òîðîì âåðîÿòíîñòíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå hΩ, Σ, Pi .
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, hε (r, ω)i = ∫ Ω ε (r, ω) dP.
2. Ñëó÷àéíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ε (r, ω) ìîæåò áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåíà â âèäå
ε (r, ω) = f (r, ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω)) , ãäå f (r, u1 , ..., un ) - äåòåðìèíè-
ðîâàííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ âåùåñòâåííûõ ïåðåìåííûõ, à ξi (x, ω) - ñëó÷àéíûé
ïðîöåññ ñî çíà÷åíèÿìè â Rd è ïëîòíîñòüþ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ pi (x, wi ) , 1 ≤
i≤n.
3. Ñëó÷àéíûå ïðîöåññû ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω) ñòîõàñòè÷åñêè íåçà-
âèñèìû.
4. Ôóíêöèÿ hε (r, ω)i çàâèñèò òîëüêî îò ïåðåìåííîé x.
5. ω 2 /c2 1.
Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî óñëîâèÿ 2, 3 è 4 íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñóùåñòâåííûìè è
ïðèíÿòû òîëüêî äëÿ ÷èñòî òåõíè÷åñêèõ óïðîùåíèé. Òàêèì îáðàçîì,
äëÿ ïðîèçâîëüíîé èçìåðèìîé ôóíêöèè G (·) ìû èìååì hG (ε (r, ω))i =
∫ G (ε (r, ω)) dP (ω) = ∫ dup (x, u) G (ε (r, u)) , ãäå u = (u1 , ..., un ) ,
Ω Rn
n
Q
p (x, u) = pi (x, ui ) .
i=1
Åñëè ïðèíåáðå÷ü ðàññåÿíèåì íà áîëüøèå óãëû, òî ôóíêöèþ Ψ (r)

ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü â âèäå Ψ (r) = ψ (x, ρ) exp (ikx) , ρ = (y, z) , ãäå
ôóíêöèÿ ψ (x, ρ) óäîâëåòâîðÿåò ïàðàáîëè÷åñêîìó óðàâíåíèþ Øðåäèí-
ãåðîâñêîãî òèïà [1]
2ik ∂ψ(x,
∂x
ρ, ω)
= ∆⊥ ψ (x, ρ, ω) + k 2 εb (x, ρ, ω) ψ (x, ρ, ω) ,
∂2 ∂2
∆⊥ = ∂y 2 + ∂z 2 .
(3)
Â óðàâíåíèè (3) îñü x ñîâïàäàåò ñ íàïðàâëåíèåì ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî
ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîëíû. Ïðè ïåðåõîäå îò óðàâíåíèÿ (1) ê óðàâíåíèþ
(3) áûëî îòáðîøåíî ñëàãàåìîå âèäà ∂ 2 Ψ/∂x2 . Ãðàíè÷íûì óñëîâèåì äëÿ
óðàâíåíèÿ (3) ÿâëÿåòñÿ óñëîâèå
ψ (0, ρ) = ψ (ρ) . (4)

Óðàâíåíèå (3) î÷åâèäíî ÿâëÿåòñÿ óðàâíåíèåì ïàðàáîëè÷åñêîãî òè-

ïà, ãäå êîîðäèíàòà x ôîðìàëüíî âûïîëíÿåò ðîëü âðåìåíè, à óðàâíåíèå
(4) çàäàåò íà÷àëüíîå óñëîâèå.
Ïåðåïèøåì óðàâíåíèå (3) â êàíîíè÷åñêîé ôîðìå óðàâíåíèÿ Øðå-
äèíãåðà
2
ih̄ ∂ψ(x,
∂x
ρ, ω)
= h̄2 ∆ψ (x, ρ, ω) + V (x, ρ, ω) ψ (x, ρ, ω) , ψ (0, ρ) = ψ (ρ) ,
∂2 ∂2 c
∆ = ∂y 2 + ∂z 2 , ρ = (y, z) , h̄ = ω , V (x, ρ, ω) = ε
b (x, ρ, ω) .
(5)
Ðåøåíèå óðàâíåíèÿ (5) ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü â çàìêíóòîé ôîðìå â
âèäå Ôåéíìàíîâñêîãî èíòåãðàëà ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì
ψ0 (q (0)) exp h̄i S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] =

ψ (x, ρ, ω; h̄) = ∫
q(x)=ρ
ψ0 (ρ0 ) exp h̄i S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] dρ0 ,

∫
q (x) = ρ
0
q (0) = ρ
x 2
dq(v)
S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] = ∫ 12 dv − V (q (v) , x, ω) dv,
0
q (v) = (q1 (v) , q2 (v)) , ρ0 = (y , z ) , D [q (v)] = D [q1 (v)] D [q2 (v)] .
0 0
(6)
Îáðàçóÿ áèëèíåéíóþ êîìáèíàöèþ
2
χ (x, ρ, ω; h̄) = ψ (x, ρ, ω; h̄) ψ (x, ρ, ω; h̄) = |ψ (x, ρ, ω; h̄)|
(7)
è ïðèìåíÿÿ óðàâíåíèå (6), ìû ïîëó÷èì
χ (x, ρ, ω; h̄) =
" #2
1
∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] +
q(x)=ρ
" #2
1
∫ ψ0 (q (0)) sin h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] =
q(x)=ρ
χ1 (x, ρ, ω; h̄) + χ2 (x, ρ, ω; h̄) ,
(8)
ãäå ìû îáîçíà÷èëè
χ1 (x, ρ, ω; h̄) =
" #2
1
= ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] ,
q(x)=ρ
χ2 (x, ρ, ω; h̄) =
" #2
1
= ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) sin h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] .
q(x)=ρ
(9)
Îïðåäåëèì òåïåðü ñëó÷àéíûå ôóíêöèè χ b1 (x, ω; h̄) è
b (x, ω; h̄) , χ
b2 (x, ω; h̄) ñîãëàñíî ôîðìóëàì
χ
∞ ∞
b (x, ω; h̄) = ∫
χ ∫ [χ1 (x, ρ, ω; h̄) + χ2 (x, ρ, ω; h̄)] dydz,
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
b1 (x, ω; h̄) = ∫
χ ∫ [χ1 (x, ρ, ω; h̄) + χ2 (x, ρ, ω; h̄)] ydydz,
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
b2 (x, ω; h̄) = ∫
χ ∫ [χ1 (x, ρ, ω; h̄) + χ2 (x, ρ, ω; h̄)] zdydz.
−∞ −∞
(10)
Ïîäñòàâèâ óðàâíåíèÿ (9) â óðàâíåíèÿ (10) ìû ïîëó÷èì
χ
b1 (x, ω; h̄) =
2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄
S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] ydydz+
−∞ −∞
q(x)=ρ 2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) sin h̄
S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] ydydz
−∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
(11)
χ
b2 (x, ω; h̄) =
2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄
S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] zdydz+
−∞ −∞
q(x)=ρ 2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) sin h̄
S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] zdydz.
−∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
(12)
Óñðåäíÿÿ òåïåðü óðàâíåíèÿ (11) è (12), ñ ó÷åòîì çàìå÷àíèÿ 1.1.1

ìû èìååì

b1 (x, ω; h̄) = ∫ dn up (x, u) χb1 (x, u; h̄) =
χ
Rn 2
∞ ∞ 1
n
∫ d up (x, u) ∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] ydydz+
Rn −∞ −∞
q(x)=ρ 2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ dn up (x, u) ∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) sin h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] ydydz
Rn −∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
(13)

b2 (x, ω; h̄) = ∫ dn up (x, u) χb2 (x, u; h̄) =
χ
Rn 2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ dn up (x, u) ∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] zdydz+
Rn −∞ −∞
q(x)=ρ 2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ dn up (x, u) ∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) sin h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] zdydz.
Rn −∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
(14)
Ìû áóäåì èññëåäîâàòü êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêóþ àñèìïòîòèêó ( h̄ → 0 )

ÊÌ ñðåäíèõ ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i hχb2 (x, ω;h̄)i

(a) χ
b1 (x; h̄) = ,χ
b2 (x; h̄) = ,
hχb(x, ω;h̄)i hχb(x, ω;h̄)i (15)
b1 (x, ω; h̄) = χb1 (x, ω;h̄) , χ
(b) χ b2 (x, ω; h̄) = χb2 (x, ω;h̄) .
χ
b(x, ω;h̄) χ
b(x, ω;h̄)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.1.1. Ôóíêöèè χb1 (x; h̄) è χb2 (x; h̄) íàçûâàþòñÿ
ïîëíûìè ÊÌ ñðåäíèìè çíà÷åíèÿìè ðåøåíèé ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîãî óðàâíå-
íèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà (5).
Ñëó÷àéíûå ôóíêöèè χ
b1 (x, ω; h̄) è χ
b2 (x, ω; h̄) íàçûâàþòñÿ ñòîõàñòè-
÷åñêèìè ÊÌ ñðåäíèìè çíà÷åíèÿìè ðåøåíèé ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîãî óðàâíå-
Ïðåäïîëîæèì, ÷òî äëÿ çàäàííîãî x ∈ R ñóùåñòâóþò êîíå÷íûå ïðå-
äåëû
hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i

λ1 (x) = lim χ
b1 (x, ; h̄) = lim ,
h̄→0 hχb(x, ω;h̄)i
h̄→0
h 2
χ (x, ω;h̄)i
λ2 (x) = lim χb2 (x, ; h̄) = lim .
b
h̄→0 h̄→0 hχ b(x, ω;h̄)i
(16)
Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî â ýòîì ñëó÷àå, ðàâåíñòâà (16) ýêâèâàëåíòíû ñëåäó-
þùèì ðàâåíñòâàì
χ1 (x, ω; h̄)i − λ1 (x) hb

lim χ1 (x, λ1 ; h̄) = lim [hb χ (x, ω; h̄)i] = 0,
h̄→0 h̄→0
χ2 (x, ω; h̄)i − λ2 (x) hb
lim χ2 (x, λ2 ; h̄) = lim [hb χ (x, ω; h̄)i] = 0.
h̄→0 h̄→0
(17)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âû÷èñëåíèå ïðåäåëîâ (16) äëÿ çàäàííîãî x ∈ R
ñâîäèòñÿ ê íàõîæäåíèþ òàêèõ çíà÷åíèé λ1 (x) è λ2 (x) , äëÿ êîòîðûõ
ïðè óñëîâèè h̄ → 0 âûïîëíÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå îöåíêè
χ (x, ω; h̄)i] = o (h̄α ) ,

χ1 (x, ω; h̄)i − λ1 (x) hb
χ1 (x, λ1 ; h̄) = [hb
χ (x, ω; h̄)i] = o (h̄α ) ,
χ2 (x, ω; h̄)i − λ2 (x) hb
χ2 (x, λ2 ; h̄) = [hb
(18)
ãäå 0 < α. Ïîñêîëüêó â îáùåì ñëó÷àå ïðåäåëû (16) íå ñóùåñòâóþò, ìû

áóäåì ïðåäïîëàãàòü â äàëüíåéøåì, ÷òî äëÿ çàäàííîãî x ∈ R ñóùåñòâó-
þò òîëüêî êîíå÷íûå âåðõíèå ïðåäåëû
hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i

λ1 (x) = lim sup χ
b1 (x, ; h̄) = lim sup ,
h̄→0 h̄→0 hχb(x, ω;h̄)i
hχb2 (x, ω;h̄)i
λ2 (x) = lim sup χ
b2 (x, ; h̄) = lim sup
h̄→0 h̄→0 hχb(x, ω;h̄)i
(19)
è êîíå÷íûé, íî îòëè÷íûé îò íóëÿ íèæíèé ïðåäåë
λ∗ = lim inf hb 6 0.
χ1 (x, ω; h̄)i = (20)
h̄→0
Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå, ìû èìååì
hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i hχb(x, ω;h̄)i

lim sup − λ1 (x) =
h̄→0 hχb(x, ω;h̄)i hχb(x, ω;h̄)i
hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i λ1 (x) hχ b(x, ω;h̄)i
lim sup − lim sup =
h̄→0 hχb(x, ω;h̄) i h̄→0 h χ
b (x, ω;h̄)i
hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i−λ1 (x) hχb(x, ω;h̄)i
lim sup .
(21)
Âûáåðåì òåïåðü òàêóþ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü, ÷òî h̄n → 0 ïðè n → ∞
è
hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i hχb1 (x, ω;h̄n )i

lim sup = lim .
h̄→0 hχb(x, ω;h̄)i n→∞ hχ b(x, ω;h̄n )i
(22)
Òîãäà â ñèëó (21) è (22) ìû èìååì
hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i−λ1 (x) hχb(x, ω;h̄)i

lim sup =
hχb1 (x, ω;h̄n )i−λ1 (x) hχb(x, ω;h̄n )i
lim ,
n→∞ hχb(x, ω;h̄n )i
(23)
îòêóäà, â ñèëó íåðàâåíñòâà (20), ìû ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùóþ îöåíêó

lim sup hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i−λ1 (x) hχb(x, ω;h̄)i =

h̄→0
h χ
b(x, ω;h̄)i

lim h χ
b 1 (x, ω;h̄n ) i −λ 1 (x) hχb(x, ω;h̄n )i
=
n→∞
hχb (x, ω;h̄n )i

hχb1 (x, ω;h̄n )i−λ1 (x) hχb(x, ω;h̄n )i
lim ≤
n→∞ hχb(x, ω;h̄n )i
lim sup|hχ b1 (x, ω;h̄n )i−λ1 (x) hχb(x, ω;h̄n )i|
n→∞
≤
lim inf hχ
b(x, ω;h̄n )i
n→∞
lim sup|hχ b1 (x, ω;h̄)i−λ1 (x) hχb(x, ω;h̄)i|
h̄→0
≤
lim inf hχ
b(x, ω;h̄n )i
n→∞
(1/λ∗ ) lim sup |hb χ1 (x, ω; h̄)i − λ1 (x) hb χ (x, ω; h̄)i| .
h̄→0
(24)
Ðàññóæäàÿ àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì, ìû ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùóþ îöåíêó

lim sup hχb2 (x, ω;h̄)i−λ2 (x) hχb(x, ω;h̄)i ≤

∗
(1/λ (x)) lim sup |hb
χ2 (x, ω; h̄)i − λ2 (x) hb χ (x, ω; h̄)i| .
h̄→0
(25)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âû÷èñëåíèå âåðõíèõ ïðåäåëîâ (19) äëÿ çàäàííîãî
x ∈ R ñâîäèòñÿ ê íàõîæäåíèþ òàêèõ çíà÷åíèé λ1 (x) è λ2 (x) , äëÿ
êîòîðûõ ñóùåñòâóåò ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü h̄n òàêàÿ, ÷òî h̄n → 0 ïðè
n → ∞ è äëÿ íåêîòîðîãî α âûïîëíÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå îöåíêè
χ1 (x, λ1 , λ2 ; h̄n ) = [hb χ (x, ω; h̄n )i] = o (h̄α
χ1 (x, ω; h̄n )i − λ1 (x) hb n) ,
χ2 (x, λ1 , λ2 ; h̄n ) = [hb χ (x, ω; h̄n )i] = o (h̄α
χ2 (x, ω; h̄n )i − λ2 (x) hb n) ,
(26)
ãäå 0 < α. Ïðåîáðàçóåì òåïåðü ýêâèâàëåíòíûì îáðàçîì ñëåäóþùèå
âûðàæåíèÿ
χ1 (x, λ1 ; h̄) = hb
χ1 (x, ω; h̄)i − λ1 hb
χ (x, ω; h̄)i ,
χ2 (x, λ2 ; h̄) = hb
χ2 (x, ω; h̄)i − λ2 hb
χ (x, ω; h̄)i .
(27)
Ïîäñòàâèâ â âûðàæåíèÿ (27) óðàâíåíèÿ (13)-(14) ìû ïîëó÷èì
∞ ∞
χ1 (x, λ1 ; h̄) = ∫ dn up (x, u) ∫ b1 (ρ, x, u; h̄) dydz = ∫ dn up (x, u) ×
∫ (y − λ1 ) χ
Rn −∞ −∞ Rn
2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ ∫ (y − λ1 ) ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] dydz +
−∞ −∞
q(x)=ρ 2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ ∫ (y − λ1 ) ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) sin h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] dydz
−∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
(28)
∞ ∞
χ2 (x, λ2 ; h̄) = ∫ dn up (x, u) ∫ b2 (ρ, x, ω; h̄) dydz = ∫ dn up (x, u) ×
∫ (z − λ2 ) χ
Rn −∞ −∞ Rn
2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ ∫ (z − λ2 ) ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] dydz +
−∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ ∫ (z − λ2 ) ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) sin h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] dydz .
−∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
(29)
Âûïîëíèâ â óðàâíåíèè (28) çàìåíó ïåðåìåííûõ èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ ρ =
ρ∗ + λ ìû ïîëó÷èì:
∞ ∞
χ1 (x, λ1 ; h̄) = ∫ dwp (x, w) ∫ b1 (ρ, x, ω; h̄) y0 dy0 dz0 = ∫ d m up (x, u) ×
∫ χ
Rd −∞ −∞ Rm
2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] y ∗ dy ∗ dz ∗ +
−∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ∗ +λ
2
∞ ∞ 1
∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) sin h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] y ∗ dy ∗ dz ∗ ,
−∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ∗ +λ
(30)
ãäå λ = (λ1 , λ2 ) , ρ∗ = (y ∗ , z ∗ ) . Âûïîëíèâ â óðàâíåíèè (30) ôóíêöè-
îíàëüíóþ çàìåíó ïåðåìåííûõ èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ: q (v) = u (v) + λ â ñî-
îòâåòñòâóþùèõ ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ èíòåãðàëàõ, ñòîÿùèõ â ïðàâîé ÷àñòè
óðàâíåíèÿ (30), ìû ïîëó÷èì
χ1 (x, λ1 , λ2 ; h̄) =
R ∞
R ∞
R
n
d up (x, u) b1 (ρ, x, u; h̄) y0 dy0 dz0 =
χ
Rn −∞ −∞
( " 2# " #2 )
R ∞
R ∞
R R ∞
R ∞
R R
n ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
d up (x, u) A y dy dz + B y dy dz =
Rn −∞ −∞ u(x)=ρ∗ −∞ −∞ u(x)=ρ∗
   2


R n  ∞
R ∞R R R 
d up (x, u) ×  dρ0 A y ∗ dy ∗ dz ∗ +
u (x) = ρ∗
 
Rn
−∞ −∞


0
u (0) = ρ
 2 


∞
R ∞
R R R  
 dρ0 B  y ∗ dy ∗ dz ∗ ,
∗
 
−∞ −∞ u (x) = ρ


0

u (0) = ρ
(31)
ãäå ââåäåíû îáîçíà÷åíèÿ

1
A = ψ0 (u (0) +λ) cos S [u̇ (v) , u (v) +λ, x, u] D [u (v)] ,
h̄

1
B = ψ0 (u (0) +λ) sin S [u̇ (v) , u (v) +λ, x, u] D [u (v)] .
h̄
Ïðåîáðàçóÿ óðàâíåíèå (29) òî÷íî òàêèì æå ñïîñîáîì êàê è óðàâíå-

íèå (28), ìû ïîëó÷èì

χ2 (x, λ1 , λ2 ; h̄) =
R ∞
R ∞
R R
n
d up (x, u) b1 (ρ, x, u; h̄) y0 dy0 dz0 =
χ dn up (x, u) ×
Rn −∞ −∞ Rn
( " #2
∞
R ∞
R R
A] z ∗ dy ∗ dz ∗ +
−∞ −∞ u(x)=ρ∗
" #2 )
∞
R ∞
R R ∗ ∗ ∗
B z dy dz =
−∞ −∞
u(x)=ρ ∗
  2 (32)


R n ∞ R ∞R R R 
d up (x, u) ×  dρ0 A z ∗ dy ∗ dz ∗ +
u (x) = ρ∗
 
Rn −∞ −∞


0

u (0) = ρ
 2 


∞
R ∞
R R R  
 dρ0 B  z ∗ dy ∗ dz ∗ .
u (x) = ρ∗
 
−∞ −∞


0

u (0) = ρ
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû óäîâëåòâîðèòü àñèìïòîòè÷åñêèì îöåíêàì

(26), íåîáõîäèìî ïîëó÷èòü íåòðèâèàëüíûå êîíñòðóêòèâíûå àñèìïòî-
òè÷åñêèå îöåíêè âåëè÷èí χi (x, λ1 , λ2 ; h̄) , i = 1, 2 êàê ôóíêöèé ïàðà-
ìåòðîâ x, λ1 , , λ2 . Îáùàÿ îöåíêà òàêîãî òèïà, ïîëó÷åííàÿ â ðàáîòå [13],
â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå äàåò ñëåäóþùèé ðåçóëüòàò.
Òåîðåìà 15.1.1. Ïóñòü äàíà ñëåäóþùàÿ çàäà÷à Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíå-
2
ih̄ ∂ψ(x,
∂x
ρ, ω)
= h̄2 ∆ψ (x, ρ,
h ω)2 + V (x, i ρ, ω)h ψ (x, ρ, ω)i,
ε2 ε (y−y0 )2 ε2 (z−z0 )2
ψ (0, ρ, ρ0 , ω) = 2πh̄ exp − 2h̄ exp − 2h̄ ,
(33)
ãäå x ∈ [0, ∞) , h̄ ε 1. Ïóñòü V (x, ρ, ω) åñòü ïîëèíîì îò ïðî-
ñòðàíñòâåííûõ ïåðåìåííûõ ρ = (y, z) , ò. å.
gα (x, ω) ρα , α = (i1 , i2 ) , kαk =

P
V (x, ρ, ω) =
kαk≤n
P2 (34)
r=1 ir , ir = 1, ..., n,
α i1 i2
ρ = y z , gα (x, ω) = gbα (x, ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω)) .
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç
u (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) = (u1 (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) , u2 (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ))
ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé ëèíåéíîé êðàåâîé

çàäà÷è
d2 uT (ν,x,ω,λ,ρ,ρ0 )
dν 2 = Hess [V (λ, ν, ω)] uT (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 )+
iT
(35)
h 0
V (λ, ν, ω) ,
u (0, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) = ρ0 , u (x, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) = ρ,
ãäå
λ = (λ1 , λ2 ) , uT (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) =
T
(u1 (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ,ρ0 ) , u2 (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ,ρ0 )) , (36)
0
V (λ, ν, ω) = ∂V (ρ, ∂y
ν, ω) ∂V (ρ, ν, ω)
, ∂z
ρ=λ
è ãäå Hess [V (λ, ν, ω)] - ýòî Ãåññèàí îòîáðàæåíèÿ V (·, ν, ω) : R2 → R,

âû÷èñëåííûé â òî÷êå ρ= λ, ò. å.
P2
gα (x, ω) ρα , α = (i1 , i2 ) , kαk = r=1 ir , ir = 1, ..., n,
P
V (x, ρ, ω) =
kαk≤n
ρα = y i1 z i2 , gα (x, ω) = gbα (x, ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω)) .
(37)
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç S (x, λ, ρ, ρ0 , ω) ñëó÷àéíóþ ôóíêöèþ, çàäàííóþ ñëå-
äóþùåé ôîðìóëîé

x du(ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 )
0 0
S (x, λ, ρ, ρ , ω) = ∫ L
b
dν , u (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ ) , ν, ω dν,
0
(38)
ãäe
du m du 2

L
b
dν , u, ν, ω = 2 dν
i − Vb (u,hλ, ν, ω) ,
0
Vb (u, λ, ν, ω) = uHess [V (λ, ν, ω)] uT + V (λ, ν, ω) uT .
(39)
0 0
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç ρcr = ρcr (x, λ, ρ, ω) ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñèñòåìû
ëèíåéíûõ àëãåáðàè÷åñêèõ óðàâíåíèé
∂S(x, λ, ρ, ρ0 , ω ) ∂S(x, λ, ρ, ρ0 , ω )
∂y 0 = 0, ∂z 0 = 0,
(40)
ãäå ρ0 = (y 0 , z 0 ) , ò. å.

∂S(x, λ, ρ, ρ0 , ω ) ∂S(x, λ, ρ, ρ0 , ω )
∂y 0
= 0, ∂z 0
= 0.
ρ0 =ρ0cr ρ0 =ρ0cr

Îáîçíà÷èì äàëåå ÷åðåç
ρb = ρb (x, ρ0 , λ, ω) = (b
ρ1 (x, ρ0 , λ, ω) , ρb2 (x, ρ0 , λ, ω))
ñëó÷àéíóþ âåêòîð-ôóíêöèþ, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåøåíèåì ñëåäóþùåé

ñèñòåìû ëèíåéíûõ àëãåáðàè÷åñêèõ óðàâíåíèé
ρcr (x, λ, ρb, ω) + λ−ρ0 = 0.

(41)
Ïðåäïîëîæèì òàêæå, ÷òî äëÿ äàííûõ çíà÷åíèé ïàðàìåòðîâ x, λ, ρ0 , ω
òî÷êà ρb = ρb (x, ρ0 , λ, ω) íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîêàëüíîé òî÷êîé íà òðàåêòîðèè,
çàäàííîé ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ðåøåíèåì êðàåâîé çàäà÷è (39). Òîãäà:
(i) äëÿ ïîëíûõ ÊÌ ñðåäíèõ (15.a) ñïðàâåäëèâà ñëåäóþùàÿ ñèñòåìà
íåðàâåíñòâ
h i2
1/2
lim inf |b
χ1 (x, ρ0 , ; h̄) − λ1 | ≤ E |b
ρ1 (x, ρ0 , λ1 , λ2 , ω)| ,
h̄→0 h i2
1/2
lim inf |b
χ2 (x, ρ0 , ; h̄) − λ2 | ≤ E |b
ρ2 (x, ρ0 , λ1 , λ2 , ω)| .
h̄→0
(42)
(ii) äëÿ ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèõ ÊÌ ñðåäíèõ (15.b) P - ïî÷òè íàâåðíîå,
ñïðàâåäëèâà ñëåäóþùàÿ ñèñòåìà íåðàâåíñòâ
lim inf |b
χ1 (x, ω, ρ0 , ; h̄) − λ1 | ≤ |b
ρ1 (x, ω, ρ0 , λ1 , λ2 )| ,
h̄→0
lim inf |b
χ2 (x, ω, ρ0 , ; h̄) − λ2 | ≤ |b
ρ2 (x, ω, ρ0 , λ1 , λ2 )| .
h̄→0
(43)
Ðàññìîòðèì ñëó÷àé, êîãäà â óðàâíåíèè Øðåäèíãåðà (5) ôóíêöèÿ
V (x, ρ, ω) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
V (x, ρ, ω) = V (x, ρ, ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω)) ,

(44)
ãäå ξl (ν, ω) , l = 1, ..., n ýòî êîíå÷íûé íàáîð ñòîõàñòè÷åñêè íåçàâèñè-
ìûõ êâàçè-ãàóññîâñêèõ ñëó÷àéíûé ïðîöåññîâ, çàäàííûõ íà âåðîÿòíîñò-
íîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå hΩ, Σ, Pi è èìåþùèõ ïëîòíîñòü ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ñëå-
äóþùåãî âèäà
pl (x, ul , a) '
(45)
( n 2
o
1
2πσl exp − [ul −m l (x)]
2σl2
, |ul | ≤ a,
0 , |ul | > a.
Ïðèíèìàÿ òåïåðü âî âíèìàíèå ðàâåíñòâî (47), ïåðåïèøåì ñèñòåìó

íåðàâåíñòâ (44) â âèäå
lim inf |hb

χ1 (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄)i − λ1 | ≤
h h̄→0 i2
1/2
≤ E |b
ρ1 (x, ρ0 , λ, ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω))| ,
lim inf |hb
χ2 (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄)i − λ2 | ≤
h h̄→0 i2
1/2
≤ E |b
ρ2 (x, ρ0 , λ, ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω))| .
(46)
Ïðàâûå ÷àñòè íåðàâåíñòâ ïåðåïèøåì â âèäå
h i
1/2
E |b ρ1 (x, ρ0 , λ, ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω))| =
n
1/2
ul pl (x, ul , a∗ ) |b
Q
∫ du1 ... ∫ dun ρ1 (x, ρ0 , λ, u1 , ..., un )| ,
h l=1 i
1/2
E |b ρ2 (x, ρ0 , λ, ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω))| =
n
1/2
ul pl (x, ul , a∗ ) |b
Q
∫ du1 ... ∫ dun ρ1 (x, ρ0 , λ, u1 , ..., un )| .
l=1
(47)
Âû÷èñëèâ òåïåðü êðàòíûå èíòåãðàëû â (47) ìåòîäîì Ëàïëàñà, ìû
çàïèøåì ñèñòåìó íåðàâåíñòâ â ñëåäóþùåì îêîí÷àòåëüíîì âèäå
lim inf |hb

χ1 (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄)i − λ1 | ≤ ρb1 (x, ρ0 , λ, m1 (x) , ..., mn (x)) ,
h̄→0
lim inf |hb
χ2 (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄)i − λ2 | ≤ ρb2 (x, ρ0 , λ, m1 (x) , ..., mn (x)) .
h̄→0
(48)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âû÷èñëåíèå àñèìïòîòèêè ïîëíûõ ÊÌ ñðåäíèõ
χ
bi (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄) , i = 1, 2,
â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ñâîäèòñÿ ê ÷èñëåííîìó ðåøåíèþ ñèñòåìû äâóõ òðàíñ-

öåíäåíòíûõ óðàâíåíèé âèäà
ρb1 (x, ρ0 , λ, m1 (x) , ..., mn (x)) = 0,

ρb2 (x, ρ0 , λ, m1 (x) , ..., mn (x)) = 0.
(49)
Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì, âû÷èñëåíèå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèõ ÊÌ ñðåäíèõ
(15.b) ñâîäèòñÿ ê ÷èñëåííîìó ðåøåíèþ ñèñòåìû òðàíñöåíäåíòíûõ óðàâ-
íåíèé âèäà
ρb1 (x, ρ0 , λ1 , λ2 , ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω)) = 0 ,

(50)
ρb2 (x, ρ0 , λ1 , λ2 , ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω)) = 0 .
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.1.2. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî â íåðàâåíñòâàõ (48) íèæíèé

ïðåäåë
lim inf |hb
χi (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄)i − λ1 | , i = 1, 2,
h̄→0
â îáùåì ñëó÷àå, íåëüçÿ çàìåíèòü ïðîñòûì ïðåäåëîì
lim |hb
χi (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄)i − λ1 | , i = 1, 2.
h̄→0
Âñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî ñèñòåìà (49) â îáùåì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìíîæåñòâî ðåøå-

íèé.
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.1.3. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé
íåçàâèñèìîñòè êâàçè-ãàóññîâñêèõ ñëó÷àéíûé ïðîöåññîâ ξl (ν, ω) , l =
1, ..., n, íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñóùåñòâåííûì. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ñèñòåìà òèïà (48)
èìååò ìåñòî òàêæå â ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ñîâìåñòíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ðàñïðåäå-
ëåíèÿ px (u1 , ..., un ) ñëó÷àéíûé ïðîöåññîâ ξl (x, ω) , l = 1, ..., n èìååò
ïîäõîäÿùóþ êâàçèãàóññîâñêóþ ôîðìó èëè äàæå îáùóþ ýêñïîíåíöè-
àëüíóþ ôîðìó, ïîçâîëÿþùóþ ïðèìåíèòü ìåòîä Ëàïëàñà.
Îòìåòèì, ÷òî â âûøåóêàçàííîì ñëó÷àå âìåñòî ðåøåíèÿ ëèíåéíîé
ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé êðàåâîé çàäà÷è (39) äîñòàòî÷íî ïîñòðî-
èòü ðåøåíèå äâóõòî÷å÷íîé êðàåâîé çàäà÷è äëÿ ëèíåéíîãî âèäà
du(ν, x, λ, ρ, ρ0 )
dν = A(ν, λ, m1 (ν) , ..., mn (ν))u (ν, x, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) +
+B (ν, m1 (ν) , ..., mn (ν)) ,
u (0, x, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) = ρ0 , u (x, x, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) = ρ,
(51)
ãäå A (ν, m1 (ν) , ..., mn (ν)) - (2 õ 2)-ìàòðèöà, à B (ν, m1 (ν) , ..., mn (ν))
- äâóõ êîìïîíåíòíûé âåêòîð, êîòîðûå çàäàíû ñëåäóþùèìè ÿâíûìè
âûðàæåíèÿìè
h i
∂ 2 V (ρ, ν, m1 (ν),..., mn (ν))
A (ν, m1 (ν) , ..., mn (ν)) = ∂y∂z
ρ=λ
(52)
è
B (ν, m1 (ν) , ..., mn (ν)) =
.

∂V (ρ, ν, m1 (ν),..., mn (ν)) ∂V (ρ, ν, m1 (ν),..., mn (ν))
∂y , ∂z
ρ=λ
(53)
Îòìåòèì òàêæå, ÷òî â ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ïîòåíöèàë V (x, ρ, ω) è ñîâ-
ìåñòíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ p (x, u1 , ..., un ) ñëó÷àéíûé ïðîöåñ-
ñîâ
ξl (x, ω) , l = 1, ..., n
íå çàâèñÿò îò ïåðåìåííîé x, ôóíêöèè ρbi (x, ρ0 , λ, m1 , ..., mn ) , i = 1, 2
äîïóñêàþò ïðîñòîå àíàëèòè÷åñêîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå, ÷òî çíà÷èòåëüíî ñî-
êðàùàåò âðåìÿ ðàñ÷åòà.
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.1.4. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî â îáùåì ñëó÷àå ðåøåíèå ëè-

íåéíîé ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé êðàåâîé çàäà÷è (39) ìîæåò áûòü
ïîëó÷åíî â çàìêíóòîé ôîðìå ñ ïîìîùüþ ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé ôóíêöèè Ãðè-
íà G (t, τ ; ω) [73]-[74]. Â ïðèëîæåíèÿõ ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ñëó÷àé, êîãäà
ñ.ä.ó. (39) åñòü ïðîñòîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå â ñìûñëå Èòî, ò. å.
du (ν) = A(ν)u (ν) dν + Σ (ν) dW (ν) ,

(54)
ãäå A(ν) è Σ (ν) - (2 õ 2)-ìàòðèöû, ýëåìåíòû êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ êóñî÷íî-
íåïðåðûâíûìè ôóíêöèÿìè. Òîãäà ðåøåíèå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé äâóõòî÷å÷-
íîé êðàåâîé çàäà÷è (39) î÷åâèäíûì îáðàçîì ìîæåò áûòü ïîëó÷åíî ñ
ïîìîùüþ õîðîøî èçâåñòíîé ôîðìóëû [75]-[77]
x
u (x) = Φ (x, x0 ) u (x0 ) + ∫ Φ (x, ν) Σ (ν) dW (ν) .
x0
(55)
Â ïðèëîæåíèÿõ òàêæå âàæíóþ ðîëü èãðàåò ñëó÷àé ìàëûõ ñëó÷àé-
íûõ âîçìóùåíèé, ò.å.
2
gα (x, ω) ρα , α = (i1 , i2 ) , kαk =
P P
V (x, ρ, ω) = ir , ir = 1, ..., n,
kαk≤n r=1
ρα = y i1 z i2 , gα (x, ω) = gbα (x) + εb
gα (x, ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω)) ,
(56)
ãäå ε 1. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñ.ä.ó. (39) îïèñûâàåò ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèé ãàðìî-
íè÷åñêèé îñöèëëÿòîð ñ ìàëûì ñëó÷àéíûì âîçìóùåíèåì, ëèáî ñèñòåìó,
ñîñòîÿùóþ èç äâóõ ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèõ îñöèëëÿòîðîâ. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå, êðà-
åâàÿ çàäà÷à (39) òàêæå äîïóñêàåò ÿâíîå àíàëèòè÷åñêîå ðåøåíèå [81]-
[83].
Ïóñòü ñëó÷àéíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ψ (x, ρ, ρ0 , ω; h̄), çàäàíàÿ ôîðìóëîé (6),
è ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ðåøåíèå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé çàäà÷è Êîøè. Îïðåäåëèì ñëó-
÷àéíûå ôóíêöèè η (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄) , η1 (x, ω; h̄) è η2 (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄) ñëåäóþùè-
ìè ôîðìóëàìè
∞ ∞
η (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄) = ∫ ∫ ψ (x, ρ, ρ0 , ω; h̄) dydz =
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
∫ ψ0 (q (0)) exp h̄i S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] dydz,

∫ ∫
−∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
(57)
∞ ∞
η1 (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄) = ∫ ∫ ψ (x, ρ, ρ0 , ω; h̄) ydydz =
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄i S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] ydydz

∫ ∫
−∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
(58)
è
∞ ∞
η2 (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄) = ∫ ∫ ψ (x, ρ, ρ0 , ω; h̄) zdydz =
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄i S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] zdydz.

∫ ∫
−∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
(59)
Îïðåäåëèì ôóíêöèè η (x, ρ0 ; h̄) , η1 (x, ρ0 ; h̄) è η2 (x, ρ0 ; h̄) ñëåäóþ-
ùèìè ôîðìóëàìè
η (x, ρ0 ; h̄) = hη (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄)i =
∞ ∞
∫ dn up (x, u) ∫ ∫ ψ (x, ρ, ρ0 , u; h̄) dydz =
Rn −∞ −∞
∞ ∞ i
n
∫ d up (x, u) ∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) exp h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] dydz ,
Rn −∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
(60)
η1 (x, ρ0 ; h̄) =hη1 (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄)i =

∞ ∞
∫ dn up (x, u) ∫ ∫ ψ (x, ρ, ρ0 , u; h̄) ydydz =
Rn −∞ −∞
∞ ∞ i
∫ dn up (x, u) ∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] ydydz ,
Rn −∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
(61)
η2 (x, ρ0 ; h̄) =hη2 (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄)i =

∞ ∞
∫ dn up (x, u) ∫ ∫ ψ (x, ρ, ρ0 , u; h̄) zdydz =
Rn −∞ −∞
∞ ∞ i
∫ dn up (x, u) ∫ ∫ ∫ ψ0 (q (0)) cos h̄ S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, u] D [q (v)] zdydz .
Rn −∞ −∞ q(x)=ρ
(62)
Îïðåäåëèì ôóíêöèè η1 (x, ρ0 , λ; h̄) è η2 (x, ρ0 , λ; h̄) ñëåäóþùèìè ôîð-
ìóëàìè
η1 (x, ρ0 , λ; h̄) = η1 (x, ρ0 ; h̄) − λ1 η (x, ρ0 ; h̄) ,

η2 (x, ρ0 , λ; h̄) = η2 (x, ρ0 ; h̄) − λ2 η (x, ρ0 ; h̄) .
(63)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íàì íåîáõîäèìî ïîëó÷èòü íåòðèâèàëüíûå êîíñòðóê-
òèâíûå àñèìïòîòè÷åñêèì îöåíêè âåëè÷èí
ηi (x, ρ0 , λ; h̄) = ηi (x, ρ0 , λ1 , λ2 ; h̄) , i = 1, 2
ïðè h̄ → 0 êàê ôóíêöèé ïàðàìåòðîâ x, λ1 , , λ2 . Îáùàÿ îöåíêà òàêîãî

òèïà, ïîëó÷åíàÿ â ðàáîòå [13], â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå äàåò ñëåäó-
þùèé ðåçóëüòàò.
Òåîðåìà 15.1.2. Ïóñòü äàíà çàäà÷à Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ Øðå-
äèíãåðà (5)
2
ih̄ ∂ψ(x,
∂x
ρ, ω)
= h̄2 ∆ψ (x, ρ,
h ω)2 + V (x, i ρ, ω)h ψ (x, ρ, ω)i,
ε2 ε (y−y0 )2 ε2 (z−z0 )2
ψ (0, ρ, ρ0 , ω) = 2πh̄ exp − 2h̄ exp − 2h̄ ,
(64)
ãäå x ∈ [0, ∞) , h̄ ε 1. Ïóñòü V (x, ρ, ω) åñòü ïîëèíîì îò ïðî-
ñòðàíñòâåííûõ ïåðåìåííûõ ρ = (y, z) , ò. å.
(1) P (2)
gα1 (x) ρα + gα2 (x) wα (x) ρα
P
V (ρ, x, ω) =
kαk kα2 k
P2
α1, 2 = (i1 , i2 ) , kα1 k = r=1 ir , ir = 1, ..., n1 ,
P2 (65)
kα2 k = r=1 ir , ir = 1, ..., n2 ,
ρα = y i1 z i2 , wα2 (x) = Ẇα2 (x) ,
ãäå {Wα2 (x)} ýòî êîíå÷íûé íàáîð ñòîõàñòè÷åñêè íåçàâèñèìûõ Âèíå-

ðîâñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ, çàäàííûõ íà âåðîÿòíîñòíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå hΩ, Σ, Pi ,
à òî÷êà îáîçíà÷àåò ïðîèçâîäíóþ ïî ïåðåìåííîé x.
u (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) = (u1 (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) , u2 (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ))
ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé ëèíåéíîé êðàåâîé

çàäà÷è
d2 uT (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 )
dν 2 = Hess [V1 (λ, ν)] uT (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) +
h 0 iT
Hess [V2 (λ, ν, ω)] uT (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) + V1 (λ, ν) +
h 0 iT
V2 (λ, ν, ω) ,
u (0, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) = ρ0 , u (x, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) = ρ,
(66)
ãäå
λ = (λ1 , λ2 ) ,
0 T
uT (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) = (u1 (ν, 0
x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ ) , u2 (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ )) ,
0
V1 (λ, ν) = ∂V1∂y (ρ, ν) ∂V1 (ρ, ν)
, ∂z ,
ρ=λ
0
V2 (λ, ν, ω) = ∂V2 (ρ, ∂y
ν, ω) ∂V2 (ρ, ν, ω)
, ∂z
ρ=λ
(67)
è ãäå Hess [V1 (λ, ν)] ýòî Ãåññèàí îòîáðàæåíèÿ V1 (·, ν) : R2 → R,
h 2 i
Hessij [V1 (λ, ν)] = ∂ V∂y∂z
1 (ρ, ν)
.
ρ=λ
(68)
Hess [V2 (λ, ν, ω)] ýòî Ãåññèàí îòîáðàæåíèÿ V2 (·, ν, ω) : R2 → R,

h 2 i
Hessij [V2 (λ, ν, ω)] = ∂ V∂y∂z
2 (ρ, ν, ω)
.
ρ=λ
(69)
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç S (x, λ, ρ, ρ , ω) ñëó÷àéíóþ ôóíêöèþ, çàäàííóþ
0
ñëåäóþùåé ôîðìóëîé

x 0
b du(ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ ) , u (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) , ν, ω dν,
S (x, λ, ρ, ρ0 , ω) = ∫ L dν
0
(70)
ãäe
du m du 2

L
b
dν , u, ν, ω = − Vb (u,
h λ,
2 ν, ω) , i
dν
0
Vb (u, λ, ν, ω) = uHess [V1 (λ, ν)] uT + V1 (λ, ν, ω) uT +
h 0 i
uHess [V2 (λ, ν, ω)] uT + V2 (λ, ν, ω) uT .
(71)
0 0
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç ρcr = ρcr (x, λ, ρ, ω) ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñèñòåìû
∂S(x, λ, ρ, ρ0 , ω ) ∂S(x, λ, ρ, ρ0 , ω )
∂y 0 = 0, ∂z 0 = 0,
(72)
ò. å.

∂S(x, λ, ρ, ρ0 , ω ) ∂S(x, λ, ρ, ρ0 , ω )
∂y 0
= 0, ∂z 0
= 0,
ρ0 =ρ0cr ρ0 =ρ0cr

(73)
ρ0 = (y 0 , z 0 ) . Îáîçíà÷èì äàëåå ÷åðåç
ρb = ρb (x, ρ0 , λ, ω) = (b
ρ1 (x, ρ0 , λ, ω) , ρb2 (x, ρ0 , λ, ω))
ñëó÷àéíóþ âåêòîð-ôóíêöèþ, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåøåíèåì ñëåäóþùåé
ñèñòåìû àëãåáðàè÷åñêèõ óðàâíåíèé
ρcr (x, λ, ρb, ω) + λ−ρ0 = 0.
(74)
Ïðåäïîëîæèì òàêæå, ÷òî äëÿ äàííûõ çíà÷åíèé ïàðàìåòðîâ x, λ, ρ0 , ω
òî÷êà ρb = ρb (x, ρ0 , λ, ω) íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîêàëüíîé òî÷êîé íà òðàåêòîðèè,
çàäàííîé ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ðåøåíèåì êðàåâîé çàäà÷è (66). Òîãäà äëÿ
ôóíêöèé ηi (x, ρ0 , λ; h̄) , i = 1, 2, çàäàííûõ ôîðìóëàìè (63), ñïðàâåä-
ëèâà ñëåäóþùàÿ ñèñòåìà íåðàâåíñòâ
lim inf |η1 (x, ρ0 , λ; h̄) − λ1 | ≤ |E (b
ρ1 (x, ρ0 , λ, ω))| ,
h̄→0
lim inf |η2 (x, ρ0 , λ; h̄) − λ2 | ≤ |E (b
ρ2 (x, ρ0 , λ, ω))| .
h̄→0
(75)
15.2. Îáîáùåííûé êàíîíè÷åñêèé îïåðàòîð Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà... 31
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âû÷èñëåíèå àñèìïòîòèêè ïðè h̄ → 0 ÊÌ ñðåäíèõ

âèäà
ηi (x, ρ0 ;h̄)
ηbi (x, ρ0 , ; h̄) = η(x, ρ0 ;h̄) , i = 1, 2
(76)
ñâîäèòñÿ ê ÷èñëåííîìó ðåøåíèþ ñèñòåìû äâóõ òðàíñöåíäåíòíûõ óðàâ-
íåíèé
|E (b
ρ1 (x, ρ0 , λ, ω))| = 0,
|E (b
ρ2 (x, ρ0 , λ, ω))| = 0.
(77)
15.2. Îáîáùåííûé êàíîíè÷åñêèé îïåðàòîð Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà.

Àíàëèç ÷èñëåííîé ðåàëèçàöèè ìåòîäà îáîáùåííîãî
êàíîíè÷åñêîãî îïåðàòîðà Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê
çàäà÷àì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ÝÌÈ â íåãëàäêîé íåîäíîðîäíîé
èçîòðîïíîé ñðåäå.
Ðàññìîòðèì çàäà÷ó Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà
−ih̄ ∂Ψ(t)
∂t + H (t) Ψ (t) = 0,
b
Ψ (0) = Ψ0 (x) ∈ W22 (Rn ) , x ∈ Rn ,
(78)
ãäå îïåðàòîð-ôóíêöèÿ H (t) : R × W22 (Rn ) → W22 (Rn ) , H (t) =
h̄2
− 2m ∆ + V (x, t) èìååò âñþäó ïëîòíóþ îáëàñòü îïðåäåëåíèÿ
\
D= Dt , Dt = D (H (t))
t∈R+
â Ãèëüáåðòîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå W22 (Rn ) è äëÿ ëþáîãî t ∈ R+ îïåðàòîð

H (t) ñàìîñîïðÿæåí â ñóùåñòâåííîì íà D, H b (t) îáîçíà÷àåò çàìûêà-
íèå îïåðàòîðà H (t) â W2 (R ) . Â äàëüíåéøåì G (t, x, y; h̄) îáîçíà÷àåò
2 n
ôóíêöèþ Ãðèíà óðàâíåíèÿ (78). Ëîêàëüíàÿ êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìï-

òîòèêà äëÿ ôóíêöèè Ãðèíà G (t, x, y; h̄) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä [2-8]:
r
−n/2 ∂2S
∂x∂y exp h̄i S (t, x, y) + h̄ζ (t, x, y; h̄) ,

G (t, x, y; h̄) = (2πih̄)
2
t
∂X t (τ, x, y)
S (t, x, y) = ∫ m 2 ∂τ − V (X t
(τ, x, y) , τ ) dτ,
0
(79)
ãäå t < T [V (x, t)] , x, y ∈ Rn , η (t, y) = kζ (t, x, y; h̄)kL2 (Rn ) < C, ÷å-
ðåç X t (τ, x, y) îáîçíà÷åíî ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé êðàåâîé
çàäà÷è
2 t t
m d X dτ
(τ, x, y)
2 = − ∂V (X (τ,
∂X
x, y), τ )
,
t t
X (0, x, y) = y, X (t, x, y) = x.
(80)
Ïðåäïîëîæèì, ÷òî âûïîëíåíû ñëåäóþùèå óñëîâèÿ:
(1) äëÿ âñåõ t, x, y êðàåâàÿ çàäà÷à (80) èìååò òîëüêî êîíå÷íîå ÷èñëî
ðåøåíèé Xkt (τ, x, y) , k = 1, ..., N,
(2) ìíîæåñòâî {Xkt (t, x, y) |k = 1, ..., N } íå ñîäåðæèò ôîêàëüíûõ
òî÷åê. Òîãäà ãëîáàëüíàÿ êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà äëÿ ôóíê-
öèè Ãðèíà G (t, x, y; h̄) âíå îêðåñòíîñòè ôîêàëüíûõ òî÷åê èìååò ñëå-
äóþùèé âèä [2-8]:
r G (t, x, y; h̄) =
N
−n/2 ∂ 2 Sk iπγk
∂x∂y exp h̄i Sk (t, x, y) −
P
(2πih̄) 2 + O (h̄) ,
k=1
Sk (t, x, y) =
t 2
∂Xkt (τ, x, y)

m
∫ 2 ∂τ − V (Xkt (τ, x, y) , τ ) dτ,
0
(81)
ãäå γk - èíäåêñ Ìîðñà òðàåêòîðèè Xkt (τ, x, y) .
Ïîëíîå àñèìïòîòè÷åñêîå ðàçëîæåíèå ðåøåíèÿ óðàâíåíèÿ (78), âêëþ-
÷àÿ îêðåñòíîñòè ôîêàëüíûõ òî÷åê, îáû÷íî äàåòñÿ â ôîðìå êàíîíè÷å-
1/h̄
ñêîãî îïåðàòîðà Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà [3-4] KΛn (t) [Ψ0 (x)] , ãäå Λn (t) - Ëàãðàí-
æåâî ìíîãîîáðàçèå, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå çàäà÷å Êîøè (78). Â òî æå âðåìÿ
íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî âñå îñíîâíûå òåîðåìû òåîðèè êàíîíè÷åñêîãî
îïåðàòîðà äîêàçàíû òîëüêî â ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ïîòåíöèàë V (x, t) óäîâëå-
òâîðÿåò î÷åíü ñèëüíûì îãðàíè÷åíèÿì òèïà ðåãóëÿðíîñòè [2-8].
Â äàëüíåéøåì ìû áóäåì ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêè èñïîëüçîâàòü ñîâðåìåí-
íóþ òåîðèþ íåëèíåéíûõ îáîáùåííûõ ôóíêöèé, ñîçäàííóþ â ðàáîòàõ
Êîëîìáåàó [17-18] âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå ïðîøëîãî ñòîëåòèÿ è ïîëó÷èâ-
øóþ øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå çà ïîñëåäíèå 20 ëåò â ñàìûõ ðàçëè÷íûõ
îáëàñòÿõ ñîâðåìåííîãî àíàëèçà [19-36].
Ðàññìîòðèì ñëåäóþùóþ îáîáùåííóþ çàäà÷ó Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ
Øðåäèíãåðà [36]

−i h̄ε ∂Ψ∂t
ε (t)
+ Hb ε (t) Ψε (t) = 0,
ε ε
(Ψε (0))ε = (Ψ0, ε (x))ε , x ∈ Rn ,
(82)
ãäå ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] Ψε (t) : R → H è îïåðàòîð Hε (t) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé
âèä
h̄2
Hε (t) = − 2m
ε
∆ + Vε (x, t) ,
(83)
ãäå [(Vε (x, t))ε ] ∈ G (Rn ) . Îòìåòèì, ÷òî
n
ε ∈ G (R ) ⇒
(Vε (x))
∀ε (ε ∈ (0, 1]) sup |gradx Vε (x)| < ∞ .
x∈Rn
(84)
Ëîêàëüíàÿ êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà ôóíêöèè Ãðèíà
(Gε (t, x, y; h̄ε ))ε
óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà (82) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä :
r (Gε (tε , x, y; h̄ε )) =

εh i
−n/2 ∂ 2 Sε (tε , x, y) i
(2πi ((h̄ε )ε )) ∂x∂y exp (h̄ε ) (Sε (tε , x, y)) ε +
ε ε
((h̄ε )ε ) ((ζε (tε , x, y; h̄))ε ) ,

(Sε (tε , x, y))ε =
tε 2
m ∂X (τ ; t , x, y)
∫ 2 ε
∂τ
ε
− Vε (Xε (τ ; tε , x, y) , τ ) dτ ,
0 ε
(85)
ãäå

(tε )ε < (T [Vε (x, tε )])ε , x, y ∈ Rn , kζ (tε , x, y; h̄)kL2 (Rn ) < (Cε )ε ∈ R̃
ε
è

m Ẍε = − ∂Vε∂X (Xε , t)
ε
,
ε ε
(Xε (0, t, x, y))ε = y, (Xε (t; t, x, y))ε = x.
(86)
Â ñèëó (84) ìû èìååì

(Gε (t1 + t2 , x, y; h̄ε ))ε = ∫ Gε (t1 , yb, y; h̄) Gε (t2 , x, yb; h̄) db
y .
Rn ε
(87)
Ïðåäïîëîæèì òåïåðü, ÷òî âûïîëíåíû ñëåäóþùèå óñëîâèÿ :
(i) äëÿ ëþáîãî ôèêñèðîâàííîãî ε ∈ (0, 1] , t è y êðàåâàÿ çàäà-
÷à (15.2.9) èìååò ëèøü êîíå÷íîå ÷èñëî ðåøåíèé Xk, ε (τ ; t, x, y) , k =
1, ..., N (ε) ,
(ii) äëÿ çàäàííûõ t, x, y è ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] ìíîæåñòâî
{Xk, ε (t; t, x, y) |k = 1, ..., N (ε)}
íå ñîäåðæèò ôîêàëüíûõ òî÷åê.

Òîãäà ãëîáàëüíàÿ êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà ôóíêöèè Ãðè-
íà (Gε (t, x, y; h̄ε ))ε óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà (82), ïîëó÷åííàÿ ñîãëàñíî
(85) è (87), èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä :
" !
NP
(ε)
r
−n/2 ∂ 2 Sk, ε (t, x, y)
(Gε (t, x, y; h̄ε ))ε = (2πi (h̄ε )ε ) ∂x∂y ×
k=1
h ii ε
iπ(γk, ε )ε
exp (h̄εi ) (Sk, ε (t, x, y))ε − 2 + (O (h̄ ))
ε ε ,
ε
t 2
m ∂X (τ, t, x, y)
(Sk, ε (t, x, y))ε = ∫ 2 k
∂τ − Vε (Xk, ε (τ, t, x, y)) dτ .
0 ε
(88)
ãäå γk, ε ýòî èíäåêñ Ìîðñà òðàåêòîðèè Xk, ε (τ ; t, x, y) .
Ôîðìóëà (88) ìîæåò áûòü ïåðåïèñàíà
â ôîðìå
îáîáùåííîãî êàíîíè-
1/h̄
÷åñêîãî îïåðàòîðà Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà KΛn (t) ε
[·] , ãäå (Λnε (t))ε - ñèíãóëÿð-
ε ε
íîå Ëàãðàíæåâî ìíîãîîáðàçèå, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå îáîáùåííîé çàäà÷å
Êîøè (82). Ïóñòü äàëåå (Λε (t))ε , ε ∈ (0, 1] - ñèíãóëÿðíîå Ëàãðàíæåâî
n
ìíîãîîáðàçèå êëàññà G R2n â ôàçîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå R2n x, p è ïóñòü dσε

-ýëåìåíò îáúìà íà Λnε (t) .
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.2.1. Êàíîíè÷åñêèé àòëàñ íà ìíîãîîáðàçèè
(Λnε (t))ε∈(0, 1]
ýòî ëîêàëüíî êîíå÷íîå ñ÷åòíîå êîíå÷íîå ïîêðûòèå, ñîñòîÿùåå èç îãðà-

íè÷åííûõ ñâÿçíûõ îáëàñòåé (Ωj, ε )ε (ãäå Ωj, ε - ε -÷àò) òàêèõ, ÷òî íà
êàæäîé èç íèõ ìîæíî âûáðàòü êîîðäèíàòû xε , ε ∈ (0, 1] èëè pε , ε ∈
(0, 1] òàê, ÷òî ñìåøàííàÿ êîëëåêöèÿ
(pα, ε , xβ, ε ) ,
α = α1 , ...αs(ε) ,
β = β1 , ..., βn−s(ε)
(89)
íå ñîäåðæèò íè îäíîé äóàëüíîé ïàðû, ò. å. ïàðûâèäà (pj, ε, xj, ε ). Îáîá-
1/h̄
ùåííûé êàíîíè÷åñêèé îïåðàòîð Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà KΛn (t)
ε
[·] îòîáðàæà-
ε ε
I
åò (C∞
0 (t))) , ε ∈ (0, 1] â ìíîæåñòâî
(Λnε (C (Rnx ))
, I = (0, 1] .

Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.2.2. Îïåðàòîð KΛ1/h̄ ε
n (t) [·]
ε
çàäàåòñÿ ñëåäóþøèì
ε
îáðàçîì:
(1) Ïóñòü ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] ε -÷àò Ωj, ε ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåâûðîæäåííûì, ò. å. ∀ε ∈
(0, 1] îáëàñòü Ωj, ε çàäàíà óðàâíåíèåì pε = pε (xε , t, ε) . Îïðåäåëèì

1/h̄
îïåðàòîð KΩj, εε [ϕε ] (x) êàê
ε
r " # !
rε
1/h̄
KΩj, εε [ϕε ] (x) = dσ ε
exp ∫ (pε , dxε ) ϕε (rε )i
,

dxε h̄ε
ε rε0 ε
P n ε
rε = (xε , pε (xε , t, ε)) , (pε , dxε ) = j=1 pj, ε dxj, ε .
(90)
Çäåñü (h̄ε )ε ∈ R
b - îáîáùåííûé ïàðàìåòð, ò. å. [(h̄ε ) ] ∈ R,
ε
b rε0 ∈ Ωj, ε
ôèêñèðîâàííàÿ òî÷êà è (ϕε )ε ∈ G (R ) .
n
(2) Ïóñòü ëîêàëüíûìè êîîðäèíàòàìè â ε -÷àòå Ωj, ε ÿâëÿþòñÿ pε ,

òîãäà îáëàñòü
Ωj, ε çàäàíà óðàâíåíèåì
xε = xε (pε , t, ε). Îïðåäåëèì
1/h̄
îïåðàòîð KΩj, εε (Ωj, ε [ϕε ]) (x) êàê
ε

1/h̄ε
KΩ (Ωj, ε [ϕε ]) (x) =
q j, ε ε
dσ rε
−1 ε exp i
F1/h̄ , ε, p→x
dx ε h̄ ∫ (p
ε ε , dx ε ) − (xε (p ε , t) , p ε ) ϕε (r ε ) ,
ε 0
rε
ε
rε = (xε (pε , t) , pε , ε) .
(91)
Çäåñü ìû îáîçíà÷èëè

−1 1 n
i
F1/h̄ε , p→x
[φε ] (x) = (−2πih̄ε )n/2
∫ d pφε (p) exp h̄ (x, p) .
ε Rn ε
(92)
(3) Â ñëó÷àå,
êîãäà ëîêàëüíûå êîîðäèíàòû èìåþò âèä (pα, ε , xβ, ε ) ,
1/h̄ε
îïåðàòîð KΩj, ε çàäàåòñÿ î÷åâèäíûì îáðàçîì ïîñðåäñòâîì ôîðìóë
ε
(91) è (92).
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.2.3. Ïóñòü (lε )ε - çàìêíóòûé ïóòü íà (Λnε (t))ε .
Îïðåäåëèì òåïåðü îáîáùåííûé èíäåêñ Ìàñëîâà indM [(lε )ε ] êàê êëàññ:
indM [(lε )ε ] = [(indM (lε ))ε ] .
H
Ïóñòü lε (pε , dxε ) = 0 è indM [(lε )ε ] = 0 äëÿ ëþáîãî çàìêíóòîãî
ε
ñèíãóëÿðíîãî ïóòè (lε )ε , ðàñïîëîæåííîãî íà ìíîãîîáðàçèè (Λnε (t))ε .
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.2.4. Âîçüìåì ðàçáèåíèå åäèíèöû (ej, ε (x))ε j∈N

êëàññà C ∞ íà ìíîãîîáðàçèè (Λnε (t))ε , ò. å.
∞
P
(ej, ε (x))ε = 1, ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] [supp (ej, ε ) ⊂ Ωj, ε ]
j=1
(93)
è ôèêñèðîâàííóþ òî÷êó rε0 ∈ (Ωj0 , ε )ε . Îáîáùåííûé êàíîíè÷åñêèé

ε

1/h̄ε
îïåðàòîð Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà KΛn (t) [·] îïðåäåëåí êàê
ε ε
! !

1/h̄ε P 1/h̄, ε
KΛn (t) [ϕε (r)] (x) = cjε KΩj, ε [ej, ε ϕε ] (x) , cj, ε =
ε ε j
ε
iπ M

exp 2 γ, j, ε .
(94)
Çäåñü M
γj, ε - èíäåêñ Ìàñëîâà öåïè ε -÷àòîâ, ñîåäèíÿþùåé ε -÷àòû
Ωj0 , ε è Ωj, ε . Òî÷êà (rε )ε ∈ (Λnε (t))ε íàçûâàåòñÿ ðåãóëÿðíîé òî÷êîé, åñ-
ëè îíà èìååò îêðåñòíîñòü, êîòîðàÿ çàäàåòñÿ óðàâíåíèåì pε = pε (x, ε).
Ïóñòü ïåðåñå÷åíèå ε -÷àòîâ Ωi, ε è Ωj, ε íå ïóñòî è ñâÿçíî,ïóñòü (rε ) ε ∈
(Ωi, ε ∩ Ωj, ε )ε - ðåãóëÿðíàÿ òî÷êà è ïóñòü (pα, ε , xβ, ε ) , pα
b, ε , xβb, ε -
êîîðäèíàòû â ýòèõ ÷àòàõ. ×èñëî

∂x (rε )
= inerdex ∂x∂p
α (rε )
M

γij, ε ε α
− inerdex α
b
∂p
ε bα ε
(95)
ýòî îáîáùåííûé èíäåêñ Ìàñëîâà ïàðû ε -÷àòîâ Ωi, ε è Ωj, ε , ε ∈ (0, 1] .
Èíäåêñ Ìàñëîâà öåïè ε - ÷àòîâ îïðåäåëåí î÷åâèäíûì îáðàçîì àääèòèâ-
íî. Îáîáùåííûé èíäåêñ Ìàñëîâà ïóòè îïðåäåëåí àíàëîãè÷íî. Èíäåêñ
Ìàñëîâà ïóòè (mod 4) íà îáîáùåííîì Ëàãðàíæåâîì ìíîãîîáðàçèè ÿâ-
ëÿåòñÿ ãîìîòîïè÷åñêèì èíâàðèàíòîì. Îáîáùåííûé êàíîíè÷åñêèé îïå-
ðàòîð Ìàñëîâà ÿâëÿåòñÿ èíâàðèàíòíûì ïðè âûáîðå êàíîíè÷åñêîãî àò-
ëàñà c ëîêàëüíûìè êîîðäèíàòàìè â ÷àòàõ â ñëåäóþùåì ñìûñëå: åñëè
1/h̄ε 1/h̄ε
äàíû äâà îáîáùåííûõ îïåðàòîðà Ìàñëîâà KΛn (t) è KΛn (t) , òî-
b
ε ε ε ε
ãäà â àëãåáðå GL2 (Rn )

1/h̄ε b 1/h̄ε
KΛn (t) ϕε − K ϕ
Λn (t) ε − (x) = (O (h̄ε ))ε
ε ε ε
(96)
äëÿ ëþáîé îáîáùåííîé ôóíêöèè (ϕε )ε ∈ GL2 (Λnε (t)) .
Ïóñòü (Lε (x, h̄ε D))ε - äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûé îïåðàòîð ñ îáîáùåííûì
âåùåñòâåííûì ñèìâîëîì (Lε (x, p))ε êëàññà G R2n è ïóñòü

x, p ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] :
Lε (x, p) = 0 íà Λnε (t). Ïóñòü òàêæå îáîáùåííîå Ëàãðàíæåâî ìíîãîîá-
ðàçèå (Λnε (t))ε è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ýëåìåíò îáúåìà (dσε )ε èíâàðèàíòíû
îòíîñèòåëüíî ñèñòåìû Ãàìèëüòîíà:
h i
dxε (τ ) ∂Lε (xε (τ ), p)
dτ = ∂p ,
ε h p=pε (τ ) ε
i
dpε (τ ) ∂Lε (x, pε (τ ))
dτ =− ∂x .
ε x=xε (τ ) ε
(97)
Òîãäà ñïðàâåäëèâà ñëåäóþùàÿ îáîáùåííàÿ ôîðìóëà êîììóòàöèè

1/h̄ε
Lε (x, h̄ε D) KΛn (t) ϕε (x) =
ε ε
(h̄ε )ε 1/h̄ε
KΛn (t) [(<ε ϕε )ε + (O (h̄ε ))ε ] ,
i ε" ε # ! (98)
n
dε 1
P ∂ 2 Lε (x, p)
(<ε ϕε )ε = dε τ − 2 ∂xj ∂pj ϕε ,
j=1
ε
ãäå ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] : ϕε ∈ C∞
0 (Λε (t)) è dε /dε τ - ïðîèçâîäíàÿ âäîëü èí-
n
òåãðàëüíûõ êðèâûõ ñèñòåìû Ãàìèëüòîíà (97). Óðàâíåíèå (<ε ϕε )ε = 0

ýòî îáîáùåííîå óðàâíåíèå ïåðåíîñà. Â ñèëó
îáîáùåííîé
ôîðìóëû êîì-
1/h̄ε
ìóòàöèè, îáîáùåííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ (uε )ε = KΛn (t) ϕε ÿâëÿåòñÿ àñèìïòî-
ε
òè÷åñêèì ðåøåíèåì Êîëîìáåàó óðàâíåíèÿ (Lε (x, h̄ε D) uε )ε = 0, åñëè
îáîáùåííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ (ϕε )ε óäîâëåòâîðÿåò îáîáùåííîìó óðàâíåíèþ ïå-
ðåíîñà, ò. å. (<ε ϕε )ε = 0.
Â òî æå âðåìÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêîå ïðèìåíåíèå êàíîíè÷åñêîãî îïåðàòî-
ðà Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà è, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ôîðìóëû (81) òðåáóåò ÷èñëåííîãî
èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ êðàåâîé çàäà÷è (80). ×èñëåííàÿ ðåàëèçàöèÿ ìåòîäà
êàíîíè÷åñêîãî îïåðàòîðà Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà, ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê çàäà÷àì
ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ÝÌÈ ïðîâåäåíà â ðàáîòàõ [9]-[12].
Ïóñòü êîðîòêîâîëíîâûé ñèãíàë ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ìîíîõðîìàòè-
÷åñêóþ âîëíó ÷àñòîòû f, êîòîðàÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ â èîíîñôåðå ñ ïî-
êàçàòåëåì ïðåëîìëåíèÿ n (r, f ) . Îòìåòèì, ÷òî â ðàáîòå [9] ðàññìîòðåí
òîëüêî ïðîñòåéøèé ñëó÷àé ãëàäêîé ôóíêöèè n (r, f ) . Â òî æå âðåìÿ
â ðåàëüíûõ çàäà÷àõ, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèõ ïðàêòè÷åñêèé èíòåðåñ, ïîêàçà-
òåëü ïðåëîìëåíèÿ n (r, f ) íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëàäêîé ôóíêöèåé, êàê ýòî òðå-
áóåòñÿ äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ êëàññè÷åñêîãî ìåòîäà êàíîíè÷åñêîãî îïåðàòîðà
Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà. Äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû èññëåäîâàòü ñëó÷àé íåãëàäêîé ôóíê-
öèè n (r, f ) äîñòàòî÷íî ðàññìîòðåòü åå ïîäõîäÿùóþ ðåãóëÿðèçàöèþ
(nε (r, f ))ε , ε ∈ (0, 1] , ïîñëå ÷åãî ìîæíî âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ îáîáùåííûì
êàíîíè÷åñêèì îïåðàòîðà Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà. Çäåñü ìû êðàòêî ðàññìîò-
ðèì îáùèé ñëó÷àé, êîãäà ðåãóëÿðèçîâàííûé ïîêàçàòåëü ïðåëîìëåíèÿ
ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îáîáùåííóþ ôóíêöèþ [(nε (r, f ))ε ] èç àëãåáðû Êî-
ëîìáåàó G R3 [17]-[20]. Ïóñòü â îáëàñòè, îïðåäåëåííîé íåðàâåíñòâîì

∀ε (ε ∈ (0, 1]) [nε (r, f ) 6= 0] , âûïîëíåíî ñëåäóþùåå óñëîâèå
−1
−1 |∇r nε (r, f )|
Λ−1
ε = (k0 aε ) ∼ nε (r, f )
c
2πf 1, k0 = c
2πf ,
ε
(99)
ãäå c-ñêîðîñòü ñâåòà â âàêóóìå, aε -ìàñøòàáíûé ïàðàìåòð. Ïðîöåññ ðàñ-
ïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ðàäèîâîëí â èîíîñôåðå îïèñûâàåòñÿ óðàâíåíèåì Ãåëüì-
ãîëüöà
([∆ + k0 nε (r, f )] Uε (r))ε = 0, r= {x, y, z} .

Ðèñ. 1: Òî÷å÷íûé èñòî÷íèê ñ ðàäèàöèîííîé äèàãðàììîé (Dε (α, β))ε
Ðåøåíèå ñòðîèëîñü äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ òî÷å÷íîãî èñòî÷íèêà ñ ðàäèàöèîí-

íîé äèàãðàììîé (Dε (α, β))ε , ãäå α è β -êîîðäèíàòû íà ñôåðå σ0 ðà-
äèóñà R0 (Ðèñ. 1), â öåíòðå êîòîðîé ðàñïîëîæåí òî÷å÷íûé èñòî÷íèê.
Âåëè÷èíà R0 âûáèðàåòñÿ òàê, ÷òîáû áûëî âûïîëíåíî ñëåäóþùåå ðà-
âåíñòâî
[(Uε )ε ]|σ0 = R0−1 [(Dε (α, β))ε ] exp (ikR0 ) , k = k0 n0 .
(100)
Â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ðàáîòîé [9] âîçüìåì ðåãóëÿðèçîâàííûé ïîêàçàòåëü
ïðåëîìëåíèÿ nε (r, f ) â âèäå
1−f02 (r,ε)
nε (r, f ) = f [f +2πiνeff (r,ε)] .
(101)
Îáîáùåííàÿ ñèñòåìà Ãàìèëüòîíà â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå èìååò
ñëåäóþùèé âèä
0 0 0
drε dp
= 21 ∇r0ε n2ε , n2ε = Ren2ε ε ,

dτ = pε , dτε
ε ε ε ε ε
0 0 0
−1
rε = aε R0 pε , pε =

ε τ =τ0 ε τ =τ0 ε τ =τ0
{sin α, cos α sin β, cos α cos β} ,
(102)
ãäå
0 0 0 0
rε = rε (α, β, τ ) aε , pε = pε (α, β, τ ) ,
ε n 0 0 0 o ε0 n 0ε o ε
0 0 0
rε = xε , yε , zε , pε = px, ε , py, ε , pz, ε .
(103)
Îáîçíà÷èì
∂ x0ε , yε0 , zε0

(Jε )ε = det ∂(τ, α, β)

.
ε
(104)
Ïóñòü â íåêîòîðîé îáëàñòè G ⊂ R3 âûïîëíåíî íåðàâåíñòâî
0 0 0
∂ px, ε , yε , zε
J
bε = det 6= 0.
∂(τ, α, β)
ε

ε
(105)
Àñèìïòîòè÷åñêîå ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è Êîëîìáåàó èìååò âèä

0 1/2
= iΛ exp − iπ

Uε rε 2 Ind ([(lε )ε ]) ×
ε
2π
ε
−1/2 i 0
∞ h 0 0
∫ ϕε J exp iΛε Sbε + px, ε xε dpx, ε .
b
ε
−∞ ε
(106)
Çäåñü
0 00 0 0 0 0
0
Sbε = Sε + Sε − xε p xε , y ε , z ε , Sε =
ε ε  ε ε ε
0 0 0

τ pxε ,, yε , zε
 ∫ n2ε dτ  ,
0
 0 0 0 ε
τ px ,, yε ,, zε
00
Sε = ∫ Imn2ε dτ  , (ϕε )ε |α0 =
ε 0
ε
1/2
((Dε (α, β))ε ) U0 |cos α| .
(107)
Ñïðàâåäëèâî ñëåäóþùåå ðàâåíñòâî
 0   0

pxε dp x

∂ 0 0
px, ε , yε , zε
0 τ
!
0 ε
d  yε  =  0  = det ×d α .
0
∂(τ, α, β)
zε 0 ε β
ε ε
(108)
Òîãäà â ñèëó (105) ñïðàâåäëèâû ñëåäóþùèå ðàâåíñòâà
−1 0 0
∂ yε , z ε 0

dτ = J
bε det ∂(α, β)
dpx, ε ,
ε ε

0 0 ε
−1 ∂ yε , z ε 0
dα = − J bε det
∂(τ, β)
dpx, ε ,
ε 0 0 ε ε
−1 ∂ yε , z ε 0

dβ = J bε det
∂(τ, α)
dpx, ε .
ε ε ε
(109)
0
Âûïîëíèâ â (106) çàìåíó ïåðåìåííîé px, ε → α ìû ïîëó÷èì
0
Uε rε 0 0 0 0 =
ε y =y , z =z
ε 0 ε 0
√

iΛε 1/2 Dε (α, β) |U0 | R0 |cos α|

− 2π exp − iπ
2 Ind (lε )ε ∫ 0 0
×
[αN , αB ] det ∂ yε , zε ∂(τ, β)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1/2
Jε
b sign b
Jε bε px α, y0 ,
exp iΛε S z0 , y0 , z0 + px, ε α, y0 , z0 xε dα .
ε
(110)
Ñïðàâåäëèâû ñëåäóþùèå ðàâåíñòâà
0
0
2 2
d dzε 1 ∂ nε ∂zε
dτ dβ = 2 ∂zε0 2 dβ
ε
(111)
0
0
dzε
dβ = − yε
ε ε
(112)
0
Uε rε =

ε yε0 =y00 , zε0 =z00

√
iΛε 1/2 Dε (α, β) |U0 | R0 |cos α|
exp − iπ

− 2π 2 Ind [(lε )ε ] ∫ p 0
×
[αN , αB ] |
y0 |p0y, ε
0 0 1/2 0
∂ px, ε , yε0

det ∂ px, ε , yε sign

∂(τ, α) det
∂(τ, α)
×
h 0 ε 0
0 0
i ε
exp iΛε Sbε px (α) , y0 , 0 + px, ε (α) xε dα .
ε
(113)

b
(Iε (η, a, b, Λε ))ε = ∫ gε (η, t) exp [iΛε Φε (η, t)] dt
a ε
(114)
Äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ, êîãäà a = −∞, b = ∞, ñïðàâåäëèâî àñèìïòîòè÷åñêîå
ðàçëîæåíèå ïðè Λε → ∞
ε (η, −∞, ∞, Λε ))ε '

(I
N AN
exp [iΛε Φ0, ε (η)] l1, ε I AN (Xε ) + lk, ε ∂I (Xε )
P
∂Xε, k−1 ,
k=2 ε
(115)
ãäå êîýôôèöèåíòû lk, ε = lk, ε (η, Λε ) è àðãóìåíòû Xε, k = Xε, k (η, Λε )
- ýòî ìåäëåííî ìåíÿþùèåñÿ ôóíêöèè ïåðåìåííîé η, à I AN (Xε ) - ñïå-
öèàëüíûå ôóíêöèè âîëíîâûõ êàòàñòðîô (ñ.â.ê.), îïèñûâàþùèå êàñïî-
èäíûå òèïû ôîêóñèðîâîê âîëíîâûõ ïîëåé [10], [11], ëèáî ñ.â.ê. äðóãèõ
òèïîâ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ òèïîì ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ôîêóñèðîâêè. Èñïîëüçî-
âàíèþ ñòàíäàðòíûõ ïðÿìûõ ìåòîäîâ ÷èñëåííîãî èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ äëÿ
ðàñ÷åòà ñ.â.ê. ïðåïÿòñòâóåò ñèëüíàÿ îñöèëëÿöèÿ èíòåãðàíòû â îáëàñòè
èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ. Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ îñöèëëèðóþùåå ÿäðî ìîæíî ñâåñòè ê
ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíî çàòóõàþùåìó ïðè ïåðåõîäå îò äåéñòâèòåëüíûõ îáëà-
ñòåé èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ â êîìïëåêñíóþ ãèïåðïëîñêîñòü. Äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ
ñ.â.ê. íåêîòîðûõ òèïîâ òàêîé ïðèåì áûë ïðåäëîæåí â [10], [11]. Äîïîë-
íèòåëüíûå òðóäíîñòè âîçíèêàþò èç òîãî, ÷òî â ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ çàäà÷àõ
ôóíêöèè gε (η, t) è Φε (η, t), êàê ïðàâèëî, çàäàííû ÷èñëåííî. Â ðàáîòå
[9] äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ êëàññè÷åñêîãî èíòåãðàëà ñ áûñòðî îñöèëëèðóþùåé
ôàçîé
b
I (η, a, b, Λε ) = ∫ g (η, t) exp [iΛΦ (η, t)] dt (116)
a
ïðèìåíÿëàñü ñïëàéí àïïðîêñèìàöèÿ àìïëèòóäû g (η, t) è ôàçû Φ (η, t)

ïîëèíîìèàëüíûìè ñïëàéíàìè ïîðÿäêà NS . Èíòåãðàë (116) ïîñëå âû-
øåóêàçàííîé àïïðîêñèìàöèè ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü â ñëåäóþùåì âèäå
[9]:
( I (η, a, b, Λ) '
m−1 N
PS g −(l+1)/NS
l
exp iΛSpΦ Spl, j Λε SpΦ
P
0, j 0, j
(−i)
j=1 l=0

BN N PS h i
Il, νjS X (1) − exp iΛSpΦ ∆
k, j j
k
k=1
l
l−m l (l−m)/NS × Im, BNS io
∆l−m

Λ SpΦ (2)
P
(i) j 0, j νj X .
m=0 m
(117)
Çäåñü è
SpΦ
k, j Spgl, j
ýòî êîýôôèöèåíòû ïîëèíîìèàëüíûõ ñïëàéíîâ
ΦN S
(η, t) è g{tj }, M (η, t) äëÿ ôàçû Φ (η, t) è äëÿ àìïëèòóäû g (η, t)
{tj }, M
NS
ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ãäå t ∈ [a, b] , ∆j = tJ+1 − tj è òàêèõ, ÷òî
N
PS h i
l
Φ (η, t) ' ΦN
{tj }, M (η, t) =
S
SpΦ
l, j (η) (t − tj ) , tj ≤ t ≤ tj+1 ,
l=0
N
PS h i
l
NS
g (η, t) ' g{t j }, M
(η, t) = Spgl, j (η) (t − tj ) , tj ≤ t ≤ tj+1 ,
l=0
j = 1, 2, ..., M − 1,
(118)
è ãäå
(1) Φ −k/NS 1−k/N

νj = sign SpΦ NS , j , Xk = Sp
Φ
k, j SpNS , j
Λ S
,
Φ −k/NS 1−k/N NP S −k
(1) NS − n NS −k−n
Xk = SpNS , j Λ S
SpΦ
NS −n, j ∆ ,
n=0 k
∞ h PN −1 i
BN l N k
Im, νj (X) = ∫ (iξ) exp i νj ξ + k=1 Xk ξ .
0
(119)
Äëÿ èíòåãðàëà Êîëîìáåàó âèäà (114) ñïðàâåäëèâî àíàëîãè÷íîå ïðåä-
ñòàâëåíèå
((Iε (η, a, b, Λε ))ε =

mε −1 NS, ε
P P Φ −(l+1)/NS
exp iΛε SpΦ
0, ε, j SpN Λε SpΦ (−i)l
S , ε, j , ε, j
j=1 l=0
NS, ε (120)
l
BN P P l
Il, ν S Xε(1) − exp iΛε SpΦ k
k, ε, j ∆j (i)l−m m ×
j, ε
k=1 m=0
(l−mε )/NS, ε BN io
∆l−m
j
Λε SpΦ
0, ε, j
Im, νS, ε
j, ε
Xε(2) .
ε

g
Çäåñü SpΦ
k, ε, j è Sp l, ε, j ýòî êîýôôèöèåíòû ïîëèíîìèàëüíûõ
ε ε
ñïëàéíîâ Φ{t
NS
j }, M
(η, t, ε) è g NS
{tj }, M (η, t, ε) äëÿ ôàçû (Φε (η, t))ε
ε ε
è äëÿ àìïëèòóäû (gε (η, t))ε ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ãäå t ∈ [a, b] è òàêèõ, ÷òî

N ε
(Φε (η, t))ε ' Φ{tS, j }, ε, M (η, t) =
! ε
NPS, ε h i
l
SpΦl, ε, j (η) (t − tj ) , tj ≤ t ≤ tj+1 ,
l=0
ε
(121)

N ε
(gε (η, t))ε ' g{tS, j }, ε, M
(η, t) =
! ε
NPS.ε h i
l
Spgl, ε, j (η) (t − tj ) , tj ≤ t ≤ tj+1 ,
l=0
ε
j = 1, 2, ..., Mε − 1,
15.3. Òî÷íàÿ êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà... 43
è ãäå
(1)

(νj, ε )ε = sign SpΦ
N
ε , Xk, ε =
S , ε, j ε
Φ −k/NS 1−k/NS, ε
SpΦ
k, ε, j
SpN ,j
Λε ,
S
ε
(1)
Xk, ε =
ε
NS, ε −k

Φ −k/NS 1−k/N P NS − n

NS, ε −k−n
SpN Λε S SpΦ
NS −n, ε, j ∆ ,
S , ε, j k
n=0 ε
∞
B PNε −1
Im,Nνεj, ε (X) = ∫ dξ (iξ)l exp i νj, ε ξ Nε + Xk, ε ξ k
.
k=1
ε 0
ε
(122)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, àëãîðèòì, ïðåäëîæåííûé â ðàáîòå [9], ïðèìåíèì è

â ñëó÷àå íåãëàäêîé îáîáùåííîé ôóíêöèè (nε (r, f ))ε ∈ G R3 .

15.3. Òî÷íàÿ êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà ñðåäíèõ

çíà÷åíèé íàáëþäàåìûõ â êëàññè÷åñêîé êâàíòîâîé ìåõàíèêå.
Óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñ äåòåðìèíèðîâàííûì ïîòåíöèàëîì.
Â ðàáîòå [13] ïðåäëîæåí ýôôåêòèâíûé ïðÿìîé ìåòîä âû÷èñëåíèÿ

ñðåäíèõ çíà÷åíèé ÊÌ íàáëþäàåìûõ è, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ñðåäíåãî çíà÷åíèÿ
îïåðàòîðà êîîðäèíàòû,
∫ xi |Ψ(x, t, x0 ;h̄)|2 d x
Rn
hi, t, x0 ; h̄i = ∫ |Ψ(x, t, x0 ;h̄)|2 d x
, i = 1, ..., n,
Rn
(123)
íå òðåáóþùèé ÷èñëåííîãî èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ äâóõòî÷å÷íîé êðàåâîé çà-
äà÷è (80) è âû÷èñëåíèÿ èíòåãðàëîâ îò áûñòðî îñöèëëèðóþøèõ ôóíê-
öèé.
Ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è Êîøè (78) ïðè ñèëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ðåãóëÿðíîñòè
ïîòåíöèàëà V (x, t), äåòàëüíî ðàññìîòðåííûõ â ðàáîòàõ [14], [15], [16],
ìîæíî çàïèñàòü â çàìêíóòîé ôîðìå â âèäå Ôåéíìàíîâñêîãî èíòåãðàëà
ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì
i n
Q
Ψ (x, t; h̄) = ∫ Ψ0 (q (0)) exp h̄ S [q̇ (τ ) , q (τ ) , t] D [qi (τ )] ,
q(t)=x i=1
t m
S [q̇ (τ ) , q (τ ) , t] = ∫ 2 q̇2 (τ ) − V (q (τ ) , τ ) dτ.
0
(124)
Â ðàáîòå [13] êëàññè÷åñêàÿ ôîðìóëà (124) ðàñïðîñòðàíåíà íà îá-
ùèé ñëó÷àé, êîãäà ïîòåíöèàë V (x) ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëàäêîé íåîãðàíè÷åííîé
ôóíêöèåé ïðîèçâîëíî ðàñòóùåé íà áåñêîíå÷íîñòè è èìååò òî÷å÷íûå

îñîáåííîñòè ïðîèçâîëüíîãî ïîðÿäêà. Îñíîâíàÿ èäåÿ ñîñòîèò â àïïðîê-
ñèìàöèè òàêîãî ñèíãóëÿðíîãî ïîòåíöèàëà V (x) ïîäõîäÿùåé íåëèíåé-
íîé îáîáùåííîé ôóíêöèåé
(Vε (x))ε ∈ G (Rn ) ,
ãäå G (Rn ) -àëãåáðà Êîëîìáåàó íåëèíåéíûõ îáîáùåííûõ ôóíêöèé [17-
26]. Ñ öåëüþ ïîëíîòû èçëîæåíèÿ ìû ïðèâåäåì îñíîâíûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ.
Ìû èñïîëüçóåì ñòàíäàðòíîå ñîêðàùåíèå ∂ α = ∂xα11 ...∂xαnn
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.3.1. Ïóñòü E (Rn ) = (C ∞ (Rn ))I , I = (0, 1] ,
n
∆ ⊂ n
EM (Rn ) = (uε )ε ∈ E (Rn ) | ∀K K6= R ∀α (α ∈ Nn0 ) ∃p (p ∈ N)

sup |∂ α uε (x)| = O(ε−p ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 ,
x∈K
n
∆ ⊂
N (Rn ) = (uε )ε | ∀K K6= M , ∀α (α ∈ Nn0 ) ∀q (q ∈ N )

sup |∂ α uε (x)| = O(εq ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 .
x∈K
G (Rn ) = EM (Rn ) /N(Rn ).

(125)
Ýëåìåíòû ìíîæåñòâà EM (Rn ) íàçûâàþòñÿ îãðàíè÷åííûìè ïîñëå-
äîâàòåëüíîñòÿìè, à ýëåìåíòû ìíîæåñòâà N (Rn ) íàçûâàþòñÿ ïðèíå-
áðåæèìûìè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòÿìè. EM (Rn ) ýòî äèôôåðåíöèàëüíàÿ
àëãåáðà ñ ïîòî÷å÷íî çàäàííûìè îïåðàöèÿìè. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî EM (Rn )
ýòî ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïîäàëãåáðà â E (Rn ) , äëÿ êîòîðîé ïîäàëãåáðà N(Rn )
åñòü äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûé èäåàë. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, G (Rn ) - êîììóòàòèâ-
íàÿ è àññîöèàòèâíàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàëüíàÿ àëãåáðà.
Ýëåìåíòû àëãåáðû G (Rn ) ìû îáîçíà÷àåì [(Xε )ε ] èëè cl {(Xε )ε } ,
ãäå (Xε (t))ε - ïðåäñòàâèòåëü ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî êëàññà ýêâèâàëåíòíî-
ñòè.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.3.2. Ïóñòü K = R ëèáî K = C . Îïðåäåëèì
ìíîæåñòâà Ec (K) è Nc (K) :
Ec (K) = (rε )ε ∈ KI |∃n (n ∈ N) [|rε | = O (ε−n ) 5A; 8 ε → 0] ,

Nc (K) = (rε )ε ∈ KI |∀m (m ∈ N) [|rε | = O (εm ) 5A; 8 ε → 0] ,
K
b = Ec (K) /Nc (K) .
(126)
Êîëüöî R
b = Ec (R) /Nc (R) íàçûâàåòñÿ êîëüöîì îáîáùåííûõ âå-
øåñòâåííûõ ÷èñåë, à êîëüöî C
b = Ec (C) /Nc (C) íàçûâàåòñÿ êîëüöîì
îáîáùåííûõ êîìïëåêñíûõ ÷èñåë [17].
Ïóñòü S (Rn ) - ïðîñòðàíñòâî Øâàðöà îñíîâíûõ ôóíêöèé, ò. å. áåñ-
êîíå÷íî ãëàäêèõ íà Rn ôóíêöèé, óáûâàþùèõ ïðè |x| → ∞ áûñò-
−1
ðåå ëþáîé ñòåïåíè |x| âìåñòå ñî âñåìè ñâîèìè ïðîèçâîäíûìè. Åñëè
V (x) - ïîëèíîì ñòåïåíè r ≥ 2, òî îí êàíîíè÷åñêèì îáðàçîì îïðåäå-
ëÿåò îáîáùåííóþ ôóíêöèþ óìåðåííîãî ðîñòà V 0 (g) ∈ S 0 (Rn ) , V 0 :
S (Rn ) → R ñîãëàñíî ôîðìóëå: V 0 (g) = ∫ Rn V (x) g (x) dx. Ïóñòü òå-
ïåðü Vε (x) , ε ∈ (0, 1] îáîçíà÷àåò ïðîèçâîëüíóþ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü
îñíîâíûõ ôóíêöèé, äëÿ êîòîðîé âûïîëíåíî ðàâåíñòâî
0
V 0 (g) = lim Vε (g) = lim ∫ Rn Vε (x) g (x) dx,
ε→0 ε→0
êîòîðîå ìû çàïèøåì â ñèìâîëè÷åñêîé ôîðìå êàê V =S 0 (Rn ) (Vε (x))ε . Â

ýòîì ñëó÷àå êàíîíè÷åñêèì îáðàçîì òàêæå îïðåäåëåí R b -çíà÷íûé ôóíê-
0
0 0
öèîíàë V (g) ñîãëàñíî ñëåäóþùåé ôîðìóëå: V (g) =R V ε (g) =R
R
b R
b b ε b
(∫ Rn Vε (x) g (x) dx)ε . Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ñëó÷àå ñèíãóëÿðíîãî ïîòåí-
öèàëà V (x) , òàêîãî ÷òî V =S 0 (Rn ) (Vε (x))ε , ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è Êîøè
(78) åñòåñòâåííî ñòðîèòü â êëàññå íåëèíåéíûõ îáîáùåííûõ ôóíêöèé
èç àëãåáðû G (Rn ) èëè êàêîé ëèáî ïîäõîäÿùåé àëãåáðû ïîäîáíîãî òè-
ïà. Ïîñêîëüêó äëÿ ε ∈ (0, 1] ïîòåíöèàë Vε (x) ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåãóëÿðíîé
ôóíêöèåé, äëÿ ïîñòðîåíèÿ îáîáùåííûõ ðåøåíèé ýòîãî òèïà ïðèìåíè-
ìà êëàññè÷åñêàÿ ôîðìóëà Ôåéíìàíà (124).
Òåîðåìà 15.3.1. [13]. Ïóñòü H -ñåïàðàáåëüíîå Ãèëüáåðòîâî ïðî-
ñòðàíñòâî ñî ñêàëÿðíûì ïðîèçâåäåíèåì h·, ·i . Ðàññìîòðèì ñëåäóþùóþ
îáîáùåííóþ çàäà÷ó Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà

−i h̄ε ∂Ψ∂t
ε (t)
+ Hb ε (t) Ψε (t) = 0,
ε ε
(Ψε (0))ε = (Ψ0, ε (x))ε , x ∈ Rn ,

(127)
ãäå ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] Ψε (t) : R → H è îïåðàòîð Hε (t) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé
âèä
h̄2
Hε (t) = − 2m
ε
∆ + Vε (x, t) .
(128)
, k ∈ N åñëè ε → 0. Ïóñòü òàêæå âûïîëíåíû ñëåäóþùèå
k

h̄ε ≤ O ε
óñëîâèÿ:
(i) cl {(Vε (x, ·))ε } ∈ G (Rn ) ,
(ii) ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] è ∀t ∈ R+ îïåðàòîð Hε (t) ñàìîñîïðÿæåí â ñóùå-

ñòâåííîì íà ïëîòíîì â H ìíîæåñòâå âåêòîðîâ Dε = t∈R+ Dt, ε , ãäå
T
Dt, ε = D (Hε (t)),

(iii) ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] îïåðàòîð H
b ε (t) ýòî çàìûêàíèå îïåðàòîðà Hε (t) â
H,
(iv) cl (Ψ0, ε (x))ε ∈ G (Rn ) .

Òîãäà çàäà÷à Êîøè (127) èìååò åäèíñòâåííîå îáîáùåííîå ðåøåíèå

Êîëîìáåàó (Ψε (x, t; h̄ε ))ε , è ýòî ðåøåíèå ìîæíî çàïèñàòü â çàìêíóòîé
ôîðìå â âèäå îáîáùåííîãî Ôåéíìàíîâñêîãî èíòåãðàëà ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì
(Ψε (x, t; h̄ε ))ε =

!
n n
o Q
i
∫ Ψ0, ε (q (0)) exp h̄ε Sε [q̇ (τ ) , q (τ ) , t] D [qi (τ )] ,
q(t)=x i=1
ε
t m
Sε [q̇ (τ ) , q (τ ) , t] = ∫ 2 q̇2 (τ ) − Vε (q (τ ) , τ ) dτ.
0
(129)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.3.3. Îáîáùåííîå ðåøåíèå (Ψε (x, t; h̄ε ))ε (129)
íàçûâàåòñÿ îáîáùåííûì ðåøåíèåì â ñìûñëå íåëèíåéíûõ îáîáùåííûõ
ôóíêöèé èëè ðåøåíèåì Êîëîìáåàó. Êàê ïîêàçàíî â ðàáîòå [34], äëÿ
äîñòàòî÷íî ðåãóëÿðíûõ ïðè ε = 0 îáîáùåííûõ ôóíêöèé (Vε (x, t))ε ,
îáîáùåííîå ðåøåíèå (Ψε (x, t; h̄ε ))ε ñîâïàäàåò ñ êëàññè÷åñêèì ðåøåíè-
åì óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà (78).
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.3.1. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ
ñèíãóëÿðíîãî ïî-
l
òåíöèàëà (Vε (x, t))ε , òàêîãî, ÷òî V0 (x, t) = O kxk , l ≥ 3, îáîáùåí-
íîå ðåøåíèå (Ψε (x, t; h̄ε ))ε ìîæåò èìåòü ðàçðûâû äëÿ ñêîëü óãîäíî
ãëàäêèõ íà÷àëüíûõ äàííûõ.
Òåîðåìà 15.3.2. Ðàññìîòðèì îáîáùåííóþ çàäà÷ó Êîøè (127) ñ
íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì (Ψ0, ε (x))ε = , ãäå
p
Ψε (x, x0 )
ε
ηεn/2
2

Ψε (x, x0 ) = n/2 n/2 exp − ηε (x−x
h̄ε
0)
,
(2π) h̄ε
0 < h̄ε ηε 1, h̄ε → 0 5A; 8 ε → 0.

(130)
Ïóñòü Vε (x, t)|ε=0 = V (x, t) : R → R è ïðè ëþáîì ôèêñèðî-
n
âàííîì t ∈ R+ , ôóíêöèÿ V (x, t) åñòü ïîëèíîì îò ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûõ

ïåðåìåííûõ x = (x1 , ...xn ) , ò. å.
gα (t) xα , α = (i1 , ..., in ) , kαk =

P P
V (x, t) = r=1 ir , i = 1, ..., n,
kαk≤n
xα = xi11 xi22 ...xinn .

(131)
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç u (τ, t, λ, x) = (u1 (τ, t, λ, x) , ..., un (τ, t, λ, x)) ðå-
øåíèå ñëåäóþùåé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé ëèíåéíîé êðàåâîé çàäà÷è
h 0 iT
d2 uT (τ, t, λ, x)
dτ 2 = Hess [V (λ, τ )] uT (τ, t, λ, x) + V (λ, τ ) ,
u (0, t, λ, x, y) = y, u (t, t, λ, x) = x,
(132)
ãäå
λ = (λ1 , ..., λn ) , uT (τ, t, λ, x, y) =

T
(u1 (τ, t, λ, x, y) , ..., un (τ, t, λ, x, y)) , (133)
0

V (λ, τ ) = ∂V∂x (x, τ )
1
, ..., ∂V (x, τ )
∂xn
x=λ
è Hess [V (λ, τ )] ýòî Ãåññèàí îòîáðàæåíèÿ V (·, τ ) : Rn → R, âû÷èñ-

ëåííûé â òî÷êå x= λ, ò. å.
h i
∂ 2 V (x, τ )
Hessij [V (λ, τ )] = ∂xi ∂xj .
x=λ
(134)
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç S (t, λ, x, y) ôóíêöèþ, çàäàííóþ ñëåäóþùåé ôîð-
ìóëîé
t
S (t, λ, x, y) = ∫ L
b (u̇ (τ, t, λ, x, y) , u (τ, t, λ, x, y) , τ ) dτ,
0
(135)
ãäe
L
b (u̇ (τ, t, λ, x, y) , u (τ, t, λ, x, y) , τ ) =
2
m u̇ (τ, t,2λ, x, y) − Vb (u (τ, t, λ, x, y) , τ ) ,
(136)
Vb (u (τ, t, λ, x, y) , τ ) =
u (τ, t, λ, x,
h y) Hessi [V (λ, τ )] uT (τ, t, λ, x, y) +
0
V (λ, τ ) uT (τ, t, λ, x, y) .
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç ycr = ycr (t, λ, x) ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñèñòåìû

h i
∂S(t, λ, x, y)
∂yi = 0.
y=ycr
i = 1, ..., n.
(137)
Îáîçíà÷èì äàëåå ÷åðåç x
b=u b (t, x0 , λ) ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñèñòå-
ìû ëèíåéíûõ àëãåáðàè÷åñêèõ óðàâíåíèé
b) + λ − x0 = 0.
ycr (t, λ, x
(138)
Ïðåäïîëîæèì òàêæå, ÷òî äëÿ äàííûõ çíà÷åíèé ïàðàìåòðîâ t, λ,
òî÷êà x
b = ub (t, x0 , λ) íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîêàëüíîé òî÷êîé íà òðàåêòîðèè,
ÊÌ ñðåäíåãî (123) ñïðàâåäëèâî ñëåäóþùåå íåðàâåíñòâî
lim inf |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε i − λi | ≤ |b

ui (t, x0 , λ)| , i = 1, ..., n.
h̄ε →0, ε→0
(139)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âû÷èñëåíèå êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêîé òðàåêòîðèè ñâîäèò-
ñÿ ê ÷èñëåííîìó ðåøåíèþ ñèñòåìû òðàíñöåíäåíòíûõ óðàâíåíèé âèäà
u
bi (t, x0 , λ) = 0,
(140)
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.3.2. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî â íåðàâåíñòâå (139) íèæíèé
ïðåäåë
lim inf |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε i − λi |
h̄ε →0, ε→0
â îáøåì ñëó÷àå íåëüçÿ çàìåíèòü ïðîñòûì ïðåäåëîì
lim |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε i − λi | .

h̄ε →0, ε→0
Âñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî ñèñòåìà (140) â îáøåì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìíîæåñòâî ðåøå-

íèé. Êàê ñëåäñòâèå, äàæå äëÿ êëàññè÷åñêèõ ðåøåíèé óðàâíåíèÿ Øðå-
äèíãåðà (78) êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà ( h̄ → 0 ) ÊÌ ñðåäíèõ
(123) íå îáëàäàåò ñâîéñòâîì åäèíñòâåííîñòè.
Â êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðà, ìû ðàññìîòðèì êâàíòîâûé àíãàðìîíè÷åñêèé
îñöèëëÿòîð, ñ êóáè÷åñêèì ïîòåíöèàëîì
mω 2 2
V (x, t) = ax3 + 2 x − bx − [A sin (Ωt)] x.
(141)
Êëàññè÷åñêèé Ëàãðàíæèàí â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå èìååò ñëå-
äóþùèé âèä
m 2 mω 2 2
L (ẋ, x) = 2 ẋ − 2 x − ax3 + bx + [A sin (Ωt)] x.
(142)
Ïðåäïîëîæèì, ÷òî äëÿ çàäàííûõ çíà÷åíèé ïàðàìåòðîâ ω, a, λ âû-
ïîëíÿåòñÿ íåðàâåíñòâî σ1 (λ) = ω 2 /2 + 3aλ/m ≥ 0, òîãäà êâàäðàòè÷-
íàÿ ôîðìà Lb (u̇ (τ, t, y, x) , u (τ, t, y, x) , τ ) , çàäàííàÿ ôîðìóëîé (136),
â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå ïðèìåò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
m 2 m$12 (λ) 2
L
b (u̇, u) =
2 u̇ − 2 u + g (λ, t) u,
q
ω2
p 3aλ

$1 (λ) = 2σ1 (λ) = 2 2 + m ,

g1 (λ, t) = − mω 2 λ + 3aλ2 − b − A sin (Ωt) =
− (d1 (λ) − A sin (Ωt)) ,
d1 (λ) = mω 2 λ + 3aλ2 − b.
(143)
Ôóíêöèÿ S (t, λ, x, y), çàäàííàÿ ôîðìóëîé (135), â ðàññìàòðèâàå-
ìîì ñëó÷àå, èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
S (t, λ, x, y) =
h
m$1 2x
∫ t0 g1 (λ, τ ) sin ($1 τ ) dτ +

2 sin $1 t (cos $1 t) y 2 + x2 − 2xy + m$1
2y
+ m$ 1
∫ t0 g1 (λ, τ ) sin $1 (t − τ ) dτ −
− m22$2 ∫ t0 ∫ τ0 g1 (λ, τ ) g1 (λ, s) sin $1 (t − τ ) sin ($1 s) dsdτ ,

sin $1 t 6= 0.
(144)
Ñèñòåìà (137) â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå ñâîäèòñÿ ê îäíîìó óðàâ-
íåíèþ ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
∂S(t, λ, x, y)
∂yi =
h i
m$1
2 sin $1 t 2y cos $1 t − 2x + 2
m$1 ∫ t0 g1 (λ, τ ) sin $1 (t − τ ) dτ = 0.
(145)
Èç óðàâíåíèÿ (145) ïðè óñëîâèè cos $1 t 6= 0 ìû ïîëó÷àåì
ycr (t, λ, x) = x
cos $1 t − 1
m$1 cos $1 t ∫ t0 g1 (λ, τ ) sin $1 (t − τ ) dτ.
(146)
Ïîäñòàâëÿÿ âûðàæåíèå (146) â óðàâíåíèå (138), ìû ïîëó÷èì
x
b=u b (t, x0 , λ) =
1
m$1 ∫ t0 g1 (λ, τ ) sin $1 (t − τ ) dτ − λ cos $1 t + x0 cos $1 t.
(147)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñèñòåìà (140) â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå ñâîäèòñÿ
ê îäíîìó òðàíñöåíäåíòíîìó óðàâíåíèþ ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
1
m$1 ∫ t0 g1 (λ, τ ) sin $1 (t − τ ) dτ − λ cos $1 t + x0 cos $1 t = 0,
(148)
ãäå ôóíêöèÿ g1 (λ, τ ) îïðåäåëåíà ôîðìóëîé (143). Îêîí÷àòåëüíî ìû
èìååì óðàâíåíèå

cos($1 t)
d1 (λ) $1 − 1
$1 + A $1 sin(Ωt)−Ω sin($1 t)
$ 2 −Ω2
−
1
(λ − x0 ) m$1 cos ($1 t) = 0.

(149)
Â ÷àñòíîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà a = 0, Ëàãðàíæèàí (142) ñâîäèòñÿ ê Ëàãðàí-
æèàíó ëèíåéíîãî ãàðìîíè÷åñêîãî îñöèëëÿòîðà
m 2 mω 2 2
L (ẋ, x) = 2 ẋ − 2 x + bx + [A sin (Ωt)] x.
(150)
Â ñèëó (143) ìû òàêæå èìååì
d1 (λ) = mω 2 λ − b, $ (λ) = ω.
(151)
Ïîäñòàâèâ (151) â óðàâíåíèå (149) ìû ïîëó÷èì
cos(ωt) 1

mω 2 λ − b ω − ω − (λ − x0 ) mω cos (ωt) +
+A ω sin(Ωt)−Ω sin(ωt)
ω 2 −Ω2 =

cos(ωt) 1
mωλ cos (ωt) − mωλ − b ω − ω − mωλ cos (ωt) +
x0 mω cos (ωt) + A ω sin(Ωt)−Ω sin(ωt)

ω 2 −Ω2 =

cos(ωt)
−mωλ − b ω − 1
ω + x0 mω cos (ωt) + A ω sin(Ωt)−Ω sin(ωt)
ω 2 −Ω2 = 0.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ñëó÷àå a = 0, óðàâíåíèå (149) ñâîäèòñÿ ê ëèíåéíîìó

óðàâíåíèþ, ðåøåíèå êîòîðîãî î÷åâèäíî èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
λ (t) = x0 + b
mω 2 (1 − cos (ωt)) + A ω sin(Ωt)−Ω sin(ωt)
mω(ω 2 −Ω2 ) ,
(152)
÷òî, êàê ëåãêî óáåäèòüñÿ ïðÿìûì âû÷èñëåíèåì, ñîâïàäàåò ñ ÊÌ ñðåä-
íèì çíà÷åíèåì êîîðäèíàòû, âû÷èñëåííûì ïî ôîðìóëå (123), â êîòîðîé
Ψ (x, t, x0 ; h̄) -àñèìòîòè÷åñêîå ðåøåíèå ( h̄ → 0 ), âû÷èñëåííîå ìåòîäîì
êàíîíè÷åñêîãî îïåðàòîðà Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà äëÿ ïðîèçâîëüíîãî ìîìåíòà
âðåìåíè t, òàêîãî, ÷òî êîíåö ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé òðàåêòîðèè íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ôîêàëüíîé òî÷êîé, ò. å. cos (ωt) 6= 0. Â ñàìîì äåëå, óêîðî÷åííàÿ cèñòå-

ìà Ãàìèëüòîíà â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå (a = 0) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé
âèä
m dx
dt = p,
dp
dt = −mω 2 x + bx + [A sin (Ωt)] ,
x (0) = y, p (0) = 0,
(153)
ãäå íà÷àëüíûå äàííûå èíäóöèðîâàíû íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì (130) äëÿ
ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé çàäà÷è Êîøè. Ýêâèâàëåíòíîå ñèñòåìå (153) óðàâíå-
íèå Íüþòîíà èìååò âèä
mẍ + mω 2 x + b − A sin (Ωt) = 0,
ẋ (0) = 0, x (0) = y.
(154)
Îáùåå ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è (154) è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, çàäà÷è (153) èìååò
âèä
x (t) = c1 sin ωt + c2 cos ωt + D sin (Ωt) + C,
p (t) = ẋ (t) = c1 ω cos ωt − c2 ω sin ωt + DΩ cos (Ωt) ,

A b
D= (ω 2 −Ω2 ) m , C= mω 2 .
(155)
Ó÷èòûâàÿ íà÷àëüíûå äàííûå çàäà÷è (154), ìû èìååì
x (0) = c2 + C = y,
c2 = y − C
(156)
è
ẋ (0) = c1 ω + DΩ = 0,
c1 = −DΩ/ω.
(157)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðåøåíèå cèñòåìû Ãàìèëüòîíà (153) èìååò âèä
x (t, y) = (−DΩ/ω) sin ωt + (y − C) cos ωt + D sin (Ωt) + C,
p (t, y) = D cos ωt − (y − C) ω sin ωt + DΩ cos (Ωt) ,
y ∈ R.
(158)
ßêîáèàí
∂x(t, y)
J (t, y) = ∂y
(159)
ðàâåí J (t, y) = cos ωt è îáðàùàåòñÿ â íóëü ïðè t = tk = kπ + π/2, k =
0, ±1, ±2, ... .
Ñèñòåìà óðàâíåíèé (158) çàäàåò Ëàãðàíæåâî C ∞ -ìíîãîîáðàçèå Λ1t
â ôàçîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå R2x, y . Ëàãðàíæåâî ìíîãîîáðàçèå Λ1t äèôôåî-
ìîðôíî ïðîåêòèðóåòñÿ íà Rx ïðè t 6= tk . Ðàññìîòðèì òåïåðü ñåìåéñòâî
ëó÷åé x = x (t, y) , y ∈ R. Åñëè t = tk , òî
x (tk , y) = (−DΩ/ω) sin ωtk + D sin (Ωtk ) + C

(160)
äëÿ âñåõ y ∈ R, ò. å. âñå ëó÷è ñîáèðàþòñÿ â îäíó òî÷êó. Åñëè æå t 6= tk ,
òî â ëþáóþ òî÷êó x b ∈ R ïðèõîäèò ðîâíî îäèí ëó÷ x = x (t, yb) , ãäå yb
èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
x−C−D sin(Ωt)+(DΩ/ω) sin ωt

yb = C + b cos ωt .
(161)
Âûïèøåì òåïåðü â ÿâíîì âèäå àñèìïòîòè÷åñêèå ôîðìóëû äëÿ
Ψ (x, t, x0 ; h̄)
( a = 0 ) â íåôîêàëüíûõ òî÷êàõ (b
x, t) , ò. å. ïðè t 6= tk . Äåéñòâèå S (t, x)
â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå ðàâíî S (t, x, yb) , ãäå ôóíêöèÿ S (t, x, yb)
S(t, x, yb) =
mω 2x t

2 sin(ωt) (cos ωt) yb2 + x2 − 2xb y + mω ∫ 0 g (τ ) sin (ωτ ) dτ +
2b
y
mω ∫ t0 g (τ ) sin ω (t − τ ) dτ −
− m22ω2 ∫ t0 ∫ τ0 g (τ ) g (s) sin ω (t − τ ) sin (ωs) dsdτ ,

g (τ ) = b + A sin (Ωt) , sin $t 6= 0,

yb = C + cos ωt .
(162)
Ïóñòü x (t, y) - òðàåêòîðèÿ ñèñòåìû Ãàìèëüòîíà (154). Òî÷êà t0 , x0 ,

ãäå x0 = x (t0 , y), ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå äëÿ îäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ y ∈ R, íàçûâà-

åòñÿ ôîêóñîì íà òðàåêòîðèè x (t, y) èëè ôîêàëüíîé òî÷êîé [3-4], åñëè
J (t0 , y) = 0, à êðàòíîñòü íóëÿ ßêîáèàíà J (t0 , y) íàçûâàåòñÿ êðàòíî-
ñòüþ ôîêóñà. Åñëè J (t0 , y) 6= 0, òîãäà òî÷êà t0 , x0 íàçûâàåòñÿ íåôî-

êàëüíîé òî÷êîé íà òðàåêòîðèè x (t, y) . Ôèêñèðóåì òåïåðü çíà÷åíèÿ
t0 ∈ R+ , x0 ∈ R è ïóñòü Θ t0 , x0 = y j ∈ R, |j ∈ N, x0 = x (t0 , y) , ò.

å. ýòî ìíîæåñòâî âñåõ òàêèõ y ∈ R, äëÿ êîòîðûõ âûïîëíåíî óñëîâèå
x0 = x (t0 , y) .
(163)
Åñëè òî÷êà t0 , x ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåôîêàëüíîé òî÷êîé íà òðàåêòîðèè
0

x (t, y) , òî ìíîæåñòâî Θ t0 , x0 êîíå÷íî, à èíäåêñ Ìîðñà µ òðàåêòîðèè

ñ íåôîêàëüíûìè êîíöàìè ðàâåí ÷èñëó ôîêàëüíûõ òî÷åê íà ýòîé òðà-
åêòîðèè ñ ó÷åòîì èõ êðàòíîñòåé [3-4]. Ñîãëàñíî òåîðèè êàíîíè÷åñêî-
ãî îïåðàòîðà [3-4], êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà âîëíîâîé ôóíêöèè
Ψ (t, x) â ïðîèçâîëüíîé íåôîêàëüíîé òî÷êå t0 , x0 , çàäàåòñÿ âûðàæå-
íèåì

Ψ t0 , x 0 =
n
−1/2
∂x(t0 , x0 )
exp h̄i Sj t0 , x0 − iπ

Ψ y j det
P
2 µj .

∂y
j=1
(164)
Çäåñü Sj t0 , x - äåéñòâèå âäîëü êëàññè÷åñêîé òðàåêòîðèè, ñîåäè-
0

íÿþùåé òî÷êè y j è x0 , µj - èíäåêñ Ìîðñà ýòîé òðàåêòîðèè. Ðàññìîòðèì

òåïåðü íåñêîëüêî âîçìîæíûõ ñëó÷àåâ.
(i) 0 < t < π/2. Â äàííîì ñëó÷àå çà âðåìÿ t â çàäàííóþ òî÷êó ñ
êîîðäèíàòîé x ïðèõîäèò ðîâíî îäèí åäèíñòâåííûé ëó÷. Òàê êàê íà
ýòîì ëó÷å íåò ôîêàëüíûõ òî÷åê, òî èíäåêñ Ìîðñà µ äëÿ ýòîãî ëó÷à
òîæäåñòâåííî ðàâåí íóëþ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èç (164) ìû ïîëó÷àåì
−1/2
exp h̄i S (t, x) ×

Ψ (t, x) = (cos t)

Ψ0 C + x−C−D sin(Ωt)+(DΩ/ω)
cos ωt
sin ωt
+ O (h̄) .
(165)
Ó÷èòûâàÿ òåïåðü ÿâíûé âèä ôóíêöèè Ψ0 (x) , äëÿ ñðåäíåãî çíà÷å-
íèÿ êîîðäèíàòû (123) ìû èìååì ñëåäóþùåå âûðàæåíèå
(1 − cos (ωt)) + A ω sin(Ωt)−Ω

h1, t, x0 ; h̄i = x0 + b
mω 2
sin(ωt)
mω(ω 2 −Ω2 ) + O (h̄) ,
(166)
êîòîðîå ñîâïàäàåò ñ âûðàæåíèåì (152).
(ii) π/2 < t < 3π/2. Â äàííîì ñëó÷àå çà âðåìÿ t â çàäàííóþ òî÷êó
ñ êîîðäèíàòîé x ïðèõîäèò ðîâíî îäèí åäèíñòâåííûé ëó÷, íî íà ýòîì
ëó÷å èìååòñÿ ôîêàëüíàÿ òî÷êà ïðè t = π/2. Êðàòíîñòü íóëÿ ÿêîáèàíà
J = cos t ðàâíà 1, òàê ÷òî èíäåêñ Ìîðñà µ äëÿ ýòîãî ëó÷à ðàâåí 1.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èç (163) ìû ïîëó÷àåì
−1/2
exp h̄i S (t, x) − iπ

Ψ (t, x) = (cos t) 2 ×

Ψ0 C + x−C−D sin(Ωt)+(DΩ/ω)
cos ωt
sin ωt
+ O (h̄) .
(167)
Ó÷èòûâàÿ òåïåðü ÿâíûé âèä ôóíêöèè Ψ0 (x) , äëÿ ñðåäíåãî çíà÷å-
íèÿ êîîðäèíàòû (123) ìû èìååì âûðàæåíèå, ñîâïàäàþùåå òîæäåñòâåí-
íî ñ âûðàæåíèåì (166).
(iii) π/2 + kπ < t < π/2 + (k + 1) π. Èíäåêñ Ìîðñà òðàåêòîðèè â
äàííîì ñëó÷àå ðàâåí µ = k + 1. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èç (163) ìû ïîëó÷àåì
h i
−1/2 i iπ(k+1)
Ψ (t, x) = (cos t) exp h̄ S (t, x) − 2 ×

Ψ0 C + cos ωt + O (h̄) .
(168)
Ó÷èòûâàÿ òåïåðü ÿâíûé âèä ôóíêöèè Ψ0 (x) äëÿ ñðåäíåãî çíà÷å-
íèÿ êîîðäèíàòû (123), ìû ñíîâà èìååì âûðàæåíèå, ñîâïàäàþùåå òîæ-
äåñòâåííî ñ âûðàæåíèåì (166).
Ðèñ. 2: Êóáè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöèàë. Ïðèåð 15.3.1
Ïðèìåð 15.3.1. Êâàíòîâûé àíãàðìîíè÷åñêèé îñöèëëÿòîð ñ êóáè-

÷åñêèì ïîòåíöèàëîì. Ïàðàìåòðû: m = 1, Ω = 0, ω = 9, a = 3, b =
10, A = 0.
mω 2 2
V (x) = ax3 + x − bx
2
χ (t) = sgn (σ [λ (t)])

10, A = 1.
χ (t) = sgn (σ [λ (t)])

10, A = 1.
χ (t) = sgn (σ [λ (t)])

Ðèñ. 3: Ãðàôèê ôóíêöèè λ (t). Ïðèìåð 15.3.1
Ðèñ. 4: Ãðàôèê ôóíêöèè χ (t). Ïðèìåð 15.3.1



10, A = 3.
15, A = 2.
15, A = 5.
Ðàññìîòðèì òàêæå êâàíòîâûé àíãàðìîíè÷åñêèé îñöèëëÿòîð ñ áè-
êâàäðàòè÷íûì ïîòåíöèàëîì ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
mω 2 2
V (x) = 2 x − ax4 + bx3 − [A sin (Ωt)] x.
(169)
Êëàññè÷åñêèé Ëàãðàíæèàí â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå èìååò ñëå-
äóþùèé âèä
m 2 mω 2 2
L (ẋ, x) = 2 ẋ − 2 x − bx3 + ax4 + [A sin (Ωt)] x.
(170)

Ðèñ. 10: Ãðàôèê ôóíêöèè λ (t) Ïðèìåð 15.3.5


Ïðåäïîëîæèì, ÷òî äëÿ çàäàííûõ çíà÷åíèé ïàðàìåòðîâ ω, a, λ âû-

2
6aλ2
ïîëíÿåòñÿ íåðàâåíñòâî σ2 (λ) = ω2 + 3bλ m − m ≥ 0. Òîãäà êâàäðàòè÷-
íàÿ ôîðìà Lb (u̇ (τ, t, y, x) , u (τ, t, y, x) , τ ) , çàäàííàÿ ôîðìóëîé (136),
â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå ïðèìåò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
m 2 $22 2
L
b (u̇, u) =
2 u̇ −m 2 u + g2 (λ, t) u,
q
ω2 6aλ2
p 3bλ

$2 (λ) = 2σ2 (λ) = 2 2 + m − m ,

g2 (λ, t) = − mω 2 λ + 3bλ2 − 4aλ3 − A sin (Ωt) =
− (d2 (λ) − A sin (Ωt)) ,
d2 (λ) = mω 2 λ + 3bλ2 − 4aλ3 .

(171)
Ôóíêöèÿ S (t, λ, x, y), çàäàííàÿ ôîðìóëîé (135), â ðàññìàòðèâàå-
ìîì ñëó÷àå èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
S (t, λ, x, y) =
h
m$2 2x
∫ t0 g2 (λ, τ ) sin ($2 τ ) dτ +

2 sin $t (cos $2 t) y 2 + x2 − 2xy + m$2
2y
m$ ∫ t0 g2 (λ, τ ) sin $2 (t − τ ) dτ −
i
2
m2 $22
∫ t0 ∫ τ0 g2 (λ, τ ) g2 (λ, s) sin $2 (t − τ ) sin ($2 s) dsdτ ,
sin $t 6= 0.
(172)
Ñèñòåìà (137) â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå ñâîäèòñÿ ê îäíîìó óðàâ-
íåíèþ ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
∂S(t, λ, x, y)
∂yi =
m$ 2 t

2 sin $t 2y cos $t − 2x + m$ 0 2∫ g (λ, τ) sin $ (t − τ ) dτ = 0.
(173)
Èç óðàâíåíèÿ (173) ïðè óñëîâèè cos $t 6= 0 ìû ïîëó÷àåì
ycr (t, λ, x) = x
cos $2 t − 1
m$2 cos $2 t ∫ t0 g2 (λ, τ ) sin $2 (t − τ ) dτ.
(174)
Ïîäñòàâëÿÿ âûðàæåíèå (174) â óðàâíåíèå (138) ìû ïîëó÷èì
x
b=u b (t, x0 , λ) =
1
m$ ∫ t0 g2 (λ, τ ) sin $2 (t − τ ) dτ − λ cos $2 t + x0 cos $2 t.
(175)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñèñòåìà (140) â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå ñâîäèòñÿ
ê îäíîìó òðàíñöåíäåíòíîìó óðàâíåíèþ ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
1
m$2 ∫ t0 g2 (λ, τ ) sin $2 (t − τ ) dτ − λ cos $2 t + x0 cos $2 t = 0.
(176)
Îêîí÷àòåëüíî ìû èìååì óðàâíåíèå

cos($2 t)
d2 (λ) $2 − 1
$2 + A $2 sin(Ωt)−Ω sin($2 t)
$ 2 −Ω2
−
2
(λ − x0 ) m$2 cos ($2 t) = 0.

(177)
Ïðèìåð 15.3.7. Êâàíòîâûé àíãàðìîíè÷åñêèé îñöèëëÿòîð ñ áè-
êâàäðàòè÷íûì ïîòåíöèàëîì. Ïàðàìåòðû: m = 100, Ω = 3, ω = 10, a =
−3, b = −100, A = 3.
mω 2 2
V (x) = x − ax4 + bx3
2
Ïðèìåð 15.3.8. Êâàíòîâûé àíãàðìîíè÷åñêèé îñöèëëÿòîð ñ äâó-

ãîðáûì ïîòåíöèàëîì. Ïàðàìåòðû: m = 10, Ω = 3, ω = 10, a = −10, b =
−100, A = 3.
Ïðèìåð 15.3.9.Êâàíòîâûé àíãàðìîíè÷åñêèé îñöèëëÿòîð ñ äâó-
ãîðáûì ïîòåíöèàëîì. Ïàðàìåòðû: m = 1, Ω = 3, ω = 10, a = −0.1, b =
100, A = 3.
mω 2 2
V (x) = x − ax4 + bx3
2
15.4. Êâàíòîâîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà.

Òî÷íàÿ êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà ñðåäíèõ çíà÷åíèé
íàáëþäàåìûõ.
Êàê õîðîøî èçâåñòíî, äèíàìèêà êâàíòîâîé ÷àñòèöû ïîä äåéñòâè-

åì íåïðåðûâíîãî íàáëþäåíèÿ íå ìîæåò áûòü îïèñàíà îáûêíîâåííûì
15.4. Êâàíòîâîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà... 65
Ðèñ. 14: Áèêâàäðàòè÷íûé ïîòåíöèàë. Ïðèìåð 15.3.7

Ðèñ. 17: Áèêâàäðàòè÷íûé ïîòåíöèàë. Ïðèìåð 15.3.9

óðàâíåíèåì Øðåäèíãåðà, äàæå åñëè ÿâíî âêëþ÷èòü â ðàññìîòðåíèå èç-

ìåðèòåëüíûé àïïàðàò êàê äîïîëíèòåëüíóþ êâàíòîâóþ ñèñòåìó [56-58].
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.2. Êàê ïîêàçàíî â [54-56] íà ïðèìåðå íåïðåðûâ-
íîãî ñëåæåíèÿ çà êîîðäèíàòîé êâàíòîâîé ÷àñòèöû â ýëåêòðîìàãíèò-
íîì ïîëå, ýòî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðÿìûì ñëåäñòâèåì ñèíãóëÿðíîñòè ïîòåíöèà-
ëà âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ , êîòîðàÿ ñ íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ âûòåêàåò èç ïðèíöèïà
íåðàçðóøåíèÿ äëÿ íåïðåðûâíûõ íàáëþäåíèé, ñôîðìóëèðîâàííîãî â
ðàáîòå [59] â âèäå ñëåäóþùåãî óñëîâèÿ êîììóòàòèâíîñòè ãåéçåíáåðãî-
âûõ îïåðàòîðîâ ÷àñòèöû X (t) è èçìåðÿåìûõ îïåðàòîðîâ Y (t) âûõîä-
íîãî ïîëÿ:
[X (t) , Y (s)] , s ≥ t.
(178)
Àäåêâàòíûé ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèé àïïàðàò äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ÊÌ èçìåðåíèé
äàåò ìåòîä êâàíòîâîãî ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîãî èñ÷èñëåíèÿ [60-62]. Íàïîìíèì,
÷òî èñõîäíûì äëÿ êâàíòîâîãî ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîãî èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ïîíÿòèå êâàíòîâîãî áåëîãî øóìà, îïèñûâàåìîãî â áîçîííîì ñëó÷àå îïå-
ðàòîðíûìè ôóíêöèÿìè óíè÷òîæåíèÿ A (t) è ðîæäåíèÿ A+ (t) è ïðåä-
∞
ñòàâëÿþùèìè â ïðîñòðàíñòâå Ôîêà F = ⊕ <(n) , <(n) = L2 Rn+ ñëå-

n=0
äóþùèå êîììóòàöèîííûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ
[A (t) , A (t0 )] = 0, [A (t) , A+ (t0 )] = min {t, t0 }

(179)
Îïåðàòîðíûå ôóíêöèè A (t) è A (t) ñâÿçàíû ñ îáû÷íûìè áîçîí-
+
íûìè îáîáùåííûìè ïîëÿìè a (t) è a+ (t) ñëåäóþùèìè ñîîòíîøåíèÿìè
t t
A (t) = ∫ a (τ ) dτ, A+ (t0 ) = ∫ a+ (τ ) dτ.
0 0
(180)
Â ñèëó òåîðåìû Ñèãàëà, ãèëüáåðòîâî ïðîñòðàíñòâî
H
b = L2 (Ω, Σ, P) ,
çàäàííîå íàä âåðîÿòíîñòíûì ïðîñòðàíñòâîì (Ω, Σ, P), ãäå Ω - ïðî-

ñòðàíñòâî íåïðåðûâíûõ òðàåêòîðèé ω : R+ → R âèíåðîâñêîãî ïðî-
öåññà W (t) ñî ñòàíäàðòíîé ãàóññîâñêîé ìåðîé, èçîìîðôíî ôîêîâñêîìó
∞
ïðîñòðàíñòâó F = ⊕ <(n) . Ýòîò èçîìîðôèçì äîïóñêàåò ÿâíîå ïðåä-
n=0
ñòàâëåíèå â âèäå ò. í. õàîòè÷åñêîãî ðàçëîæåíèÿ
P∞
φ (ω) = n=0 ∫ ... ∫ f (n) (t1 , ..., tn ) dW (t1 , ω) ...dW (tn , ω) ,
(181)
ñïðàâåäëèâîãî ëþáîé ôóíêöèè φ ∈ H, b ãäå

f = f (0) , f (1) , ..., f (n) , ... ∈ F,
ò. å.
P∞ 2
kf kF = n=0 ∫ ... ∫ f (n) (t1 , ..., tn ) dt1 ...dtn < ∞.
(182)
Ïðè ýòîì ñïðàâåäëèâî ðàâåíñòâî kf kF = kφkH
b . Îïåðàòîð óìíîæå-
íèÿ íà W (t, ω) â H óíèòàðíî ýêâèâàëåíòåí îïåðàòîðó A (t) + A+ (t)
b
è, çíà÷èò, a (t) + a+ (t) = Ẇ (t) = w (t) . Ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèå êâàíòîâûå
èíòåãðàëû Õàäñîíà-Ïàðòàñàðàòè ôîðìàëüíî îïðåäåëåíû êàê
t t
A+ (t, D) = ∫ dA+ (τ ) D (τ ) , A (t, D− ) = ∫ dA+ (τ ) D− (τ ) .
0 0
(183)
Â ðàáîòå [62] îïåðàòîð A (t, D) êîððåêòíî îïðåäåëåí äëÿ ëþáîé
+
îïåðàòîðíî- çíà÷íîé êâàäðàòè÷íî-èíòåãðèðóìîé ôóíêöèè D (t) :

F → F êàê îïåðàòîð A+ (t, D) : F → F, äåéñòâóþùèé ñîãëàñíî

ñëåäóþùåé ôîðìóëå:
[A+ (t, D) f ] (τ ) =
P
[D (s) f ] (τ \s) ,
s∈[τ t ]
(184)
ãäå
τ = {t1 < ... < tn } ⊂ R+ , s = t1 ∨ ... ∨ tn ,
f (τ ) = f (n) (t1 , ..., tn ) , τ t = τ ∩ [0, t] .

Ôóíêöèÿ D (t) : F → F íàçûâàåòñÿ àäàïòèâíîé, åñëè
∀f (n) [(f (τ ) = g (τ t ) f (τ \ [τ t ])) ⇒ [D (t) f ] (τ ) = h (τ t ) f (τ \ [τ t ])] ,

(185)
ãäå h (τ t ) = [D (t) g] ([τ t ]) . Ðàññìîòðèì êâàíòîâîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå äèô-
ôåðåíöèàëüíîå óðàâíåíèå ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
dψ (t) + K + h̄i H ψ (t) dt = (L ⊗ dA+ (t) + L− ⊗ dA (t)) ψ (t)

(186)
ñ îïåðàòîðíî-çíà÷íûìè êîýôôèöèåíòàìè K, H, L, L : H0 → H b0. −
H
b
Çäåñü K ≥ 0 - ïîëîæèòåëüíî-îïðåäåëåííûé îïåðàòîð â H0 , b - ñîá-
ñòâåííûé ãàìèëüòîíèàí ÷àñòèöû, ÿâëÿþùèéñÿ ñàìîñîïðÿæåííûì îïå-
ðàòîðîì â Hb 0 , L, L− - ïðîèçâîëüíûå îïåðàòîðû â H
b 0 , çàäàþùèå ïðè
L− = −L+ ñèíãóëÿðíûé ãàìèëüòîíèàí âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ Hint ñ áîçîí-
íûì ïîëåì
Hint = h̄
i (L ⊗ a+ (t) + L− ⊗ a (t)) .
(187)
Ðàññìîòðèì íåâîçìóùåííîå óðàâíåíèå
dψ (t) + K + h̄i H ψ (t) dt = 0, ψ (0) = ψ0 .

(188)
Ïóñòü exp (−t=) , = = K + (i/h̄) H îáîçíà÷àåò îäíîïàðàìåòðè÷å-
ñêóþ ñæèìàþùóþ ïîëóãðóïïó ðàçðåøàþùèõ îïåðàòîðîâ çàäà÷è Êî-
øè (188), à U (t) - ïîëóãðóïïà ðàçðåøàþùèõ îïåðàòîðîâ çàäà÷è Êî-
øè (186). Òîãäà îïåðàòîð-ôóíêöèÿ U (t) óäîâëåòâîðÿåò èíòåãðàëüíîìó
óðàâíåíèþ
U (t) =
t
exp (−t=) + ∫ exp [− (t − s) =] (L ⊗ dA+ (t) + L− ⊗ dA (t)) U (s) ,
0
(189)
ãäå êâàíòîâûå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèå èíòåãðàëû (183) îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþ-

øèìè àäàïòèâíûìè îïåðàòîðíûìè ôóíêöèÿìè â H b0 ⊗ F :
D (s) = exp [− (t − s) =] (L ⊗ I) U (s) , D (s) = (190)

exp [− (t − s) =] (L− ⊗ I) U (s) .
Êàê õîðîøî èçâåñòíî, äëÿ óíèòàðíîñòè ïîëóãðóïïû U (t) íåîáõîäè-

ìî, ÷òîáû [60]
L− = −L+ , K = 12 L+ L, H + = H.
(191)
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.3. Â ðàáîòå [62] ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî â ñëó÷àå îãðàíè-
÷åííîãî îïåðàòîðà L ýòè óñëîâèÿ ÿâëÿþòñÿ òàêæå è äîñòàòî÷íûìè.
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.4. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî ïðè L+ = L êâàíòîâîå ñòîõà-
ñòè÷åñêîå äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîå óðàâíåíèå (186) ìîæíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü
êàê ÷èñòî êëàññè÷åñêîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà îòíîñè-
òåëüíî âèíåðîâñêîãî ïðîöåññà (A+ (t) − A (t)) /i, èãðàþùåãî ðîëü ñòî-
õàñòè÷åñêîãî âîçìóùåíèÿ, ò. å. âõîäíîé ëàíæåâåíîâñêîé ñèëû äëÿ êâàí-
òîâîé ÷àñòèöû ñ ñîïðÿæåííîé êîîðäèíàòîé h̄L.
Ðàññìîòðèì òåïåðü êâàíòîâîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå ïñåâäîäèôôåðåíöè-
àëüíîå óðàâíåíèå ñëåäóþùåãî îáùåãî âèäà

dψ (t) + K b + iH b ψ (t) dt = L b − ⊗ dA (t) ψ (t) ,
b ⊗ dA+ (t) + L
h̄
ψ (0) = ψ0 ,
(192)
ãäå K,
b H,b Lb - h̄ -ïñåâäîäèôôåðåíöèàëüíûå îïåðàòîðû, îïðåäåëÿåìûå
ñèìâîëàìè H, K, L êëàññà
T m1 , m2 , m1 , m2 ∈ N
[5], ψ (t) ∈ L2 (Rn ) ⊗ L (Ft → Ft ) , Ft = Γ (L2 [0, t]) -áîçîííîå ôîêîâ-
ñêîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî íàä L2 [0, t], èçîìîðôíîå, êàê èçâåñòíî, ïðîñòðàí-
ñòâó L2 (Ωt ) êâàäðàòè÷íî èíòåãðèðóåìûõ ôóíêöèîíàëîâ íà ïðîñòðàí-
ñòâå íåïðåðûâíûõ ôóíêöèé Ωt = C[0, t] ñ ìåðîé Âèíåðà. Äèôôåðåíöè-
àëû óíè÷òîæåíèÿ dA (t) è ðîæäåíèÿ dA+ (t) . Íàïîìíèì [5], ÷òî ôóíê-
öèÿ R (x, p) ∈ C ∞ (Rn × Rn ) íàçûâàåòñÿ ñèìâîëîì êëàññà T m1 , m2 , åñëè
äëÿ ëþáûõ ìóëüòèèíäåêñîâ α, β è âñåõ (x, p) ∈ Rnx × Rnp èìååò ìåñòî
ñëåäóþùàÿ îöåíêà
|α| |β|
∂ ∂ m m
∂xα ∂pβ R (x, p) ≤ Cα, β (1 + |x|) 1 (1 + |p|) 2 .

(193)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.1. Ôóíêöèÿ

R (x, p) ∈ C ∞ Rnx × Rnp \Σ ,

ãäå Σ = (xi , pj ) ∈ Rnx × Rnp |1 ≤ i ≤ k, 1 ≤ j ≤ l , íàçûâàåòñÿ ñèìâî-

ëîì êëàññà Tm1 , m2 (Σ) , åñëè äëÿ ëþáûõ ìóëüòèèíäåêñîâ α, β è âñåõ

/ Σ èìååò ìåñòî ñëåäóþùàÿ îöåíêà
(x, p) ∈
|α| |β|
∂ ∂ P −(m1 +|α|) −(m2 +|β|)
∂xα ∂pβ R (x, p) ≤ Cα, β |x − xi | |p − pj | .

i, j
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.2. Ôóíêöèÿ

R (x, p) ∈ C ∞ Rnx × Rnp \Σ ,

ãäå Σ = (xi , pj ) ∈ Rnx × Rnp |1 ≤ i ≤ k, 1 ≤ j ≤ l , íàçûâàåòñÿ ñèìâî-

ëîì êëàññà Tkm1 ,1k, m

2
2
(Σ) , åñëè äëÿ ëþáûõ ìóëüòèèíäåêñîâ α, β è âñåõ
/ Σ èìååò ìåñòî ñëåäóþùàÿ îöåíêà
(x, p) ∈

∂ |α| ∂ |β| R (x, p) ≤
∂xα ∂pβ

P
Cα, β max |x − xi |−(m1 +|α|) |p − pj |−(m2 +|β|) , (1 + |x|)m1 (1 + |p|)m2 .
i, j
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.3. Ôóíêöèÿ R (t, x, p) ∈ C ∞ (Rn × Rn ) íàçû-

âàåòñÿ ñèìâîëîì êëàññà TLm1 , m2 , åñëè âûïîëíåíû ñëåäóþùèå óñëîâèÿ:
(i) äëÿ ëþáûõ ìóëüòèèíäåêñîâ α, β è âñåõ (x, p) ∈ Rnx × Rnp èìååò
ìåñòî îöåíêà
|α| |β|
∂ ∂ m m
∂xα ∂pβ R (t, x, p) ≤ Cα, β (t) (1 + |x|) 1 (1 + |p|) 2 ,

(194)
(ii) â îáëàñòè × × {t > t0 } cóùåñòâóåò ôóíêöèÿ Ëÿïóíîâà
Rnx Rnp
V (t, x, p) , óäîâëåòâîðÿþùàÿ ïðè íåêîòîðîì c1 > 0 ñëåäóþùèì óñëî-
âèÿì
VR = inf V (t, x, p) → ∞ ?@8 R → ∞

(x, p, t)∈UR ×{t>t0 }
(195)
è
d0 V
dt ≤ c1 V.
(196)
Çäåñü UR = (x, p) ∈ Rnx × Rnp |x2 + p2 < R2 -ñôåðà â Rnx × Rnp ,

UR = Rnx × Rnp \UR , d0 V /dt - îïåðàòîð Ëÿïóíîâà, îòâå÷àþùèé ñëå-

äóþùåé ñèñòåìå Ãàìèëüòîíà
∂R
ẋ = ∂p , ṗ = − ∂R
∂x ,
(197)
ò. å.
d0 V dV ∂V

dt = dt + ∂x R − ∂V
∂p R .
(198)
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.5. Íàïîìíèì ÷òî â ñèëó êëàññè÷åñêîé òåîðåìû
òåîðèè îáûêíîâåííûõ äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûõ óðàâíåíèé (ñì. [63] Ãë.1,
òåîðåìà 2.2), èç óñëîâèé (195) è (196) àâòîìàòè÷åñêè ñëåäóåò, ÷òî ðå-
øåíèå çàäà÷è Êîøè äëÿ ñèñòåìû Ãàìèëüòîíà (197) ïðè êàæäîì t ≥ t0
îïðåäåëåíî è åäèíñòâåííî, ò. å. íåîãðàíè÷åííî ïðîäîëæàåìî ïðè t ≥ t0
âïðàâî.
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.6. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà L ∈ T m =
T m, m
êàê ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ â ðàáîòå [40], îïåðàòîð L
b âîîáùå ãîâîðÿ
íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îãðàíè÷åííûì, ÷òî äàåò íåóíèòàðíîñòü ðàçðåøàþùåé ïî-
ëóãðóïïû îïåðàòîðîâ U (t), ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé çàäà÷å Êîøè (192) (ñì.
çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.2).
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.7. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî â ñèëó ïðèíöèïà íåðàçðóøå-
íèÿ äëÿ íåïðåðûâíûõ íàáëþäåíèé, ïîòåíöèàë ñ íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ èìååò
òî÷å÷íûå ñèíãóëÿðíîñòè (ñì. çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.2), à òåì ñàìûì è ñèìâîë
(x, p) äîëæåí áûòü ñèíãóëÿðíîé ôóíêöèåé ïî ïåðåìåííîé x, ÷òî íåñîâ-
ìåñòèìî ñ îöåíêàìè (193) è (194).
Ðàññìîòðèì çàäà÷ó Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ (192) ñ áûñòðîîñöèëëèðó-
þùèìè íà÷àëüíûìè äàííûìè ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
i
ψ (0, x) = ψ0 (x) = ϕ (x) exp h̄ S0 (x) ⊗ vac,
(199)
ãäå vac -âàêóóìíûé âåêòîð â Γ (L2 (R+ )) , ôóíêöèè ϕ è S0 ãëàäêèå è
ϕ ôèíèòíàÿ èëè áûñòðî óáûâàþùàÿ íà áåñêîíå÷íîñòè ôóíêöèÿ.
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.8. Â ðàáîòå [40] ìåòîäîì êàíîíè÷åñêîãî îïåðà-
òîðà Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà áûëà ïîñòðîåíà ôîðìàëüíàÿ êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ
àñèìïòîòèêà ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷è Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ (192) ñ íà÷àëüíûìè
äàííûìè (194). Òåì íå ìåíåå ñôîðìóëèðîâàííûå â ðàáîòå [40] óñëîâèÿ,
íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè îñíîâíûõ òåîðåì (ñì. [40], Òåîðåìà1,
óñë.1 è Òåîðåìà 2), çàâåäîìî íå âûïîëíÿþòñÿ äëÿ ïðîèçâîëüíûõ ñèì-
âîëîâ êëàññà T m , ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî çàÿâëåííîãî ïðè èñõîäíîé ôîðìóëè-
ðîâêå çàäà÷è Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ (192). Ïî ñóùåñòâó ôîðìàëüíàÿ
êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà, ïîñòðîåíàÿ â ðàáîòå [40], ñïðàâåäëè-

âà òîëüêî äëÿ î÷åíü óçêîãî êëàññà ñèìâîëîâ TLm1 , m2 6=⊂ T m1 , m2 .
Òåîðåìà 15.4.1. [40] Ïóñòü T - ôèêñèðîâàíûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè è
ïðè ýòîì âûïîëíåíû ñëåäóþùèå óñëîâèÿ:
(i) Ïóñòü äàíà çàäà÷à Êîøè äëÿ ñèñòåìû Ãàìèëüòîíà
∂H ∂S0 (y)
ẋ = ∂p , ṗ = − ∂H
∂x , x (0) = y, p (0) = ∂y ,
(200)
ãäå ôóíêöèÿ H (t, x, p) ∈ TLm1 , m2 (òåì ñàìûì ∀y (y ∈ Rn ) ðåøåíèå çà-
äà÷è Êîøè (200) ïðè êàæäîì t ≥ t0 îïðåäåëåíî è åäèíñòâåííî, ò. å.
íåîãðàíè÷åííî ïðîäîëæàåìî ïðè t ≥ t0 ñì. çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.4) è
x (t, y) , p (t, y) ∈ C ∞ ([0, T ] × Rn ) .

(201)
(ii) Îòîáðàæåíèå y → x(t, y) ïðè êàæäîì t ∈ [0, T ] åñòü äèôôåî-
ìîðôèçì, òàê ÷òî äëÿ âñÿêîãî x ∈ Rn ñóùåñòâóåò è åäèíñòâåííî òàêîå
y ∈ Rn , ÷òî x = x(t, y).
Òîãäà ôóíêöèÿ
i
ψ (t, x, ω) = α
b (t, x, ω [0, t]) ϕ (t, x) exp h̄ S (t, x)
(202)
ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîðìàëüíûì àñèìïòîòè÷åñêèì ðåøåíèåì çàäà÷è Êîøè (192)
ñ íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì (202), ò. å. îíà óäîâëåòâîðÿåò óðàâíåíèþ (192) ñ
òî÷íîñòüþ äî àääèòèâíîé íåâÿçêè F (t, x, ω [0, t]) = O (h̄). Çäåñü ôàçà
S(t, x) óäîâëåòâîðÿåò óðàâíåíèþ Ãàìèëüòîíà ßêîáè
∂S ∂S

∂t + H x, ∂x = 0, S(0, x) = S0 (x)
(203)
è èìååò ñëåäóþùèé êàíîíè÷åñêèé âèä
t
∂x(τ, y)
S(t, x) = ∫ dτ p (τ, y) ∂τ − H (x, p (τ, y)) + S0 (y) ,
0
(204)
à ôóíêöèÿ ϕ (t, x) ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåøåíèåì óðàâíåíèÿ ïåðåíîñà

∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂H ∂S ∂2H ∂2S

∂t + ∂x ∂p x, ∂x + tr ∂p2 ∂x =0
(205)
ñ íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì ϕ (t, x) = ϕ0 (x) è èìååò ñëåäóþùèé êàíîíè÷å-

ñêèé âèä
−1/2
t 2
ϕ (t, x) = ϕ (y) det ∂x(t,
∂y
y)
× exp 1
2 ∫ dτ tr ∂ H(x, p(t, y))
∂x∂p .
0
(206)
Ñëó÷àéíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ α b (t, x, ω [0, t]) ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåøåíèåì êâàíòîâîãî
ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîãî óðàâíåíèÿ
h i
∂H ∂S
(207)
∂α ∂S
db
α+ ∂p x, ∂x ∂x + K x,
b
∂x α b dt =
− ∂S ∂S

L x, ∂x α
bdA + L x, ∂x α bdA+
ñ íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì α
b|t=0 = vac è èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
α
b (t, x, ω) =
t
−
exp ∫L (x (τ, y) , p (τ, y)) dA (τ ) + L (x (τ, y) , p (τ, y)) dA+ (τ ) ×
0

t t
exp −∫ K (x (τ, y) , p (τ, y)) + 1
2 ∫ L− (x (τ, y) , p (τ, y)) L (x (τ, y) , p (τ, y)) dτ ×
0 0
vac.
(208)
Äëÿ îñòàòî÷íîãî ÷ëåíà < (t, x) ñïðàâåäëèâà îöåíêà: äëÿ ëþáûõ r >
1, δ > 0 ñóùåñòâóåò ïîñòîÿííàÿ Cr, α, δ òàêàÿ, ÷òî ñ âåðîÿòíîñòüþ 1 −
δ :
−r
|Dxα < (t, x, ω, h̄)| ≤r, α, δ h̄r−|α| (1 + |x|) .
(209)
Òåîðåìà 15.4.2. [40] Ïóñòü âûïîëíåíî óñëîâèå (i) òåîðåìû 1. Ïóñòü
1/h̄
KΛn (t) - êàíîíè÷åñêèé îïåðàòîð Ìàñëîâà, îïðåäåëåííûé íà ëàãðàíæå-
âîì ìíîãîîáðàçèè Λn (t) -îáðàçå ïîâåðõíîñòè
n o
∂S0 (y)
Λn0 = x = y, p = ∂y , y ∈ Rn
(210)
ïîä äåéñòâèåì ãàìèëúòîíîâà ïîòîêà (200) ñ íà÷àëüíîé òî÷êîé r0 (t) ∈
Λn (t) - îáðàçîì íåêîòîðîé òî÷êè r0 ∈ Λn0 . Òîãäà ôîðìàëüíûì àñèìï-
òîòè÷åñêèì ðåøåíèåì çàäà÷è Êîøè (192) ñ íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì (202),
ñ òî÷íîñòüþ äî îñòàòî÷íîãî ÷ëåíà, óäîâëåòâîðÿþùåãî îöåíêàì (209),
ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëó÷àéíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ
1/h̄
ψb (t, x, ω [0, t]) = KΛn (t) [bα (t, x, ω [0, t]) ϕ (t, x)] exp {iΘ (t, x)} ,
(211)
ãäå ϕ (t, x) è α b (t, x, ω [0, t]) çàäàþòñÿ ôîðìóëàìè (206) è (208) ñîîò-
âåòñòâåííî, â êîòîðûõ èíòåãðàë ïî dτ áåðåòñÿ âäîëü òðàåêòîðèè ãà-
ìèëüòîíîâà ïîòîêà (200), îêàí÷èâàþùåéñÿ â òî÷êå r ∈ Λn (t) è ãäå

t
1 ∂x(τ, y) π
Θ (t, x) = h̄ S0 (y) + ∫ dτ p (τ, y) ∂τ − H (x, p (τ, y)) − 2 ind (γ) .
0
(212)
Â ôîðìóëå (212) èíòåãðàë âçÿò âäîëü èíòåãðàëüíîé êðèâîé γ ãà-

ìèëüòîíîâà ïîòîêà (200), ñîåäèíÿþùåé òî÷êè r0 è r0 (t), à ind ind (γ) -
åå èíäåêñ Ìîðñà. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, åñëè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîåêöèåé ëèøü íåîñî- x
áûõ òî÷åê rj ìíîãîîáðàçèÿ Λn (t), òî ÷èñëî ýòèõ òî÷åê àâòîìàòè÷åñêè
êîíå÷íî è àñèìïòîòè÷åñêîå ðåøåíèå ψb (t, x, ω [0, t]) â îêðåñòíîñòè ýòîé
òî÷êè ïðåäñòàâèìî â âèäå ñóììû âêëàäîâ ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì
n
P i
iπ
ψ
b (t, x, ω [0, t]) = α
bj (t, x, ω [0, t]) ϕj (t, x) exp h̄ Sj (t, x) − 2 ind (γj ) ,
j=1
(213)
ãäå ôóíêöèè αbj , ϕj Sj âû÷èñëÿþòñÿ ïî ôîðìóëàì (208), (206), (204)
âäîëü òðàåêòîðèé γj , a ind (γj ) - èíäåêñ Ìîðñà ýòèõ òðàåêòîðèé.
Äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ðàñøèðèòü îáëàñòü ïðèìåíåíèÿ Òåîðåì 1 è 2 ðàáî-
òû [39] íà îáùèé ñëó÷àé, êîãäà K, b H,
b Lb ÿâëÿþòñÿ h̄ - ïñåâäîäèôôåðåí-
öèàëüíûìè îïåðàòîðàìè, îïðåäåëÿåìûìè ïðîèçâîëüíûìè ñèìâîëàìè
H, K, L êëàññà T m1, m2 , ëèáî ñèìâîëàìè H, K, L êëàññà Tm1, m2 (Σ) è
Tmk1 , k2
1, m2
(Σ) , ìû ââåäåì â ðàññìîòðåíèå îáîáùåííûå ðåøåíèÿ óðàâíåíèÿ
(192). Äëÿ ýòîãî ìû ðàññìîòðèì êâàíòîâîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå ïñåâäîäèô-
ôåðåíöèàëüíîå óðàâíåíèå ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà

i
(dψε (t))ε + K
bε + (h̄ε )ε H
bε (ψε (t) dt)ε =
ε ε

L
bε b − ⊗ dA (t) (ψε (t)) ,
⊗ dA+ (t) + L ε ε
ε ε
ψ (0) = (ψ0, ε )ε ,
(214)
ãäå K
bε , H
bε , L
bε - (h̄ε )ε - ïñåâäîäèôôåðåíöèàëüíûå îïåðàòî-
ε ε ε
ðû, îïðåäåëÿåìûå îáîáùåííûìè ñèìâîëàìè (Hε )ε , (Kε )ε , (Lε )ε , òàê
÷òî [(Hε )ε ] , [(Kε )ε ] , [(Lε )ε ] ∈ G Rnx × Rnp .

Ðàññìîòðèì çàäà÷ó Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ (214) ñ áûñòðîîñöèëëèðó-

þùèìè íà÷àëüíûìè äàííûìè ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
n o
(ψε (0, x))ε = (ψ0, ε (x))ε = ((ϕε (x))ε ) exp h̄iε S0, ε (x) ⊗ vac.
ε
(215)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.4. Ðåøåíèå (ψε (t, x; h̄ε ))ε Êîëîìáåàó çàäà÷è
Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ (214) íàçûâàåòñÿ îáîáùåííûì ðåøåíèåì (â ñìûñ-
ëå íåëèíåéíûõ îáîáùåííûõ ôóíêöèé) çàäà÷è Êîøè (192).
Ìû êðàòêî ðàññìîòðèì ïðîöåäóðó ïîñòðîåíèÿ ôîðìàëüíîãî àñèìï-
òîòè÷åñêîãî ðåøåíèÿ (ψε (t, x; h̄ε ))ε Êîëîìáåàó äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ (214) ñ
áûñòðîîñöèëëèðóþùèìè íà÷àëüíûìè äàííûìè (215).
Òåîðåìà 15.4.3. Ïóñòü T - ôèêñèðîâàíûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè è ïðè
ýòîì âûïîëíåíû ñëåäóþùèå óñëîâèÿ:
(i) Ïóñòü äàíà çàäà÷à Êîøè äëÿ îáîáùåííîé ñèñòåìû Ãàìèëüòîíà

∂Hε ∂Hε

(ẋε )ε = ∂p , (ṗ)ε = − ∂x ε ,
ε

∂S0, ε (y)
x (0) = y, (pε (0))ε = ∂y ,
ε
(216)
ãäå ôóíêöèÿ (Hε (t, x, p))ε ∈ G Rnx × Rnp (òåì ñàìûì ∀y (y ∈ Rn ) ðå-

øåíèå çàäà÷è Êîøè (216) ïðè êàæäîì t ≥ t0 îïðåäåëåíî è åäèíñòâåííî,

ò. å. íåîãðàíè÷åííî ïðîäîëæàåìî ïðè t ≥ t0 , ñì. çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.4) è
∀ε ∈ (0, 1]
xε (t, y) , pε (t, y) ∈ C ∞ ([0, T ] × Rn ) .

(217)
(ii) ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] îòîáðàæåíèå y → xε (t, y) ïðè êàæäîì t ∈ [0, T ] åñòü
äèôôåîìîðôèçì, òàê ÷òî äëÿ âñÿêîãî x ∈ Rn ñóùåñòâóåò è åäèíñòâåí-
íî òàêîå y ∈ Rn , ÷òî x = xε (t, y). Òîãäà îáîáùåííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ
(ψε (t, x, ω [0, t]))ε = n o

αε (t, x, ω [0, t]))ε ) ((ϕε (t, x))ε ) exp h̄iε Sε (t, x)
((b
ε
(218)
ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîðìàëüíûì àñèìïòîòè÷åñêèì ðåøåíèåì çàäà÷è Êîøè (214)
ñ íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì (215), ò. å. îíà óäîâëåòâîðÿåò óðàâíåíèþ (214) ñ
òî÷íîñòüþ äî àääèòèâíîé íåâÿçêè F (t, x, ω [0, t]) = O (h̄). Çäåñü ôàçà
(Sε (t, x))ε óäîâëåòâîðÿåò îáîáùåííîìó óðàâíåíèþ Ãàìèëüòîíà ßêî-
áè
∂Sε ∂Sε

∂t ε + Hε x, ∂x ε
= 0, (Sε (0, x))ε = (S0, ε (x))ε
(219)
è èìååò ñëåäóþùèé êàíîíè÷åñêèé âèä
(Sε (t, x))ε =

t
∂xε (τ, y)
∫ dτ pε (τ, y) ∂τ − Hε (x, pε (τ, y)) + (S0, ε (y))ε ,
0 ε
(220)
à îáîáùåííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ (ϕε (t, x))ε ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåøåíèåì îáîáùåííîãî
óðàâíåíèÿ ïåðåíîñà
2 2

∂ϕε ∂ϕε ∂Hε ∂Sε
∂t + ∂x ∂p x, ∂x + tr ∂∂pH2ε ∂∂xSε =0
ε ε ε
(221)
ñ íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì (ϕε (t, x))ε = (ϕ0, ε (x))ε è èìååò ñëåäóþùèé
êàíîíè÷åñêèé âèä
−1/2
(ϕε (t, x))ε = ((ϕε (y))ε ) det ∂xε∂y
(t, y)
×
ε

t 2
1 ∂ Hε (x, pε (t, y))
exp 2 ∫ dτ tr ∂x∂p .
0 ε
(222)
Îáîáùåííàÿ ñëó÷àéíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ (b αε (t, x, ω [0, t]))ε ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåøå-
íèåì êâàíòîâîãî ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîãî óðàâíåíèÿ
h ∂ α i
∂Hε ∂Sε ∂Sε

(db
αε )ε + ∂p x, ∂x
bε +
∂x Kε x, ∂x ε
(b
αε )ε dt =
ε ε
∂Sε ∂Sε
L−

ε x, ∂x ε
((b
αε )ε ) dA + Lε x, ∂x ε
αε )ε ) dA+
((b
(223)
ñ íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì (b
αε )ε |t=0 = vac è èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä

t
(b
αε (t, x, ω))ε = exp ∫ L−
ε (x (τ, y) , p ε (τ, y)) dA (τ ) +
0 ε

t
+
∫ Lε (xε (τ, y) , pε (τ, y)) dA (τ ) ×
0 ε

t
exp − ∫ (Kε (xε (τ, y) , pε (τ, y))) dτ −
0 ε

t
− 12 ∫ [L−
ε (xε (τ, y) , pε (τ, y)) Lε (xε (τ, y) , pε (τ, y))] dτ × vac.
0 ε
(224)
Äëÿ îñòàòî÷íîãî ÷ëåíà (<ε (t, x))ε ñïðàâåäëèâà îöåíêà: äëÿ ëþáûõ
r > 1, δ > 0, ε ∈ (0, 1] ñóùåñòâóåò ïîñòîÿííàÿ (Cε, r, α, δ )ε òàêàÿ, ÷òî ñ
âåðîÿòíîñòüþ 1 − δ :

r−|α| −r
|(Dxα <ε (t, x, ω, h̄))ε | ≤ ε, r, α, δ h̄ε (1 + |x|) .
ε
(225)
Òåîðåìà 15.4.4. Ïóñòü âûïîëíåíî óñëîâèå (i) òåîðåìû 3. Ïóñòü

1/h̄ε
KΛn (t) [·] - îáîáùåííûé êàíîíè÷åñêèé îïåðàòîð Ìàñëîâà, îïðåäå-
ε ε
ëåííûé íà îáîáùåííîì ëàãðàíæåâîì ìíîãîîáðàçèè (Λnε (t))ε - îáðàçå
îáîáùåííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè
n o
∂S0, ε (y)
Λn0, ε = x = y, (pε )ε = ∂y , y ∈ R n
ε
(226)
ïîä äåéñòâèåì îáîáùåííîãî ãàìèëüòîíîâà ïîòîêà (216) ñ íà÷àëüíîé
òî÷êîé (r0, ε (t))ε ∈ (Λnε (t))ε - îáðàçîì íåêîòîðîé òî÷êè (r0, ε )ε ∈ Λn0, ε ε .

Òîãäà ôîðìàëüíûì àñèìïòîòè÷åñêèì ðåøåíèåì çàäà÷è Êîøè (214) ñ

íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì (215), ñ òî÷íîñòüþ äî îñòàòî÷íîãî ÷ëåíà, óäîâëå-
òâîðÿþùåãî îöåíêàì (226), ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáîáùåííàÿ ñëó÷àéíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ

ψbε (t, x, ω [0, t]) =
ε
1/h̄
ε
KΛn (t) αε (t, x, ω [0, t]))ε ) ((ϕε (t, x))ε )] exp {i (Θε (t, x))ε } ,
[((b
ε
(227)
ãäå (ϕε (t, x))ε è α
bε (t, x, ω [0, t]) çàäàþòñÿ ôîðìóëàìè (206) è (208)
ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, â êîòîðûõ èíòåãðàë ïî dτ áåðåòñÿ âäîëü òðàåêòîðèè
îáîáùåííîãî ãàìèëüòîíîâà ïîòîêà (216), îêàí÷èâàþùåéñÿ â òî÷êå (rε )ε ∈

(Λnε (t))ε è ãäå

1
(Θε (t, x))ε = h̄ε ×
ε

t
∂xε (τ, y)
(S0, ε (y))ε + ∫ dτ pε (τ, y) ∂τ − Hε (x, pε (τ, y)) −
0 ε
π
2 (ind (γε ))ε .
(228)
Â ôîðìóëå (228) èíòåãðàë âçÿò âäîëü èíòåãðàëüíîé êðèâîé γε îáîá-
ùåííîãî ãàìèëüòîíîâà ïîòîêà (216), ñîåäèíÿþùåé òî÷êè (r0, ε )ε è
(r0, ε (t))ε ,
à (ind (γε ))ε - åå èíäåêñ Ìîðñà. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, åñëè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîåê- x

öèåé ëèøü íåîñîáûõ òî÷åê (rj, ε )ε îáîáùåííîãî ìíîãîîáðàçèÿ (Λnε (t))ε ,
òî ÷èñëî
ýòèõ òî÷åê àâòîìàòè÷åñêè êîíå÷íî è àñèìïòîòè÷åñêîå ðåøå-
íèå ψε (t, x, ω [0, t]) â îêðåñòíîñòè ýòîé òî÷êè ïðåäñòàâèìî â âèäå
b
ε
ñóììû âêëàäîâ ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì

ψ
bε (t, x, ω [0, t]) =
ε
n
P
i iπ
α
bj,ε (t, x, ω [0, t]) (ϕj, ε (t, x))ε exp (h̄ε )ε
(Sj,ε (t, x))ε − 2 (ind (γj, ε ))ε ,
ε
j=1
(229)
ãäå îáîáùåííûå ôóíêöèè α bj , ϕj , Sj âû÷èñëÿþòñÿ ïî ôîðìóëàì (224),
(222), (220) âäîëü òðàåêòîðèé (γj, ε )ε , a (ind (γj, ε ))ε - èíäåêñ Ìîðñà
ýòèõ òðàåêòîðèé.
Âàæíûé ÷àñòíûé ñëó÷àé óðàâíåíèÿ (214) ýòî ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå [58]
èëè àïîñòåðèîðíîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà [40]:

i b ε (x, t) + λ R2 (x) ((ψε ) ) dt =
d (ψε )ε + (h̄ε )ε H 2 ε
√ ε
λR (x) ((ψε )ε ) dW (t) ,
(230)
ãäå Hb ε (x, t) = − ((h̄ε ) ) /2∆ + (Vε (x, t)) - êâàíòîâî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèé
ε ε
ε
ãàìèëüòîíèàí, W (t) - âèíåðîâñêèé ïðîöåññ, λ -ïîëîæèòåëüíûé ïàðà-
ìåòð, èìåþùèé ñìûñë òî÷íîñòè ïðîöåññà ÊÌ èçìåðåíèÿ. Ìû áóäåì
ðàññìàòðèâàòü òàêæå áîëåå îáùåå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèí-
ãåðà cî ñëó÷àéíûì ïîòåíöèàëîì

i λ
d (ψε )ε + (h̄ε )ε H
b ε (x, t, ω) + 2 Rε2 (x) ε (ψε )ε dt =
ε
√
λ (Rε (x))ε (ψε )ε dW (t) ,
(231)
ãäå Hε (x, t, ω) = − ((h̄ε )ε ) /2∆ + (Vε (x, t, ω))ε ýòî ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèé
b
ε
êâàíòîâî- ìåõàíè÷åñêèé ãàìèëüòîíèàí è ãäå
(Vε (x, t, ω))ε = ς (t, x) (Vε (x, t))ε , ς (t, x)
- îáîáùåííàÿ ñëó÷àéíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íåîáõîäèìî ââåñòè â ðàññìîòðåíèå ðåãóëÿðèçîâàí-
íîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà cî ñëó÷àéíûì ïîòåíöèàëîì

i λ
d (ψε )ε + (h̄ε )ε H
b ε (x, t, ω) + 2 Rε2 (x) ε (ψε )ε dt =
ε
√
λ (Rε (x))ε (ψε )ε d (Wε (t))ε ,
(232)
ãäå (Vε (x, t, ω))ε = (ςε (t, x))ε (Vε (x, t))ε , (ςε (t, x))ε -íåëèíåéíàÿ îáîá-
ùåííàÿ ñëó÷àéíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ â ñìûñëå òåîðèè Êîëîìáåàó. Àíàëîãè÷-
íûì îáðàçîì ìîæåò áûòü ïîëó÷åíî ðåãóëÿðèçîâàííîå êâàíòîâîå ñòîõà-
ñòè÷åñêîå ïñåâäîäèôôåðåíöèàëüíîå óðàâíåíèå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå óðàâ-
íåíèþ (214). Ââåäåì â ðàññìîòðåíèå ðåãóëÿðèçîâàííûå îïåðàòîðíûå
ôóíêöèè óíè÷òîæåíèÿ Aε (t) è ðîæäåíèÿ A+ ε (t) , ε ∈ (0, 1] òàê, ÷òîáû
â ñìûñëå îáîáùåííûõ ôóíêöèé âûïîëíÿëèñü ñëåäóþùèå ðàâåíñòâà
lim Aε (t) = A (t) , lim A+

ε (t) = A (t) .
ε→0 ε→0
(233)
Îáîáùåííûå îïåðàòîðíûå ôóíêöèè (Aε (t))ε è (t))ε ñâÿçàíû (A+
ε
ñ ðåãóëÿðèçîâàííûìè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì îáðàçîì áîçîííûìè ïîëÿìè
aε (t) è a+
ε (t) ñëåäóþùèìè ñîîòíîøåíèÿìè

t t
0
(Aε (t))ε = ∫ aε (τ ) dτ , (A+
ε (t ))ε = ∫ a+
ε (τ ) dτ .
0 0 ε
(234)
Ïóñòü Wε (t, ω) - ðåãóëÿðèçîâàííûé Âèíåðîâñêèé ïðîöåññ. Ââåäåì
â ðàññìîòðåíèå îáîáùåííîå õàîòè÷åñêîå ðàçëîæåíèå
P∞ (n)

φε (ω) = n=0 ∫ ... ∫ fε (t1 , ..., tn ) dWε (t1 , ω) ...dWε (tn , ω) ,
ε
(235)
ñïðàâåäëèâîå äëÿ ëþáîé îáîáùåííîé ôóíêöèè [(φε )ε ] ∈ G1 ⊂ GH , ãäå
H
b b
G - íåòðèâèàëüíàÿ ïîäàëãåáðà àëãåáðû GH
1
b,
H
b

(fε )ε = fε(0) , fε(1) , ..., f (n) , ... ,
ε ε
[(fε )ε ] ∈ G1F , G1F - íåòðèâèàëüíàÿ ïîäàëãåáðà àëãåáðû GF è ãäå
2
P∞ (n)
k(fε )ε kG1 = ∫ ... ∫ fε (t1 , ..., tn ) dt1 ...dtn < ∞.

F
n=0
ε
(236)
Ïðè ýòîì ìû ïðåäïîëàãàåì, ÷òî ñïðàâåäëèâî ðàâåíñòâî k(fε )ε kG1 =
F
k(φε )ε kG1 . Îïåðàòîð óìíîæåíèÿ íà [(Wε (t, ω))ε ] â G1 óíèòàðíî ýê-
Hb
H
âèâàëåíòåí îïåðàòîðó è çíà÷èò
b
+ +
[(A ε (t) + A ε (t))ε ] (aε (t) + aε (t))ε =
Ẇε (t) = (wε (t))ε . Ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèå êâàíòîâûå èíòåãðàëû Êîëîìáåàó-

ε
Õàäñîíà- Ïàðòàñàðàòè îïðåäåëåíû êàê

t
(A+
ε (t, D))ε = ∫ dA+
ε (τ ) D (τ ) ,
0 ε
t
(Aε (t, D− ))ε = ∫ dA+ −
ε (τ ) D (τ ) ,
0 ε

t
−
(Wε (t, D))ε = ∫ D (τ ) dWε (τ ) = (A+
ε (t, D))ε + (Aε (t, D ))ε .
0 ε
(237)
Ââåäåì â ðàññìîòðåíèå ðåãóëÿðèçîâàííîå êâàíòîâîå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå
ïñåâäîäèôôåðåíöèàëüíîå óðàâíåíèå ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà

i
(dψε (t))ε + K
bε + (h̄ε )ε H
bε (ψε (t) dt)ε =
ε ε

L ⊗ dA+ b − ⊗ dAε (t) (ψε (t)) ,
ε (t) + Lε
bε
ε
ε ε
(ψε (0))ε = (ψ0, ε )ε .

(238)
Ïóñòü (Θ, F, P) - ôèêñèðîâàííîå âåðîÿòíîñòíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî.

Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.5. [28-34]. Ïóñòü E (Rn , Θ) îáîçíà÷àåò ìíîæå-
ñòâî âñåõ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòåé (uε (ω, x))ε , ω ∈ Θ, x ∈ Rn , ε ∈ I, òàêèõ
÷òî äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ (ï.â) ω ∈ Θ ñïðàâåäëèâî âêëþ÷åíèå (uε (ω, ·))ε ∈
E (Rn ) , è äëÿ ëþáîãî x ∈ Rn ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü (uε (·, x))ε ýòî ïîñëå-
äîâàòåëüíîñòü F - èçìåðèìûõ ôóíêöèé íà ìíîæåñòâå Θ. Îïðåäåëèì
òåïåðü ñëåäóþùèå ìíîæåñòâà
EM (Rn , Θ) =
{(uε )ε ∈ E (Rn , Θ) | (for a.e. ω ∈ Θ) (∀K ⊆ Rn ) (∀α ∈ N∞

0 )

(∃p ∈ N) sup |∂ α uε (ω, x)| = O (ε−p ) ,
x∈K
N (Rn , Θ) =
{(uε )ε ∈ E (Rn , Θ) | (for a.e. ω ∈ Θ) (∀K ⊆ Rn ) (∀α ∈ N∞

0 )

(∀q ∈ N) sup |∂ α uε (ω, x)| = O (εq ) ,
x∈K
G (Rn , Θ) = EM (Rn , Θ) /N (Rn , Θ) .

(239)
Ýëåìåíòû ìíîæåñòâà EM (R , Θ) íàçûâàþòñÿ îãðàíè÷åííûìè
n
ñëó÷àéíûìè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòÿìè, à ýëåìåíòû ìíîæåñòâà N(Rn , Θ)

íàçûâàþòñÿ ïðèíåáðåæèìûìè ñëó÷àéíûìè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòÿìè.
EM (Rn , Θ)
ýòî äèôôåðåíöèàëüíàÿ àëãåáðà ñ ïîòî÷å÷íî çàäàííûìè îïåðàöèÿìè.

Îòìåòèì, ÷òî EM (Rn , Θ) ýòî ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïîäàëãåáðà â E (Rn , Θ) ,
äëÿ êîòîðîé ïîäàëãåáðà N (Rn , Θ) åñòü äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûé èäåàë. Òà-
êèì îáðàçîì, G (Rn , Θ) - êîììóòàòèâíàÿ è àññîöèàòèâíàÿ äèôôåðåí-
öèàëüíàÿ àëãåáðà.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.6. [28-34]. Îáîçíà÷èì
∆ I
EM (Rn , Lp (Θ)) = (C ∞ (Rn , , Lp (Θ))) .
Îïðåäåëèì òåïåðü ñëåäóþùèå ìíîæåñòâà
EM (Rn , Lp (Θ)) =
{(uε )ε ∈ E (Rn , Lp (Θ)) | (∀K ⊆ Rn ) (∀α ∈ N∞

0 )
o
(∃p ∈ N) k∂ α uε (ω, x)k?p = O (ε−p ) ,
N (Rn , Lp (Θ)) =
{(uε )ε ∈ E (Rn , Lp (Θ)) | (∀K ⊆ Rn ) (∀α ∈ N∞0 )

(∀q ∈ N) sup |∂ α uε (ω, x)| = O (εq ) ,
x∈K
G (Rn , Lp (Θ)) = EM (Rn , Lp (Θ)) /N (Rn , Lp (Θ)) .

(240)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.7. [35]. Ïóñòü (Θ, F, P) - âåðîÿòíîñòíîå ïðî-
ñòðàíñòâî. F - èçìåðèìîå â ñëàáîì ñìûñëå îòîáðàæåíèå X : Θ →
D0 Rd íàçâàåòñÿ îáîáùåííîé ñëó÷àéíîé ôóíêöèåé îïðåäåëåííîé íà

Θ.
Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî äëÿ ëþáîé ôóíêöèè ϕ ∈ D Rd îòîáðàæåíèå

ϕ ∈ D Rd , çàäàííîå ñëåäóþùåé ôîðìóëîé ω → hX (ω) , ϕi, ÿâëÿåò-

ñÿ ñëó÷àéíîé âåëè÷èíîé, îïðåäåëåííîé íà Θ. Ìíîæåñòâî îáîáùåííûõ
ñëó÷àéíûõ ôóíêèé ìû îáîçíà÷èì êàê D0 Θ, Rd .

Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.8. Õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêèé ôóíêöèîíàë
CX (ϕ) , ϕ ∈ D Rd

îáîáùåííîé ñëó÷àéíîé ôóíêöèè êîððåêòíî îïðåäåëåí ñîãëàñíî ñëåäó-

þùåé ôîðìóëå
CX (ϕ) = ∫ exp [i hX (ω) , ϕi] dP (ω) .

(241)
Êàíîíè÷åñêàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ áåëîãîøóìà Ẇ (x) íà R çàäàåòñÿ ñëå-
d
äóþùèì îáðàçîì. Ïóñòü Θ = S 0 Rd , à F - Áîðåëåâñêàÿ σ - àëãåá-

ðà, êîòîðàÿ ãåíåðèðóåòñÿ êàíîíè÷åñêîé ñëàáîé òîïîëîãèåé íà S 0 Rd .

Òîãäà ñóøåñòâóåò åäèíñòâåííàÿ âåðîÿòíîñòíàÿ ìåðà µ íà âåðîÿòíîñò-
íîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå (Θ, F ) òàê, ÷òî äëÿ ëþáîé îáîáùåííîé ôóíêöèè
ϕ ∈ S 0 Rd

:

2
∫ exp [i hX (ω) , ϕi] dµ (ω) = exp − 12 kϕkL2 (Rd ) .
(242)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.9. Îïðåäåëèì òåïåðü áåëûé øóì Ẇ (ω) :
Θ → D0 Rd êàê îáîáùåííóþ ñëó÷àéíóþ ôóíêöèþ, êîòîðàÿ çàäàíà

ñëåäóþùåé ôîðìóëîé
D E
Ẇ (ω) , ϕ = hω, ϕi ,
(243)
ñïðàâåäëèâîé äëÿ ëþáîé ïðîáíîé ôóíêöèè ϕ ∈ D Rd .

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, Ẇ (ϕ) ýòî

h îáîáùåííàÿ
i Ãàóññîâñêàÿ ñëó÷àéíàÿ ôóíê-
öèÿ ñ íóëåâûì ñðåäíèì E Ẇ (ϕ) = 0 è äèñïåðñèåé ðàâíîé
h i h i
2
D Ẇ (ϕ) = E Ẇ 2 (ϕ) = kϕkL2 (Rd ) .
(244)
Êîâàðèàöèÿ äëÿ Ẇ (ϕ) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
h i
E Ẇ (ϕ) Ẇ (φ) = ∫ ϕ (x) φ (x) dx.
?d
(245)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.10. [35]. Äëÿ ïðîèçâîëüíîãî x ∈ R ìû îïðå- d
äåëèì çíàêîïåðåìåííóþ èíäèêàòîð-ôóíêöèþ êàê
d
Q
ν (x, y) = sign (xj ) κ (x, y) ,
j=1
(246)
ãäå κ (x, y) - èíäèêàòîð-ôóíêöèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî d - ìåðíîãî èíòåð-
âàëà.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.11. Âèíåðîâñêèé ïðîöåññ B (x) íà Rd îïðåäå-
ëåí êàê L2 (Ω) -ïðåäåë
D E
B (x) = lim Ẇ , ν (x, y) ∗ ϕε (y) ,
ε→0
ϕε (y) = ε1d ϕ yε , ϕ ∈ D Rd .

(247)
Îòîáðàæåíèå (x, ω) → B (x, ω) çàäàåò Âèíåðîâñêèé ïðîöåññ íà Rd ,

ïîñêîëüêó
Ẇ (x, ω) = ∂x1 ...∂xd B (x, ω)

(248)
ïî÷òè íàâåðíîå â D0 Rd .

Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.12. Ñãëàæåííûé ñëó÷àéíûé ïðîöåññ áåëîãî

Øóìà Ẇε (t, ω) íà R+ îïðåäåëåí êàê
D E
Ẇε (t, ω) = Ẇ (t, ω) , ϕε (s − t) ,
(249)
ãäå Ẇ (t, ω) - áåëûé øóì, à ϕε - äåëüòà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.13. [35]. Ïóñòü çàäàíî âåðîÿòíîñòíîå ïðîñòðàí-
ñòâî (Ω, Σ, P) . Îáîçíà÷èì ñèìâîëîì EΩ (n, [0, ∞)) ïðîñòðàíñòâî ïî-
ñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòåé (Xε (t))ε , ε ∈ (0, 1], ãäå Xε (t) - ï.í. íåïðåðûâ-
íûé ñëó÷àéíûé ïðîöåññ. Ýêâèâàëåíòíûì îáðàçîì, Xε ýòî îòîáðàæå-
íèå Xε : (0, 1] × [0, ∞) × Ω → Rn , äëÿ êîòîðîãî ñïðàâåäëèâû ñëå-
äóþùèå óñëîâèÿ: îòîáðàæåíèå (t, ω) → Xε (t, ω) èçìåðèìî äëÿ ëþáîãî
ε ∈ (0, 1] , îòîáðàæåíèå t → Xε (t, ω) ï.í. ïðèíàäëåæèò ïðîñòðàíñòâó
C ∞ ([0, ∞)) äëÿ ëþáîãî ε ∈ (0, 1] .
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.14. Ïóñòü çàäàíî âåðîÿòíîñòíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî
(Ω, Σ, P) . Îáîçíà÷èì ñèìâîëîì EΩ M (n, [0, ∞)) ïðîñòðàíñòâî ïîñëå-
äîâàòåëüíîñòåé (Xε (t))ε ∈ EΩ (n, [0, ∞)) , òàêîå, ÷òî äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ
ω ∈ Ω, äëÿ âñåõ T > 0 è α ∈ N0 ñóùåñòâóþò êîíñòàíòû N, C > 0 è
ε0 ∈ (0, 1] , òàêèå, ÷òî
" #
α −N
∀ε (ε ≤ ε0 ) sup k∂ Xε (t, ω)k ≤ Cε .
t∈[0, T ]
(250)
Îáîçíà÷èì ñèìâîëîì N (n, [0, ∞)) ïðîñòðàíñòâî ïîñëåäîâàòåëü-
Ω
íîñòåé (Xε (t))ε ∈ EΩ (n, [0, ∞)) , òàêîå, ÷òî äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ω ∈ Ω, äëÿ
âñåõ T > 0 , α ∈ N0 , ν ∈ R+ ñóùåñòâóþò êîíñòàíòû C > 0, ε0 ∈ (0, 1]
òàêèå, ÷òî
" #
∀ε (ε ≤ ε0 ) sup k∂ α Xε (t, ω)k ≤ Cεν .
t∈[0, T ]
(251)
Ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü (Xε (t))ε ∈ EΩ
M (n, [0, ∞)) íàçûâàåòñÿ îãðàíè-
÷åííîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòüþ, à ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü
(Xε (t))ε ∈ NΩ (n, [0, ∞))
íàçûâàåòñÿ ïðèíåáðåæèìîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòüþ.

n êàê
Îïðåäåëèì òåïåðü àëãåáðó GΩ
GΩ Ω Ω Ω
n = Gn (n, [0, ∞)) = EM (n, [0, ∞)) /N (n, [0, ∞)) .
(252)
Àëãåáðà GΩ n ýòî äèôôåðåíöèàëüíàÿ àëãåáðà, êîòîðàÿ íàçûâàåòñÿ
àëãåáðîé Êîëîìáåàó îáîáùåííûõ ñëó÷àéíûõ ïðîöåññîâ. Ýëåìåíòû àë-
ãåáðû GΩn ìû îáîçíà÷àåì [(Xε )ε ] èëè cl {(Xε )ε } , ãäå (Xε (t))ε ïðåäñòà-
âèòåëü ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî êëàññà ýêâèâàëåíòíîñòè.
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.9. Íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî êàíîíè÷åñêîå Áðî-
óíîâñêîå äâèæåíèå è ïðîöåññ áåëîãî øóìà, îïðåäåëåííûå âûøå, ìîãóò
áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåíû ýêâèâàëåíòíûì îáðàçîì êàê îáîáùåííûå ñëó÷àé-
íûå ïðîöåññû â ñìûñëå òåîðèè Êîëîìáåàó íåëèíåéíûõ îáîáùåííûõ
ôóíêöèé.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.15. Ïóñòü çàäàíî âåðîÿòíîñòíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî
(Ω, Σ, P) . Îáîçíà÷èì ñèìâîëîì EΩ
M, C k (n, [0, ∞)) ïðîñòðàíñòâî ïîñëå-
äîâàòåëüíîñòåé òàêîå, ÷òî äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ω ∈ Ω, äëÿ âñåõ T > 0 è
α ∈ N0 ñóùåñòâóþò êîíñòàíòû N, C > 0 è ε0 ∈ (0, 1] , òàêèå, ÷òî
" #
∀ε (ε ≤ ε0 ) ∀m (0 ≤ m ≤ k) sup k∂ m Xε (t, ω)k ≤ Cε−N .
t∈[0, T ]
(253)
Îáîçíà÷èì ñèìâîëîì NΩ
Ck(n, [0, ∞)) ïðîñòðàíñòâî ïîñëåäîâàòåëü-
íîñòåé (Xε (t))ε ∈ EΩ (n, [0, ∞)) , òàêîå, ÷òî äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ω ∈ Ω, äëÿ
âñåõ T > 0 , α ∈ N0 , ν ∈ R+ ñóùåñòâóþò êîíñòàíòû C > 0, ε0 ∈ (0, 1]
òàêèå, ÷òî
" #
∀ε (ε ≤ ε0 ) ∀m (0 ≤ m ≤ k) sup k∂ m Xε (t, ω)k ≤ Cεν .
t∈[0, T ]
(254)
Îïðåäåëèì òåïåðü àëãåáðó GΩ
Ck (n, [0, ∞)) êàê
GΩ Ω Ω Ω
n, C k = Gn, C k (n, [0, ∞)) = EM, C k (n, [0, ∞)) /NC k (n, [0, ∞)) .
(255)
Òåîðåìà 15.4.5. Ðàññìîòðèì îáîáùåííóþ ñòîõàñòè÷åñêóþ çàäà÷ó

Êîøè ñ íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì
p
(Ψ0, ε (x))ε = Ψε (x, x0 ) ,
ε
ãäå
ηεn/2
2

Ψε (x, x0 ) = n/2 n/2 exp − ηε (x−x
h̄ε
0)
,
(2π) h̄ε
0 < h̄ε ηε 1, h̄ε → 0 5A; 8 ε → 0.

(256)
Ïóñòü Vε (x, t, ω)|ε=0 = V (x, t, ω) : R → R è ïðè ëþáîì ôèêñè-
n
ðîâàííîì t ∈ R+ ôóíêöèÿ V (x, t, ω) åñòü ïîëèíîì îò ïðîñòðàíñòâåí-

íûõ ïåðåìåííûõ x = (x1 , ...xn ) , ò. å.
gα (t, ω) xα ,
P
V (x, t, ω) =
kαk?n
P
α = (i1 , ..., in ) , kαk = r=1 ir , i = 1, ..., n,

(257)
u (τ, t, λ, x, ω) = (u1 (τ, t, λ, x, ω) , ..., un (τ, t, λ, x, ω))
ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé ëèíåéíîé ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé êðàåâîé

çàäà÷è
h 0 iT
d2 uT (τ, t, λ, x, ω)
dτ 2 = Hess [V (λ, τ, ω)] uT (τ, t, λ, x, ω) + V (λ, τ, ω) ,
u (0, t, λ, x, y, ω) = y, u (t, t, λ, x, ω) = x,
(258)
ãäå
T
uT (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω) = (u1 (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω) , ..., un (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω)) ,
0

V (λ, τ, ω) = ∂V (x, τ, ω)
∂x1 , ..., ∂V (x,
∂xn
τ, ω)
,
x=λ
λ = (λ1 , ..., λn )
(259)
è Hess [V (λ, τ, ω)] ýòî Ãåññèàí îòîáðàæåíèÿ V (·, τ, ω) : Rn → R,

âû÷èñëåííûé â òî÷êå x= λ, ò. å.
h i
∂ 2 V (x, τ, ω)
Hessij [V (λ, τ, ω)] = ∂xi ∂xj .
x=λ
(260)
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç S (t, λ, x, y, ω) ôóíêöèþ, çàäàííóþ ñëåäóþùåé
ôîðìóëîé
S (t, λ, x, y, ω) =
t
∫L
b (u̇ (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω) , u (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω) , τ, ω) dτ,
0
(261)
ãäe
L
b (u̇ (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω) , u (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω) , τ, ω) =
2
m u̇ (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω)
2 − Vb (u (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω) , τ, ω) ,
Vb (u (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω) , τ ) =
u (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω) Hess [V (λ, τ, ω)] uT (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω) +

h 0 i
V (λ, τ, ω) uT (τ, t, λ, x, y, ω) .
(262)
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç ycr = ycr (t, λ, x, ω) ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñèñòåìû
∂S(t, λ, x, y, ω)
∂yi = 0,
i = 1, ..., n.
(263)
b=ub (t, x0 , λ, ω) ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñè-
ñòåìû ëèíåéíûõ àëãåáðàè÷åñêèõ óðàâíåíèé
b, ω) + λ − x0 = 0.
ycr (t, λ, x
(264)
òî÷êà x
b=ub (t, x0 , λ, ω) íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîêàëüíîé òî÷êîé íà òðàåêòîðèè,
15.5. Óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñ îïåðàòîðîì äðîáíîãî ... 89

ÊÌ ñðåäíåãî

2
∫ xi |Ψ(x, t, x0 , ω;h̄ε )| d x
R n
(hi, t, x0 , ω; h̄ε i)ε = ε , i = 1, ..., n,
2
∫ |Ψ(x, t, x0 , ω;h̄ε )| d x
Rn
ε
ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ðåøåíèþ Êîëîìáåàó ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé çàäà÷è Êîøè

(232) ñ íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì (256) ñïðàâåäëèâî ñëåäóþùåå íåðàâåíñòâî
lim inf |hi, t, x0 , ω; h̄ε i − λi | ≤ sup |b

ui (t, x0 , λ, ω)| , i = 1, ..., n.
h̄ε →0, ε→0 ε→0
(265)
u
bi (t, x0 , λ, ω) = 0,
i = 1, ..., n.
(266)
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.4.10. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî â íåðàâåíñòâå (15.4.89) íèæ-
íèé ïðåäåë
lim inf |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε , αi − λi |
h̄ε →0, ε→0
lim |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε i − λi | .

h̄ε →0, ε→0
Âñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî ñèñòåìà (266) â îáùåì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìíîæåñòâî ðå-

øåíèé.
15.5. Óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñ îïåðàòîðîì äðîáíîãî

äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ïî âðåìåíè. Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé èíòåãðàë
ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì äëÿ îáîáùåííîãî Ëàãðàíæèàíà,
ñîäåðæàùåãî îïåðàòîðû äðîáíîãî äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ïî
âðåìåíè.
Íàïîìíèì íåêîòîðûå îñíîâíûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ è òåîðåìû òåîðèè äðîá-

íîãî äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ è äðîáíîé Ëàãðàíæåâîé äèíàìèêè [37-39],
[41-43].
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.5.1. [72-73]. (i) Ïóñòü f (t) ∈ L1 ([a, b]) , 0 < α <
+∞. Ëåâûé äðîáíûé èíòåãðàë Ðèìàíà-Ëèóâèëëÿ ïîðÿäêà α çàäàòñÿ
ôîðìóëîé
t
α 1 α−1
a It f (t) = Γ(α) ∫ (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ,
a
(267)
ãäå t ∈ (a, +∞) .
(ii) Ïðàâûé äðîáíûé èíòåãðàë Ðèìàíà-Ëèóâèëëÿ ïîðÿäêà α çàäàò-
ñÿ ôîðìóëîé
b
α 1 α−1
t Ia f (t) = Γ(α) ∫ (τ − t) f (τ ) dτ,
t
(268)
ãäå t ∈ (−∞, b) .
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.5.1. Äëÿ ïðîèçâîëüíûõ α ∈ C èíòåãðàëû a Itα f (t)
è t Iaα f (t) îäíîçíà÷íî îïðåäåëåíû ïî÷òè âñþäó ïîñðåäñòâîì êàíîíè÷å-
ñêîé ïðîöåäóðû àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî ïðîäîëæåíèÿ [73]. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî â
ñëó÷àå êîãäà Reα < 0, âåëè÷èíû a Itα f (t)|t=a è t Iaα f (t)|t=a íå îïðåäå-
ëåíû, ïîñêîëüêó ìîãóò ïðèíèìàòü áåñêîíå÷íûå çíà÷åíèÿ. Òàê, íàïðè-
β−1 β−1
ìåð, äëÿ f1 (t) = (t − a) , f2 (t) = (a − t) è Reα < 0, Reβ > 0 ìû
èìååì [73]
α Γ(β) α+β−1
a It f1 (t) = Γ(α+β) (t − a) ,
α Γ(β) α+β−1
t Ia f2 (t) = Γ(α+β) (a − t) .
(269)
Äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû èñêëþ÷èòü âûøåóêàçàííûé íåäîñòàòîê êëàññè÷å-
ñêîé îïåðàöèè äðîáíîãî èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ, ìû ââåäåì â ðàññìîòðåíèå
èõ ñïåöèàëüíîå îáîáùåíèå.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.5.2. (i) Ïóñòü f (t) ∈ L1 ([a, b]) , −∞ < α < ∞.
Ëåâûé äðîáíûé êîìïëåêñíûé (âåùåñòâåííûé) èíòåãðàë Ðèìàíà-Ëèó-
âèëëÿ-Êîëîìáåàó ïîðÿäêà α ∈ (−∞, 1) çàäàòñÿ ôîðìóëàìè (270)

t
C
b α 1 α−1
a It, ε f (t) = Γ(α) ∫ (t − τ + iγε ) f (τ ) dτ
ε a ε
(270)
è (271)

t
b α
R 1 α−1
a It, ε f (t) = Γ(α) Re ∫ (t − τ + iγε ) f (τ ) dτ
ε a ε
(271)
ñîòâåòñòâåííî, ãäå t ∈ [a, +∞) è limε→0 γε = 0, [(γε )ε ] ∈ R.
b
(ii) Ïðàâûé äðîáíûé êîìïëåêñíûé (âåùåñòâåííûé) èíòåãðàë Ðèìàíà-
Ëèóâèëëÿ- Êîëîìáåàó ïîðÿäêà α ∈ (−∞, ∞) çàäàþòñÿ ôîðìóëàìè
(272)

a
b α
C 1 α−1
t Ia, ε f (t) = Γ(α) ∫ (τ − t + iγε ) f (τ ) dτ
ε t ε
(272)
è (273)

a
b α
R 1 α−1
t Ia, ε f (t) = Γ(α) Re ∫ (τ − t + iγε ) f (τ ) dτ
ε t ε
(273)
ñîòâåòñòâåííî, ãäå t ∈ (−∞, a] è limε→0 γε = 0, [(γε )ε ] ∈ R.
b
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.5.2. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî èíòåãðàëû

C
b α
a It, ε f (t) , Rb α
a It, ε f (t) , Cb α
t Ia, ε f (t) , R
b α
t Ia, ε f (t)
ε ε ε ε
êîððåêòíî îïðåäåëåíû äëÿ ëþáûõ t 6= ±∞, êàê ýëåìåíòû êîëüöà R.

b
β−1 β−1
Íàïðèìåð, äëÿ f1 (t) = (t − a) , f2 (t) = (a − t) è
Reα < 0, Reβ > 0
ìû èìååì

C
b α Γ(β+iγε ) α+β−1
a It, ε f1 (t) = Γ(α+β+iγε ) (t − a + iγε ) ,
ε ε

C
b α Γ(β+iγε ) α+β−1
t Ia, ε f2 (t) = Γ(α+β+iγε ) (a − t + iγε ) .
ε ε
Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî äëÿ t = a ìû èìååì

h i h i
CbI α Cb I α f (t)
a t=a, ε f 1 (t) = t=a a, ε 2 =
ε ε
Γ (β + i [(γε )ε ]) α+β−1 b
= iγε ε
∈ C.
Γ (α + β + i [(γε )ε ])
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.5.3. [72-73]. Ëåâàÿ a Dtα f (t) è ïðàâàÿ t Dbα f (t)

ïðîèçâîäíàÿ Ðèìàíà- Ëèóâèëëÿ ïîðÿäêà α çàäàþòñÿ ôîðìóëàìè (274)
è (275) ñîîòâåòñòâåííî
α 1 d n
t f (τ ) dτ
a Dt f (t) = Γ(n−α) dt ∫ (t−τ )α+1−n ,
a
(274)
α 1 d n
b f (τ ) dτ
t Db f (t) = Γ(n−α) dt ∫ (t−τ )α+1−n ,
t
(275)
ãäå n − 1 ≤ α < n.
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.5.3. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî åñëè α < 0, òî äëÿ ëþáîé ôóíê-
öèè f (τ ) ∈ C ([a, b]) ïðîèçâîäíûå a Dtα f (t) è t Dbα f (t) ñóùåñòâóþò è êî-
íå÷íû â ëþáîé òî÷êå t 6= ±∞. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî â ñëó÷àå êîãäà α > 0,
ïðîèçâîäíûå a Dtα f (t) è t Daα f (t) ìîãóò ïðèíèìàòü áåñêîíå÷íûå çíà÷å-
−µ
íèÿ ïðè t = a. Ïóñòü, íàïðèìåð, f (t) = (t − a) ∈ L1 ([a, b]) , 0 < µ <
Γ(1−µ)
1. Òîãäà, êàê èçâåñòíî [73], a Dt f (t) = Γ(1−µ−α) t−µ−α , 0 < α < ∞ è
α
a Dt=a f (t) = ±∞. Â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà f (t) ∈ C ([a, b]), íàøå óòâåð-
α r
æäåíèå åñòü ñëåäñòâèå ôîðìóëû (276).

Òåîðåìà 15.5.1. [73]. Ïóñòü α > 0 è f (τ ) ∈ C [α]+1 ([a, b]) . Ïîëî-
æèì n = [α] + 1, òîãäà
α
a Dt f (t) =

n−1
d n
P f (k) (a) (t−a)k+1−{α} 1
b
f (n) (τ ) dτ
dt Γ(k+2−α) + Γ(n+1−{α}) ∫ (t−τ )−n+{α}
,
k=0 t
(276)
ãäå t 6= a.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.5.4. (i) Ëåâàÿ (t) ε êîìïëåêñíàÿ (âåùå-
α
a Dt, ε f
ñòâåííàÿ) ïðîèçâîäíàÿ Ðèìàíà- Ëèóâèëëÿ-Êîëîìáåàó ïîðÿäêà α, ãäå
n − 1 ≤ α < n çàäàþòñÿ ôîðìóëàìè (277)

t
1 d n f (τ ) dτ
C
b α
a Dt, ε f (t) = Γ(n−α) dt ∫ (t−τ +iγε )α+1−n
ε a ε
(277)
è (278)

t
1 d n f (τ ) dτ
R
b α
a Dt, ε f (t) = Γ(n−α) Re dt ∫ (t−τ +iγε )α+1−n
ε a ε
(278)
ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ãäå t ∈ [a, +∞) è limε→0 γε = 0, [(γε )ε ] ∈ R,

b

(ii) Ïðàâàÿ t Db,
α
ε f (t) êîìïëåêñíàÿ (âåùåñòâåííàÿ) ïðîèçâîäíàÿ
ε
Ðèìàíà- Ëèóâèëëÿ-Êîëîìáåàó ïîðÿäêà α, ãäå n − 1 ≤ α < n çàäàþòñÿ
ôîðìóëàìè (279)

b
1 d n f (τ ) dτ
b α
C

t Db, ε f (t) = Γ(n−α) dt ∫ (t−τ +iγε )α+1−n
ε t ε
(279)
è (280)

b
1 d n f (τ ) dτ
b α
R

t Db, ε f (t) = Γ(n−α) Re dt ∫ (t−τ +iγε )α+1−n
ε t ε
(280)
ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ãäå t ∈ (−∞, b] è limε→0 γε = 0, [(γε )ε ] ∈ R.
b
Òåîðåìà 15.5.2. Ïóñòü α > 0 è f (τ ) ∈ C [α]+1 ([a, b]) . Ïîëîæèì

n = [α] + 1, òîãäà
n−1 (k)
C
b α d n
P f (a) (t−a+i(γε )ε )k+1−{α}

a Dt f (t) = dt Γ(k+2−α+i(γε )ε )
+
k=0
b
1 f (n) (τ ) dτ
Γ(n+1−{α}) ∫ (t−τ +i(γ ) )−n+{α} .
t ε ε
(281)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.5.5. [72]. Ëåâàÿ (t) è ïðàâàÿ C α
a Dt f
C α
t Db f (t) ïðî-
èçâîäíàÿ Êàïóòî ïîðÿäêà α çàäàþòñÿ ôîðìóëàìè (282)
t
1 n−α−1 d n
C α

a Dt f (t) = Γ(n−α) ∫ (t − τ ) dτ f (τ ) dτ
a
(282)
è (283)
b
1 n−α−1 d n
C α

t Db f (t) = Γ(n−α) ∫ (t − τ ) dτ f (τ ) dτ
t
(283)
ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ãäå n − 1 ≤ α < n.
Ïóñòü 0 < α < 1, òîãäà ñïðàâåäëèâû ñëåäóþùèå ðàâåíñòâà
α C α
1 f (a)
a Dt f (t) = a Dt f (t) + Γ(1−α) (t−a)α ,
α C α
1 f (a)
t Da f (t) = t Da f (t) + Γ(1−α) (a−t)α ,
(284)
ãäå t ∈ (a, b) .
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.5.6. (i) Ëåâàÿ Cab CDtα f (t) è ïðàâàÿ Ctb CDbα f (t)
êîìïëåêñíàÿ ïðîèçâîäíàÿ Êàïóòî-Êîëîìáåàó ïîðÿäêà α çàäàþòñÿ ôîð-
ìóëàìè (285)

t
1 n−α−1 d n
C α

a CDt f
b (t) = Γ(n−α) ∫ (t − τ + iγε ) dτ f (τ ) dτ
a ε
(285)
è (286)

b
1 n−α−1 d n
C α

t CDb f
b (t) = Γ(n−α) ∫ (t − τ + iγε ) dτ f (τ ) dτ
t ε
(286)
ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ãäå n − 1 ≤ α < n.
(ii) Ëåâàÿ R
a CDt f (t) è ïðàâàÿ t CDb f (t) âåùåñòâåííàÿ ïðîèçâîä-
b α R
b α
íàÿ Êàïóòî-Êîëîìáåàó ïîðÿäêà α çàäàþòñÿ ôîðìóëàìè (287)

t
1 n−α−1 d n
R α

a CDt f
b (t) = Γ(n−α) Re ∫ (t − τ + iγε ) dτ f (τ ) dτ
a ε
(287)
è (593)

b
1 n−α−1 d n
R α

t CDb f
b (t) = Γ(n−α) Re ∫ (t − τ + iγε ) dτ f (τ ) dτ .
t ε
(288)
Ïóñòü 0 < α < 1, òîãäà ñïðàâåäëèâû ñëåäóþùèå ðàâåíñòâà

C
b α C α 1 f (a)
a Dt f (t) = a CDt f (t) + Γ(1−α) ((t−a+iγε )α )ε ,
b

b α
C C α 1 f (a)
t Da f (t) = t CDa f (t) + Γ(1−α) ((a−t+iγε )α )ε ,
b

b α
R R α 1 f (a)
a Dt f (t) = a CDt f (t) + Γ(1−α) Re ,
b
((t−a+iγε )α )ε

R
b α R α 1 f (a)
t Da f (t) = t CDa f (t) + Γ(1−α) Re .
b
((a−t+iγε )α )ε
(289)
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.5.4. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî ðàññìîòðåííûå âûøå îïåðàòî-
ðû äðîáíîãî äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ, îïðåäåëåííûå íà ðåãóëÿðíûõ ôóíê-
öèÿõ, êàíîíè÷åñêèì îáðàçîì ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ íà ýëåìåíòû àëãåáðû
G (Rn ) , ò. å. äëÿ ëþáîãî [(fε )ε ] ∈ G (Rn ). Ëåâûå
h i h i
C
b α
a Dt fε (t) , R b α
a Dt fε (t)
ε ε
h i h i
è ïðàâûå b α
C
t Db fε (t) , Rb α
t Db fε (t) ïðîèçâîäíûå Ðèìàíà-Ëèó-
ε ε
âèëëÿ-Êîëîìáåàó ïîðÿäêà α, çàäàþòñÿ ôîðìóëàìè (290)

t
1 d n fε (τ ) dτ
C
b α
a Dt fε (t) = Γ(n−α) dt ∫ (t−τ +iγε )α+1−n
,
ε a ε

t
1 d n fε (τ ) dτ
R
b α
a Dt fε (t) = Γ(n−α) Re dt ∫ (t−τ +iγε )α+1−n
ε a ε
(290)
è (291)

b
1 d n fε (τ ) dτ
C
b α
t Db fε (t) = Γ(n−α) dt ∫ (t−τ +iγε )α+1−n
,
ε t ε

b
1 d n fε (τ ) dτ
R
b α
t Db fε (t) = Γ(n−α) Re dt ∫ (t−τ +iγε )α+1−n
ε t ε
(291)
ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ëåâûå
h i h i
C α
a CDt fε (t)
b , R α
a CDt fε (t)
b
ε ε
h i h i
è ïðàâûå C α
t CDb fε
b (t) , R α
t CDb fε (t)
b ïðîèçâîäíàÿ Êàïóòî-Êî-
ε ε
ëîìáåàó ïîðÿäêà α, çàäàþòñÿ ôîðìóëàìè (292)

t
1 n−α−1 d n
C
b α
a Dt fε (t) = Γ(n−α) ∫ (t − τ + iγε ) dτ fε (τ ) dτ ,
ε a ε

t
1 n−α−1 d n
b α
R

a Dt fε (t) = Γ(n−α) Re ∫ (t − τ + iγε ) dτ fε (τ ) dτ
ε a ε
(292)
è (293)

b
1 n−α−1 d n
b α
C

t Db fε (t) = Γ(n−α) ∫ (t − τ + iγε ) dτ fε (τ ) dτ ,
ε t ε

b
1 n−α−1 d n
R
b α
t Db fε (t) = Γ(n−α) Re ∫ (t − τ + iγε ) dτ fε (τ ) dτ
ε t ε
(293)
ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.
Ïóñòü çàäàí äðîáíûé Ëàãðàíæèàí

L t, qi ,a Dtα qi ,t Dbβ qi ,
(294)
à òàêæå äðîáíûé Ëàãðàíæèàí ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà

β
L t, qi ,C α C
a Dt qi ,t Db qi .
(295)
Òîãäà äðîáíûå óðàâíåíèÿ Ýéëåðà-Ëàãðàíæà äëÿ Ëàãðàíæèàíà (294)
èìåþò ñëåäóþùèé êàíîíè÷åñêèé âèä [37-39], [41-43]:
∂L
+ t Dbα ∂ ∂L
+ a Dtβ ∂ D∂L
=0
∂qi (a Dtα qi ) (t bβ qi )
i = 1, ..., n.
(296)
è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, äëÿ Ëàãðàíæèàíà (295) äðîáíûå óðàâíåíèÿ Ýéëåðà-
Ëàãðàíæà èìåþò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
∂L
+ t Dbα ∂ ∂L
+ a Dtβ ∂ C∂L = 0.
∂qi (Ca Dtα qi ) (t Dbβ qi )
i = 1, ..., n.
(297)

Ëàãðàíæèàí L t, qi ,a Dtα qi ,t Dbβ qi èíäóöèðóåò îáîáùåííîå ïðåîá-
ðàçîâàíèå Ëåæàíäðà ñîãëàñíî êàíîíè÷åñêîé ôîðìóëå
α ∂L
a Dt qi (t) → piα = ∂ (a Dtα qi )
,
α ∂L
t Db qi (t) → piβ = ∂ (t Dbβ qi )
.
(298)

β
a Dt qi ,t Db qi ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ëå-
Â ñëó÷àå Ëàãðàíæèàíà L t, qi ,C α C
æàíäðà èìååò âèä
α ∂L
a Dt qi (t) → piα = ∂ (C
,
a Dt qi )
α
α ∂L
t Db qi (t) → piβ = ∂ (C β .
t Db qi )
(299)
Ãàìèëüòîíèàí â ñëó÷àå Ëàãðàíæèàíà (294) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä

∂L β ∂L
H t, qi , piα , piβ = (a Dtα qi ) ∂ (a Dtα qi )
+ t Db qi ∂ (t Dbβ qi )
−L=

β
piα (a Dtα qi ) + piβ t D b qi − L,
(300)
à â ñëó÷àå Ëàãðàíæèàíà (295) Ãàìèëüòîíèàí èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä

∂L C β ∂L

H t, qi , piα , piβ = C α
a Dt qi ∂(
+ t D b qi β −L=
C Dα q
a t i ) ∂ (C
t Db qi )

C β

piα C α
a Dt qi + piβ t Db qi − L.
(301)
Äðîáíûå óðàâíåíèÿ Ãàìèëüòîíà â ñëó÷àå Ëàãðàíæèàíà (294) èìå-
þò ñëåäóþùèé âèä [41-43]:
∂H
∂t = − ∂L
∂t ,
∂H
∂piα = (a Dtα qi ) , ∂H
∂piβ
= (a Dtα qi ) ,

∂H α i α i

∂qi = a Dt pβ + t Db pα ,
(302)
à â ñëó÷àå Ëàãðàíæèàíà (295) äðîáíûå óðàâíåíèÿ Ãàìèëüòîíà èìåþò
∂H
= − ∂L ∂H ∂H
C α
C α

∂t ∂t , ∂piα = a Dt qi , ∂piβ
= a Dt qi ,

∂H α i α i

∂qi = a t β +
D p t Db pα .
(303)
Äðîáíûå óðàâíåíèÿ Ãàìèëüòîíà-ßêîáè â îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõ èìåþò êà-
íîíè÷åñêèé âèä [41-43]:
∂S
−H = ∂t .
(304)
Ïóñòü çàäàí ñèíãóëÿðíûé äðîáíûé Ëàãðàíæèàí

Lε t, qi ,C
b α C
b α
a Dt qi, ε ,t Db qi, ε ,
ε
h i (305)
ãäå ∀t ∈ R+ , Lε t, qi , piα , piβ ∈ G (Rn ) , à òàêæå ñèíãóëÿðíûé
ε
äðîáíûé Ëàãðàíæèàí ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà

Lε t, qi ,C
b CDα q ,C
a t i, ε
b CDα q
t b i, ε ,
ε
h i (306)
ãäå ∀t ∈ R+ , Lε t, qi , pα , pβ
i i
∈ G (R ) . Òîãäà äðîáíûå óðàâíå-
n
ε
íèÿ Ýéëåðà-Ëàãðàíæà â ñëó÷àå Ëàãðàíæèàíà (305) èìåþò ñëåäóþùèé
âèä
   

∂Lε b β  ∂Lε  = 0
b α  ∂Lε  + C
+ C
∂qi, ε t Db a Dt
ε C α
∂ a Dt qi, ε C Dβ q
∂ b b i, ε
b t
ε ε
(307)
è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, äëÿ Ëàãðàíæèàíà (306) äðîáíûå óðàâíåíèÿ Ýéëåðà-
Ëàãðàíæà èìåþò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
   

∂Lε b α  ∂Lε  +
+ C b β
C  ∂Lε  = 0.
∂qi, ε t Db a Dt
ε C CD α q
∂ b C CD α q
∂ b
a t i, ε t i, ε b
ε ε
(308)

Ëàãðàíæèàí Lε t, qi ,C
b α b β
C
èíäóöèðóåò îáîáùåí-
a Dt qi, ε ,t Db qi, ε
ε
íîå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ëåæàíäðà ñîãëàñíî êàíîíè÷åñêîé ôîðìóëå
 

=  ∂Lε  ,
b α
C

a Dt qi, ε (t) → piα, ε ε
ε C Dα q
∂ b
a t i, ε
 ε

C
b α
t Da qi, ε (t) → piβ, ε =  ∂Lε  .
ε ε C Dα q
∂ b
t a i, ε
ε
(309)

β
Â ñëó÷àå Ëàãðàíæèàíà Lε t, qi ,C
b α C
a CDt qi, ε ,t CDb qi, ε
b ïðåîáðà-
ε
çîâàíèå Ëåæàíäðà èìååò âèä
 

=  ∂Lε  ,
C
b α
a Dt qi, ε (t) → piα, ε ε
ε C CD α q
∂ b
a t i, ε
 ε

C
b α
t Da qi, ε (t) → piβ, ε =  ∂Lε  .
ε ε C CD β q
∂ b
t a i, ε
ε
(310)
Ãàìèëüòîíèàí äëÿ Ëàãðàíæèàíà (305) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä

Hε t, pi,ε , piα,ε , piβ,ε =
ε
   

C
b α
a Dt (qi,ε )ε  ∂Lε  + C
b t
a Db (qi,ε )ε
 ∂Lε  − (Lε )
ε
C Dα q
∂ b C Dβ q
∂ b
a t i,ε t b i,ε
ε ε
(Lε )ε =

piα,ε ε C b Dα (q ) + pi
a t i,ε ε β, ε
Cb Dt (q ) .
a b i,ε ε
ε
(311)
Ãàìèëüòîíèàí äëÿ Ëàãðàíæèàíà (306) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä

Hε t, qi, ε , piα, ε , piβ, ε =
ε
 

C
(qi, ε )ε  ∂Lε  +
α
a CDt
b
C CD α q
∂ b
a t i, ε
 ε
(312)


C β  ∂Lε  − (Lε )
b CDt (qi, ε )ε
b
C CD β q
ε
∂ b
t i, ε b
ε
(Lε )ε =

piα, ε ε C
b CDα (q ) + pi b CDβ (q ) .
C
a t i, ε ε β, ε b t i, ε ε
ε
Äðîáíûå óðàâíåíèÿ Ãàìèëüòîíà â ñëó÷àå Ãàìèëüòîíèàíà (305) èìå-

þò ñëåäóþùèé âèä

∂Hε ∂Lε ∂Hε

=− , = C b Dα (q ) ,
i, ε
a t
∂t ε ∂t ε i ε
∂pα, ε ε
∂H
= b β
C
(313)
∂piβ, ε t Db (qi, ε )ε ,

∂Hε
= C
b α piβ, ε + Cb Dβ pi .
∂qi, ε a Dt t b α, ε ε
ε ε
Äðîáíûå óðàâíåíèÿ Ãàìèëüòîíà â ñëó÷àå Ãàìèëüòîíèàíà (306) èìå-

þò ñëåäóþùèé âèä

∂Hε ∂Lε ∂Hε

=− , = C a
b CDα (q ) ,
i, ε
∂t ε ∂t ε
ε t
∂piα, ε ε
∂H C β
∂piβ, ε
= t CDb (qi, ε )ε ,
b

∂Hε
= C
b α piβ, ε + Cb Dβ pi .
∂qi, ε a Dt t b α, ε ε
ε ε
(314)
Äðîáíûå óðàâíåíèÿ Ãàìèëüòîíà-ßêîáè èìåþò ñëåäóþùèé êàíîíè-
÷åñêèé âèä
∂Sε

(Hε )ε = − ∂t ε
(315)
Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðåãóëÿðíîìó äðîáíîìó Ëàãðàíæèàíó

L t, qi ,a Dtα qi ,t Dbβ qi
èíòåãðàë ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì áûë ðàññìîòðåí ìíîãèìè àâòîðàìè, ñì., íà-

ïðèìåð [38].
Äðîáíûé Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé ïðîïàãàòîð K (xb tb |xa ta ) â ôîðìå èíòå-
ãðàëà ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
Kα (xb tb |xa ta ) =

n tb
D [qi (t)] exp h̄i ∫ L t, qi ,a Dtα qi ,t Dbβ qi dt .
Q
∫
qi (tb ) = xb i=1 ta
qi (ta ) = xa
(316)
Äðîáíûé Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé ïðîïàãàòîð (Kε (xb tb |xa ta ))ε â ôîðìå èí-
òåãðàëà ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì äëÿ ñèíãóëÿðíîãî Ëàãðàíæèàíà

Lε t, qi ,C
b α b β
C
a Dt qi, ε ,t Db qi, ε
ε

(Kε (xb tb |xa ta ))ε = hxb tb |xa ta iε =
ε
 
n

tb
Q
i C α C α
∫ D [qi,ε (t) , ε] × exp ∫ Lε
 t, qi,ε ,b

a Dt qi,ε ,t Da qi,ε dt  .
b
 h̄ε
qi, ε (tb ) = xb i=1 ta
qi,ε (ta ) = xa
ε
(317)

Äëÿ ñèíãóëÿðíîãî Ëàãðàíæèàíà LC t, q ,Cb CDα q ,C b CDβ q
ε i a t i, ε t b i, ε
ε
ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ìû èìååì

KεC (xb tb |xa ta ) = hxb tb |xa ta iC
ε =
ε ε
 
n

tb
Q
∫ i
∫ LC C α C α
 D [qi,ε (t) , ε] exp t, qi,ε ,b

a CDt qi,ε ,t CDa qi,ε dt 
b
 h̄ε ε
qi,ε (tb ) = xb i=1 ta
qi,ε (ta ) = xa
  ε
Qn 
∫ i
SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ]
=
 D [qi, ε (t) , ε] exp .
 h̄ε ε

qi,ε (tb ) = xb i=1
qi,ε (ta ) = xa
ε
(318)
Ãäå ìû îáîçíà÷èëè
tb
SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] ε = ∫ LC t, qi, ε ,C α C α

a CDt qi, ε ,t CDa qi, ε dt.
b b
ε
ta
Â äàëüíåéøåì ìû áóäåì ðàññìàòðèâàòü äðîáíûé ïðîïàãàòîð
(Kε (xb tb |xa ta ))ε
äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ñèíãóëÿðíîãî äðîáíîãî Ëàãðàíæèàíà ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà

b Dα q ,C
Lε t, qi, ε ,C b Dβ q =
ta t i, ε t tb i, ε
ε
n
2
m1 P C
b α
2 ta Dt qi, ε +
i=1 ε
n 2
m2 P b β
C
− (Vε (t, q1, ε ...qn, ε ))ε =
2 t Dtb qi, ε
i=1 ε
n 2 2
m1 m2
piα, ε piβ, ε
P
2 ε
+ 2 − (Vε (t, q1, ε ...qn, ε ))ε
i=1 ε
(319)
è äëÿ ëàãðàíæèàíà ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà, ñîäåðæàùåãî ïðîèçâîäíûå Êà-
ïóòî,

β
LC
ε t, qi, ε ,C α C
ta CDt qi ,t CDtb qi, ε
b b =
ε
n
2
m1 P C α
ta CDt qi, ε +
b
2
i=1 ε
n 2
m2 P C β
2 t CDtb qi, ε
b − (Vε (t, q1, ...qn ))ε =
i=1 ε
n 2 2
m1 m2
piα, ε piβ, ε
P
2 ε
+ 2 − (Vε (t, q1, ε ...qn, ε ))ε .
i=1 ε
(320)
Îòìåòèì, ÷òî äðîáíîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü òîëü-
êî äëÿ ïðîïàãàòîðà òèïà (317)-(328) ñ ëàãðàíæèàíîì âèäà (319)-(320)
è m2 = 0. Äëÿ ëàãðàíæèàíà òèïà (319) è (320) â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà
m1, 2 6= 0, Ôåéíìàíîâñêîå êâàíòîâàíèå íå ýêâèâàëåíòíî Øðåäèíãåðîâ-
ñêîìó êâàíòîâàíèþ.
Ðàññìîòðèì âàðèàöèþ òðàåêòîðèè (qε (t))ε = (q1, ε (t) , ..., qn, ε (t))ε ,
δ : (qε (t))ε → (qε (t))ε + (δqε (t))ε ñ çàêðåïëåííûìè êîíöàìè, òàê ÷òî
(δxε (tb ))ε = (δxε (ta ))ε = 0. Â ñèëó òðàíñëÿöèîííîé èíâàðèàíòíîñòè

èíòåãðàëà ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì ìû èìååì ñëåäóþùåå òîæäåñòâî
 
 
D [qε (t) , ε] exp h̄i SεC [qε (t) + δqε (t) , ta , tb ] ε  =

∫
 

 q (t ) = x 
ε b b
qε (ta ) = xa ε
 
 
D [qε (t) , ε] exp h̄i SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] ε  .

∫
 

 q (t ) = x 
ε b b
qε (ta ) = xa ε
(321)
n
Ãäå ìû îáîçíà÷èëè D [qε (t) , ε] = D [qi, ε (t) , ε] . Â ñèëó òîæäå-
Q
i=1
ñòâà (321) ìû èìååì
 
i 
∫ SεC [qε (t) + δqε (t) , ta , tb ] −
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp
 h̄ ε

qε (tb ) = xb
qε (ta ) = xa
ε
 
i 
∫ SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ]
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp =
 h̄ ε

qε (tb ) = xb
qε (ta ) = xa
ε
i
∫ D [qε (t) , ε] i
h̄ δSεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] exp h̄ SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] = 0.
ε ε
qε (tb ) = xb
qε (ta ) = xa
(322)
Â ñèëó òîæäåñòâà

δSεC [qε (t)] ε = SεC [qε (t) + δqε (t)] ε − SεC [qε (t)] ε =
n tb
∂LC
P h
∫ dt (δqi, ε (t))ε × ε
∂qi, ε +
i=1 ta ε
       
C
b α ∂LC b β
C ∂LC
t Dtb
  +
ε
ta Dt
   ,
ε
C Dα q
∂ b ∂ bC Dβ q
t t i, εa t t i, ε
b
ε ε
(323)
ìû ìîæåì çàïèñàòü ïîñëåäíåå ðàâåíñòâî â (322) â ñëåäóþùåì ýêâèâà-

ëåíòíîì âèäå
 
 
D [qε (t) , ε] exp h̄i SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] ε  ×

∫
 

 q (t ) = x 
ε b b
qε (ta ) = xa ε
i

h̄ δSεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] ε =
 
 
D [qε (t) , ε] exp h̄i SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] ε  ×

∫
 

 q (t ) = x 
ε b b
qε (ta ) = xa ε
n tb h ∂LCε
i
P
h̄ ∫ dt (δqi, ε (t))ε ∂qi, ε +
i=1 ta ε
       
b α
C ∂LC b β ∂LC
t Dtb
  + C
ε
ta Dt
  = 0. ε
C Dα q
∂ b C Dβ q
∂ b
t t i, ε a t t i, ε
b
ε ε
(324)
Â ñèëó ïðîèçâîëüíîñòè âàðèàöèè (δqε (t))ε , ìû èìååì îêîí÷àòåëüíî
ñëåäóþùèå òîæäåñòâà
 
h
∂LC
i 
∫ SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] i ε
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp +
 h̄ ε
 h̄ ∂qi, ε
qε (tb ) = xb ε
qε (ta ) = xa
ε
      
C α  ∂LC
ε C β  ∂LC
ε
t Dtb
b   + b
ta Dt
  = 0.
C Dα q
∂ b C Dβ q
∂ b
t t i, ε
a t t i, ε b
ε ε
i = 1, ..., n.
(325)
Ðàññìîòðèì
òåïåðü âàðèàöèþ òðàåêòîðèè
ε → (qε
δb : (qε (t)) (t))ε +
b ε (t) òàêóþ, ÷òî δq
δq b ε (ta ) = 0 è δq
b j, ε (tb ) 6= 0, δq b i, ε (tb ) = 0
ε ε ε ε
äëÿ i 6= j. Òîãäà ìû èìååì
D EC
C
xb + δqε (tb ) , tb |xa , ta
b − hxb , tb |xa , ta iε =
ε ε ε (326)

∂ C
∂xj, a hxb , tb |xa , ta iε δq
b j, ε (tb ) .
ε
Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ìû òàêæå èìååì ñëåäóþùåå ðàâåíñòâî

C
δ qε (tb ) , tb |xa , ta
xb + b − hxb , tb |xa , ta iC
ε =
ε ε
ε
 
i 
∫ SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] −
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp
 h̄ ε

qε (tb ) = xb + b
δ qε (tb )
qε (ta ) = xa
ε
 
i 
− ∫ SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb )]
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp =
h̄ ε

qε (tb ) = xb
qε (ta ) = xa
ε
 
i 
∫ SεC qε (t) + b −
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp δ qε (t) , ta , tb
 h̄ ε

qε (tb ) = xb
qε (ta ) = xa
ε
 
i 
− ∫ SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb )]
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp =
h̄ ε

qε (tb ) = xb
qε (ta ) = xa
ε
 
i 
i
∫ δ SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ]
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp .
h̄ h̄
 b 
ε ε
qε (tb ) = xb
qε (ta ) = xa
ε
(327)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìû èìååì

C
δ qε (tb ) , tb |xa , ta
xb + b − hxb , tb |xa , ta iC
ε =
ε ε
ε
 
i 
i
∫ δSεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ]
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp .
h̄  ε h̄ ε

qε (tb ) = xb
qε (ta ) = xa
ε
(328)
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.5.5. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî äëÿ ëþáîãî ε ∈ (0, 1] ðàâåíñòâà

(326) cïðàâåäëèâû äëÿ ëþáîãî t ∈ {t| |t − tb | ≤ δε } , ãäå δε → 0 åñëè
ε → 0. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìû èìååì
D EC
C
xb + δq
b ε (t) , t|xa , ta − hxb , t|xa , ta iε =
ε ε ε (329)

∂ C
∂xj, a hxb , t|xa , ta iε δq
b j, ε (tb ) + O ((δε ) )
ε
ε
è

C
xb + b
δ qε (t) , t|xa , ta − hxb , t|xa , ta iC
ε =
ε ε
ε
 
i 
i
∫ δSεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ]
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp +
h̄  ε h̄ ε

qε (t) = xb
qε (ta ) = xa
ε

+O (δε )ε .
(330)
Ïóñòü 0 < α < 1, 0 < β < 1, òîãäà âàðèàöèÿ äåéñòâèÿ
δSεC [qε (t) , ta , tb )] ε

ïðè
âûøåóêàçàííîé
âàðèàöèè òðàåêòîðèè δb : (qε (t))ε → (qε (t))ε +
b ε (t) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä [43], [71]:
δq
ε

δSεC [qε (t) , ta , tb )] ε =
h i
SεC qε (t) + δq
b ε (t) , ta , tb − SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] ε =
ε
 tb 

b Dα−1
C ∂LC
t tb
ε δqi, ε (t) −
b
∂ bC CD α q
ta t i, ε
ε ta
 tb


tb
∂LC

b Dβ−1
C  b ε

δqi, ε (t) + ∫ dt δq
b i, ε (t) ×
ta t

∂ bC CD β q ta ε
t tb i, ε
ε ta

∂LC ∂LC ∂LC

+ C
b α b β
C
t Dtb + ta Dt ,
ε ε ε
∂qi, ε ∂ (ta CDtα qi, ε ) ∂ β
t CDt qi, ε
ε ε b ε
(331)
ãäå è
b α−1
C b β−1
C
- äðîáíûå èíòåãðàëû ïîðÿäêîâ 1 − α è 1 − β
t Dtb ta Dt
ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.

Ïîäñòàâèâ â òîæäåñòâî (331) ãðàíè÷íîå óñëîâèå δq b ε (ta ) = 0, ìû
ε
ïîëó÷èì

δSεC [qε (t) , ta , tb )] ε =
h i
SεC qε (t) + δq
b ε (t) , ta , tb − SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb ] ε =
ε
 

b Dα−1
C ∂LC
t tb
ε
δq
b i, ε (t) −
C CD α q

∂ bta t i, ε
ε t=tb
 

Cb Dβ−1 ∂LCε 

δqi, ε (t)
b +
ta t

∂ b C CD β q
t tb i, ε
tb hε C t=tb
∂L
∫ dt δqi, ε (t) × ∂qi,εε +
b
ta ε ε
       
b α
C ∂LC b β ∂LC
t Dtb
  + C
ε
ta Dt
  . ε
C CD α q
∂ b ∂ C CD β q
b
t t i, ε
a t t i, ε
b
ε ε
(332)
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.5.6. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî äëÿ ëþáîãî ε ∈ (0, 1] ðàâåíñòâà
cïðàâåäëèâû äëÿ ëþáîãî t ∈ {t| |t − tb | ≤ δε } ñ òî÷íîñòüþ äî àääèòèâ-
íîãî ÷ëåíà ïîðÿäêà O ((δε )ε ) , ãäå ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] (0 < δε 1) . Òàêèì
îáðàçîì, äëÿ ëþáîãî t ∈ {t| |t − tb | ≤ δε } ìû
èìååì
δSεC [qε (t) , ta , t)] ε =
h i
SεC qε (t) + δq
b ε (t) , ta , t − SεC [qε (t) , ta , t] ε =
ε
 
b α−1
C ∂LC
b i, ε (tb ) −
t Dtb
 δq
ε
C CD α q
∂ b
t t i, ε
a
ε
 
tb
b β−1 ∂LCε
h C
C b i, ε (tb ) + ∫ dt δq
b i, ε (t) × ∂Lε
ta Dt
 δq ∂qi, ε +
C β t ε ε
∂ t CDt qi, ε
b a
b
ε
       
C
b α ∂LC b β ∂LC
t Dtb
  + C
ε
ta Dt
  + ε
C α
∂ t CDt qi, ε
b C CD β q
∂ b
a t t i, ε
b
ε ε
+O ((δε )ε ) .
(333)
Ïîäñòàâèâ ðàâåíñòâî (333) â ðàâåíñòâî (330), ìû ïîëó÷èì

C
xb + b
δ qε (t) , t|xa , ta − hxb , t|xa , ta iC
ε =
ε ε
ε
 
i 
i
∫ δSεC [qε (t) , ta , t] SεC [qε (t) , ta , t]
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp +
h̄  ε h̄ ε

qε (t) = xb
qε (ta ) = xa
ε

+O (δε )ε =
* +
i C α−1 ∂LCε
h̄ t Dtb
b  bδ qi, ε (tb ) −
∂ C
b CD α qi, ε
t t a
ε
* +
∂L C
i C β−1 ε
ta Dt δ qi, ε (tb ) +
h̄
b  b
∂ bC CD β q
t t i, ε b
ε

tb
h
∂LC
i
ε
h̄ ∫ dt b
δ qi, ε (t) × ∂qi, ε +
ε
ta ε
      +
∂LC C
C α 
t Dtb
b ε C
  + b β 
ta Dt
∂Lε   +
C CD α q
∂ b ∂ C CD β q
b
t t i, ε
a t t i, ε b
ε ε

+O (δε )ε .
(334)
Ó÷èòûâàÿ òåïåðü ðàâåíñòâî (325), â ñèëó (334) ìû ïîëó÷èì

δSεC [qε (t) , ta , t] ε =
D h i E

SεC qε (t) + δq
b ε (t) , ta , t − SεC [qε (t) , ta , t] ε =
ε
*  +
i b α−1
C ∂LC b i, ε (tb ) −
t Dtb δq
ε
(335)
h̄

C CD α q
∂ b
t t i, ε a
ε
*  +
i b β−1
C ∂LC
ta Dt δq
ε  b i, ε (tb ) + O ((δε ) ) .,
h̄ C CD β q
ε
∂ bt t i, ε
b
ε
i = 1, ..., n.
Îòêóäà, ó÷èòûâàÿ ðàâåíñòâî (329), ìû ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùåå ðàâåí-

ñòâî

∂ C
∂xj, b hxb , t|xa , ta iε δq
b j, ε (tb ) =
ε ε
 
 
D [qε (t) , ε] exp h̄i (Sε [qε (t) , ta , tb )])ε  ×

∫
 

 q (t) = x 
ε b
qε (ta ) = xi ε

i b α−1 j
C
(t) − C b β−1 pj (t)
t Dtb pα, ε ta Dt δq
b j, ε (tb ) + O ((δε ) ) .
h̄ β, ε ε
ε ε ε
(336)

Îòêóäà â ñèëó óñëîâèÿ δq
b j, ε (tb ) 6= 0, ìû îêîí÷àòåëüíî ïîëó÷àåì
ε

∂ C
∂xj, b hxb , t|xa , ta iε =
ε
 
 

∫
 

 q (t) = x 
ε b
qε (ta ) = xi ε

i b α−1 j
C
(t) − C b Dβ−1 pj (t)
h̄ t Dtb pα, ε ta t β, ε + O ((δε )ε ) .
ε ε
(337)
Ïóñòü òåïåðü â âûðàæåíèè (320) m2 = 0, m1 6= 0. Òîãäà â ñèëó
óðàâíåíèÿ (337) ìû èìååì

∂
∂xj, b hxb , t|xa , ta iC
ε =
ε
 
i 
i C α−1 j
∫
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp (Sε [qε (t) , ta , tb )])ε b D p (t)
 h̄  h̄ t tb α, ε
qε (tb ) = xb ε
qε (ta ) = xi
ε

+O (δε )ε .
(338)
Â ñëó÷àå, êîãäà m1 = 0, m2 6= 0, â ñèëó óðàâíåíèÿ (337) ìû èìååì
àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì

∂ C
∂xj, b hxb , t|xa , ta iε =
ε
 
 

∫
 

 q (t ) = x 
ε b b
qε (ta ) = xi ε

− h̄i Cb β−1 pj (t) + O ((δ ) ) .
ta Dt β, ε ε ε
ε
(339)
Ïðåäïîëîæèì, ÷òî
h i
C
∀ε ∈ (0, 1] ϕ (t) = hxb , t|xa , ta iε ∈ L1 ([ta , tb ]) .
Ïðèìåíèâ ê ïðàâîé è ëåâîé ÷àñòè ðàâåíñòâà (339) îïåðàòîð äðîá-

íîãî äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ b 1−β ïîðÿäêà 1 − β, â ñèëó ðàâåíñòâà
C
ta Dt
b D1−β C
C b Dβ−1 ϕ (t) = ϕ (t) + O ((γ ) ) ìû èìååì
ta t ta t ε ε

b 1−β ∂
C C
ta D t ∂xj, b hxb , t|xa , ta iε =
ε
 
 

∫
 

 q (t ) = x 
ε b b
qε (ta ) = xi ε

− h̄i pjβ, ε (t) + O ((δε )ε ) + O ((γε )ε ) .
ε
(340)
Ïîäñòàâèâ â (340) çíà÷åíèå t = tb , ìû îêîí÷àòåëüíî ïîëó÷àåì

b 1−β ∂
C C
ta Dtb ∂xj, b hxb , tb |xa , ta iε =
ε
 
 

∫
 

 q (t ) = x 
ε b b
qε (ta ) = xi ε

− h̄i pjβ, ε (tb ) + O ((δε )ε ) + O ((γε )ε ) .
ε
(341)
Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì â ñèëó ðàâåíñòâà (338) ìû èìååì

b 1−α ∂
C C
tb Dtb ∂xj, b hxb , tb |xa , ta iε =
ε
 
 

∫
 

 q (t ) = x 
ε b b
qε (ta ) = xi ε
i

h̄ pjα, ε (tb ) ε
+ O ((δε )ε ) + O ((γε )ε ) .
(342)
Ðàâåíñòâà (341) è
(342)î÷åâèäíî âûðàæàþò êîîðäèíàòíîå ïðåä-
ñòàâëåíèå îïåðàòîðîâ pbjβ, ε
ε
 
∂LC

pbjβ, ε = h̄
i
 ε 
ε ∂ bC CD β q
t a t i, ε
b
ε
(343)
è pbjα, ε

ε
 
∂LC
= − h̄i 

pbjα, ε ε
ε

∂ bC CD β q
t t i, ε
b b
ε
(344)
ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ó÷èòûâàÿ òåïåðü äðîáíûå óðàâíåíèÿ Ãàìèëüòîíà-ßêî-

áè (314), ìû èìååì
∂

∂tb hxb , tb |xa , ta iε =
ε
 
i 
∫ Hε t, pi, ε , piα, ε , piβ,ε
 D [qε (t) , ε] exp (Sε [qε (t) , ta , tb )])ε .
 h̄ ε

qε (tb ) = xb
qε (ta ) = xa
ε
(345)
Ïóñòü m2 = 0, m1 6= 0. Ó÷èòûâàÿ òåïåðü ÿâíûé âèä Ãàìèëüòîíèàíà

β
Hε t, qi, ε ,C α
ta CDt qi ,t Db qi, ε
b =
ε
n 2
m1
piα, ε
P
2 ε
+ (Vε (t, q1, ...qn ))ε
i=1
(346)
è ôîðìóëó (344) ìû ïîëó÷àåì óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñëåäóþùåãî âè-
äà
∂

ih̄ ∂t hx, t|xa , ta iε ε
=
2
1 b α h̄ ∂
C
2m1 t Dt i ∂xi (hx, t|xa , ta iε )ε + (Vε (x) hx, t|xa , ta iε )ε .
(347)
Ïóñòü òåïåðü m1 = 0, m2 6= 0. Ó÷èòûâàÿ òåïåðü ÿâíûé âèä Ãàìèëü-
òîíèàíà

β
Hε t, qi, ε ,C α C
ta CDt qi ,t CDtb , ε qi, ε
b b =
ε
n 2
m2
piβ, ε
P
2 + (Vε (t, q1, ...qn ))ε
i=1 ε
(348)
è ôîðìóëó (343), ìû ïîëó÷àåì óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñëåäóþùåãî
âèäà
∂

ih̄ ∂t hx, t|xa , ta iε ε
=
2
1 b α h̄ ∂
C
2m1 ta Dt i ∂xi (hx, t|xa , ta iε )ε + (Vε (x) hx, t|xa , ta iε )ε .
(349)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.5.7. Ïóñòü
t
1 n−α−1 d n
C
b α
ta Dt, ε f (t) = Γ(n−α) ∫ (t − τ + iγε ) dτ f (τ ) dτ,
ta
(350)
è
I
E (Rn ) = (C ∞ (Rn × R+ )) , I = (0, 1] ,
∆
n Eα n
(R × R+ ) =
M
⊂ n
n
(uε )ε ∈ E (R × R+ ) | ∀K K6= R × R+ ∀α (α ∈ Nn0 ) ∃p (p ∈ N)

b Dα ∂ α u (x, t) | = O(ε−p ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 ,
sup |C
ta t, ε ε
x∈K
n
∆ ⊂
Nα (Rn × R+ ) = (uε )ε | ∀K K6= M , ∀α (α ∈ Nn0 ) ∀q (q ∈ N )

b Dα ∂ α u (x)| = O(εq ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 .
sup |C
ta t, ε ε
x∈K
Gα (Rn × R+ ) = Eα n n
M (R × R+ ) /N α (R × R+ ).
(351)
Ýëåìåíòû ìíîæåñòâà Eα n
M (R × R+ ) íàçûâàþòñÿ îãðàíè÷åííû-
ìè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòÿìè, à ýëåìåíòû ìíîæåñòâà Nα (Rn × R+ ) íà-
çûâàþòñÿ ïðèíåáðåæèìûìè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòÿìè. Eα M (R × R+ ) ýòî
n
äèôôåðåíöèàëüíàÿ àëãåáðà ñ ïîòî÷å÷íî çàäàííûìè îïåðàöèÿìè. Îò-

ìåòèì, ÷òî Eα M (R × R+ ) ýòî ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïîäàëãåáðà â E (R × R+ ) ,
n n
äëÿ êîòîðîé ïîäàëãåáðà Nα (R+ × Rn ) åñòü äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûé èäåàë.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, Gα (Rn × R+ ) - êîììóòàòèâíàÿ è àññîöèàòèâíàÿ äèô-
ôåðåíöèàëüíàÿ àëãåáðà. Ýëåìåíòû àëãåáðû Gα (Rn ) ìû îáîçíà÷àåì
[(uε )ε ] èëè cl {(uε )ε } , ãäå (uε (x, t))ε ïðåäñòàâèòåëü ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî
êëàññà ýêâèâàëåíòíîñòè.
Òåîðåìà 15.5.3. Ïóñòü H -ñåïàðàáåëüíîå Ãèëüáåðòîâî ïðîñòðàí-
ñòâî ñî ñêàëÿðíûì ïðîèçâåäåíèåì h·, ·i . Ðàññìîòðèì ñëåäóþùóþ îáîá-
ùåííóþ çàäà÷ó Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà òèïà (349). Çàïèøåì
ýòî óðàâíåíèå â ñëåäóþùåé îáùåé ôîðìå.
∂Ψα

ε (t) b ε, α (t) Ψα
−i h̄ε ∂t + H ε (t) = 0,
ε ε
(Ψε (0))ε = (Ψ0, ε (x))ε , x ∈ Rn ,

(352)
ãäå ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] Ψε (t) : R → H è îïåðàòîð Hε, α (t) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé
âèä
n 2
h̄2 P C α ∂
Hε, α (t) = − 2m
ε b
ta Dε, t ∂xi + Vε (x, t) .
i=1
(353)
, k ∈ N, åñëè ε → 0. Ïóñòü òàêæå âûïîëíåíû ñëåäóþùèå
k

h̄ε ≤ O ε
óñëîâèÿ:
(i) cl {(Vε (x, t))ε } ∈ Gα (Rn × R+ ) ,
(ii) ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] è ∀t ∈ R+ îïåðàòîð Hε, α (t) ñàìîñîïðÿæåí â ñó-
ùåñòâåííîì íà ïëîòíîì â H ìíîæåñòâå âåêòîðîâ Dα t, ε , ãäå
α
T
ε = t∈R+ D
Dα
t, ε = D (H ε, α (t)) ,

b ε, α (t) ýòî çàìûêàíèå îïåðàòîðà Hε, α (t)
â H,
(iv) cl (Ψ0, ε (x))ε ∈ G (Rn ) .


(Ψαε (x, t; h̄ε ))ε , è ýòî ðåøåíèå ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü â çàìêíóòîé ôîðìå
â âèäå îáîáùåííîãî Ôåéíìàíîâñêîãî èíòåãðàëà ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì
(Ψα
ε (x, t; h̄ε ))ε =
n h n
io Q
C
∫ Ψ0, ε (qε (0)) exp i
h̄ε Sε b CD α t, ε qε (τ ) , qε (τ ) , t D [qi, ε (τ )] ,
0
qε (t)=x i=1 ε
h i t
h 2 i
C α C
Sε b
0 D t, ε qε (τ ) , qε (τ ) , t = ∫ m b
2 CD α0 τ, ε qε (τ ) − Vε (qε (τ ) , τ ) dτ.
0
(354)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.5.8. Îáîáùåííîå ðåøåíèå (Ψαε (x, t; h̄ε ))ε íàçûâàåò-
ñÿ îáîáùåííûì ðåøåíèåì â ñìûñëå íåëèíåéíûõ îáîáùåííûõ ôóíêöèé
èëè ðåøåíèåì Êîëîìáåàó [35].
Ðàññìîòðèì çàäà÷ó âû÷èñëåíèÿ òî÷íîé êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêîé àñèìï-
òîòèêè ( h̄ε → 0, åñëè ε → 0 ) ñðåäíåãî çíà÷åíèÿ îïåðàòîðà êîîðäèíàòû
∫ xi |Ψα 2
ε (x, t, x0 ;h̄ε )| d x
Rn
hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε , αi = ∫ |Ψα (x, t, x0 ;h̄ε )|2 d x
,
Rn
i = 1, ..., n.
(355)
Òåîðåìà 15.5.4. Ïóñòü 0 < α < 1. Ðàññìîòðèì îáîáùåííóþ çàäà÷ó
p
Êîøè (352) ñ íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì (Ψ0, ε (x))ε = Ψε (x, x0 ) , ãäå
ε
ηεn/2
2

Ψε (x, x0 ) = n/2 exp − ηε (x−x
h̄ε
0)
,
(2π)n/2 h̄ε
0 < h̄ε ηε 1, h̄ε → 0 5A; 8 ε → 0.

(356)
Ïóñòü Vε (x, t)|ε=0 = V (x, t) : R × R+ → R è ïðè ëþáîì ôèêñè-
n
ðîâàííîì t ∈ R+ ôóíêöèÿ V (x, t) åñòü ïîëèíîì îò ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûõ

ïåðåìåííûõ x = (x1 , ...xn ) , ò. å.
gα (t) xα , α = (i1 , ..., in ) , kαk =

P P
V (x, t) = r=1 ir , i = 1, ..., n,
kαk≤n

(357)
uε (τ, t, λ, x, α) = (u1, ε (τ, t, λ, x, α) , ..., un, ε (τ, t, λ, x, α))
ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé ëèíåéíîé êðàåâîé çàäà÷è

C
b α α C T
τ Dt, ε CD u (τ, t, λ, x, α) =
b
0 τ, ε ε
(358)
h 0 iT
Hess [V (λ, τ )] uT
ε (τ, t, λ, x, α) + V (λ, τ ) ,
uε (0, t, λ, x, y, α) = y, uε (t, t, λ, x, α) = x,
ãäå
λ = (λ1 , ..., λn ) , uT
ε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α) =
T
(u1, ε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α) , ..., un, ε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α)) , (359)
h 0 i
V (λ, τ ) = ∂V∂x (x, τ )
1
, ..., ∂V (x, τ )
∂xn
x=λ
è Hess [V (λ, τ )] ýòî Ãåññèàí îòîáðàæåíèÿ V (·, τ ) : Rn → R, âû÷èñ-

ëåííûé â òî÷êå x= λ, ò.å.
h i
∂ 2 V (x, τ )
Hessij [V (λ, τ )] = ∂xi ∂xj .
x=λ
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç S (t, λ, x, y) ôóíêöèþ, çàäàííóþ ñëåäóþùåé ôîð-

ìóëîé
Sα, ε (t, λ, x, y) =
t
C α
∫L
bε b
0
CDτ, ε uε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α) , uε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α) , τ dτ,
0
(360)
ãäå

b C
L b CDα u (τ, t, λ, x, y, α) , u (τ, t, λ, x, y, α) , τ =
0 τ, ε ε ε
2
C
b CD α
τ, ε uε (τ, t, λ, x, y,α)
0
m 2 − Vb (uε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α) , τ ) ,
Vb (uε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α) , τ ) =
uε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α) Hess [V (λ, τ )] uTε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α) +

h 0 i
V (λ, τ ) uT ε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α) .
(361)
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç = ycr,ε (t, λ, x, α) ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñèñòå-
α
ycr,ε
h i
∂Sα, ε (t, λ, x, y)
∂yi = 0.
y=yα
cr, ε
i = 1, ..., n.
(362)
Îáîçíà÷èì äàëåå ÷åðåç x b ε (t, x0 , λ, α) ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé
bα, ε = u
ñèñòåìû ëèíåéíûõ àëãåáðàè÷åñêèõ óðàâíåíèé
α b) + λ − x0 = 0.
ycr,ε (t, λ, x
(363)
òî÷êà x b ε (t, x0 , λ, α) íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîêàëüíîé òî÷êîé íà òðà-
bα, ε = u
åêòîðèè, çàäàííîé ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ðåøåíèåì êðàåâîé çàäà÷è (358).
Òîãäà äëÿ ÊÌ ñðåäíåãî (355) ñïðàâåäëèâî ñëåäóþùåå íåðàâåíñòâî
lim inf |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε , αi − λi | ≤ |b

ui, ε (t, x0 , λ, α)| , i = 1, ..., n.
h̄ε →0, ε→0
(364)
15.6. Ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ... 117

u
bi, ε (t, x0 , λ, α) = 0.
(365)
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.5.7. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî â íåðàâåíñòâå (15.5.100) íèæ-
íèé ïðåäåë lim inf h̄ε →0, ε→0 |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε , αi − λi | â îáøåì ñëó÷àå íåëü-
çÿ çàìåíèòü ïðîñòûì ïðåäåëîì limh̄ε →0, ε→0 |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε i − λi | . Âñëåä-
ñòâèå ýòîãî ñèñòåìà (365) â îáùåì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìíîæåñòâî ðåøåíèé.
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.5.8. Äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà (15.5.82) ñïðàâåä-
ëèâà àíàëîãè÷íàÿ òåîðåìà. Ïðè ýòîì âìåñòî óðàâíåíèÿ (358) íåîáõî-
äèìî âçÿòü óðàâíåíèå ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà

C
b α C α T
0 Dτ, ε τ CDt, ε uε
(τ, t, λ, x, α) = (366)
b
h 0 iT
ε (τ, t, λ, x, α) + V (λ, τ ) .
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.5.9. Äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ñèíãóëÿðíîãî äðîáíîãî Ëàãðàíæè-

àíà (319) îáùåãî âèäà, ò. å. m1, 2 6= 0 ÊÌ ñðåäíèå (355) ïî îïðåäåëå-
íèþ Ôåéíìàíîâñêîãî êâàíòîâàíèÿ âûðàæàþñÿ êàíîíè÷åñêèì îáðàçîì
÷åðåç ïðîïàãàòîð (328). Ïðè ýòîì âìåñòî óðàâíåíèÿ (358) íåîáõîäèìî
âçÿòü óðàâíåíèå ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà

C
b α C α T
τ Dt, ε CD u (τ, t, λ, x, α) +
b
τ, ε ε
0
b α
C C
0 Dτ, ε
b CDα uT (τ, t, λ, x, α) =
τ t, ε ε
h 0 iT
ε (τ, t, λ, x, α) + V (λ, τ ) .
(367)
15.6. Ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñ

îïåðàòîðîì äðîáíîãî äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ïî âðåìåíè.
Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé èíòåãðàë ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì äëÿ îáîáùåííîãî
Ëàãðàíæèàíà, ñîäåðæàùåãî îïåðàòîðû äðîáíîãî
äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ïî âðåìåíè.
Â ýòîì ïàðàãðàôå ìû áóäåì ðàññìàòðèâàòü äðîáíûé ïðîïàãàòîð

(Kε (xb tb |xa ta ; ω))ε äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîãî ñèíãóëÿðíîãî äðîáíîãî
Ëàãðàíæèàíà ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà

Lε t, qi, ε ,C
b α b β
C
ta Dt qi, ε ,t Dtb qi, ε , ω =
ε
n
2 n
2
m1 P b α
C m2 P b β
C
−
2 ta Dt qi, ε + 2 t Dtb qi, ε
i=1 ε i=1 ε
(Vε (t, q1, ε ...qn, ε , ω))ε =
n 2 2
m1 m2
piα, ε piβ, ε
P
2 ε
+ 2 − (Vε (t, q1, ε ...qn, ε , ω))ε
i=1 ε
(368)
è äëÿ ëàãðàíæèàíà ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà, ñîäåðæàùåãî ïðîèçâîäíûå Êà-
ïóòî

LC t, q , C b CDβ q , ω
b CDα q ,C =
ε i, ε ta t i t tb i, ε
ε
n
2 n
2
m1 P C α m2 P C β
2 ta CDt qi, ε
b + 2 t CDtb qi, ε
b −
i=1 ε i=1 ε
(Vε (t, q1, ε, ...qn, ε , , ω))ε =
n 2 2
m1 m2
piα, ε piβ, ε
P
2 ε
+ 2 − (Vε (t, q1, ε ...qn, ε , ω))ε .
i=1 ε
(369)
Äðîáíûé Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé ïðîïàãàòîð (Kε (xb tb |xa ta ))ε â ôîðìå èí-
òåãðàëà ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì äëÿ ñèíãóëÿðíîãî Ëàãðàíæèàíà

Lε t, qi ,C
b α b β
C
a Dt qi, ε ,t Db qi, ε , ω
ε

(Kε (xb tb |xa ta , ω))ε = hxb tb |xa ta , ωiε =
ε
 
" #
 R n
Q i
Rtb
C α C α


 D [qi,ε (t) , ε] exp h̄ε Lε a Dt qi,ε ,t Da qi,ε , ω
t, qi,ε ,b b dt  .
qi,ε (ta ) = xa
ε
(370)
Äëÿ ñèíãóëÿðíîãî Ëàãðàíæèàíà

β
LC
ε t, qi ,C α C
a CDt qi, ε ,t CDb qi, ε , ω
b b
ε

KεC (xb tb |xa ta , ω) = hxb tb |xa ta , ωiC
ε =
ε ε
 
" #
n tb h i
R Q R
i
LC C α C α
=
a CDt qi,ε ,t CDa qi,ε , ω dt
b
 h̄ε ε 
qi,ε (ta ) = xa
ε
 
R n
Q 
i
SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb , ω]
=
 D [qi,ε (t) , ε] exp .
 h̄ε ε

qi,ε (ta ) = xa
ε
(371)
Äëÿ ñèíãóëÿðíîãî Ëàãðàíæèàíà

β
LC
ε t, qi ,C α C
a CDt qi, ε ,t CDb qi, ε , ω
b b
ε

KεC (xb tb |xa ta , ω) = hxb tb |xa ta , ωiC
ε =
ε ε
 
" #
n tb h i
R Q R
i
LC C α C α

a CDt qi,ε ,t CDa qi,ε , ω dt  =
b
 h̄ε ε
qi,ε (tb ) = xbi=1 ta
qi,ε (ta ) = xa
ε
 
n
Q 
∫ i
SεC [qε (t) , ta , tb , ω]
=
 D [qi,ε (t) , ε] exp .
 h̄ε ε

qi,ε (ta ) = xa
ε
(372)
Ãäå ìû îáîçíà÷èëè
Ztb
SεC LC Cb CDα q ,C b CDα q , ω dt.

[qε (t) , ta , tb , ω] ε
= ε t, q i, ε ,a t i, ε t a i, ε
ta
Îòìåòèì, ÷òî ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå äðîáíîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ìîæ-

íî ïîëó÷èòü òîëüêî äëÿ ïðîïàãàòîðà òèïà (370) è (372) ñ ëàãðàíæèà-
íîì âèäà (368) è (369), ãäå m1 = 0 ∨ m2 = 0 . Äëÿ ëàãðàíæèàíà òèïà
(368) è (369) â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà m1, 2 6= 0 Ôåéíìàíîâñêîå êâàíòîâà-
íèå, êàê áûëî îòìå÷åíî â ïðåäûäóùåì ïàðàãðàôå, íå ýêâèâàëåíòíî
Øðåäèíãåðîâñêîìó êâàíòîâàíèþ.
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.6.1. Íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî îïåðàòîð äðîáíîãî
äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ïîðÿäêà α îò îáîáùåííîãî ñëó÷àéíîãî ïðîöåññà
n (0, ∞] íå ìîæåò áûòü ââåäåí íåïîñðåäñòâåííî êàê â

cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ GΩ
äåòåðìèíèðîâàííîì ñëó÷àå, à îáëàäàåò äîïîëíèòåëüíîé íåòðèâèàëü-
íîé ñïåöèôèêîé. Ñ öåëüþ ïîëíîòû èçëîæåíèÿ, ìû ïðèâîäèì íèæå
íåîáõîäèìûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ, ñëåäóÿ â îñíîâíîì ðàáîòå [35].
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.6.1. [35]. Ïóñòü cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ GΩn (0, ∞] . Ïðîèç-
âîäíàÿ Êàïóòî 0 Dt ξε (t) ε ïîðÿäêà α îò ïðîèçâîëüíîãî ïðåäñòàâè-
C α
òåëÿ (ξε (t))ε îáîáùåííîãî ñëó÷àéíîãî ïðîöåññà cl [(ξε (t))ε ] îïðåäåëåíà

êàê

t
1 ξε(m) (τ ) dτ
∫ , m − 1 < α < m,


Γ(m−α) (t−τ )α+1−m


C α
0 ε
0 D t ξε (t) ε
=

(m) dm

ξε (t) = dtm ξε (t) ε , α = m ∈ N.


ε
(373)
Ïðåäëîæåíèå 15.6.1. [35]. (i) Ïóñòü cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ (0, ∞] . Òî- GΩ
n
ãäà äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ω ∈ Ω äëÿ ëþáîãî T > 0 è äëÿ ëþáîãî α > 0 :
∃ (C > 0) , ∃N (N > 0) , ∃ε0 (ε0 ∈ (0, 1]) òàêèå, ÷òî äëÿ ëþáîãî ε ≤ ε0
âûïîëíåíî íåðàâåíñòâî
−N
sup C α
0 Dt ξε (t, ω) ≤ Cε
.
t∈[0, T ]
(374)
(ii) Ïóñòü (ξ1, ε (t))ε ∈ cl [(ξε (t))ε ] è (ξ2, ε (t))ε ∈ cl [(ξε (t))ε ] , ãäå
n (0, ∞] . Òîãäà äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ω ∈ Ω äëÿ ëþáîãî T > 0,
cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ GΩ
äëÿ ëþáîãî q ∈ N è äëÿ ëþáîãî α > 0 : ∃ (C > 0) , ∃ε0 (ε0 ∈ (0, 1])
òàêèå, ÷òî äëÿ ëþáîãî ε ≤ ε0 âûïîëíåíî íåðàâåíñòâî
C α C α

sup 0 Dt ξ1, ε (t, ω) − 0 Dt ξ2, ε (t, ω) ≤ Cεq .
t∈[0, T ]
(375)
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.6.2. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî â ñèëó Ïðåäëîæåíèÿ 15.6.1 Ïðî-
èçâîäíàÿ Êàïóòî C 0 Dt ξε (t) ε ïîðÿäêà α îò ïðîèçâîëüíîãî ïðåäñòà-
α

âèòåëÿ îáîáùåííîãî ñëó÷àéíîãî ïðîöåññà cl [(ξε (t))ε ] îïðåäåëÿåò ýëå-

ìåíò àëãåáðû GΩ (0, ∞] (ñì. ïàð. 15.4, Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.4.15), ò. å.
n, C 0 Ω
cl C 0 D α
t εξ (t) ε
∈ G n, C 0 (0, ∞] .
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.6.2. [35].

Ïóñòü cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ Gn (0, ∞] . Ïðîèç-
Ω
âîäíàÿ Êàïóòî cl 0 Dt ξε (t) ε ïîðÿäêà α > 0 îò îáîáùåííîãî ñëó-

C α
÷àéíîãî ïðîöåññà cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ýòî ýëåìåíò àëãåáðû GΩ

n, C 0 (0, ∞] , óäî-
âëåòâîðÿþùèé óñëîâèÿì (373).
Ïðåäëîæåíèå 15.6.2. [35]. (i) Ïóñòü

cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ Gn (0, ∞] . Òî-
Ω
ãäà äëÿ m − 1 < α < m cl C α

0 Dt ξε (t) ε ∈ n (0, ∞] , ãäå m ∈ N, åñëè
GΩ
(m) (m+1) (m+2)
ξε (0) = ξε (0) = ξε (0) = ... = 0.
(ii) Ïóñòü ξε (0) = 0 äëÿ ëþáîãî m ∈ N, òîãäà cl
(m) C α

0 Dt ξε (t) ε
∈
Gn (0, ∞] äëÿ ëþáîãî α > 0.
Ω
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.6.3. Â ñèëó Ïðåäëîæåíèÿ 15.6.2 ïðîèçâîäíàÿ Êà-

ïóòî cl C 0 Dt ξε (t) ïîðÿäêà α îò îáîáùåííîãî ñëó÷àéíîãî ïðîöåññà
α

cl [(ξε (t))ε ] åñòü îáîáùåííûé ñëó÷àéíûé ïðîöåññ Êîëìáåàó, â òîì è
òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè cl [(ξε (t))ε ] óäîâëåòâîðÿåò íåêîòîðûì ñïåöè-
àëüíûì óñëîâèÿì.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.6.3. [35]. Ïóñòü cl[(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ GΩn . Ðåãóëÿðè-
çîâàííàÿ ïðîèçâîäíàÿ Êàïóòî C bα
0 D t ξε (t) ïîðÿäêà α > 0 îò ïðî-
ε
èçâîëüíîãî ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ (ξε (t))ε îáîáùåííîãî ñëó÷àéíîãî ïðîöåññà
cl [(ξε (t))ε ] îïðåäåëåíà êàê
 C α


 0 Dt ξε (t) ∗ ϕε (t) ε
, m − 1 < α < m,
C bα
0 Dt ξε (t) =
ε (m) dm

ξε (t) = dtm ξε (t) ε , α = m ∈ N,


ε
(376)
ãäå

t
C α C α
0 Dt ξε (t) ∗ ϕε (t) ε = ∫ ds 0 Dt ξε (s) ϕε (t − s) ,
0 ε
(ϕε (t))ε = δ (t) .

(377)
Ïðåäëîæåíèå 15.6.3. [35]. (i) Ïóñòü cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ GΩn . Òîãäà äëÿ
ëþáîãî α > 0 è ëþáîãî k = 0, 1, 2, ..., äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ω ∈ Ω, äëÿ ëþáîãî
T > 0 : ∃ (C > 0) , ∃N (N > 0) , ∃ε0 (ε0 ∈ (0, 1]) òàêèå, ÷òî äëÿ ëþáîãî
ε ≤ ε0 âûïîëíåíî íåðàâåíñòâî
k
≤ Cε−N .
d C bα
sup dt D ξ (t)

k 0 t ε
t∈[0, T ]
(378)
(ii) Ïóñòü (ξ1, ε (t))ε ∈ cl [(ξε (t))ε ] è (ξ2, ε (t))ε ∈ cl [(ξε (t))ε ] . Òîãäà
äëÿ ëþáîãî α > 0 è ëþáîãî k = 0, 1, 2, ... äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ω ∈ Ω äëÿ
ëþáîãî q ∈ N, äëÿ ëþáîãî T > 0 : ∃ (C > 0) , ∃ε0 (ε0 ∈ (0, 1]) òàêèå, ÷òî
äëÿ ëþáîãî ε ≤ ε0 âûïîëíåíî íåðàâåíñòâî
k
d dk
C α
C α
sup dtk 0 Dt ξ1, ε (t, ω) − dtk 0 Dt ξ2, ε (t, ω) ≤ Cεq .
t∈[0, T ]
(379)
Ïðåäëîæåíèå 15.6.4. i n îáîáùåí-
[35]. ( ) Ïóñòü cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ GΩ
íûé ñëó÷àéíûé ïðîöåññ. Òîãäà ∃ (C > 0) , ∃N (N > 0) , ∃ε0 (ε0 ∈ (0, 1])
òàêèå, ÷òî äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ω ∈ Ω äëÿ ëþáîãî ôèêñèðîâàííîãî α > 0
è ëþáîãî α0 ∈ N ïðè ëþáîì T > 0 äëÿ ëþáîãî ε ≤ ε0 ñïðàâåäëèâî
íåðàâåíñòâî
C α+α0

(t) ≤ Cε−N .

sup 0 Dt ξε
t∈[0, T ]
(380)
(ii) Ïóñòü (ξ1, ε (t))ε ∈ cl [(ξε (t))ε ] è (ξ2, ε (t))ε ∈ cl [(ξε (t))ε ] . Òîãäà
∃ (C > 0) , ∃ε0 (ε0 ∈ (0, 1]) òàêèå, ÷òî äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ω ∈ Ω äëÿ ëþáîãî
q ∈ N, ëþáîãî ôèêñèðîâàííîãî α > 0 è ëþáîãî α0 ∈ N ïðè ëþáîì
T > 0 äëÿ ëþáîãî ε ≤ ε0 ñïðàâåäëèâî íåðàâåíñòâî
C α+α0 C α+α0

sup 0 Dt ξ1, ε (t, ω) − 0 Dt ξ2, ε (t, ω) ≤ Cεq .
t∈[0, T ]
(381)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.6.4. Ïóñòü cl [(ξε (t))
ε ] ∈ Gn - îáîáùåííûé ñëó-
Ω
÷àéíûé ïðîöåññ. Ïðîèçâîäíàÿ Êàïóòî cl C 0 Dt ξε (t) ïîðÿäêà α îò îáîá-

α
ùåííîãî ñëó÷àéíîãî ïðîöåññà cl [(ξε (t))ε ] èìååò òèï Êîëîìáåàó, åñëè

ñïðàâåäëèâî íåðàâåíñòâî (380).
Ïðåäëîæåíèå 15.6.5. Ïóñòü cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ GΩn îáîáùåííûé ñëó-
÷àéíûé ïðîöåññ. Òîãäà äëÿ ëþáîãî α > 0 ïðîèçâîäíàÿ Êàïóòî
cl C α

0 Dt ξ2, ε (t)
èìååò òèï Êîëîìáåàó.

Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.6.5. Ïóñòü cl [(ξε (t))
ε ] ∈ Gn îáîáùåííûé ñëó-
Ω
÷àéíûé ïðîöåññ. Ïðîèçâîäíàÿ Êàïóòî cl C 0 Dt ξε (t) ïîðÿäêà α îò îáîá-

α
ùåííîãî ñëó÷àéíîãî ïðîöåññà cl [(ξε (t))ε ] íàçûâàåòñÿ äðîáíûì ïðîèç-

âîäíûì ñëó÷àéíûì ïðîöåññîì
C α ïîðÿäêà α , åñëè äëÿ ëþáîãî ïðåäñòàâè-
òåëÿ C äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ω ∈ Ω äëÿ ëþáîãî
α

0 Dt ξ ε (t) ε
∈ cl 0 Dt ξ ε (t) ,
β ≥ 0 è ëþáîãî T > 0 : ∃ (C > 0) , ∃N (N > 0) , ∃ε0 (ε0 ∈ (0, 1]) òàêèå,
÷òî äëÿ ëþáîãî ε ≤ ε0 ñïðàâåäëèâî íåðàâåíñòâî
(382)

β
sup C0 Dt
C α
0 Dt ξε (t) ≤ Cε−N .

t∈[0, T ]
Ïðåäëîæåíèå 15.6.6. Ïóñòü cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ GΩn - îáîáùåííûé ñëó-

÷àéíûé ïðîöåññ è ïóñòü α > 0. Åñëè β ∈ 0 Dt ξε (t) ε ÿâëÿåò-
/ N, òî C α

ñÿ äðîáíûì ïðîèçâîäíûì ñëó÷àéíûì ïðîöåññîì, åñëè è òîëüêî åñëè
(j)
ξε (t) = 0, äëÿ âñåõ j = 1, 2, ... .
(j)
÷àéíûé ïðîöåññ, äëÿ êîòîðîãî âûïîëíåíî óñëîâèå ξε (t) = 0, äëÿ âñåõ
j = 1, 2, ... è ïóñòü òàêæå âûïîëíåíû óñëîâèÿ (ξ1, ε (t))ε ∈ cl [(ξε (t))ε ]
è (ξ2, ε (t))ε ∈ cl [(ξε (t))ε ] . Òîãäà äëÿ âñåõ α, β > 0 : ∃ (C > 0) ,
∃ε0 (ε0 ∈ (0, 1]) òàêèå, ÷òî äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ω ∈ Ω äëÿ ëþáîãî q ∈ N,
ïðè ëþáîì T > 0 äëÿ ëþáîãî ε ≤ ε0 ñïðàâåäëèâî íåðàâåíñòâî

β C α C α
sup Dt 0 Dt ξ1, ε (t, ω) − 0 Dt ξ2, ε (t, ω) ≤ Cεq .
t∈[0, T ]
(383)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.6.6. Ïóñòü cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ - îáîáùåííûé ñëó- GΩ
n
÷àéíûé ïðîöåññ. Ìû áóäåì ãîâîðèòü, ÷òî ïðîèçâîäíàÿ Êàïóòî
cl C α

0 Dt ξε (t)
ïîðÿäêà α îò îáîáùåííîãî ñëó÷àéíîãî ïðîöåññà cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ÿâëÿåòñÿ

ïðîèçâîäíîé Êîëîìáåàó ïîðÿäêà α îò îáîáùåííîãî ñëó÷àéíîãî ïðîöåñ-
ñà cl [(ξε (t))ε ], åñëè ñïðàâåäëèâî íåðàâåíñòâî (382).
÷àéíûé ïðîöåññ
è ïóñòü α > 0. Åñëè α ∈
/ N, òî ïðîèçâîäíàÿ Êàïóòî
0 Dt ξε (t) ε ïîðÿäêà α ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîèçâîäíîé Êîëîìáåàó ïîðÿäêà

cl C α
(j)
α îò îáîáùåííîãî ñëó÷àéíîãî ïðîöåññà cl [(ξε (t))ε ] , åñëè ξε (0) , äëÿ
âñåõ j = 1, 2, ... .
Ïóñòü ξ (t) = cl [(ξε (t))ε ] ∈ GΩ
n - îáîáùåííûé ñëó÷àéíûé ïðîöåññ
è ïóñòü α > 0. Ðàññìîòðèì ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñ
äðîáíîé ïðîèçâîäíîé ïî âðåìåíè
∂

i (h̄ε )ε ∂t hx, t|xa , ta , ωiε =
ε
2
C (h̄ε )ε ∂
1
2m1
b
ta Dα t, ε i ∂xi hx, t|xa , ta , ωiε + Vε (x, t, ξε (t)) hx, t|xa , ta , ωiε ,
ε ε
hx, ta |xa , ta , ωiε = (Ψε (x − xa ))ε ,

(384)
ãäå

t
1 n−α−1 d n
C
b α
ta Dt, ε fε (t, ω) = Γ(n−α) ∫ (t − τ + iγε ) dτ fε (τ, ω) dτ
ε ta ε
(385)
äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ω ∈ Ω. Çäåñü cl [(ξε (t))ε ] 3 (ξε (t))ε - çàäàííûé ïðåäñòà-
âèòåëü îáîáùåííîãî ñëó÷àéíîãî ïðîöåññà ξ (t) . Óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãå-
ðà (384) ýòî íåïîñðåäñòâåííûé ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèé àíàëîã óðàâíåíèÿ (349).
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.6.7. Ðåøåíèå Êîëîìáåàó ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé çàäà÷è
Êîøè (384) íàçûâàåòñÿ ðåøåíèåì Êîëîìáåàó, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ïðåä-
ñòàâèòåëþ (ξε (t))ε .
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.6.8. Ïóñòü
I
E (Rn × R+ × Ω) = (C ∞ (Rn × R+ × Ω)) , I = (0, 1] ,
∆
Eα,
M
Ω
(Rn × R+ × Ω) =

(uε )ε ∈ E (Rn × R+ × Ω) | b
∀ω (ω ∈ Ω) ∀K (K?Rn × R+ ) ∀α (α ∈ Nn
0 ) ∃p (p ∈ N)

C −p
sup |b Dα
ta
α
t, ε ∂x uε (x, t, ω) | = O(ε ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 ,
x∈K
∆
Nα, Ω (Rn × R+ × Ω) =

∀ω (ω ∈ Ω) ∀K (K?M ) , ∀α (α ∈ Nn
(uε )ε | b 0 ) ∀q (q ∈ N )

C α α q
sup |b
ta Dt, ε ∂x uε (x, t, ω)| = O(ε ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 .
x∈K
α, Ω
GΩ n
α (R × R+ × Ω) = EM (Rn × R+ × Ω) /N α, Ω (Rn × R+ × Ω),
(386)
ãäå b
∀ω (ω ∈ Ω) - ñîêðàùåííàÿ çàïèñü ëîãè÷åñêîé ôîðìóëû: äëÿ ïî÷òè
âñåõ ω ∈ Ω.
Òåîðåìà 15.6.1. Ïóñòü H - ñåïàðàáåëüíîå Ãèëüáåðòîâî ïðîñòðàí-
ñòâî ñî ñêàëÿðíûì ïðîèçâåäåíèåì h·, ·i . Ðàññìîòðèì îáîáùåííóþ çà-
äà÷ó Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà (386). Çàïèøåì ýòî óðàâíåíèå
â ñëåäóþùåé îáùåé ôîðìå.
∂Ψα (t, ω)

−i h̄ε ε∂t + Hb ε, α (t, ω) Ψα (t, ω) = 0,
ε
ε ε
(Ψε (0))ε = (Ψ0, ε (x − x0 ))ε , x ∈ Rn ,

(387)
ãäå ∀ε ∈ (0, 1] Ψε (t) : R+ → H è ãäå îïåðàòîð Hε, α (t, ω) èìååò
n 2
h̄2 P C α ∂
Hε, α (t, ω) = − 2m
ε
ta Dε, t ∂xi
b + Vε (x, t, ξε (t)) ,
i=1
(388)
ãäå h̄ε ≤ O εk , k ∈ N, åñëè ε → 0. Ïóñòü òàêæå âûïîëíåíû ñëåäóþ-

ùèå óñëîâèÿ:
(i) cl {(Vε (x, t, ω))ε } ∈ GΩ n

α (R × R+ × Ω) ,
(ii) b
∀ω (ω ∈ Ω) , ∀ε (ε ∈ (0, 1]) è ∀t ∈ R+ îïåðàòîð Hε, α (t, ω) ñàìî-
ñîïðÿæåí â ñóùåñòâåííîì íà ïëîòíîì â H ìíîæåñòâå âåêòîðîâ
\
Dα
ε, ω = Dα
t, ε, ω ,
t∈R+
ãäå Dα
t, ε, ω = D (Hε, α (t, ω)) .

b ε, α (t) ýòî çàìûêàíèå îïåðàòîðà Hε, α (t)
â H,
(iv) cl (Ψ0, ε (x))ε ∈ G (Rn ) .


ε (x, t, ω; h̄ε ))ε , è ýòî ðåøåíèå ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü â çàìêíóòîé ôîð-
(Ψα
ìå â âèäå îáîáùåííîãî Ôåéíìàíîâñêîãî èíòåãðàëà ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì
(Ψα
ε (x, t, ω; h̄ε ))ε =
 
R n h n
io Q
 i C α 
Ψ0,ε (qε (0)) exp h̄ε Sε b D t,ε qε (τ ) , qε (τ ) , ξε (τ ) , t D [qi,ε (τ )],
 0
qε (t) = x i=1
qε (0) = x0
ε
h i
C α
Sε b 0 Dt, ε qε (τ ) , qε (τ ) , ξε (τ ) , t =
Rt h m b
C α
2 i
2 0D qε (τ )
τ, ε − Vε (qε (τ ) , τ, ξε (τ )) dτ.
0
(389)
Ðàññìîòðèì òåïåðü çàäà÷ó âû÷èñëåíèÿ òî÷íîé êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêîé

àñèìïòîòèêè (h̄ε → 0, åñëè ε → 0 ) ñðåäíåãî çíà÷åíèÿ îïåðàòîðà êîîð-
äèíàòû
∫ xi |Ψα 2
ε (x, t, ω, x0 ;h̄ε )| d x
Rn
hi, t, ω, x0 ; h̄ε , αi = ∫ |Ψα 2 ,
ε (x, t, ω, x0 ;h̄ε )| d x
Rn
i = 1, ..., n.
(390)
Òåîðåìà 15.6.2. Ïóñòü 0 < α < 1. Ðàññìîòðèì îáîáùåííóþ çàäà÷ó
p
Êîøè (387) ñ íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì (Ψ0, ε (x))ε = Ψε (x, x0 ) , ãäå
ε
ηεn/2
2

Ψε (x, x0 ) = n/2 exp − ηε (x−x
h̄ε
0)
,
(2π)n/2 h̄ε
0 < h̄ε ηε 1, h̄ε → 0 5A; 8 ε → 0.

(391)
Ïóñòü Vε (x, t, ω)|ε=0 = V (x, t, ω) : R × R+ × Ω → R è ïðè n
ëþáîì ôèêñèðîâàííîì t ∈ R+ è ëþáîì ôèêñèðîâàííîì ω ∈ Ω ôóíê-

öèÿ V (x, t, ω) åñòü ïîëèíîì îò ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûõ ïåðåìåííûõ x =
(x1 , ...xn ) , ò. å.
gα (t, ω) xα , α = (i1 , ..., in ) , kαk =

P
V (x, t, ω) =
kαk≤n
P
r=1 ir , i = 1, ..., n,

(392)
uε (τ, t, λ, x, α) = (u1, ε (τ, t, λ, x, α) , ..., un, ε (τ, t, λ, x, α))
ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé còîõàñòè÷åñêîé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé ëèíåéíîé êðàåâîé

çàäà÷è

C
b α C α T
τ Dt, ε CDτ, ε uε (τ, t, λ, x, α, ω) =
b
0
h 0 iT
Hess [Vε (λ, τ, ξε (τ ))] uT
ε (τ, t, λ, x, α, ω) + V (λ, τ, ξ ε (τ )) ,
uε (0, t, λ, x, y, α, ω) = y, uε (t, t, λ, x, α, ω) = x,
(393)
ãäå
λ = (λ1 , ..., λn ) ,
uTε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α, ω) =
T
(u1, ε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α, ω) , ..., un, ε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α, ω))
h 0 i
V (λ, τ, ξε (τ )) = ∂V (x,∂x τ, ξε (τ ))
1
, ..., ∂V (x, τ, ξε (τ ))
∂xn
x=λ
(394)
è ãäå Hess [V (λ, τ, ω)] ýòî Ãåññèàí îòîáðàæåíèÿ V (·, τ, ω) : Rn ×

R+ × Ω → R, âû÷èñëåííûé â òî÷êå x= λ, ò. å.
h i
∂ 2 V (x, τ, ω)
Hessij [V (λ, τ, ω)] = ∂xi ∂xj .
x=λ
(395)
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç Sα, ε (t, λ, x, y, ω) ñëó÷àéíóþ ôóíêöèþ, çàäàí-
íóþ ñëåäóþùåé ôîðìóëîé
Sα, ε (t, λ, x, y, ω) =
t

C α
∫L
bε b Dτ, ε uε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α, ω) , uε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α, ω) , τ, ξε (τ ) dτ,
0
0
(396)
ãäå

b C
L b Dα u (τ, t, λ, x, y, α, ω) , u (τ, t, λ, x, y, α, ω) , τ, ξ (τ ) =
0 τ, ε ε ε ε
2
C α
b D τ, ε uε (τ, t, λ, x, y,α, ω)
0
m 2 − Vb (uε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α, ω) , τ, ξε (τ )) ,
Vb (uε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α, ω) , τ, ξε (τ )) =
uε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α, ω) Hess [V (λ, τ, ξε (τ ))] uT

ε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α, ω) +
h 0 i
V (λ, τ, ξε (τ )) uT
ε (τ, t, λ, x, y, α, ω) .
(397)
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç ycr,ε
α
= ycr,ε (t, λ, x, α, ω) ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñè-
ñòåìû ëèíåéíûõ àëãåáðàè÷åñêèõ óðàâíåíèé
∂Sα, ε (t, λ, x, y, ω)
∂yi = 0.
i = 1, ..., n.
(398)
Îáîçíà÷èì äàëåå ÷åðåç x b ε (t, x0 , λ, α, ω) ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþ-
bα, ε = u
ùåé ñèñòåìû ëèíåéíûõ àëãåáðàè÷åñêèõ óðàâíåíèé
α b, ω) + λ − x0 = 0.
ycr,ε (t, λ, x
(399)
òî÷êà x b ε (t, x0 , λ, α, ω) íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîêàëüíîé òî÷êîé íà òðàåê-
bα, ε = u
òîðèè, çàäàííîé ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ðåøåíèåì còîõàñòè÷åñêîé êðàåâîé
çàäà÷è (393). Òîãäà äëÿ ÊÌ ñðåäíåãî (390) ñïðàâåäëèâî ñëåäóþùåå

íåðàâåíñòâî
lim inf |hi, t, ω, x0 ; h̄ε , αi − λi | ≤ lim sup |b

ui, ε (t, ω, x0 , λ, α)| ,
h̄ε →0, ε→0 ε→0
i = 1, ..., n.
(400)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âû÷èñëåíèå ñëó÷àéíîé êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêîé òðàåêòî-
ðèè ñâîäèòñÿ ê ÷èñëåííîìó ðåøåíèþ ñèñòåìû òðàíñöåíäåíòíûõ óðàâ-
íåíèé âèäà
(b
ui, ε (t, x0 , λ, α, ω))ε = 0,
i = 1, ..., n.
(401)
ïðåäåë
lim inf |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε , αi − λi |
h̄ε →0, ε→0
lim |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε i − λi | .

h̄ε →0, ε→0

øåíèé.
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.6.5. Äëÿ ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîãî óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà
âèäà
∂

i (h̄ε )ε ∂t hx, t|xa , ta , ωiε ε
=
1

b α (h̄ε )ε ∂
C
2 (402)
2m1 t Dt i ∂xi (hx, t|xa , ta , ωiε )ε +
(Vε (x, t, , ξε (t)) hx, t|xa , ta , ωiε )ε .

ñïðàâåäëèâà àíàëîãè÷íàÿ òåîðåìà. Ïðè ýòîì âìåñòî óðàâíåíèÿ (393)
íåîáõîäèìî âçÿòü óðàâíåíèå ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà

C
b α C
b α T
0 Dτ, ε τ Dt, ε uε (τ, t, λ, x, α, ω) =
h 0 iT
Hess [V (λ, τ, ξε (t))] uT
ε (τ, t, λ, x, α, ω) + V (λ, τ, ξ ε (t)) .
(403)
15.7. Ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé èíòåãðàë â ôàçîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå ... 129
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.6.6. Äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîãî ñèíãóëÿðíîãî äðîá-

íîãî Ëàãðàíæèàíà îáùåãî âèäà

b D α q ,C
Lε t, ξε (t) , qi, ε ,C b Dβ q , ω =
ta t i, ε t tb i, ε
ε
n
2 n
2
m1 P C
b α m2 P b β
C
−
2 ta Dt qi, ε + 2 t Dtb qi, ε
i=1 ε i=1 ε
(Vε (t, ξε (t) , q1, ε ...qn, ε ))ε ,

(404)
ãäå m1, 2 6= 0, ÊÌ ñðåäíèå (390) ïî îïðåäåëåíèþ Ôåéíìàíîâñêîãî êâàí-
òîâàíèÿ âûðàæàþñÿ êàíîíè÷åñêèì îáðàçîì ÷åðåç ïðîïàãàòîð ñëåäóþ-
ùåãî âèäà

hxb tb |xa ta , ωiε =
ε
 
" #
 R Q n
i
Rtb
C α C α


 D [qi,ε (t) , ε] exp h̄ε Lε t, ξε (t) , qi,ε ,b
a Dt qi,ε ,t Da qi,ε
b dt  .
qi, ε (tb ) = xb i=1 ta
qi,ε (ta ) = xa
ε
(405)
Ïðè ýòîì âìåñòî óðàâíåíèÿ (393) íåîáõîäèìî âçÿòü óðàâíåíèå ñëåäó-
þùåãî âèäà

C
b α C α T
τ Dt, ε D u (τ, t, λ, x, α, ω) +
b
0 τ, ε ε

b α
C C
b α T
0 Dτ, ε τ Dt, ε uε (τ, t, λ, x, α, ω) =
h 0 iT
Hess [V (λ, τ, ξε (t))] uT
ε (τ, t, λ, x, α) + V (λ, τ, ξε (t)) .
15.7. Ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé èíòåãðàë â ôàçîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå.

Óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñ ïîòåíöèàëîì, óáûâàþùèì íà
áåñêîíå÷íîñòè.
Ñôîðìóëèðóåì îáîáùåíèå Òåîðåìû 15.3.2 äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ, êîãäà êëàñ-

ñè÷åñêèé ãàìèëüòîíèàí H (p, x) çàäàí íà ôàçîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå R2n
x, p =
Rnx ×Rnp è ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ãëàäêîé ôóíêöèåé 2n ïåðåìåííûõ ñ ïðî-
èçâîëüíûì ïîêàçàòåëåì ðîñòà íà áåñêîíå÷íîñòè. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ôîð-
ìàëüíûé Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé ïðîïàãàòîð èìååò ñëåäóþùèé êàíîíè÷åñêèé
âèä [46]
K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =
x(tb )=xb
tb

i
∫ D3 [x (t)] D3 [p (t)] exp h̄ ∫ [p (t) ·ẋ (t) − H (p (t) , x (t))] dt .
x(ta )=xa ta
(406)
Êàê îòìåòèë åùå Ýäâàðä Íåëñîí [49], ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé èíòåãðàë
(406) èìååò ñòðîãèé ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèé ñìûñë è òåì ñàìûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ çà-
ìêíóòûì âûðàæåíèåì, äëÿ ôóíêöèè Ãðèíà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî óðàâíå-
íèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà
−ih̄ ∂Ψ
∂t + H (b
b x, p
b ) Ψ = 0,
Ψ (0, x) = Ψ0 (x) .
(407)
Ââåäåì â ðàññìîòðåíèå ðåãóëÿðèçîâàííûé Ãàìèëüòîíèàí Hε (p, x) , ε∈
(0, 1] òàêîé, ÷òî Hε (p, x)|ε=0 = H (p, x) è [(Hε (p, x))ε ] ∈ G R2n
x, p .
Ðàññìîòðèì òåïåðü îáîáùåííóþ çàäà÷ó Êîøè äëÿ óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèí-
ãåðà ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà

∂Ψε

−ih̄ ∂t ε + H
b ε (b
x, p
b) (Ψε )ε = 0,
ε
(Ψε (0, x))ε = (Ψ0, ε (x))ε .

(408)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.7.1. [26] Ïóñòüçàäà÷à Êîøè (408) èìååò ðåøåíèå
[(Ψε (t, x))ε ] ∈ G (Rn ) è (Ψ0, ε (x))ε = Ψ0 (x) . Òîãäà [(Ψε (t, x))ε ] íà-
çûâàåòñÿ îáîáùåííûì ðåøåíèåì (â ñìûñëå Êîëîìáåàó) çàäà÷è Êîøè
(407).
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.7.2. Ïóñòü çàäà÷à Êîøè (408) èìååò ðåøåíèå
[(Ψε (t, x))ε ] G R2 è (Ψ0, ε (x))ε = δ (x−x0 ) . Òîãäà [(Ψε (t, x))ε ] íà-

çûâàåòñÿ îáîáùåííûì ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûì ðåøåíèåì (â ñìûñëå Êîëîì-
áåàó) çàäà÷è Êîøè (407).
Îáùåå îïðåäåëåíèå îáîáùåííîãî ôóíäàìåíòàëüíîãî ðåøåíèÿ êàê
ýëåìåíòà äóàëüíîé àëãåáû L

Gc (Rn ) , R
b
äàíî â ðàáîòå [50].

Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.7.3. Ïóñòü ∈ Rn , n ≥ 1, ξ ∈ Rn - âåùåñòâåí-
íûå ïåðåìåííûå. Ïóñòü, äàëåå R = (R1 , ..., Rn ) , ãäå 0 < Rj ≤ +∞,
(j = 1, ..., n) è
∞
aα (x) ξ 2α ,
P
a (x, ξ) =
|α|=0
(409)
ãäå:
(i) ïðè ëþáîì ôèêñèðîâàííîì x ∈ Rn , a (x, ξ) - àíàëèòè÷åñêàÿ â
ïàðàëëåëåïèïåäå
SR = {ξ||ξj | < Rj (j = 1, ..., n)}
ôóíêöèÿ è
(ii) sup |aα (x)| < ∞. (Çäåñü α = (α1 , ..., αn ) - öåëî÷èñëåííûé
|α|∈N, x∈Rn
ìóëüòè-èíäåêñ, α1 ≥ 0, ..., αn ≥ 0, |α| = α1 + ... +αn , ξ 2α = ξ12α1 ...ξn2αn .
Åñëè äëÿ âñåõ j, Rj = ∞, òî a (x, ξ) - öåëàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ïåðåìåííûõ
ξ1 , ..., ξn . Ïîëîæèì ϕ : Rn → C, ò. å. ϕ (x) -ôóíêöèÿ, îïðåäåëåííàÿ
íà âñåì åâêëèäîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå Rn è ïðèíèìàþùàÿ, âîîáùå ãîâîðÿ,
êîìïëåêñíûå çíà÷åíèÿ.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.7.4. Îñíîâíûì ïðîñòðàíñòâîì H ∞ (Rn , SR ) íà-
çûâàåòñÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâî ôóíêöèé ϕ (x) ∈ L2 (Rn ) , óäîâëåòâîðÿþùèõ
äâóì óñëîâèÿì:
(i) ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ôóðüå ϕ
b (ξ) ôóíêöèè ϕ (x) ïî÷òè âñþäó ðàâíî
íóëþ âíå ïàðàëëåëåïèïåäà SR , ò. å. ϕ
b (ξ) = 0 ïðè ξ ∈
/ SR ,
(ii) äëÿ ëþáîé ôóíêöèè a (x, ξ) âèäà (409) ñïðàâåäëèâî íåðàâåíñòâî
||ϕ||2 = sup ∫ a (x, ξ) |ϕ

b (ξ)| < ∞.
2 (410)
x∈Rn SR
Èñïîëüçóÿ èíòåãðèðîâàíèå ïî âñåìó ïðîñòðàíñòâó äâîéñòâåííûõ

ïåðåìåííûõ, ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü H ∞ (Rn , SR ) ñëåäóþùèì ýêâèâàëåíò-
íûì ñïîñîáîì. Ïîëîæèì
∞
aα (x) ξ 2α , ξ ∈ SR ,
P
a (x, ξ) =
|α|=0
a (x, ξ) = +∞, ξ ∈
/ SR ,
(411)
òîãäà
H ∞ (Rn , SR ) =

2
ϕ (x) ∈ L2 (Rn ) ∀x ∈ Rn : ||ϕ||2 = sup ∫ SR a (x, ξ) |ϕ
b (ξ)| < ∞ ,
x∈Rn
(412)
ãäå a (x, ξ) - ïðîèçâîëüíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ, îïðåäåëåííàÿ ôîðìóëîé (411).
ßñíî, ÷òî êîíå÷íîñòü íîðì ||ϕ||2 íåìåäëåííî âëå÷åò òîæäåñòâî ϕ b (ξ) =
0 äëÿ ïî÷òè âñåõ ξ ∈ / SR è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, èíòåãðèðîâàíèå â äåéñòâè-
òåëüíîñòè ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ ïî S R .
Îòìåòèì îñîáî ñëó÷àé Rj = +∞ (j = 1, ..., n), âåñüìà ÷àñòî âñòðå-
÷àþùèéñÿ â ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé ôèçèêå è óðàâíåíèÿõ ñ ÷àñòíûìè ïðî-
èçâîäíûìè. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå òðåáîâàíèå (i) â îïðåäåëåíèè ïðîñòðàí-
ñòâà H ∞ (Rn , SR ) = H ∞ (Rn , Rn ) èçëèøíå è î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ϕ (x) ∈
H ∞ (Rn , SR ) ⇔ ϕ b (ξ) ∈ L2, a (Rn ) . Âàæíûìè ïðèìåðàìè îñíîâíûõ
ôóíêöèé ϕ ∈ H (Rn , SR ) ÿâëÿþòñÿ ôóíêöèè [51]
∞
2
sin rx exp(irx)−1 sin (rx/2)
x , x , x , r > 0.
(413)
Äåéñòâèòåëüíî

sin rx 1/2, x ∈ (−r, r)
F =
x 0, x ∈
/ (−r, r)

i, x ∈ (0, r)
h i
exp(irx)−1
F =
x 0, x ∈
/ (0, r)
−i, x ∈ (0, r)
(
h i
sin2 (rx/2)
F x = i, x ∈ (−r, 0)
0, x ∈/ (−r, r) .
n
Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî åñëè ϕ b (ξ) ∈ L2 (Rn ) è supp ϕ
b (ξ) ⊂ (−r, r) , òî ôóíêöèÿ
b (ξ)] åñòü îñíîâíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ â ëþáîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå H ∞ (SR ) .
F −1 [ϕ
Òåîðåìà 15.7.1. Äëÿ ëþáîé ôóíêöè ϕ (x) âêëþ÷åíèå ϕ (x) ∈
H ∞ (Rn , SR ) èìååò ìåñòî òîãäà è òîëüêî òîãäà, êîãäà ñóùåñòâóþò ÷èñ-
ëà rj < Rj (j = 1, ..., n) òàêèå, ÷òî supp ϕ
b (ξ) ⊂ Sr .
Èç òåîðåìû 15.7.1 è òåîðåìû Ïýëè-Âèíåðà âûòåêàåò ñëåäóþùàÿ
òåîðåìà.
Òåîðåìà 15.7.2. Ôóíêöèÿ ϕ (x) ∈ L2 (Rn ) ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâíîé ôóíê-
öèåé èç ïðîñòðàíñòâà H ∞ (Rn , SR ) òîãäà è òîëüêî òîãäà, êîãäà îíà
äîïóñêàåò àíàëèòè÷åñêîå ïðîäîëæåíèå ϕ (z) , z = x + iy â ïîëíîå êîì-

ïëåêñíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî Cn , óäîâëåòâîðÿþùåå íåðàâåíñòâó
P
n
|ϕ (z)| ≤ C exp j=1 rj yj ,
(414)
ãäå rj < Rj , j = 1, ..., n è C ýòî íåêîòîðûå êîíñòàíòû.
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.7.1. Ïîñêîëüêó ëèíåéíîå ïîäïðîñòðàíñòâî, ñîñòîÿ-
ùåå èç ôèíèòíûõ ôóíêöèé, âñþäó ïëîòíî â L2 (Rn ) , òî Ôóðüå-îáðàç
F [H ∞ (Rn , Rn )] ïðîñòðàíñòâà H ∞ (Rn , Rn ) âñþäó ïëîòåí â L2 (Rn ) è,
ñëåäîâàòåëüíî (â ñèëó ðàâåíñòâà Ïàðñåâàëÿ) ïðîñòðàíñòâî H ∞ (Rn , Rn )
òàêæå âñþäó ïëîòíî â L2 (Rn ) .
Åñëè SR 6=⊂ Rn , òî ïðîñòðàíñòâî H ∞ (Rn , SR ) ïëîòíî òîëüêî â ñîá-
ñòâåííîì ïîäïðîñòðàíñòâå ïðîñòðàíñòâà L2 (Rn ) , à èìåííî, â ïîäïðî-
ñòðàíñòâå ôóíêöèé ϕ (x) ∈ L2 (Rn ) , äîïóñêàþùèõ àíàëèòè÷åñêîå ïðî-
äîëæåíèå ϕ (z) â ïîëíîå êîìïëåêñíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî Cn òàêîå, ÷òî èìååò
ìåñòî íåðàâåíñòâî
P
n
|ϕ (z)| ≤ C 0 exp j=1 Rj yj ,
ãäå C 0
ýòî íåêîòîðàÿ êîíñòàíòà.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.7.5. Ïî îïðåäåëåíèþ ϕn (x) → ϕ (x) (n → ∞)
2
â ïðîñòðàíñòâå H ∞ (Rn , SR ) , åñëè kϕn (x) − ϕ (x)ka → 0 äëÿ ëþáîé
ôóíêöèè a (x, ξ) âèäà (409).
Ââåäåííàÿ ñõîäèìîñòü ìîæåò áûòü îõàðàêòåðèçîâàíà è áåç èñïîëü-
çîâàíèÿ âåñîâûõ ôóíêöèé a (x, ξ) . Èìåííî, èìååò ìåñòî ñëåäóþùàÿ
òåîðåìà.
Òåîðåìà 15.7.3. Ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ϕn (x) → ϕ (x) (n → ∞) â
ïðîñòðàíñòâå H ∞ (Rn , SR ) â òîì è òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè ñóùå-
ñòâóþò ÷èñëà rj < Rj , j = 1, ..., n òàêèå, ÷òî
supp ϕ
bn (ξ) ⊂ Sr = {ξ| |ξj | < rj , j = 1, ..., n},
b (ξ) â L2 (SR ) .
bn (ξ) → ϕ
ϕ
Òåîðåìà 15.7.4. (Èíâàðèàíòíîñòü ïðîñòðàíñòâà H ∞ (Rn , SR )
îòíîñèòåëüíî äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûõ îïåðàòîðîâ áåñêîíå÷íîãî ïî-
ðÿäêà.)
Ïóñòü D = (D1 , ..., Dn ) , Dj = 1 ∂
i ∂xj , j = 1, ..., n è
∞
aα (x) Dα
P
A (x, D) =
|α|=0
(415)
äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûé îïåðàòîð áåñêîíå÷íîãî ïîðÿäêà, ñèìâîë êîòîðîãî
∞
aα (x) ξ α
P
A (x, ξ) =
|α|=0
(416)
åñòü ôóíêöèÿ, àíàëèòè÷åñêàÿ â ïàðàëëåëåïèïåäå SR , è òàêîé, ÷òî
âñå êîýôôèöèåíòû aα (x) ïðèíàäëåæàò ïðîñòðàíñòâó H ∞ (Rn , SR ) .
Ïóñòü ôóíêöèÿ ϕ (x) ∈ H ∞ (Rn , SR ) , òîãäà ôóíêöèÿ A (x, D) ϕ (x) ∈
H ∞ (Rn , SR ) è îòîáðàæåíèå A (x, D) : H ∞ (Rn , SR ) → H ∞ (Rn , SR )
íåïðåðûâíî.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.7.6. Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç H −∞ (Rn , SR ) ïðîñòðàí-
ñòâî îáîáùåííûõ ôóíêöèé (â ñìûñëå Ë. Øâàðöà) íàä H ∞ (Rn , SR ), ò.
å. ñîâîêóïíîñòü âñåõ ëèíåéíûõ íåïðåðûâíûõ ôóíêöèîíàëîâ, îïðåäå-
ëåííûõ íà îñíîâíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå H ∞ (Rn , SR ) .
Òåîðåìà 15.7.5. Ïðîñòðàíñòâî H −∞ (Rn , SR ) èíâàðèàíòíî îòíî-
ñèòåëüíî ëþáûõ äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûõ îïåðàòîðîâ áåñêîíå÷íîãî ïîðÿäêà
âèäà (415) è óäîâëåòâîðÿþùèõ óñëîâèÿì òåîðåìû 15.7.4.
Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, ïóñòü h (x) ∈ H −∞ (Rn , SR ) òîãäà
hA (x, D) h (x) , ϕ (x)i = hh (x) , A (x, −D) ϕ (x)i ,

(417)
ïðè÷åì âûðàæåíèå â ïðàâîé ÷àñòè óðàâíåíèÿ (417) â ñèëó òåîðåìû
15.7.4 îïðåäåëåíî êîððåêòíî.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.7.7. Ââåäåì â H −∞ (Rn , SR ) ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ôó-
ðüå ïî ôîðìóëå
D E
b (−ξ) = 2π n hh (x) , ϕ (x)i ,
h (ξ) , ϕ
b
(418)
ãäå ϕ (x) ∈ H −∞ (Rn , SR ) - ïðîèçâîëüíàÿ îñíîâíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ, ϕ
b (−ξ) -
åå êëàññè÷åñêîå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ôóðüå.
Òåîðåìà 15.7.6. Âñÿêàÿ îáîáùåííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ h (x) ∈ H −∞ (Rn , SR )
ïðåäñòàâèìà â âèäå
∞
aα D2α h0 (x) ,
P
h (x) =
|α|=0
(419)
ãäå aα -êîýôôèöèåíòû Òåéëîðà â íåêîòîðîé àíàëèòè÷åñêîé SR ôóíê-
öèè, à ôóíêöèÿ h0 (x) ∈ L2 (Rn ) òàêîâà, ÷òî b
h0 (ξ) = 0 âíå SR .
Òåîðåìà 15.7.7. Ðàññìîòðèì çàäà÷ó Êîøè (408). Ïóñòü H (x, ξ)
- ñèìâîë äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîãî îïåðàòîðà H b (b b ) è H (x, ξ) óäîâëå-

x, p
òâîðÿåò âñåì óñëîâèÿì òåîðåìû 15.7.4. Ïóñòü äàëåå (Ψ0, ε (x))ε =

[(δε (x−x0 ))ε ] , ãäå (δε (x−x0 ))ε -äåëüòà - ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü òàêàÿ, ÷òî
δε (x−x0 ) ∈ H ∞ (Rn , SR ) , ε ∈ (0, 1] . Òîãäà ñóùåñòâóåò îáîáùåííîå
ôóíäàìåíòàëüíîå ðåøåíèå (â ñìûñëå Êîëîìáåàó) (Kε (xb , tb |xa , ta ))ε
çàäà÷è Êîøè (407), è ýòî ðåøåíèå èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
(Kε (xb , tb |xa , ta ))ε =
x(tb )=xb
∫ D3 [x (t) , ε] D3 [p (t) , ε] (δε (x (0) −xa )) ×
x(ta )=xa
tb

i
exp h̄ ∫ [p (t) ·ẋ (t) − H (p (t) , x (t))] dt .
ta ε
(420)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.7.8. Ïóñòü E∞ (Rn , SR ) = (H ∞ (Rn , SR ))I , I =
(0, 1] ,
∆

E∞ n
M (R , SR ) = (uε )ε ∈ E∞ (Rn , SR ) | ∀K K6=
⊂ n
R ∀α (α ∈ Nn
0 ) ∃p (p ∈ N)

sup |∂ α uε (x)| = O(ε−p ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 ,
x∈K
∆

N (Rn , SR ) = (uε )ε ∈ E∞ (Rn , SR ) | ∀K K6=
⊂
M , ∀α (α ∈ Nn
0 ) ∀q (q ∈ N )

sup |∂ α uε (x)| = O(εq ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 .
x∈K
G∞ (Rn , SR ) = E∞ n n
M (R , SR ) /N (R , SR ).
(421)
Òåîðåìà 15.7.8. Ïóñòü D = (D1 , ..., Dn ) , Dj = 1 ∂

i ∂xj , j = 1, ..., n è
M
(aα, ε (x) Dα )ε
P
(Aε (x, D))ε =
|α|=0
(422)
äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûé îïåðàòîð êîíå÷íîãî ïîðÿäêà, êîýôôèöèåíòû êî-
òîðîãî ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáîáùåííûìè ôóíêöèÿìè èç G∞ (Rn , SR ) . Ïóñòü
îáîáùåííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ u (x) ∈ G∞ (Rn , SR ) , òîãäà îáîáùåííàÿ ôóíê-
öèÿ [(Aε (x, D) u (x))ε ] ∈ G∞ (Rn , SR ) .
Îïðåäåëåíèå 15.7.9. Ïóñòü E∞ (Rn , SR ) = (H ∞ (Rn , SR ))I , I =
(0, 1] ,
∆

E∞ n
EXP M (R , SR ) = (uε )ε ∈ E∞ (Rn , SR ) | ∀K K6=
⊂ n
R ∀α (α ∈ Nn
0 ) ∃p (p ∈ N)

α −p

sup |∂ uε (x)| = O(exp ε ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 ,
x∈K
∆

N (Rn , SR ) = (uε )ε ∈ E∞ (Rn , SR ) | ∀K K6=
⊂
M , ∀α (α ∈ Nn
0 ) ∀q (q ∈ N )

α q
sup |∂ uε (x)| = O(ε ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 .
x∈K
G∞ n ∞ n n
EXP (R , SR ) = EEXP M (R , SR ) /N (R , SR ).
(423)
Òåîðåìà 15.7.9. Ðàññìîòðèì çàäà÷ó Êîøè (408). Ïóñòü

(Hε (x, p))ε
- ñèìâîë äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîãî îïåðàòîðà (H b ε (b b ))ε , êîýôôèöèåíòû

x, p
êîòîðîãî ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáîáùåííûìè ôóíêöèÿìè èç G∞ (Rn , SR ) . Ïóñòü
(Ψ0, ε (x))ε ∈ G (R , SR ) . Òîãäà ñóùåñòâóåò îáîáùåííîå ðåøåíèå
∞
n
(â ñìûñëå Êîëîìáåàó) (Ψε (xb , tb |xa , ta ))ε çàäà÷è Êîøè (408), è ýòî
ðåøåíèå èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
(Ψε (x, t))ε =
x(t)=x
∫ dn y ∫ D3 [x (t) , ε] D3 [p (t) , ε] (Ψ0, ε (x (t0 ))) ×
x(t0 )=y
tb

i
exp h̄ ∫ [p (t) ·ẋ (t) − Hε (p (t) , x (t))] dt .
ta ε
(424)
Òåîðåìà 15.7.10. Ðàññìîòðèì
îáîáùåííóþ çàäà÷ó Êîøè (408) ñ
íà÷àëüíûì óñëîâèåì (Ψ0, ε (x))ε = [(δε (x−x0 ))ε ] , ãäå (δε (x−x0 ))ε -
äåëüòà-ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü òàêàÿ, ÷òî δε (x−x0 ) ∈ H ∞ (Rn , SR ) , ε ∈
(0, 1] .
Ïóñòü Hε (x, p, t)|ε=0 = H (x, p, t) : R2n x, p → R è ïðè ëþáîì ôèê-
ñèðîâàííîì t ∈ R+ ôóíêöèÿ H (x, p, t) åñòü ïîëèíîì îò ïåðåìåííûõ
x = (x1 , ...xn ) , p= (p1 , ..., p2 ), ò. å.
P Pl
H (x, p, t) = gα (t) xα1 pα2 , α = (i1 , ..., in ) , kαk = ir , i = 1, ..., l,
r=1
kα1 k ≤ n,
kα2 k ≤ m
i i il i i il
xα1 = x11 x22 ...xn 1 , pα2 = p11 p22 ...pn 2 .
(425)
{u (τ, t, λ, x, y) , p (τ, t, λ, p0 )} ,
ãäå u (τ, t, λ, x, y) = (u1 (τ, t, λ, x, y) , ..., un (τ, t, λ, x, y)) è
p (τ, t, λ, p0 ) = (p1 (τ, t, λ, p0 ) , ..., pn (τ, t, λ, p0 ))

ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé ëèíåéíîé íà÷àëüíî-êðàåâîé çàäà÷è:
dp(τ, t, λ, p0 )
= − ∂ H(u,
b p,τ )
dτ ∂x ,
p (0, t, λ, p0 ) = p0 ,
du(τ, t, λ, x, y) ∂ H(u,
b p,τ )
dτ = ∂p ,
u (0, t, λ, x, y) = y, u (t, t, λ, x) = x,
(426)
ãäå
λ = (λ1 , ..., λn ) , uT (τ, t, λ, x, y) =

T
(u1 (τ, t, λ, x, y) , ..., un (τ, t, λ, x, y)) ,

b (u, p, τ ) = (u ⊕ p) Hess [H (λ, λ, τ )] uT ⊕pT +
H
h 0 i h 0 i
Hx (λ, λ, τ ) uT + Hp (λ, λ, τ ) pT ,
0

∂H(x, p, τ )
Hx (λ, λ, τ ) = ∂x1 , ..., ∂H(x,
∂xn
p, τ )
,
x=λ, p=λ
0

∂H(x, p, τ )
Hp (λ, λ, τ ) = ∂p1 , ..., ∂H(x,
∂pn
p, τ )
,
x=λ, p=λ
(427)
è ãäå Hess [V (λ, λ, τ )] - Ãåññèàí îòîáðàæåíèÿ H (·, τ ) : R2n
x, p → R,
âû÷èñëåííûé â òî÷êå x= λ, p = λ, ò. å.
h i
∂ 2 H(x, p, τ )
Hessij [V (λ, τ )] = ∂ξi ∂ξj ,
x=λ, p=λ
ξ = x ⊕ p.
(428)
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç S (t, λ, x, y, p0 ) ôóíêöèþ, çàäàííóþ ñëåäóþùåé

ôîðìóëîé
t
S (t, λ, x, y, p0 ) = ∫ L
b (u (τ, t, λ, x, y) , p (τ, t, λ, p0 ) , τ ) dτ,
0
(429)
ãäå
L
b (u (τ, t, λ, x, y) , p (τ, t, λ, p0 ) , τ ) =
(430)
p (τ, t, λ, p0 ) u̇ (τ, t, λ, x, y) −
H
b (u (τ, t, λ, x, y) , p (τ, t, λ, p0 ) , τ ) .
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç {ycr , p0cr } = {ycr (t, λ, x) , p0cr (t, λ, x)} ðåøå-
íèå ñëåäóþùåé ñèñòåìû ëèíåéíûõ àëãåáðàè÷åñêèõ óðàâíåíèé
h i
∂S(t, λ, x, y, p0 )
∂yi = 0,
y=ycr
h
∂S(t, λ, x, y, p0 )
i (431)
∂p0i = 0,
p0 =p0cr
i = 1, ..., n.

b=u b (t, x0 , λ) ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñèñòå-
(432)
b) + λ − x0 = 0.
ycr (t, λ, x

òî÷êà {b u (t, x0 , λ) , p0cr (t, λ, x)} íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîêàëüíîé
x, p0cr } = {b
òî÷êîé íà òðàåêòîðèè, çàäàííîé ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ðåøåíèåì íà÷àëü-
íî êðàåâîé çàäà÷è (426). Òîãäà äëÿ ÊÌ ñðåäíåãî (123) ñïðàâåäëèâî
ñëåäóþùåå íåðàâåíñòâî
lim inf |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε i − λi | ≤ |b

ui (t, x0 , λ)| , i = 1, ..., n.
h̄ε →0, ε→0
(433)
u
bi (t, x0 , λ) = 0.
(434)

ïðåäåë
lim inf |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε i − λi |
h̄ε →0, ε→0
lim |hi, t, x0 ; h̄ε i − λi | .

h̄ε →0, ε→0

øåíèé. Êàê ñëåäñòâèå, äëÿ ðåøåíèé óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà (407) êâà-
çèêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà ( h̄ → 0 ) ÊÌ ñðåäíèõ (123) íå îáëàäàåò
ñâîéñòâîì åäèíñòâåííîñòè.
Â ïàðàãðàôå 15.3 ìû ðàññìîòðåëè ñëó÷àé óðàâíåíèÿ Øðåäèíãåðà ñ
ïîòåíöèàëîì, îáëàäàþùèì ïðîèçâîëüíîé ñòåïåíüþ ðîñòà íà ïðîñòðàí-
ñòâåííîé áåñêîíå÷íîñòè. Â ïðèëîæåíèÿõ ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ óðàâíåíèå
Øðåäèíãåðà ñ ïîòåíöèàëîì, óáûâàþùèì íà áåñêîíå÷íîñòè. Ïðîñòåé-
øèé ïðèìåð äàåò Óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà äëÿ àòîìà âîäîðîäà. Â ýòîì
ñëó÷àå ôîðìàëüíûé Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé ïðîïàãàòîð èìååò ñëåäóþùèé êà-
íîíè÷åñêèé âèä [43]:
K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =
x b , tb
t i
b
h 2
∫ D3 [x (t)] D3 [p (t)] exp h̄i ∫ dt p (t) ·ẋ (t) − p2m(t)
− V (x (t)) ,
x a , ta ta
(435)
ãäå
2 2 (436)
V (x) = − er , r = kxk .
Òåîðåìû 15.7.2 è 15.7.10 î÷åâèäíî íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íå ïðèìåíèìû

ê âû÷èñëåíèþ ÊÌ ñðåäíèõ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ïðîïàãàòîðà (435). Òåì
íå ìåíåå, ââîäÿ ïîäõîäÿùóþ çàìåíó ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûõ êîîðäèíàò è
âðåìåíè, ìîæíî ñâåñòè çàäà÷ó ê ýêâèâàëåíòíîé çàäà÷å ñ ïðîïàãàòî-
ðîì âèäà (406) è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ òåîðåìîé 15.7.10.
Â êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðà ðàññìîòðèì óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà â ïîëÿðíûõ
êîîðäèíàòàõ
ih̄ ∂Ψ
∂t =
2
h i
h̄ 1 ∂ ∂2Ψ e2
r2 ∂Ψ 1 1 ∂
sin θ ∂Ψ

− 2m r 2 ∂r ∂r + r2 sin2 θ ∂ϕ2
+ r2 sin θ ∂θ ∂θ + r .
(437)
Óìíîæèâ óðàâíåíèå (437) íà r2 sin2 θ, ìû ïîëó÷èì
ih̄r2 sin2 θ ∂Ψ
∂t =
h i
h̄2 ∂2Ψ
sin2 θ ∂r
∂
r2 ∂Ψ ∂
sin θ ∂Ψ + e2 r sin2 θ =

− 2m ∂r + ∂ϕ2 + sin θ ∂θ ∂θ
h i
h̄2 2 ∂2Ψ ∂2Ψ 2 ∂2Ψ
− 2m 2r sin2 θ ∂Ψ 2
∂r + r sin θ ∂r 2 + ∂ϕ2 + sin θ cos θ ∂Ψ
∂θ + sin θ ∂θ 2 +
+e2 r sin2 θ.
(438)
Âûïîëíèì â (438) çàìåíó âðåìåíè t = t0 r2 sin θ , òîãäà Ôåéíìà- 2

íîâñêèé ïðîïàãàòîð (435) â êîîðäèíàòàõ t0 , r, θ, ϕ ïðèìåò ñëåäóþùèé
âèä
0 0

K rb , tb |xa , ta =
0
r b , θ b , ϕ b , tb
∫ D [r (t0 )] D [θ (t0 )] D [ϕ (t0 )] D [pθ (t0 )] D [pθ (t0 )] D [pϕ (t0 )] ×
ra , θa , ϕa , t0a
t
b
h
exp h̄i ∫ dt pr (t0 ) ṙ (t0 ) +pθ (t0 ) θ̇ (t0 ) + pϕ (t0 ) ϕ̇ (t0 ) −
ta
H (r (t0 ) , θ (t0 ) , ϕ (t0 ) , pr (t0 ) , pθ (t0 )) , pϕ (t0 )]} ,

(439)
Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ óäîáíî âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ çàìåíîé ïåðåìåííûõ â èñ-
õîäíîì ôóíêöèîíàëüíîì èíòåãðàëå. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, èñïîëüçóÿ ïðèåì,
èçëîæåííûé â ðàáîòàõ [44-45], ìû ìîæåì ïðåîáðàçîâàòü ôóíêöèîíàëü-
íûé èíòåãðàë (435) â ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé èíòåãðàë ñ ãàìèëüòîíèàíîì
H (p (t) , x (t)) , ÿâëÿþùèìñÿ ïîëèíîìîì îò ïåðåìåííûõ (p (t) , x (t)) .
Ïîñðåäñòâîì çàìåíû ïåðåìåííûõ ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà [44-45]
t
dτ (440)
s (t) = ∫ r(τ )
0
Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé èíòåãðàë (435) ïðåîáðàçóåòñÿ ê âèäó
K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =
( )
sb =s(tb ) h 0 2
i
r(s) p (s)
∫ D3 [x (t)] D3 [p (t)] exp h̄i ∫ ds p (s) ·x (s) − 2m +e .
sa =s(ta )
(441)
Äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ ÊÌ ñðåäíèõ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî
èíòåãðàëà(441) óæå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïðèìåíèìà Òåîðåìà 15.7.10. Äëÿ
ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ âû÷èñëåíèé, óäîáíî ïîëîæèòü r (s) = x2 (s) è âìåñòî
èíòåãðàëà (441) ðàññìàòðèâàòü ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé èíòåãðàë ñëåäóþùå-
ãî âèäà
i
sb
∞
h
4 4 i 0 x2 (s) p2 (s) 2
∫ d (x4 )b ∫ D [x (t)] D [p (t)] exp h̄ ∫ ds p (s) ·x (s) − 2m + Ex (s) .
−∞ sa
(442)
Â ðàáîòå [44] ïðåäïðèíèìàëàñü íåêîððåêòíàÿ ïîïûòêà âû÷èñëèòü íåãàóñ-
ñîâñêèé ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé èíòåãðàë (441) ïóòåì ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ýòîãî
èíòåãðàëà â ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé èíòåãðàë ãàóññîâñêîãî òèïà.
Ðàññìîòðèì ýòè âû÷èñëåíèÿ ïîäðîáíî. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ñâÿçü (440)
ìîæíî ó÷åñòü ñ ïîìîùüþ áåñêîíå÷íîìåðíîé δ - ôóíêöèè. Òàêèì îáðà-
çîì, ìû èìååì
K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =

∞ sb
∫ dsb δ tb − ta − ∫ dsr (s) exp [ie (sb − sa )] ×
sa sa
i
sb =s(tb ) h
0 r(s) p2 (s)
rb ∫ D3 [x (s)] D3 [p (s)] exp i
h̄ ∫ ds p (s) ·x (s) − 2m =
sa =s(ta )

∞
dE
∫ 2π exp [iE (tb − ta )] ∫ dsb exp [ie (sb − sa )] rb ×
sa
i
sb =s(tb ) h
3 3 i 0 r(s) p2 (s)
∫ D [x (t)] D [p (t)] exp h̄ ∫ ds p (s) ·x (s) − 2m + Er (s) .
sa =s(ta )
(443)
Äàëåå âîñïîëüçóåìñÿ ýëåìåíòàðíûì òîæäåñòâîì
∞
∫ d (x4 )b ×
−∞
( )
(x4 )b , sb
r(s) p24 (s)
h 0
i
i
∫ D [x4 (t)] D [p4 (t)] exp h̄ ∫ ds p4 (s) ·x4 (s) − 2m =
(x4 )a , sa

∞ sb
1 p4
∫ dp4 2π ∫ d (x4 )b exp {ip4 [(x4 )b − (x4 )a ]} exp 2m ∫ r (s) ds = 1.
−∞ sa
(444)
Òîæäåñòâî (444) ñïðàâåäëèâî äëÿ ïðîèçâîëüíîé íåïðåðûâíîé ôóíê-
öèè r (s) è, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ìû ìîæåì ïîëîæèòü r (s) = (x2 (s)), ÷òî ïîç-
p
âîëÿåò çàïèñàòü ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé èíòåãðàë â ïðàâîé ÷àñòè ðàâåíñòâà
(444) â ñëåäóþùåì âèäå
i
sb
∞
h
0 r(s) p2 (s)
∫ d (x4 )b ∫ D4 [x (s)] D4 [p (s)] exp i
h̄ ∫ ds p (s) ·x (s) − 2m + Er .
−∞ sa
(445)
Ñëåäóÿ ðàáîòå [44], ââåäåì ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ïåðåìåííûõ (x, px ) →

(u, pu ) òàê, ÷òî r = u2 . Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìû èìååì [44]:
P4
xa = b=1 Aab (u) ub , (a = 1, 2, 3) ,
P4 (446)
dx4 = 2 b=1 A4b (u) dub ,
1
P4
pa = 2r b=1 Aab (u) (pu )b , (a = 1, 2, 3, 4) ,
ãäå
 
u u4 u1 u2
 3
(447)
 
−u2 −u1 u4 u3

A (u) = .
 −u1
 u2 u3 −u4 
−u3 −u1

u4 u2
Â ðåçóëüòàòå èíòåãðàë (445) ïðåîáðàçóåòñÿ ê ãàóññîâñêîìó èíòåãðà-

ëó ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
∞ {xb , (x4 )b }, sb
1
16rb2
∫ d (x4 )b ∫ D4 [u (s)] D4 [pu (s)] ×
−∞ {xa , (x4 )a }, sa
s i
b
p2 (s)
h 0
exp h̄i ∫ ds pu (s) ·u (s) − u2µ − 12 µωu2 (s) ,
sa
µ = 4m, ω 2 = −E/2m.
(448)
Èñïîëüçóÿ çàìåíó ïåðåìåííûõ
sin θ2 cos α+ϕ

 
sin θ cos ϕ
! 2
√  sin θ2 sin α+ϕ
2

x=r sin θ sin ϕ , u = r θ
 cos cos α−ϕ
,

cos θ 2 2
cos θ2 sin α−ϕ
2
(449)
èíòåãðàë (448) ìîæíî ñâåñòè ê èíòåãðàëó âèäà
∞ {xb , (x4 )b }, sb
1
16rb ∫ d (x4 )b ∫ D4 [u (s)] D4 [pu (s)] ×
−∞ {xa , (x4 )a }, sa
i
sb
h
i 0 p2
u (s) 1 2
exp h̄ ∫ ds pu (s) ·u (s) − 2µ − 2 µωu (s) =
sa
∞
1
16rb ∫ d (x4 )b K (ub (xb , αb ) , sa |ua (xa , αa ) , sa ) =
−∞
4π Pn=+∞
1
16 ∫ dαb K (ub (xb , αb + 4πn) , sa |ua (xa , αa ) , sa ) =
n=−∞
0
4π
1
16 ∫ dαb [K (ub (xb , αb ) , sa |ua (xa , αa ) , sa ) + K (−ub (xb , αb ) , sa |ua (xa , αa ) , sa )] ,
0
(450)
ãäå K (ub (xb , αb ) , sa |ua (xa , αa ) , sa ) - ôóíêöèÿ Ãðèíà 4 - ìåðíîãî ãàð-
ìîíè÷åñêîãî îñöèëëÿòîðà. Âíå ìàëûõ îêðåñòíîñòåé ôîêàëüíûõ òî÷åê,
êàê õîðîøî èçâåñòíî, òî÷íîå àíàëèòè÷åñêîå âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ôóíêöèÿ
Ãðèíà K (ub , sa |ua , sa ) ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü â ÿâíîé ôîðìå [4]
K (ub , sa |ua , sa ) = F (sb − sa ) =

q
µω
= 2πih̄ sin[ω(sb −sa )] .
(451)
Ïîäñòàâèâ ôîðìàëüíî âûðàæåíèå (451) â ïðàâóþ ÷àñòü ôîðìóëû

(450) è âû÷èñëèâ èíòåãðàë ïî ïåðåìåííîé αb , ìû ïîëó÷èì ñëåäóþùåå
âûðàæåíèå [44]:
Φω (ra , rb , sb − sa ) =
π 4
√ √
4rb F (sb − sa ) I0 2πF 2 (sb − sa ) ra rb + xa ·xb ×

exp −πF 2 (sb − sa ) (ra + rb ) cos [ω (sb − sa )] ,
q
µω
F (sb − sa ) = 2πih̄ sin[ω(sb −sa )] ,
sb − sa <
(452)
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.7.3. Íåîáõîäèìî ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî ôîðìóëà (451),
êàê õîðîøî èçâåñòíî, ñïðàâåäëèâà òîëüêî äëÿ ïðîìåæóòêîâ âðåìåíè
T = sb − sa òàêèõ, ÷òî 0 < sb − sa < π/ω [4], è âñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî ôîð-
ìàëüíàÿ ïîäñòàíîâêà âûðàæåíèÿ (452) â âûðàæåíèå (409) íå ìîæåò
äàâàòü òî÷íîãî âûðàæåíèÿ äëÿ ïðîïàãàòîðà K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) âîïðåêè
òîìó, ÷òî îøèáî÷íî óòâåðæàåòñÿ â ðàáîòå [43]. Ôîðìàëüíàÿ ïîäñòà-
íîâêà âûðàæåíèÿ (452) â âûðàæåíèå (409), âûïîëíåííàÿ â ðàáîòå [44],
äàåò äëÿ ïðîïàãàòîðà K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) ñëåäóþùåå âûðàæåíèå ( h̄ = 1 )
dE
K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) = ∫ 2π exp [iE (tb − ta )] K (xb , tb |E) ,
1 √ √
ρν 2ρ
K (xb , tb |E) = −i mp
π
0
∫ dρ (1−ρ) 2 I 0 2p0 1−ρ ra rb + xa ·x b ×
0
n o
1+ρ
exp −p0 1−ρ (ra + rb ) ,
(453)
1/2 1/2
ãäå ν = −me /2E
4
, p0 = (−2mE) .
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.7.4. Â ñèëó çàìå÷àíèÿ 15.7.3 ôîðìóëà (453) ñïðà-
âåäëèâà òîëüêî êàê àñèìïòîòè÷åñêàÿ ôîðìóëà, êîòîðàÿ äàåò òî÷íîå
âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ïðîïàãàòîðà K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) òîëüêî â ïðåäåëå ω → 0.
Â ñàìîì äåëå
K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) = lim Kω (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =

ω→0

∞
dE
lim ∫ 2π exp [iE (tb − ta )] ×
ω→0 −∞
)
π/ω
∫ dsb exp [ie (sb − sa )] rb Φω (ra , rb , sb − sa ) =
sa
∞
dE
∫ 2π exp [iE (tb − ta )] ×
−∞
( )
π/ω
lim ∫ dsb exp [ie (sb − sa )] rb Φω (ra , rb , sb − sa ) =
ω→0 sa
∞ ∞
dE
∫ 2π exp [iE (tb − ta )] ∫ dsb exp [ie (sb − sa )] rb Φω (ra , rb , sb − sa ) ,
−∞ sa
(454)
÷òî, êàê ëåãêî âèäåòü, ñîâïàäàåò ñ ïðàâîé ÷àñòüþ ðàâåíñòâà (453).
Áîëåå ñëîæíûé ïðèìåð äàåò ÊÌ Ãàìèëüòîíèàí, ñîäåðæàùèé ïî-
òåíöèàë Ìîðñà [47]:
V (x) = V1 exp [−2α (r − r0 )] + V2 exp [−α (r − r0 )] ,

(455)
ãäå V1 , V2 - êîíñòàíòû. Â îäíîìåðíîì ñëó÷àå çàïèøåì ïðîïàãàòîð (406)
â âèäå
b |xa , ta ) =
K (xb , t
x b , tb tb i
p2x
h
i
∫ D [x (t)] D [px (t)] exp h̄ ∫ dt px ẋ − 2m + V (x) .
x a , ta ta
(456)
Ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé èíòåãðàë (456) ïîñëå ïîäõîäÿùåé çàìåíû ïåðå-
ìåííûõ ñâîäèòñÿ ê èíòåãðàëó ñ ïîëèíîìèàëüíûì ïîòåíöèàëîì, ïðè
ýòîì ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ãàìèëüòîíèàí H (p, q) òàêæå èìååò ïîëèíîìè-
àëüíóþ ôîðìó. Ñëåäóÿ [47], âûïîëíèì â ôîðìàëüíîì âûðàæåíèè (456)
ôóíêöèîíàëüíóþ çàìåíó ïåðåìåííûõ
exp (−αx (t)) = u2 (t) , px (t) = − αu(t)

2 pu (t) .
(457)
Òîãäà âûðàæåíèå (456) ïðåîáðàçóåòñÿ ê ñëåäóþùåìó âèäó [47]:
K (xb , tb |xa , ta ) =
i
xb , tb tb
h
αub p2
uu
2
− 2 ∫ D [x (t)] D [px (t)] exp i
h̄ ∫ dt pu u̇ −α2 8m − V1 u4 + V2 u2 .
xa , t a ta
(458)
Ââîäÿ çàìåíó âðåìåíè dt/ds = u , ëåãêî ïðåîáðàçîâàòü èíòåãðàë 2
(458) ê âèäó
+∞ ∞
α dE 1
K (xb , T |xa , 0) = 2 ∫ 2π exp (iET ) ∫ ds exp (iV2 S) ub ∫ DuDpu ×
−∞ 0

s
i
2 2 2 2

exp h̄ ∫ pu u̇ − pu /2M − M ω u /2 − E/u ,
0
q
4m V1
T = tb − ta , M = α2 , ω= M.
(459)
Âûïîëíèâ èíòåãðèðîâàíèå ïî Dpu , ìû ïîëó÷èì
+∞ ∞
α dE
K (xb , T |xa , 0) = 2 ∫ 2π exp (iET ) ∫ dS exp (iV2 S) K (ub , S|ua , 0) ,
−∞ 0
i
S h
1 i M u̇2 (s) M ω 2 u2 (s) E
K (ub , S|ua , 0) = ub ∫ Du exp h̄ ∫ ds 2 − 2 − u2 (s) .
0
(460)
Èñïîëüçóÿ òåïåðü ýëåìåíòàðíûå òîæäåñòâà

S
1 u̇(s)
= √ 1 exp i ∫
ub ub ua 2u(s) ds ,
0

S
1 u̇(s)
= √ 1 exp −i ∫
ua ub ua 2u(s) ds ,
0
(461)
ìû èìååì
K (ub , S|ua , 0) = K1 (ub , S|ua , 0) = √u1b ua ∫ DuDpu ×

i
sh
p2u
exp h̄i ∫ pu u̇ − 2M − 21 M ω 2 u2 − 2M2M
E−1/4
u2 + ipu
2M u
0
(462)
K (ub , S|ua , 0) = K2 (ub , S|ua , 0) = √ 1 ∫ DuDpu ×

ub ua
i
s
p2u
h
i 1 2 2 2M E−1/4 ipu
exp h̄ ∫ pu u̇ − 2M − 2Mω u − 2M u2 − 2M u .
0
(463)
Â ñèëó ðàâåíñòâ (462)-(463), äëÿ ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîãî ñðåäíåãî
p
K (ub , S|ua , 0) = K1 (ub , S|ua , 0) K2 (ub , S|ua , 0)
ìû èìååì ñëåäóþùåå âûðàæåíèå
K (ub , S|ua , 0) = √ 1 ∫ DuDpu ×

ub ua
i
Sh
i p2u (s) 1 2 2 2M E−1/4
exp h̄ ∫ pu u̇ (s) − 2M − 2Mω u (s) − 2M u2 (s) .
0
(464)
Âûïîëíèâ èíòåãðèðîâàíèå ïî Dpu , ìû ïîëó÷èì
K (ub , S|ua , 0) =
i
Sh
2M E−1/4
√ 1 ∫ D [u (s)] exp i
∫ u̇2 (s) − 12 M ω 2 u2 (s) − .
ub ua h̄ 2M u2 (s)
0
(465)
Äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ ôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî èíòåãðàëà â (464) â ðàáîòå [47]
ïðèìåíÿëàñü ñëåäóþùàÿ ôîðìóëà ( h̄ = 1 )
u(sb )=ub
sb h i
1 2 ν 2 −1/4 1 2 2
∫ Du (s) exp i ∫ ds 2 mu̇ (s) − u2 (s) − 2 mω u (s) =
u(sa )=ua sa
√
−i ub ua mω csc (ω (sb − sa )) exp 12 mω u2b + u2a cot (ω (sb − sa )) ,

Reν > −1,

(466)
ïîëó÷åííàÿ â ðàáîòå [53] (ñì. [53] ôîðìóëà (56)).
Ïðè âûâîäå ôîðìóëû (466) â ðàáîòå [53] èñïîëüçîâàíà ñëåäóþùàÿ
ôîðìóëà äëÿ ðàäèàëüíîãî ïðîïàãàòîðà ãàðìîíè÷åñêîãî îñöèëëÿòîðà
Kl (r2 , r1 |S) =
i
−i (r1 r2 )−1/2 mω csc (ωS) exp 2 Mω r12 + r22 cot (ωS) Il+1/2 [imωr1 r2 csc (ωS)] ,
(467)
ñì. [53].
Çàìå÷àíèå 15.7.5. Íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ôîðìóëà (467), êàê
õîðîøî èçâåñòíî, ñïðàâåäëèâà òîëüêî äëÿ 0 < S < π/ω [4]. Äëÿ ïðî-
èçâîëíûõ îòðåçêîâ âðåìåíè S âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ïðîïàãàòîðà ñòðîèòñÿ â
ôîðìå êàíîíè÷åñêîãî îïåðàòîðà Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà [4]. Âíå îêðåñòíîñòåé
ôîêàëüíûõ òî÷åê ïðîïàãàòîð Kl (r2 , r1 |S) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä [4]
−1/2
h Kl (r2 , r1 |S) = −i (r1 r2 ) i mω csc (ωS) ×
exp 2 M ω r12 + r22 cot (ωS) − iπ(k+1)
i

2 Il+1/2 [imωr1 r2 csc (ωS)] ,
(468)
ãäå π/2 + kπ < S < π/2 + (k + 1) π. Â ñèëó ôîðìóëû (467), ìû èìååì
ñëåäóþùåå ÿâíîå âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ïðîïàãàòîðà K (ub , S|ua , 0), ñïðàâåä-
ëèâîå òîëüêî ïðè 0 < S < π/ω :
K (ub , S|ua , 0) =
√ (469)
ua ub M ω csc (ωS) exp 2i M ω u2a + u2b cot (ωS)

I√2M E [M ωua ub csc (ωS)] .
Äàëåå, ïðèíèìàÿ âî âíèìàíèå èçâåñòíîå òîæäåñòâî Õèëëå-Õàðäè
h i √
t exp(−α/2) 2 xyt
1−t exp − 12 (x + y) 1+t
1−t Iα 1−t =
h i
1
∞ tn n! exp − 2 (x+y)
P α/2 (α) (α)
Γ(n+α+1) (xy) Ln (x) Ln (y) ,
n=0
(470)
ãäå t = exp (−2iωS) , x = M ωua , y = M ωub , ìû çàïèøåì (469) â
ñëåäóþùåé ýêâèâàëåíòíîé ôîðìå
∞
exp (iεn S) ψn (ub ) ψn∗ (ua ) ,
P
K (ub , S|ua , 0) =
n=0
√
εn = ω 2n + 1 + 2M E ,
S < π/ω,
(471)
ãäå
ψn (u) =
q
2M ωn!Γ(n+2s+1/2) s+ 1 2s+ 1
un! M ωu2 2 exp −M ωu2 Ln 2 M ωu2 ,
1 1
√
s= 4 + 2 2M E > 0, n = 0, 1, 2, ...
(472)
1
2s+
è ãäå M ωu2 - ïîëèíîìû Ëàãåððà. Â ñèëó òîæäåñòâà (471) ìû

Ln 2
ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùåå ïðèáëèæåííîå âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ôóíêöèè Ãðèíà
G (ub , ua ; T ) :
G (ub , ua ; T ) ≈
∞ ∞ π/ω
− √uαa ub ∫ dE
∫ dS exp [S (iV2 − εn )] ψn (ub ) ψn∗ (ua ) .
P
2π exp (iET )
−∞ n=0 0
(473)
Äëÿ ω → 0 â ñèëó (473) ìû èìååì ñëåäóþùåå àñèìïòîòè÷åñêè òî÷-
íîå âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ôóíêöèè Ãðèíà G (ub , ua ; T ) :
G (ub , ua ; T ) '
∞ ∞ ∞
− √uαa ub ∫ dE
∫ dS exp [S (iV2 − εn )] ψn (ub ) ψn∗ (ua ) =
P
2π exp (iET )
−∞ n=0 0
∞

2
2ω 1
φn (ub ) φ∗n (ua ) ,
P
exp −iT −V2 1 − V2 n+ 2
n=0
(474)
ãäå
q
2α(s−1/4) M ωn! s+ 1 2s+ 1
φn (u) = Γ(n+2s+1/2) M ωu2 2 exp −M ωu2 Ln 2 M ωu2 ,
n = 0, 1, 2, ... .
(475)
15.8. ×èñëåííîå ñðàâíåíèå íåïåðòóðáàòèâíîé àñèìïòîòèêè ñ

ðåçóëüòàòàìè, ïîëó÷åííûìè â ðàìêàõ êàíîíè÷åñêîé òåîðèè
âîçìóùåíèé.
Ðàññìîòðèì óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
∂ ∂ ∂

−iε ∂t Kε (x, t) ε = ε ∂x −Fε (x, t) + ε ∂x (Kε (x, t))ε ,
(Kε (x, x0 , 0))ε = δ (x − x0 ) .

(476)
Ðàññìîòðèì ÊÌ ñðåäíåå
∆
xε (tf ) ε = ∫ ∞

2 2

−∞ xf (Kε (x0 , t0 |xf , tf ))ε dxf .
Äëÿ ÊÌ ñðåäíåãî x2ε (tf ) ε ìû èìååì ñëåäóþùåå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå â

ôîðìå ôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî èíòåãðàëà Êîëîìáåàó ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà

x2ε (tf ) ε = ∫ ∞

2
−∞ xf Kε (x0 , t0 |xf , tf )dxf =
ε

x(tf )=xf 2
∫∞
i
−∞ dxf ∫ x(t0 )=x0 xf exp − ε Sε [ẋ (t) , x (t)] D [x (t) , ε] ,
ε
tf
1 2
Sε [ẋ (t) , x (t)] = 4 ∫ [ẋ (t) − Fε (x (t) , t)] dt.
0
(477)
Ðàññìîòðèì êîíå÷íîìåðíóþ àïïðîêñèìàöèþ (Kε, N (x0 , t0 |xf , tf ))ε
(Kε, N (xf , tf | x0 , t0 ))ε =

 
  (478)
n o
iS (x ,..., xN ) dx1 ···dxN −1 
∫ ... ∫ exp − ε, N ε0 ,

| {z } (4 π ε ∆t)N/2 

N −1 ε
15.8. ×èñëåííîå ñðàâíåíèå íåïåðòóðáàòèâíîé àñèìïòîòèêè ... 151
ãäå
PN −1 h i2
∆t xn+1 −xn
Sε, N (x0 , ..., xN ) = n=0 4 ∆t − Fε (xn , tn ) ,
xN = xf .
(479)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìû èìååì

2
2
xε (tN ) = lim x (t) =
ε ε, N
∆t→0 ε

lim ∫ ∞
2
−∞ xε, N Kε, N (x0 , t0 |xN , t)dxN
=
∆t→0 ε
 

 n o 
iS (x ,..., xN ) dx1 ···dxN −1 dxN 
 lim ∫ ... ∫ x2N exp − ε, N ε0  .

(4 π ε ∆t)N/2
∆t→0 | {z } 

N
ε
(480)

# #
Îáîçíà÷èì ñèìâîëîì x# #
ε = xε, 0 , xε, 1 , ..., xε, n , ..., xε, N êðèòè÷å-
ñêóþ òî÷êó äèñêðåòíîãî äåéñòâèÿ Sε, N (x0 , ..., xN ). Òàêèì îáðàçîì,
x#
ε, N óäîâëåòâîðÿåò ñèñòåìå óðàâíåíèé
∂Sε, N (x#ε ) (481)

∂x#
= 0,
ε, n
n = 1, ..., N, ãäå ñ ó÷åòîì ãðàíè÷íûõ óñëîâèé äëÿ n = 0, n = N ìû

èìååì
x#
ε, 0 = x0 .
(482)
Â ñèëó óðàâíåíèé (408)-(409) äëÿ ε → 0 ìû èìååì

x2ε, N (t) ε
=
∫∞ 2

−∞ x N Kε, N (x0 , t0 |xN , t)dxN ε
=
 
 n o 
iS (x ,..., xN ) dx1 ···dxN −1 dxN
∫ ... ∫ x2N exp − ε, N ε0  =
 
| {z } (4 π ε ∆t)N/2 
N ε
x#2 exp − εi Sε x#
#

ε, N Zε, N xε ε ε
+ (oε (ε))ε =
x#2 exp − εi Sε x# ε + (oε (ε))ε ,

ε, N Zε, N x# ε
(483)
ãäå ïðåôàêòîð Zε, N x# èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä

ε ε

Zε, N (x#
ε ) ε =
 
 
∂ 2 Sε, N (x#
n o
1
PN ε ) dy1 ···dyN −1 dyN
∫ ... ∫ exp − 2ε n, m=1 yn ym  .
 
| {z } ∂x# #
ε, n ∂xε, m (4 π ε∆t)N/2 
N ε
(484)
Âû÷èñëÿÿ Ãàóññîâñêèé èíòåãðàë, â ïðàâîé ÷àñòè (484) ìû èìååì
− 12
∂ 2 Sε, N (x#

ε )
#

Zε, N (x ) ε = 2 ∆t det 2 ∆t ∂x# ∂x# ,
ε, n ε, m ε
n = 1, ..., N, m = 1, ..., N.
(485)
Óðàâíåíèå (485) ïåðåïèøåì â ñëåäóþùåé ôîðìå
−1/2
#
Zε, N (x#
ε ) ε
= 4π ε Qε, N .
ε
(486)
Òîãäà âåëè÷èíó Q#
ε, N ìîæíî âû÷èñëèòü ñ ïîìîùüþ ñëåäóþùåé ðå-
êóðñèâíîé ïðîöåäóðû [48]
Q#
ε, n+1
−2 Q# #
ε, n −Qε, n−1 Q# 0 # # 0 #
n F (xε, n , tn )−Qε, n−1 F (xε, n−1 , tn−1 )
∆t2 =2 ∆t −

x# −x# 00
Q#
ε, n
ε, n+1
∆t
ε, n
− Fε (x#
ε, n , tn ) Fε (x#
ε, n , tn )+
0 # # 0
Q# # 2 2
ε, n Fε (xε, n , tn ) − Qε, n−1 Fε (xε, n−1 , tn−1 ) ,
Q#
ε, 1 = ∆t,
Q∗ ∗
ε, 2 −Qε, 1
∆t = 1 + oε (∆t)) ,
∂F (x, t) ∂ 2 F (x, t)
F 0 (x, t) = ∂x , F 00 (x, t) = ∂x2 .
(487)
×èñëî ðåøåíèé ñèñòåìû (481)-(482) ìû îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç M = M (N, ε) .
Òîãäà â ñèëó óðàâíåíèé (486) ìû èìååì ïðè ôèêñèðîâàííîì N è
ε→0 :
(tN ) ε = ∫ ∞

2 2

−∞ xε, N Kε, N (x0 , t0 |xN , t)dxN ε =
x
ε, N
 #

2 iSε, N (x )
# ε, k
PM (xε, N, k ) exp
ε



 k=1 p #
[1 + oε (ε))] .
4πεQε, N, k

ε
(488)
Åñëè ëîìàíàÿ x#ïðè N → ∞ ðàâíîìåðíî ñõîäèòñÿ ê ãëàäêîé
ε, N, k
ôóíêöèè xε (t), ε ∈ (0, 1], òî ìû òàêæå èìååì î÷åâèäíûì îáðàçîì
1 t
lim Sε, N = Sε [ẋε (t), xε (t), t0 , tf ] = 4 ∫ tf0 [ẋ2ε (t) − Fε (xε (t), t)]2 dt.
N →∞
(489)
Ïðè ýòîì óðàâíåíèÿ (481)-(482) ïðèìóò ñëåäóþùèé âèä:
(i) k = 1

ẋ#
1, ε (t, x 0 ) = F ε (x #
1, ε (t, x 0 ) , t) , x #
1, ε (0) = x0 .
ε ε ε
(490)
(ii) 1 < k ≤ M

ẍ#
k, ε (t, x 0 ; t f , x k, f ) = Ḟ (x#
k, ε (t, x0 ; tf , xk, f ), t)+
ε
F (x#
k, ε (t, x0 ; tf , xk, f ), t) F 0 (x#
k, ε (t, x0 ; tf , xk, f ), t),
x# #
k, ε (0, x0 ; tf , xk, f ) = x0 , xk, ε (tf , x0 ; tf , xk, f ) = xk, f ,

dS[ẋ#
k, ε
(t, x0 ; tf , xk, f ), x#
k, ε
(t, x0 ; tf , xk, f )]
dxk, f

= 0.
t=tf
(491)
À óðàâíåíèÿ (487) ïðèìóò ñëåäóþùèé âèä:
(i) k = 1
0

1
2 Q̈#
1, ε (t, x0 ) − d
dt [Q# #
1, ε (t) Fε (x1, ε (t, x0 ), t)] ,
ε ε

Q̇#
1, ε (t0 , x0 ) = 1, Q#1, ε (t0 , x0 ) = 0.
ε ε
(492)
(ii) 1 < k ≤ M
0

1
2 Q̈#
k, ε (t) − d
dt [Q#
k, ε (t) F (x #
ε k, ε (t, x 0 ; t f , x k, f ), t)] +
ε ε
00

[Q# #
k, ε (t) Fε (xk, ε (t, x0 ; tf , xk, f ), t)] ×
ε
h i
ẋ#
k, ε (t, x 0 ; t f , x k, f ) − Fε (x #
1, ε (t, x 0 ; tf , x k, f ) , t) ,
ε ε

Q̇# (t
k, ε 0 ) = 1, Q#
(t
k, ε 0 ) = 0.
ε ε
(493)
Èíòåãðèðóÿ óðàâíåíèå (492), ìû ïîëó÷èì ñëåäóþùåå ðàâåíñòâî
h i
1
Q̇# #
1, ε (t) − Q̇1, ε (t0 ) =
2 (494)
Q# 0 # # 0 #
1, ε (t) F (x1, ε (t, x0 ), t) − Q0 (t0 ) F (x1, ε (t, x0 ), t).
Îòêóäà, ó÷èòûâàÿ íà÷àëüíûå óñëîâèÿ, îêîí÷àòåëüíî ïîëó÷àåì äèô-

ôåðåíöèàëüíîå óðàâíåíèå ïåðâîãî ïîðÿäêà
Q̇# # 0 #
1, ε (t) = 2Q1, ε (t) F (x1, ε (t, x0 ), t) + 1.
(495)
Ïîäñòàâèâ â âûðàæåíèå (489) ôóíêöèþ x#
1, ε (t, x0 ), óäîâëåòâîðÿþ-
ùóþ óñëîâèþ (490), ìû ïîëó÷èì

Sε [ẋ#
1, ε (t, x 0 ), x #
1, ε (t, x 0 ), t] = 0.
ε
(496)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âûðàæåíèå (488) äëÿ äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøîãî N îêîí-
÷àòåëüíî ìîæíî ïåðåïèñàòü â ñëåäóþùåì âèäå
xε (t) = ∫ ∞

2 2

−∞ xε Kε (x0 , t0 |x, t)dx ε =

ε
2
(x#
1, ε (t, x0 ))
p +
Q#
1, ε
 #

k, ε (
2 iSk, ε (x t, x0 ; t, xk, f ))
#
PM (xk, ε (t, x0 ; t, xk, f )) exp
ε


=  k=2
 p #  +
Qk, ε 

ε
+ (Oε (ε))ε .
(497)
Â óðàâíåíèè (477) ôóíêöèþ Fε (x, t) ìû âûáåðåì òàêèì îáðàçîì,
÷òîáû âûïîëíÿëîñü ñëåäóþùåå ðàâåíñòâî
dxV (x)
Fε (x, t) |ε=0 = + A sin(Ωt) = −ax3 + bx + A sin(Ωt). (497a)
dx
Òîãäà ñèñòåìà óðàâíåíèé (490) â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå ñâîäèòñÿ ê
îäíîìó óðàâíåíèþ ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
ẋ(t) = −ax3 (t) + bx(t) + A sin(Ωt), x(0) = x0 . (497b)
Ñèñòåìà òðàíñöåíäåíòíûõ óðàâíåíèé (140) â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå
ñâîäèòñÿ ê îäíîìó óðàâíåíèþ ñëåäóþùåãî âèäà
(x0 − λ(t)) exp[−(3aλ2 (t) − b)t]−
Z t
3
(aλ (t) − bλ(t)) exp[−(3aλ2 (t) − b)(t − τ )]dτ +
0
Z t
A sin(Ωτ ) exp[−(3aλ2 (t) − b)(t − τ )]dτ = 0. (497c)
0
Çàïèøåì óðàâíåíèå (497c) â ñëåäóþùåì âèäå
Z t
(x0 − λ(t)) exp[−Θ(λ)t] − ∆(λ) exp[−Θ(λ)(t − τ )]dτ +
0
Z t
A sin(Ωτ ) exp[−Θ(λ)(t − τ )]dτ = 0.
0
Θ(λ) = (3aλ2 (τ ) − b), ∆(λ) = aλ3 (t) − bλ(t). (497d)
Â ñèëó óðàâíåíèÿ (497d) ìû èìååì î÷åâèäíûì îáðàçîì ñëåäóþùåå

óðàâíåíèå
Z t
(x0 − λ(t)) exp[−Θ(λ)t] − ∆(λ) exp[−Θ(λ)(t − τ )]dτ +
0
Z t
A sin(Ωτ ) exp[−Θ(λ)(t − τ )]dτ = 0. (497e)
0
Â ðåçóëüòàòå ýëåìåíòàðíûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé óðàâíåíèÿ ìû èìååì

îêîí÷àòåëüíî
∆(λ)
(x0 − λ(t)) − {exp[Θ(λ)t] − 1}+
Θ(λ)
exp[Θ(λ)t] Ω
A [Θ(λ) sin(Ωt) − Ω cos(Ωt)] + A 2 = 0. (497f )
Ω2 + Θ2 (λ) Ω + Θ2 (λ)
Ââåäåì îáîçíà÷åíèå
p
Ep (t) = | < x2 (t) > |, (497g)
ãäå ôóíêöèÿ | < x (t) > | çàäàíà âûðàæåíèåì (497). Ðåøåíèå óðàâíå-
2
íèÿ (497b), çàäàþùåãî ñîîòâåòñòâóþùóþ êëàññè÷åñêóþ äèíàìèêó, ìû

îáîçíà÷àåì x (t).
Ïðèìåð 15.8.1. Ïàðàìåòðû: a = 0.5, b = 1.
Ïðèìåð 15.8.2. Ïàðàìåòðû: a = 0.3, b = 1.
Ïðèìåð 15.8.3. Ïàðàìåòðû: a = 1, b = 1.
Ïðèâåäåííûå âûøå ïðèìåðû ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî óæå ñ ñëó÷àå äî-
ñòàòî÷íî ïðîñòûõ îäíîìåðíûõ êâàíòîâûõ ñèñòåì íåïåðòóðáàòèâíàÿ
êâàçìêëàññè÷åñêàÿ àñèìïòîòèêà êâàíòîâîìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñðåäíèõ çíà-
÷åíèé ìîæåò ñóùåñòâåííî îòëè÷àòüñÿ îò ïåðòóðáàòèâíîé êâàçèêëàñ-
ñè÷åñêîé àñèìïòîòèêè, ïîëó÷åííîé â ðàìêàõ ÂÊÁ ïðèáëèæåíèÿ èëè
ìåòîäà êàíîíè÷åñêîãî îïåðàòîðà Â. Ï. Ìàñëîâà.
Ðèñ. 19: Ãðàôèê ôóíêöèè V (x). Ïàðàìåòðû: a = 0.5, b = 1. Ïðèìåð

15.8.1
Ðèñ. 20: Ñðàâíåíèå êëàññè÷åñêîé äèíàìèêè (êðàñíàÿ êðèâàÿ x (t)),

íåïåðòóðáàòèâíîé êâàíòîâîé äèíàìèêè (ñèíÿÿ êðèâàÿ λ (t)) è ïåðòóð-
áàòèâíîé êâàíòîâîé äèíàìèêè (çåëåíàÿ êðèâàÿ Ep (t)), ïîëó÷åííîé ìå-
òîäîì ñòàöèîíàðíîé ôàçû. Ïàðàìåòðû: a = 0.5, b = 1, A = 1. Ïðèìåð
15.8.1
Ðèñ. 21: Ãðàôèê ôóíêöèè V (x). Ïàðàìåòðû: a = 0.3, b = 1. Ïðèìåð

15.8.2

òîäîì ñòàöèîíàðíîé ôàçû. Ïàðàìåòðû: a = 0.3, b = 1, A = 1. Ïðèìåð
15.8.2
Ðèñ. 23: Ãðàôèê ôóíêöèè V (x). Ïàðàìåòðû: a = 1, b = 1. Ïðèìåð

15.8.3

òîäîì ñòàöèîíàðíîé ôàçû. Ïàðàìåòðû: a = 1, b = 1, A = 0.3. Ïðèìåð
15.8.3
160 Ãëàâà 16. Êâàíòîâàÿ êîñìîëîãèÿ â ïðîñòðàíñòâå-âðåìåíè...
Ãëàâà 16
ÊÂÀÍÒÎÂÀß ÊÎÑÌÎËÎÃÈß Â
ÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÑÒÂÅ-ÂÐÅÌÅÍÈ ÎÒÐÈÖÀÒÅËÜÍÎÉ
ÔÐÀÊÒÀËÜÍÎÉ ÐÀÇÌÅÐÍÎÑÒÈ È
ÊÂÀÍÒÎÂÎÏÎËÅÂÀß ÏÅÐÒÓÐÁÀÒÈÂÍÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ
ÂÀÊÓÓÌÀ ÝÉÍØÒÅÉÍÀ-ÃËÈÍÅÐÀ-ÇÅËÜÄÎÂÈ×À
Â íàñòîÿùåé ãëàâå ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî âàêóóì Ýéíøòåéíà-Ãëèíåðà èìå-

åò íå ìàêðîñêîïè÷åñêóþ, à ÷èñòî êâàíòîâîïîëåâóþ ïðèðîäó, ÷òî áûëî
ïðåäñêàçàíî áîëåå 40 ëåò òîìó íàçàä â ðàáîòàõ ß. Á. Çåëüäîâè÷à [87-
90], èñõîäÿ èç î÷åíü îáùèõ ñîîáðàæåíèé. Ïîñòðîåíà ñàìîñîãëàññîâàí-
íàÿ ïåðòóðáàòèâíàÿ ìîäåëü âàêóóìà Ýéíøòåéíà-Ãëèíåðà-Çåëüäîâè÷à,
áàçèðóþùàÿñÿ íà êâàíòîâîé òåîðèè ïîëÿ â ïðîñòðàíñòâå-âðåìåíè îò-
ðèöàòåëüíîé ôðàêòàëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè.
Â ýòîé ãëàâå ïðåäñòàâëåíû:
1. Ââåäåíèå.
2. Ïðîáëåìà êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîñòîÿííîé.
3. Âàêóóì Ýéíøòåéíà-Ãëèíåðà-Çåëüäîâè÷à.
4. Êâàíòîâàÿ ìåõàíèêà è êâàíòîâàÿ òåîðèÿ ïîëÿ â ïðîñòðàíñòâàõ
îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôðàêòàëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè.
5. Èíäóöèðîâàííàÿ ãðàâèòàöèÿ Ñàõàðîâà â ðèìàíîâîì ïðîñòðàí-
ñòâå îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôðàêòàëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè.
16.1. Ââåäåíèå
Ìåòîäû êëàññè÷åñêîé ìóëüòèôðàêòàëüíîé ãåîìåòðèè çà ïîñëåäíèå

10 ëåò ïðî÷íî âîøëè â ñîâðåìåííóþ òåîðåòè÷åñêóþ ôèçèêó [150] è
êâàíòîâóþ òåîðèþ ãðàâèòàöèè [137], à ÷èñëî ïóáëèêàöèé, ïîñâÿùåí-
íûõ ôðàêòàëüíîé êîñìîëîãèè è ôðàêòàëüíîé êâàíòîâîé òåîðèè ïîëÿ,
íåóêëîííî âîçðàñòàåò [115-120], [133-134]. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî â îñíîâîïîëà-
ãàþùåé ðàáîòå Ê.Ñâîçèëà [104], ïîñâÿùåííîé êâàíòîâîé òåîðèè ïîëÿ
(ÊÒÏ) íà ôðàêòàëüíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå-âðåìåíè, ôðàêòàëüíàÿ ãåîìåò-
ðèÿ â ìåòðè÷åñêèõ ïðîñòðàíñòâàõ ïîëîæèòåëüíîé õàóñäîðôîâîé ðàç-
ìåðíîñòè D = dH , ïðèìåíÿëàñü â îñíîâíîì êàê íîâûé ìåòîä ðåãóëÿðè-
çàöèè, àíàëîãè÷íûé èçâåñòíîìó â ÊÒÏ êëàññè÷åñêîìó ìåòîäó ðàçìåð-
íîé ðåãóëÿðèçàöèè. Îäíàêî óæå â ðàáîòàõ Êîëêàãíè [117-119] è äðóãèõ
16.1. Ââåäåíèå 161
àâòîðîâ [120] ïîëîæèòåëüíûå Õàóñäîðôîâû ðàçìåðíîñòè dH ðàññìàò-

ðèâàþòñÿ êàê ôèçè÷åñêèå. Â ðàáîòàõ [134-136] ôðàêòàëüíàÿ ðàçìåð-
íîñòü ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè âïåðâûå ðàññìàòðèâàëàñü êàê äèíàìè÷å-
ñêèé ïàðàìåòð, êîòîðûé ìîæåò ìåíÿòüñÿ â ïðîöåññå ýâîëþöèè íàøåé
Âñåëåííîé. Îòðèöàòåëüíûå ðàçìåðíîñòè ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè äëè-
òåëüíîå âðåìÿ ðàññìàòðèâàëèñü â ôèçè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå êàê íåôè-
çè÷åñêèå è èãðàëè ÷èñòî âñïîìîãàòåëüíóþ ðîëü. Êâàíòîâàÿ ìåõàíèêà
â ïðîñòðàíñòâå öåëîé îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè èçó÷àëàñü â ðàáîòàõ
Äóííà è Õîëëèäýÿ, à òàêæå Ðàáåëëî [99-102]. Â ýòèõ ðàáîòàõ ïîêàçà-
íî, ÷òî äëÿ êâàíòîâûõ ñèñòåì ñ êîíå÷íûì ÷èñëîì ñòåïåíåé ñâîáîäû
ïðîñòðàíñòâî öåëîé îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôèçè÷åñêîé ðàçìåðíîñòè ìîæíî
èíòåðïðåòèðîâàòü êàê íåêîòîðîå âïîëíå ðåàëüíîå ñóïåðïðîñòðàíñòâî.
Áûëî îòìå÷åíî, ÷òî â ïðîñòðàíñòâå öåëîé îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíî-
ñòè êâàíòîâûå ñòàòèñòèêè áîçîíîâ è ôåðìèîíîâ ïîìåíÿþòñÿ ìåñòàìè.
Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé èíòåãðàë ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì äëÿ öåëûõ îòðèöàòåëüíûõ
ðàçìåðíîñòåé èçó÷åí â ðàáîòàõ Õîëëèäýÿ, Äóííà è Ðèêîòòû [106-107].
Â ÊÒÏ îòðèöàòåëüíûå ðàçìåðíîñòè óæå ñðàâíèòåëüíî äàâíî èñïîëüçó-
þòñÿ êàê ýôôåêòèâíûé ìåòîä èññëåäîâàíèÿ îáû÷íûõ Ôåéíìàíîâñêèõ
äèàãðàìì [108-114]. Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé èíòåãðàë ïî òðàåêòîðèÿì â îòðè-
öàòåëüíûõ ðàçìåðíîñòÿõ äëÿ ñèñòåì ñ êîíòèíóàëüíûì ÷èñëîì ñòåïå-
íåé ñâîáîäû ïîñòðîåí Ñóçóêè è Øìèäòîì [112]. Ïðîñòðàíñòâî-âðåìÿ
êàê ìóëüòèôðàêòàë îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè áûëî âïåðâûå ââåäåíî
â íàøåé ðàáîòå [133], â êîòîðîé ðåçóëüòàòû Êîëêàãíè [117] ðàñøèðåíû
íà ñëó÷àé îáîáùåííîé ìåðû Êîëîìáåàó - Ñòèëüòüåñà ρF ε (x) ε [133] c

íîñèëåì íà ôðàêòàëå F ⊂ Rd è òàêîé, ÷òî
d−1
r dr

dρF
ε (x) ∼ rd(1−δ)
ε +ε ε
,
ε ∈ (0, 1] ,
(498)
ε (x) ε ⊂ F, ãäå d - òîïîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ðàçìåðíîñòü, δ ∈ (−∞, 1] .

Supp ρF
Êîëêàãíè èçó÷àë òîëüêî ñëó÷àé, êîãäà δ ∈ (0, 1] [117-119]. Â òîì ñëó-
÷àå, êîãäà δ ∈ (0, 1] èíòåãðèðîâàíèå ïî ìåðå dρF ε (x) ε î÷åâèäíî ýê-

âèâàëåíòíî èíòåãðèðîâàíèþ ïî îáû÷íîé ìåðå Õàóñäîðôà dµH c íîñè-
ëåì íà ôðàêòàëå F Õàóñäîðôîâîé ðàçìåðíîñòè dH (F ) = d · δ. Ïóñòü
òåïåðü δ ∈ (−∞, 0] . Òîãäà î÷åâèäíî Ãåëüäåðîâñêàÿ ýêñïîíåíòà α (0)
ìåðû ρF ε (x) ε â òî÷êå x = 0 îòðèöàòåëüíà è ðàâíà −d · |δ| :

log ρF

ε (B(x, r))
α (0) = lim lim log r = −d · |δ| .
r→0 ε→0
(499)
Çàìå÷àíèå 16.1.1. Ïóñòü BFr = F ∩B (0, r) - ôðàêòàëüíûé "øàð"ðà-
äèóñà r. Îáúåì ρFε (BF ) ôðàêòàëüíîãî øàðà BF â ñèëó (498) ðàâåí
r r
ρε (BF ) ∼ r , ãäå D− = −d · |δ| .

F r D−
Îïðåäåëåíèå 16.1.1. Äëÿ ïðîèçâîëüíîé îáîáùåííîé ìåðû Êîëîì-

áåàó-Ñòèëüòüåñà (µε (x))ε ìû îïðåäåëèì âåðõíþþ Ãåëüäåðîâñêóþ ýêñ-
ïîíåíòó α (x) â òî÷êå x êàê

α (x) = lim sup lim sup log µεlog
(B(x, r))
r
r→0 ε→0
(500)
è íèæíþþ Ãåëüäåðîâñêóþ ýêñïîíåíòó α (x) â òî÷êå x êàê

log µε (B(x, r))
α (x) = lim inf lim inf log r .
r→0 ε→0
(501)
Îïðåäåëèì òàêæå ìíîæåñòâà ∆(µε )ε (α) è ∆ (µε )ε (α) êàê

log µε (B(x,r))

∆(µε )ε (α) = x ∈ Supp ((µε )ε ) lim sup lim sup

log r = α ,
r→0 ε→0
n o
log µε (B(x, r))
∆(µε )ε (α) = x ∈ Supp ((µε )ε ) lim inf lim inf = α .

r→0 ε→0 log r
(502)
Çàìå÷àíèå 16.1.2. Â äàëüíåéøåì ìû ðàññìàòðèâàåì òîëüêî ñëó-
÷àé, êîãäà âûïîëíåíî ðàâåíñòâî ∆(µε )ε (α) = ∆(µε )ε (α) = ∆(µε )ε (α) .
Îïðåäåëåíèå 16.1.2. Åñëè ìíîæåñòâà ∆(µε )ε (α) äëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ
çíà÷åíèé α èìåþò ôðàêòàëüíûé õàðàêòåð, òî ìåðà (µε )ε íàçûâàåòñÿ
îáîáùåííîé ìóëüòèôðàêòàëüíîé ìåðîé èëè îáîáùåííûì ìóëüòèôðàê-
òàëîì. Ñåìåéñòâî ìíîæåñòâ ∆(µε )ε (α) äëÿ êðàòêîñòè ìû òàêæå áó-

äåì íàçûâàåòü îáîáùåííûì ìóëüòèôðàêòàëîì.
Çàìå÷àíèå 16.1.3. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî ïðèíöèïèàëüíûì îòëè÷èåì
îáîáùåííîãî ìóëüòèôðàêòàëà (µε )ε îò êëàññè÷åñêîãî ìóëüòèôðàêòà-
ëà ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàëè÷èå ó íåãî, ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, îäíîé îòðèöàòåëüíîé
Ãåëüäåðîâñêîé ýêñïîíåíòû α (x) < 0.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 16.1.3. Îáîáùåííàÿ ìóëüòèôðàêòàëüíàÿ ìåðà (µε )ε
íàçûâàåòñÿ ìóëüòèôðàêòàëîì îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè, åñëè íàé-
äåòñÿ, ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, îäíî çíà÷åíèå α = α− < 0 òàêîå, ÷òî
∆(µε )ε (α− ) 6= ∅.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñïðàâåäëèâî ðàçëîæåíèå

∆(µε )ε (α) = ∆(µε )ε (α+ ) , ∆(µε )ε (α− ) ,
ãäå α− < 0 è α+ > 0.
16.2. Ïðîáëåìà êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîñòîÿííîé 163
Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè êëàññè÷åñêèõ ìóëüòèôðàêòàëîâ òèïà îòðèöàòåëü-

íîé ðàçìåðíîñòè âïåðâûå èçó÷àë Á. Á. Ìàíäåëüáðîò [121-123]. Îòðè-
öàòåëüíàÿ ðàçìåðíîñòü äëÿ ñëó÷àéíûõ ôðàêòàëüíûõ ìíîæåñòâ áûëà
ââåäåíà â ðàáîòå [149].
Îïðåäåëåíèå 16.1.4. Â íàñòîÿùåé ðàáîòå ïîä ïðîñòðàíñòâîì îò-
ðèöàòåëüíîé
ðàçìåðíîñòè ìû
áóäåì ïîíèìàòü îáîáùåííûé ìóëüòè-
ôðàêòàë ∆(µε )ε (α) = = ∆(µε )ε (α+ ) , ∆(µε )ε (α− ) , ó êîòîðîãî âñå

Ãåëüäåðîâñêèå ýêñïîíåíòû α îòðèöàòåëüíû, ò. å. ∆(µε )ε (α+ ) = ∅.

Çàìå÷àíèå 16.1.4. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî ëþáàÿ ìóëüòèôðàêòàëüíàÿ

ñòðóêòóðà ∆(µε )ε (α) , çàäàííàÿ íà êîîðäèíàòíîì x - ïðîñòðàíñòâå

Ìèíêîâñêîãî M4 , êàíîíè÷åñêèìnîáðàçîì èíäóöèðóåò
o åäèíñòâåííóþ
ìóëüòèôðàêòàëüíóþ ñòðóêòóðó ∆(µε )ε (α) íà èìïóëüñíîì p - ïðî-
b
ñòðàíñòâå M4∗ [104].
Îïðåäåëåíèå 16.1.5. Êâàíòîâîå ïîëå (ϕε (t, x))ε , çàäàííîå íà êî-
îðäèíàòíîì x - ïðîñòðàíñòâå Ìèíêîâñêîãî M4 , íàçûâàåòñÿ ôðàêòàëü-
íûì, åñëè åãî ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü êàê ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ôóðüå îïåðàòîðíî-
çíà÷íîé
n îáîáùåííîé
o ôóíêöèè (ϕε (p))ε òàêîé, ÷òî supp ((ϕn ε (p))ε ) ⊆o
∆(µ ) (α) äëÿ íåêîòîðîãî îáîáùåííîãî ìóëüòèôðàêòàëà ∆
b
ε ε
b (µ ) (α)
ε ε
[133].
16.2. Ïðîáëåìà êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîñòîÿííîé
Îáùåèçâåñòíàÿ ñòàðàÿ ïðîáëåìà êëàññè÷åñêîé êâàíòîâîé êîñìîëî-

ãèè, êàê èçâåñòíî, ñîñòîÿëà â òîì, ÷òî ïëîòíîñòü ýíåðãèè âàêóóìà,
âû÷èñëåííàÿ â ðàìêàõ êàíîíè÷åñêîé êâàíòîâîé òåîðèè ïîëÿ, ïîëîæè-
òåëüíà è íåäîïóñòèìî âåëèêà [85]. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, ðàçóìíàÿ îöåíêà
ïîëíîé ýíåðãèè âàêóóìíûõ íóëåâûõ êîëåáàíèé ïîëÿ ìàññû m, ïîëó-
÷åííàÿ îáðåçàíèåì ïî âîëíîâîìó ÷èñëó êîëåáàòåëüíûõ ìîä κ m,
äàåò äëÿ ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãèè âàêóóìà hρV i ( h̄ == 1 ) ñëåäóþùåå âûðà-
æåíèå
κ 1/2
1 κ4
hρV i = 2(2π)3
∫ 4πk 2 k 2 + m2 dk ' 16π 2 .
0
(503)
Ñîãëàñíî îáùåïðèíÿòûì â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿì, îá-
ùàÿ òåîðèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíîñòè, à çíà÷èò è êàíîíè÷åñêèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ
î ñâîéñòâàõ ïðîñòðàíñòâà - âðåìåíè ñïðàâåäëèâû ïðè ýíåðãèÿõ âïëîòü
äî ïëàíêîâñêîãî ìàñøòàáà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìû äîëæíû ïîëîæèòü â
1/2
ðàçóìíîì ôèçè÷åñêîì ïðèáëèæåíèè κ ' (8πG) , ÷òî äàåò âåëè÷èíó
[86]
(504)
hρV i = 2−10 π −4 G−2 = 2 · 1071 M4 .
Òàêîå çíà÷åíèå hρV i ïðîòèâîðå÷èò äàííûì íàáëþäàòåëüíîé àñòðî-

íîìèè, ñì. äåòàëüíîå îáñóæäåíèå â ñòàòüå Âàéíáåðãà [85], êîòîðàÿ íà-
ïèñàíà åùå äî îòêðûòèÿ óñêîðåííîãî ðàñøèðåíèÿ âñåëåííîé. Êàê îò-
ìå÷åíî Âàéíáåðãîì [85], âåëè÷èíà |hρV i + (Λ/8πG)| (Λ -Ýéíøòåéíîâñêàÿ
êîñìîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîñòîÿííàÿ) ñ íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ äîëæíà áûòü ìåíüøå,
÷åì 10−47 ÃýÂ 4 , è ïîýòîìó äâà ñëàãàåìûõ hρV i è Λ/8πG, îïðåäåëÿþ-
ùèõ åå çíà÷åíèå, äîëæíû ñîêðàùàòüñÿ ñ òî÷íîñòüþ, ëó÷øåé, ÷åì 118
äåñÿòè÷íûõ çíàêîâ. Äàæå åñëè ó÷åñòü òîëüêî ýíåðãèþ âàêóóìà â ÊÕÄ,
òî ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ âåëè÷èíà hρV i èìååò ïîðÿäîê 10−6 ÃýÂ4 , ÷òî òðå-
áóåò òî÷íîñòè ñîêðàùåíèÿ ñ Λ/8πG ïîðÿäêà íå ìåíåå 41 äåñÿòè÷íîãî
çíàêà. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ ïðîáëåìà íàçûâàåòñÿ ïðîáëåìîé êîñìîëîãè-
÷åñêîé ïîñòîÿííîé.
Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ß. Á. Çåëüäîâè÷ áûë ïåðâûì, êòî ïîïûòàëñÿ îáúÿñ-
íèòü íåíóëåâóþ ýíåðãèþ âàêóóìà Âñåëåííîé çà ñ÷åò êâàíòîâûõ ôëóê-
òóàöèé ôèçè÷åñêèõ ïîëåé [87]. Ïîñêîëüêó êàíîíè÷åñêàÿ ÊÒÏ óæå íà
óðîâíå íóëåâûõ êîëåáàíèé äàåò äëÿ hρV i ñëèøêîì áîëüøîå ÷èñëåííîå
çíà÷åíèå, Çåëüäîâè÷ ïîñòóëèðîâàë, ÷òî ýíåðãèÿ íóëåâûõ êîëåáàíèé
äîëæíà â òî÷íîñòè ñîêðàùàòüñÿ ñ ÷ëåíîì Λ/8πG, à íåíóëåâîé âêëàä
â hρV i äàþò ïåðòóðáàòèâíûå ýôôåêòû òîëüêî âûñøèõ ïîðÿäêîâ è, â
÷àñòíîñòè, ýôôåêò ãðàâèòàöèîííîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ìåæäó âèðòóàëü-
íûìè ÷àñòèöàìè â âàêóóìíûõ ôëóêòóàöèÿõ. Ôîðìàëüíî ýòî ñîîòâåò-
ñòâóåò îòáðàñûâàíèþ îäíîïåòëåâûõ âàêóóìíûõ äèàãðàìì Ôåéíìàíà
è ó÷åòó âêëàäà äâóõïåòëåâûõ äèàãðàìì. Ïðè ýòîì ïëîòíîñòü ýíåðãèè
ñîñòàâëÿåò hρV i ' Gκ6 [87]. Çåëüäîâè÷ ïðèíÿë áåç êàêîãî ëèáî ñåðüåç-
íîãî ôèçè÷åñêîãî îñíîâàíèÿ κ = 1 ÃýÂ, ÷òî äàåò hρV i ' 10−38 ÃýÂ 4 ,
÷òî íà ìíîãî ïîðÿäêîâ ìåíüøå ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãèè íóëåâûõ êîëåáàíèé,
íî ïðèìåðíî íà 9 ïîðÿäêîâ áîëüøå, ÷åì òðåáîâàëîñü èç íàáëþäàòåëü-
íûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé íà âåëè÷èíó |hρV i + (Λ/8πG)| .
16.3. Âàêóóì Ýéíøòåéíà-Ãëèíåðà-Çåëüäîâè÷à
Íàïîìíèì, ÷òî óðàâíåíèÿ Ýéíøòåéíà ñ êîñìîëîãè÷åñêèì ÷ëåíîì

èìåþò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
Rµν − 21 gµν R − Λgµν = −8πGTµν

(505)
è ïðè ëþáûõ Λ > 0 ñóùåñòâóåò ñòàòè÷åñêîå ðåøåíèå äëÿ Âñåëåííîé,
çàïîëíåííîé ïûëåâèäíîé ìàòåðèåé, îáëàäàþùåé íóëåâûì äàâëåíèåì
è ïëîòíîñòüþ Λ/8πG.
16.3. Âàêóóì Ýéíøòåéíà-Ãëèíåðà-Çåëüäîâè÷à 165
Â ñåðåäèíå 1960 ãîäîâ Ý. Á. Ãëèíåð [92-96] âûäâèíóë ãèïîòåçó î

ñóùåñòâîâàíèè âî Âñåëåííîé èäåàëüíî îäíîðîäíîé ìàêðîñêîïè÷åñêîé
ñðåäû ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ
Λ
ρV = 8πG .
(506)
Ïðè ýòîì: (i) ïëîòíîñòü (506) íå èçìåíÿåòñÿ âî âðåìåíè è ïðîñòðàí-
ñòâå è îñòàåòñÿ îäíîé è òîé æå âî âñåõ ñèñòåìàõ îòñ÷åòà,
(ii) Ñðåäà ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ (506) îáëàäàåò îòðèöàòåëüíûì äàâëåíèåì
V , è åå óðàâíåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä:
pV = −ρV .
(507)
Ý. Á. Ãëèíåð ïîêàçàë, ÷òî åãî ïîñòóëàòû (i)-(ii) ôàêòè÷åñêè ýêâèâà-
ëåíòíû ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîìó ïðåäïîëîæåíèþ Ýéíøòåéíà î íàëè÷èè íåíó-
ëåâîé êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîñòîÿííîé Λ > 0. Ý.Á.Ãëèíåð òàêæå ïîêàçàë,
÷òî
1. Ýòà ñðåäà íå ìîæåò ñëóæèòü ñèñòåìîé îòñ÷åòà, ò. å. åñëè èìåþòñÿ
äâå ñèñòåìû îòñ÷åòà, äâèæóùèåñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî äðóã äðóãà ñ íåêîòî-
ðîé íåíóëåâîé ñêîðîñòüþ, òî ñðåäà ñ óðàâíåíèåì ñîñòîÿíèÿ áóäåò ñî-
ïóòñòâîâàòü è òîé è äðóãîé. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñðåäà, îïèñûâàåìàÿ óðàâ-
íåíèÿìè (506)-(507), ÿâëÿåòñÿ âàêóóìîì.
2. Ñðåäà ñ óðàâíåíèåì ñîñòîÿíèÿ (507) ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåèçìåííîé è "âå÷-
íîé". Åå ýíåðãèÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé àáñîëþòíûé è ïîñòîÿííûé âî âðå-
ìåíè ìèíèìóì ýíåðãèè, ñîäåðæàùåéñÿ â ìèðîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå. À ýòî
òàêæå îáÿçàòåëüíîå ñâîéñòâî âàêóóìà.
3. Ñðåäà ñ äàâëåíèåì, îïðåäåëÿåìûì óðàâíåíèåì (507), ñîçäàåò íå
òÿãîòåíèå, à àíòèòÿãîòåíèå. Â ñàìîì äåëå, ñîãëàñíî îáùåé òåîðèè îòíî-
ñèòåëüíîñòè òÿãîòåíèå îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî ïëîòíîñòüþ ñðåäû, íî
è åå äàâëåíèåì. Ïðè ýòîì "ýôôåêòèâíàÿ ãðàâèòèðóþùàÿ ïëîòíîñòü"â
îáùåì ñëó÷àå âûðàæàåòñÿ â âèäå ñóììû äâóõ ñëàãàåìûõ:
ρeff = ρV + 3pV
(508)
Îòìåòèì, ÷òî â ñèëó óðàâíåíèÿ ñîñòîÿíèÿ (507) ñóììà â ïðàâîé
÷àñòè (508) îêàçûâàåòñÿ ñòðîãî îòðèöàòåëüíîé:
ρeff = ρV + 3pV = −2ρV < 0.

(509)
Òàêîå èñòîëêîâàíèå Ý. Á. Ãëèíåðîì Ýéíøòåéíîâñêîé êîñìîëîãè÷å-

ñêîé ïîñòîÿííîé, ïî ïîíÿòíûì ïðè÷èíàì âñòðå÷åííîå â øòûêè 40 ëåò
íàçàä, òåïåðü ñòàëî îáùåïðèíÿòûì. Â îòå÷åñòâåííîé ëèòåðàòóðå ïðè-
íÿòî ãîâîðèòü î êîñìè÷åñêîé ñðåäå ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ (506) è óðàâíåíèåì
ñîñòîÿíèÿ (507) êàê î âàêóóìå Ýéíøòåéíà-Ãëèíåðà (ÝÃ-âàêóóì) [91].
ß.Á. Çåëüäîâè÷ â ðàáîòå "Êîñìîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîñòîÿííàÿ è òåîðèÿ
ýëåìåíòàðíûõ ÷àñòèö"[88] ñäåëàë ïåðâóþ ïîïûòêó ïîëó÷èòü óðàâíå-
íèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ âàêóóìà (507), èñõîäÿ èç ïåðâûõ ïðèíöèïîâ. Ïëîòíîñòü
ýíåðãèè âàêóóìà ß. Á. Çåëüäîâè÷ âû÷èñëÿåò â îäíîïåòëåâîì ïðèáëè-
æåíèè, ò. å. ñ ó÷åòîì òîëüêî íóëåâûõ êîëåáàíèé. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå
ôîðìàëüíûå âûðàæåíèÿ äëÿ ρV è V â ñëó÷àå ñêàëÿðíûõ ÷àñòèö èìå-
þò âèä
∞ p ∞ p
1 4π
ρV = 2 (2πh̄)3 ∫ p2 p2 + µ2 dp = K ∫ p2 p2 + µ2 dp = KI (µ) ,
0 0
µ = m0 c
(510)
è ñîîòâåòñòâåííî
∞ 4
V = K
3 ∫ √p 2dp = KF (µ) .
0 p +µ2
(511)
Äëÿ ôåðìèîíîâ ìû èìååì [88]
ρV = −4KI (µ) , V = −4KF (µ) .

(512)
Ñ ó÷åòîì âêëàäîâ âñåõ áîçîíîâ è âñåõ ôåðìèîíîâ ìû èìååì
P P
ρV = ci I (µi ) , V = ci F (µi ) ,
i i
(513)
ãäå êîýôôèöèåíòû ci ìîãóò èìåòü ðàçíûå çíàêè. Ðåãóëÿðèçîâàííûå
ìåòîäîì Ïàóëè-Âèëëàðñà [158] âûðàæåíèÿ (513) èìåþò âèä [88]:
ρreg
V = ∫ f (µ) I (µ) dµ,
reg
V = ∫ f (µ) F (µ) dµ,
(514)
ãäå ôóíêöèÿ f (µ) âûáèðàåòñÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû âûïîëíÿëèñü óñëî-
âèÿ êîíå÷íîñòè äëÿ ïëîòíîñòè è äàâëåíèÿ
ρren
V < ∞, ren
V < ∞.
(515)
Ñëåäóÿ ðàáîòå [88], ðàññìîòðèì êîíå÷íûå âåëè÷èíû
p0 p pµ p p0 p
I (µ, p0 ) = ∫ p2 p2 + µ2 dp = ∫ p2 p2 + µ2 dp + ∫ p2 p2 + µ2 dp =
0 0 pµ
pµ p0 q
µ2
p
∫ p2 p2 + µ2 dp + ∫ p3 1 + p2 dp
0 pµ
(516)
è
p0 4
pµ 4 p0 4
F (µ, p0 ) = 1
3 ∫ √p 2dp = 1
3 ∫ √p 2dp + 1
3 ∫ √p 2dp =
0 p +µ2 0 p +µ2 pµ p +µ2
pµ 4 p0 3
1
3 ∫ √p 2dp + 1
3 ∫ qp dp
,
p +µ2 2
0 pµ 1+ µ2
p
(517)
ãäå µ2 /p2µ ≤ m2eff /p2µ 1. Ïîäñòàâèâ Òåéëîðîâñêîå ðàçëîæåíèå
q 2 4 6
µ2 1µ 1µ 1 µ
1+ p2 =1+ 2 p2 − 8 p4 + 16 p6 + ...,
(518)
ãäå µ2 /p2 ≤ m2eff /p2 1, â ôîðìóëó (516), ìû ïîëó÷èì
6
I (µ, p0 ) = C1 µ4 + 14 p40 + 14 µ2 p20 − 18 µ4 ln p0 1 µ
+ O p−3

µ − 32 p20 0 .
(519)
Ïîäñòàâèâ Òåéëîðîâñêîå ðàçëîæåíèå
2 4 6
1 1µ 3µ 5 µ
q
2
=1− 2 p2 + 8 p4 − 16 p6 + ...,
1+ µ2
p
(520)
ãäå µ2 /p ≤ m2eff /p2 1, â ôîðìóëó (517), ìû ïîëó÷èì
6
1 4 1 2 2
+ 18 µ4 ln p0 5 µ
+ O p−3

F (µ, p0 ) = C2 µ4 + 12 p0 − 12 µ p0 µ + 32 p20 0 .
(521)
Ïîäñòàâèâ âûðàæåíèÿ (519) è (521) â óðàâíåíèÿ (514), ìû ïîëó÷èì
meff meff
ρren
V = 14 p40 ∫ f (µ) dµ + 14 p20 ∫ f (µ) µ2 dµ+
0 0
meff
1

C1 − 8 ln p0 ∫ f (µ) µ4 dµ+
0
meff meff
+ 18 ∫ f (µ) µ4 ( ln µ) dµ − 1 1
∫ f (µ) µ6 dµ + O p−3

p20 32 0 ,
0 0
(522)
è
meff meff
ren 1 4 1 2
V = 12 p0 ∫ f (µ) dµ − 12 p0 ∫ f (µ) µ2 dµ+
0 0
meff
1

C2 + 8 ln p0 ∫ f (µ) µ4 dµ−
0
meff meff
− 18 ∫ f (µ) µ4 ( ln µ) dµ + 5 1
∫ f (µ) µ6 dµ + O p−3

p20 32 0 .
0 0
(523)
Â ñèëó (522)-(523) î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî äëÿ ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè íåðàâåíñòâ
(515) íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû èìåëè ìåñòî òîæäåñòâà
meff meff meff

∫ f (µ) dµ = ∫ f (µ) µ2 dµ = ∫ f (µ) µ4 dµ ≡ 0.
0 0 0
(524)
Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ìû èìååì
meff
1
ρren
V = 8 ∫ f (µ) µ4 ( ln µ) dµ,
0
meff
ren
V = − 18 ∫ f (µ) µ4 ( ln µ) dµ,
0
(525)
÷òî è äàåò òðåáóåìîå ñîîòíîøåíèå [88]
pren
V = −ρren
V .
(526)
Çàìå÷àíèå 16.3.1. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ÊÒÏ ïðèìå-
íåíèå ìåòîäà Ïàóëè-Âèëëàðñà ñîâìåñòíî ñ òîæäåñòâàìè (524) àâòîìà-
òè÷åñêè âåäåò ê òåîðèè ïîëÿ ñ èíäåôåíèòíîé ìåòðèêîé, ñì. ïî ýòîìó

ïîâîäó äåòàëüíîå ïîÿñíåíèå â [158]. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, íå ñóùåñòâóåò
òàêæå êàêèõ ëèáî ïðèíöèïèàëüíûõ ñîîáðàæåíèé, çàïðåùàþùèõ íàì
âûáðàòü
meff meff meff

∫ f (µ) dµ = ∫ f (µ) µ2 dµ = ∫ f (µ) µ4 dµ =
0 0 0
meff
∫ f (µ) µ4 ( ln µ) dµ ≡ 0
0
(527)
âìåñòî (524), ò. å. ðàññìàòðèâàòü ÊÒÏ ñ íóëåâîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ýíåðãèè
âàêóóìà. Îäíàêî íàñòîÿùàÿ òðóäíîñòü ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî ÷èñëåííàÿ
îöåíêà ïîðÿäêà âåëè÷èíû ïëîòíîñòè ρV , ïîëó÷åííàÿ åùå ñàìèì ß. Á.
Çåëüäîâè÷åì íà îñíîâå âûðàæåíèÿ (525), íàõîäèòñÿ â ãðóáîì ïðîòèâî-
ðå÷èè ñ àñòðîíîìè÷åñêèìè äàííûìè. Â [88] ß. Á. Çåëüäîâè÷ íà îñíîâå
óðàâíåíèÿ (525) ïîëó÷èë cëåäóþùóþ îöåíêó
mp c 3
ρΛ = mp h̄ ∼ 10−17 /3 ,
−2
Λ = 10−10 ,
(528)
ãäå mp -ìàññà ïðîòîíà. Îöåíêà (528) ïîñòîÿííîé ïðîòèâîðå÷èò êàê ñòà-
ðûì, òàê è ñîâðåìåííûì àñòðîíîìè÷åñêèìè äàííûì: Λ ∼ 10−57 A <−2 .
Çàìå÷àíèå 16.3.2. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî äëÿ óñòðàíåíèÿ âûøåóêàçàí-
íîãî ïðîòèâîðå÷èÿ, äîñòàòî÷íî ïðèíÿòü óñëîâèÿ (527) âìåñòî óñëîâèé
(524), ëèáî óñëîâèÿ (535), ðàññìîòðåííûå íèæå.
Çàìå÷àíèå 16.3.3. Ïîä÷åðêíåì òàêæå, ÷òî îáùèé ïîäõîä ê ðå-
øåíèþ ïðîáëåìû êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîñòîÿííîé, óêàçàë åùå ñàì ß. Á.
Çåëüäîâè÷ [88] "... Íåäàâíî À. Ä. Ñàõàðîâ ïðåäëîæèë òåîðèþ òÿãî-
òåíèÿ, èëè, òî÷íåå, îáîñíîâàíèå óðàâíåíèé ÎÒÎ, îñíîâàííîå íà ðàñ-
ñìîòðåíèè âàêóóìíûõ ôëóêòóàöèé [125]. Â ýòîé òåîðèè ñóùåñòâåííî
ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî ñóùåñòâóåò íåêàÿ ýëåìåíòàðíàÿ äëèíà L èëè ñî-
îòâåòñòâóþùèé ïðåäåëüíûé èìïóëüñ p0 = h̄/L. Íà ìåíüøèõ äëèíàõ
èëè ïðè áîëüøèõ èìïóëüñàõ òåîðèÿ íåïðèìåíèìà. Ñàõàðîâ ïîëó÷àåò
âûðàæåíèå ãðàâèòàöèîííîé ïîñòîÿííîé G ÷åðåç L èëè 0 :
c 3 L2 h̄c3
G= h̄ = p20
.
(IX)
Ýòî âûðàæåíèå èçâåñòíî ñî âðåìåí Ïëàíêà, íî åãî ÷èòàëè ¾ñïðàâà
íàëåâî¿: ãðàâèòàöèÿ îïðåäåëÿåò äëèíó L è èìïóëüñ ρ0 . Ïî Ñàõàðîâó,
ïåðâè÷íû L è 0 . Ïîäñòàâèì (IX.6) â âûðàæåíèå (IX.4), ïîëó÷èì
m6 c 5 m6 c 7
ρΛ = p20 h̄3
, ε= p20 h̄3
.
(IX.7)
Èìåííî òàêîå âûðàæåíèå èìåëè ïåðâûå îòáðîøåííûå (ïðè 0 → ∞)
÷ëåíû â ôîðìóëàõ (VIII.10), (VIII.11). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ïðåäëî-
æèòü ñëåäóþùóþ èíòåðïðåòàöèþ êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîñòîÿííîé: ñóùå-
ñòâóåò òåîðèÿ ýëåìåíòàðíûõ ÷àñòèö, êîòîðàÿ äàâàëà áû (ïî íå âñêðû-
òîìó â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìåõàíèçìó) òîæäåñòâåííî íóëåâóþ ýíåðãèþ
âàêóóìà, åñëè áû ýòà òåîðèÿ áûëà ïðèìåíèìà íåîãðàíè÷åííî, äî ñêîëü
óãîäíî áîëüøèõ èìïóëüñîâ; ñóùåñòâóåò èìïóëüñ p0 , çà ïðåäåëàìè êîòî-
ðîãî òåîðèÿ íåïðèìåíèìà *); íàðÿäó ñ äðóãèìè ñëåäñòâèÿìè âèäîèçìå-
íåíèå òåîðèè äàåò îòëè÷íóþ îò íóëÿ ýíåðãèþ âàêóóìà; îáùèå ñîîáðà-
æåíèÿ äåëàþò âåðîÿòíûì, ÷òî ýôôåêò ïðîïîðöèîíàëåí p−2 0 . (Ïîíÿòíî,
÷òî 0 âõîäèò òàê, ÷òîáû íå íàðóøàòü ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîé èíâàðèàíòíîñòè
òåîðèè, â îòëè÷èå îò 0 â ôîðìóëàõ ïðèëîæåíèÿ VIII *).
Âûÿñíåíèå âîïðîñà î ñóùåñòâîâàíèè è âåëè÷èíå êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé
ïîñòîÿííîé áóäåò èìåòü îãðîìíîå ïðèíöèïèàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå òàêæå è
äëÿ òåîðèè ýëåìåíòàðíûõ ÷àñòèö".
Çàìå÷àíèå 16.3.4. Òðåáîâàíèå ß. Á. Çåëüäîâè÷à, êàñàþùååñÿ âû-
ïîëíåíèÿ ïîñòóëàòà Ëîðåíö-èíâàðèàíòíîñòè òåîðèè, â íàñòîÿùåå âðå-
ìÿ íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ òàêèì æå ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûì, êàê è 45 ëåò òîìó
íàçàä, êîãäà áûëà íàïèñàíà ðàáîòà [88]. Ïî ñîâðåìåííûì ïðåäñòàâ-
ëåíèÿì íà äîñòàòî÷íî ìàëûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-âðåìåííûõ ìàñøòàáàõ
àëãåáðà Ïóàíêàðå íà ìàëûõ ìàñøòàáàõ ìîæåò áûòü ñèëüíî äåôîðìè-
ðîâàíà, à ïàðàìåòðîì äåôîðìàöèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåêîòîðàÿ ôóíäàìåíòàëü-
íàÿ äëèíà, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ èíâàðèàíòîì ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé äåôîðìè-
ðîâàííîé ãðóïïû Ëîðåíöà, ñì. íàïðèìåð [159-165] è [166-167].
Çàìå÷àíèå 16.3.5. Âìåñòî ïîñòóëàòà Ëîðåíö-èíâàðèàíòíîñòè, çà-
ÿâëåííîãî ß.Á. Çåëüäîâè÷åì â [88], ìû ïîñòóëèðóåì:
(1) ïðèáëèæåííóþ Ëîðåíö-èíâàðèàíòíîñòü è
(2) èíâàðèàíòíîñòü ìîäóëÿ ôóíäàìåíòàëüíîãî èìïóëüñà
q
p0 = p20, 1 + p20, 2 + p20, 3
è ôóíäàìåíòàëüíîé äëèíû L îòíîñèòåëüíî ïîäõîäÿùèì îáðàçîì äå-

ôîðìèðîâàííîé ãðóïïû Ëîðåíöà DL↑+ [166-167].
Â äàëüíåéøåì ìû îáîçíà÷àåì èíâàðèàíòíûé
ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûé
èìïóëüñ èèíâàðèàíòíóþ ôóíäàìåíòàëüíóþ äëèíó ñèìâîëàìè p∗ =
p2∗1 + p2∗2 + p2∗3 è l∗ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ èíâàðèàíòíàÿ
p
ìåòðèêà â èìïóëüñíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå èìååò âèä [167]
2 p20 −p21 −p22 −p23

kpk = (1+l∗ p0 )2
.
(529)
Çàìå÷àíèå 16.3.6. DL↑+ - èíâàðèàíòíîå äåéñòâèå äëÿ ñâîáîäíûõ
êâàíòîâàííûõ ïîëåé èìååò âèä [167]
η αβ (∂α ϕ) (∂β ϕ)
h i
m2 2
S (ϕ) = ∫ d4 x (1+l∗2 ∂ ϕ)2 + 2 ϕ .
0
(529a)
Â ñèëó (529a) óðàâíåíèÿ äâèæåíèÿ áóäóò ñóùåñòâåííî íåëèíåéíû.
Â äàííîé ðàáîòå ìû èñïîëüçóåì êàíîíè÷åñêîå êâàäðàòè÷íîå âûðàæå-
íèå äëÿ
P∞ S (ϕ) . Â îáùåì ñëó÷àå ðåøåíèå ñòðîèòñÿ â âèäå ôîðìàëüíîãî
ðÿäà i=0 l∗ ϕi (x) ïî ñòåïåíÿì ìàëîãî ïàðàìåòðà l∗ , ãäå ϕ0 (x, ∗ ) -
2i 2
êàíîíè÷åñêîå ñâîáîäíîå ïîëå ñ èìïóëüñíûì îáðåçàíèåì.

Îïðåäåëåíèå 16.3.1. Ïóñòü çàäàíû ìíîæåñòâî E6=⊂ R4 è ôèêñè-
ðîâàííîå ÷èñëî δ ∈ R, 0 < δ 1. Ïóñòü òàêæå çàäàíî øàðîâîå ïî-
êðûòèå Θ = {ωi }i∈N ìíîæåñòâà E ⊂ ∪i∈N ωi øàðàìè äèàìåòðà |ωi | .
Åñëè inf ii∈N |ωi | ≥ δ , òî ïîêðûòèå Θδ íàçûâàåòñÿ ãðóáûì çåðíèñòûì δ
- ïîêðûòèåì ìíîæåñòâà E.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 16.3.2. Îïðåäåëèì ôóíêöèþ Fd (Θδ ) ïðîèçâîëüíîãî
d
áîëüøîãî δ - ïîêðûòèÿ êàê Fd (Θδ ) = i∈N |ωi | . Ãðóáîé çåðíèñòîé d
P
- ìåðîé Õàóñäîðôà Md (E, δ) ìíîæåñòâà E íàçûâàåòñÿ âåëè÷èíà

GH
MdGH (E, δ) = inf Fd (Θδ ) ,

{Θδ }
(530)
ãäå èíôèìóì áåð¼òñÿ ïî âñåì ãðóáûì δ - ïîêðûòèÿì ìíîæåñòâà E.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 16.3.3. Ïóñòü íàéäåòñÿ ÷èñëî dGδ = dG (E, δ) òàêîå,
÷òî
(i) ∀d d > dGδ

MdGH (E, δ) = O (δ) ,
(ii) ∀d d < dGδ MdGH (E, δ) = o δ −1 .

Òîãäà dG (E, δ) íàçûâàåòñÿ ãðóáîé çåðíèñòîé δ - ðàçìåðíîñòüþ ìíî-

æåñòâà E.
Îïðåäåëåíèå 16.3.4. Ïðîñòðàíñòâîì-âðåìåíåì (îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàç-
ìåðíîñòè) ñçåðíèñòîé
ìèêðîñòðóêòóðîé íàçûâàåòñÿ îáîáùåííûé ìóëü-
òèôðàêòàë ∆(µε )ε (α) = ∆(µε )ε (α+ ) , ∆(µε )ε (α− ) òàêîé, ÷òî (i) âñå

Ãåëüäåðîâñêèå ýêñïîíåíòû α îòðèöàòåëüíû, ò. å. ∆(µε )ε (α+ ) = ∅ è

(ii) ñóùåñòâóåò δ > 0 òàêîå, ÷òî äëÿ âñåõ ∆(µε )ε (α− ) âûïîëíåíî ñîîò-
íîøåíèå dG ∆(µε )ε (α− ) , δ ≈ 4.

Ìû áóäåì èñõîäèòü èç ñëåäóþùèõ ïîñòóëàòîâ:

(i) òåìíàÿ ìàòåðèÿ, êðîìå êàíîíè÷åñêîãî òåìíîãî ñåêòîðà, ñîäåð-
æèò òàêæå îñîáûé ñåêòîð, êîòîðûé îïèñûâàåòñÿ "äóõàìè"Ïàóëè-Âèë-
ëàðñà, ò. å. ïîëíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî ñîñòîÿíèé H îáëàäàåò èíäåôèíèòíîé
ìåòðèêîé. Îáû÷íûå, ò. å. íå äóõîâûå (íå ôðàêòàëüíûå) êâàíòîâûå ïî-
ëÿ, çàäàííûå íà ïðîñòðàíñòâå Ìèíêîâñêîãî M4 , ìû âñåãäà îáîçíà÷àåì
ñèìâîëàìè ϕ (x, p∗ ) (áîçîíû) è ψ (x, p∗ ) (ôåðìèîíû), à äóõîâûå (íå
ôðàêòàëüíûå) ïîëÿ ìû â äàëüíåéøåì âñåãäà îáîçíà÷àåì ñèìâîëàìè
ϕ̆ (x, p∗ ) (áîçîíû) è ψ̆ (x, p∗ ) (ôåðìèîíû), ãäå x ∈ M4 . Ôðàêòàëüíûå
ïîëÿ ëþáûõ òèïîâ ìû îáîçíà÷àåì ñèìâîëàìè
ϕ (x, p∗ ; D− ) , ϕ̆ (x, p∗ ; D− ) , ψ (x, p∗ ; D− ) , ψ̆ (x, p∗ ; D− )
è ò. ä.
(ii) Â êëàññè÷åñêîì ïðåäåëå p∗ → ∞ âñå íåôðàêòàëüíûå êâàíòî-
âûå ïîëÿ ñõîäÿòñÿ (â ñìûñëå îáîáùåííûõ ôóíêöèé) ê êàíîíè÷åñêèì
êâàíòîâûì ïîëÿì Âàéòìàíà.
(iii) Âñå êîíñòàíòû ñâÿçè äóõîâûõ ïîëåé ñ êâàíòîâûìè ïîëÿìè
îáû÷íîé ìàòåðèè òîæäåñòâåííî ðàâíû íóëþ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïîëíîå
ïðîñòðàíñòâî ñîñòîÿíèé H ðàçëàãàåòñÿ â ïðÿìóþ ñóììó H= H+ ⊕ H− ,
ãäå H+ - îáû÷íîå Ãèëüáåðòîâî ïðîñòðàíñòâî, à H− -ëèíåéíîå ïîäïðî-
ñòðàíñòâî ñ ñåìèäåôèíèòíîé ìåòðèêîé [158]. Ïóñòü Ω+ - âàêóóìíûé
âåêòîð äëÿ îáû÷íîé ìàòåðèè, Ω+ ∈ H+ è Ω− - âàêóóìíûé âåêòîð äëÿ
òåìíîé ìàòåðèè Ω− ∈ H− . Òîãäà âåêòîðû Ω+ è Ω− óäîâëåòâîðÿþò êà-
íîíè÷åñêèì óñëîâèÿì [158] è, â ÷àñòíîñòè: hΩ+ , Ω+ i = 1, hΩ− , Ω− i =
−1.
(iv) Êàê îáû÷íûå, òàê è äóõîâûå êâàíòîâûå ïîëÿ âçàèìîäåéñòâóþò
ñ Ðèìàíîâîé êðèâèçíîé R ìèíèìàëüíûì îáðàçîì [131].
(v) Âêëàä âñåõ íåôðàêòàëüíûõ ïîëåé â ïëîòíîñòü ýíåðãèè âàêóóìà
ρV îïèñûâàåòñÿ ïåðòóðáàòèâíî èëè òîëüêî â ïðèáëèæåíèè ñâîáîäíûõ
ïîëåé è èìååò ïîðÿäîê âåëè÷èíû ρ∗V = O p−2 Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â

∗ .
êëàññè÷åñêîì ïðåäåëå p∗ → ∞.
Ýòî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò òîìó, ÷òî ïðè âû÷èñëåíèè âàêóóìíûõ äèàãðàìì
â íåôðàêòàëüíîé ÷àñòè ãàìèëüòîíèàíà âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ íåîáõîäèìî ñäå-
ëàòü ïîäñòàíîâêó

x, p∗ , µ2n ,
P
ϕ (x, p∗ ) = ϕ (x, p∗ ) + n bn ϕ̆n

x, p∗ , χ2n ,
P
ψ (x, p∗ ) = ψ (x, p∗ ) + n cn ψ̆n
(531)
ãäå äóõîâûå ïîëÿ óäîâëåòâîðÿþò ñëåäóþùèì ïåðåñòàíîâî÷íûì ñîîò-

íîøåíèÿì
ϕ̆m x, p∗ , µ2m , ϕ̆n x0 , p∗ , µ2n = −iρn ∆ x − x0 , p∗ , µ2n δmn ,

h i
ψ̆m x, p∗ , χ2m , ψ̆n x0 , p∗ , χ2n = −iεn S x − x0 , p∗ , χ2n δmn .

(532)
Ïðè ýòîì ïîëíûå ïîëÿ ϕ (x, p∗ ) è ψ (x, p∗ ) óäîâëåòâîðÿþò ñëåäóþ-
ùèì ïåðåñòàíîâî÷íûì ñîîòíîøåíèÿì
ϕ (x, p∗ ) , ϕ (x0 , p∗ ) = i n ρn b2n ∆ x − x0 , p∗ , µ2n ,

P
ψ (x, p∗ ) , ψ (x0 , p∗ ) = −i n εnn cn S x − x0 , p∗ , χ2n .

P
(533)
Äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû òåîðèÿ ïîëÿ áûëà êîíå÷íîé, íà âåëè÷èíû bn , ρn , cn , εn
íåîáõîäèìî íàëîæèòü õîðîøî èçâåñòíûå óñëîâèÿ Ïàóëè-Âèëëàðñà [158]
ρn b2n = 0, n ρn b2n µ2n = 0,

P P
n
2
P P
n εnn cn = 0, n εnn cn χn = 0, ...
(534)
Äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû âûïîëíÿëîñü óñëîâèå Çåëüäîâè÷à ρ∗V = O p−2
∗ , íåîá-
õîäèìî òàêæå íàëîæèòü äîïîëíèòåëüíûå óñëîâèÿ òèïà (527).
(vi) Ôèçè÷åñêîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî-âðåìÿ ýòî ïðîñòðàíñòâî-âðåìÿ (îò-
ðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè)
ñ çåðíèñòîé ìèêðîñòðóêòóðîé è òàêîå, ÷òî:
dG ∆(µε )ε (α− ) , l∗ ≈ 4.
(vii) ñåêòîð ñòàíäàðòíîé ìàòåðèè è ñåêòîð òåìíîé ìàòåðèè çåð-
êàëüíî ñèììåòðè÷íû äðóã äðóãó, ò. å.
f (µ) = fs.m (µ) + fd.m (µ) ,

(535)
ãäå fs.m (µ) = −fd.m (µ) .
(vii ∗ ) ñåêòîð ñòàíäàðòíîé ìàòåðèè (s.m) è ñåêòîð òåìíîé ìàòåðèè
(d.m) çåðêàëüíî ïî÷òè ñèììåòðè÷íû äðóã äðóãó, ò. å.
f (µ) = fs.m (µ) + fd.m (µ) ' 0.

(536)
Îïðåäåëåíèå 16.3.5. Âàêóóìíàÿ ñðåäà íàçûâàåòñÿ êëàññè÷åñêèì
âàêóóìîì Ýéíøòåéíà-Ãëèíåðà-Çåëüäîâè÷à, åñëè óðàâíåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ
ýòîé ñðåäû èìååò âèä
ρV = −pV = Λ/8πG.
(537)
Çàìå÷àíèå 16.3.7. Èçîòðîïíàÿ êîñìîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü, ïî îïðå-
äåëåíèþ çàäàåòñÿ ìåòðèêîé [96]
h i
dr 2
ds2 = dt2 − a (t) 1−κr 2 + r2 sin2 ϑdϕ2 + dϑ2 ,
(538)
ãäå κ - êðèâèçíà ïðîñòðàíñòâà. Ôóíêöèÿ a (t) óäîâëåòâîðÿåò óðàâíå-
íèÿì Ôðèäìàíà
d2 a 4πGbρeff
dt2 = − 4πG
3 (ρm + 3pm + ρV + 3pV ) a = − 3 a,
ρbeff = ρm + 3pm + ρV + 3pV ,
1 da 2 8πG κ

a dt = 3 (ρm + ρV ) − a2 ,
(539)
ãäå ρm - ïëîòíîñòü ìàòåðèè, pm - äàâëåíèå ìàòåðèè, ρbeff - ïîëíàÿ
ýôôåêòèâíàÿ ãðàâèòèðóþùàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ìàòåðèè è âàêóóìíîé ñðåäû.
Íïîìíèì, ÷òî â ñèëó óðàâíåíèé Ôðèäìàíà (539) óñëîâèÿ ýêñïîíåíöè-
àëüíîãî ðîñòà ìàñøòàáíîãî ôàêòîðà ñëåäóþùèå [96]: (i) ρbeff < 0, (ii)
ρV > 0. Â ñëó÷àå ρV < 0 ðàñøèðåíèå âñåãäà ñìåíèòñÿ ñæàòèåì êàê â
ñëó÷àå çàìêíóòîãî, òàê è â ñëó÷àå îòêðûòîãî ìèðà [88].
Îïðåäåëåíèå 16.3.6. Âàêóóìíàÿ ñðåäà íàçûâàåòñÿ íåêëàññè÷å-
ñêèì èëè îáîáùåííûì âàêóóìîì Ýéíøòåéíà-Ãëèíåðà-Çåëüäîâè÷à, åñ-
ëè ýôôåêòèâíàÿ ãðàâèòèðóþùàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ýòîé ñðåäû ρeff = ρV +3pV
ñòðîãî îòðèöàòåëüíà, ò. å.
ρeff = ρV + 3pV < 0.

(540)
Âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ýôôåêòèâíîé ãðàâèòèðóþùåé ïëîòíîñòè âàêóóìà
ρeff ïðè ñîáëþäåíèè òîëüêî óñëîâèé (524) â ñèëó ðàâåíñòâ (V.15) è
16.4. Êâàíòîâàÿ ìåõàíèêà è êâàíòîâàÿ òåîðèÿ ïîëÿ... 175
(V.27) (ñì. ïðèëîæåíèå V) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
ρeff = ρV + 3pV =
meff meff
6K 6K 5
8 ∫ f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm − 32 p2∗ ∫ f (m) m6 dm−
0 0
(r)
!
2−D−
(r) Γ
√ N 4− D| | 9−2|D− |
−
2
(r) meff
p∗
P
−6K π3 D− −4 (2|D− |−9) (r) ! .
r=1 3−D−
Γ 2
(541)
Ïðè äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøèõ çíà÷åíèÿõ p∗ â ñèëó (541) ìû èìååì
meff
6K
ρeff ' 8 ∫ f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm.
0
(542)
Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñ áîëüøîé ñòåïåíüþ òî÷íîñòè òàêæå
ñïðàâåäëèâî ðàâåíñòâî (537).
Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî îöåíêà (528) áûëà ïîëó÷åíà ñ ó÷åòîì âêëàäà òîëü-
êî ñòàíäàðòíîé ìàòåðèè.
16.4. Êâàíòîâàÿ ìåõàíèêà è êâàíòîâàÿ òåîðèÿ ïîëÿ â

ïðîñòðàíñòâàõ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôðàêòàëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè
Ïóñòü çàäàíà ïàðà {X, µH } , ãäå X ⊂ Rn è µH ýòî D - ìåðíàÿ

ìåðà Õàóñäîðôà íà X. Ïóñòü f (x) ýòî µH - èçìåðèìàÿ ôóíêöèÿ íà X
òàêàÿ, ÷òî f (x) = f (|x|) = f (r). Òîãäà ïðè èçâåñòíûõ ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿõ
î ìíîæåñòâå X ñïðàâåäëèâî ñëåäóþùåå ðàâåíñòâî [104]
D ∞
Dπ 2
JD (f ) = ∫ f (x) dµH (x) = Γ(1+ D
∫ f (r) rD−1 dr
X 2 ) 0
(543)
Ïóñòü èíòåãðàë â ïðàâîé ÷àñòè ðàâåíñòâà (543) ñõîäèòñÿ àáñîëþò-
íî ïðè D ≥ 0. Òîãäà èíòåãðàë JD (f ), êàê ôóíêöèÿ ïàðàìåòðà D, î÷å-
âèäíûì îáðàçîì îïðåäåëåí òàêæå ïðè âñåõ êîìïëåêñíûõ çíà÷åíèÿõ
D = DC+ , ëåæàùèõ â ïðàâîé êîìïëåêñíîé ïîëóïëîñêîñòè C+ . Ïðè èç-
âåñòíûõ ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿõ î ñâîéñòâàõ ôóíêöèè f (r) èíòåãðàë JD (f ),
êàê ìåðîìîðôíóþ ôóíêöèþ êîìïëåêñíîãî ïàðàìåòðà D = DC− , ìîæ-

íî çàäàòü è â íåêîòîðîé ïîëîñå ëåâîé êîìïëåêñíîé ïîëóïëîñêîñòè C−
ïîñðåäñòâîì êàíîíè÷åñêîé ïðîöåäóðû àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî ïðîäîëæåíèÿ.
Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ìû ïèøåì
DC ∞
Dπ 2
JDC (f ) = DC ∫ f (r) rDC −1 dr,
Γ 1+ 2 0
(16.4.2.a)
ïðåäïîëàãàÿ, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå àíàëèòè÷åñêîå ïðîäîëæåíèå ñóùå-
ñòâóåò.
DC
∞

Dπ 2 f (r) r iImDC
(JDC , ε (f ))ε = D ∫ r −ReDC +1 +ε
dr .
Γ 1+ 2C 0 ε
(16.4.2.b)
Ïóñòü òåïåðü f (0) < ∞ è f (r) → 0 ïðè r → ∞. Òîãäà ïðè |DC | →
0 ñïðàâåäëèâî ñëåäóþùåå ôîðìàëüíîå àñèìïòîòè÷åñêîå ðàçëîæåíèå
[103]
DC ∞ n
2 P DC
JDC (f ) = π DC
bn (f ) n! ,
Γ 1+ 2 n=0
∞ 0 ∞ 0 n
b0 (f ) = − ∫ f (r) dr, bn (f ) = − ∫ f (r) ( ln r) dr.
0 0
(544)
Ðàçëîæåíèå (544) íàçûâàåòñÿ ðàçìåðíûì ðàçëîæåíèåì [103]. Ñâîé-
ñòâà ðàçìåðíûõ ðàçëîæåíèé äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè
D ∈ R+ èçó÷àëèñü â ðàáîòå [103]. Îáúåì è ïëîùàäü ïîâåðõíîñòè ñôåðû
åäèíè÷íîãî ðàäèóñà â ìåòðè÷åñêîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå X ⊂ Rn Õàóñäîðôî-
âîé ðàçìåðíîñòè D+ = dH ∈ R+ çàäàþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèìè ñòàíäàðòíûìè
ôîðìóëàìè [103-104]:
D+ D+
π 2 Dπ 2
VD+ = D , SD = D .
Γ 1+ 2+ Γ 1+ 2+
(545)
Íà ïðîèçâîëüíûå êîìïëåêñíûå ðàçìåðíîñòè DC ∈ C ôîðìóëû (544)
ìîæíî ðàñïðîñòðàíèòü ñ ïîìîùüþ àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî ïðîäîëæåíèÿ ïðà-
âûõ ÷àñòåé óðàâíåíèé (545) â êîìïëåêñíóþ ïëîñêîñòü C. Òàêèì îáðà-
çîì, äëÿ DC ∈ C ìû èìååì
DC DC
π 2 DC π 2
VDC = D , SDC = DC .
Γ 1+ 2C Γ 1+ 2
(546)
Äëÿ ôóíêöèé (546) ðàçìåðíîå ðàçëîæåíèå (544) èìååò âèä
h i
1 1 2
VDC = 1 + 2 (γ + ln π) DC + 48 6 (γ + ln π) − π 2 DC
2
+ ...
1 2
SDC = DC + 2 (γ + ln π) DC + ... .
(547)
Îñíîâíàÿ èäåÿ êâàíòîâîé ìåõàíèêè â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ðàçìåðíî-
ñòÿõ, êàê èçâåñòíî, ñîñòîÿëà â òîì, ÷òîáû ïðèäàòü ñòðîãèé ìàòåìàòè-
÷åñêèé ñìûñë ðåøåíèþ èñõîäíîé ÊÌ çàäà÷è, ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî çàäàííîé
â öåëûõ ïîëîæèòåëüíûõ ðàçìåðíîñòÿõ, òàêæå è äëÿ îòðèöàòåëüíûõ
èëè äàæå êîìïëåêñíûõ çíà÷åíèé ïàðàìåòðà D = DC , à çàòåì èñïîëü-
çîâàòü ñâÿçü ìåæäó ñâîéñòâàìè ðåøåíèé â ôèçè÷åñêèõ è öåëûõ îòðè-
öàòåëüíûõ èëè êîìïëåêñíûõ ðàçìåðíîñòÿõ [100-101], [103]. Ðàññìîòðèì
â êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðà ïðîñòåéøåå ñòàöèîíàðíîå óðàâíåíèå Øðåäèíãåðà
âèäà [103]
D+ −1 0
ψ 00 (r) − r ψ (r) = Eψ (r) ,
D + ∈ R+
ψ (0) < ∞, ψ (1) = 0.
(548)
Îáùåå ðåøåíèå êðàåâîé çàäà÷è (548) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
h √ √ i
ψ (r) = r1−D+ /2 AJ1−D+ /2 r E + BJ−1+D+ /2 r E ,
(549)
ãäå Jν (x) - Áåññåëåâà ôóíêöèÿ. Ñ ó÷åòîì ãðàíè÷íûõ óñëîâèé óðàâíå-
íèå äëÿ ñîáñòâåííûõ çíà÷åíèé â ïîëîæèòåëüíûõ ðàçìåðíîñòÿõ èìååò
√
J−1+D+ /2 r E = 0.
(550)
Ïîâåäåíèå ôóíêöèé En (D) â ïëîñêîñòè êîìïëåêíîãî ïåðåìåííîãî
D = DC äåòàëüíî èçó÷åíî â [98]. Â ÷àñòíîñòè óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî äëÿ D ∈
(−∞, +∞) âñå ôóíêöèè En (D) - ýòî âåòâè îäíîé è òîé æå êîìïëåêñíîé
ôóíêöèè En (D) .
Ðàññìîòðèì òåïåðü ìîäåëü åâêëèäîâîé êâàíòîâîé òåîðèè ïîëÿ ñ
ëàãðàíæèàíîì âèäà
1 2
L= 2 (∂ϕ) + gϕ2K .
(551)
Íàñ áóäåò èíòåðåñîâàòü ïëîòíîñòü ñâîáîäíîé ýíåðãèè êàê ôóíêöèÿ
êîìïëåêñíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè DC , êîòîðóþ ìû îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç FK (DC ).
Äëÿ K = 1 è 0 < D+ < 2 ïëîòíîñòü ñâîáîäíîé ýíåðãèè èìååò âèä [103]:
1
g
D D

F1 (D) = D 2π
2 Γ 1− 2 .
(552)
Ïîñêîëüêó ôóíêöèÿ â ïðàâîé ÷àñòè (552) äîïóñêàåò àíàëèòè÷åñêîå
ïðîäîëæåíèå íà âñþ êîìïëåêñíóþ ïëîñêîñòü, ìû èìååì
1
g
DC DC

F1 (DC ) = DC 2π
2 Γ 1− 2
(553)
è, â ÷àñòíîñòè, äëÿ DC = D− , ãäå −∞ < D− < 0 ìû èìååì
h i |D− |
2 |D− |
F1 (D− ) = − |D1− | 2π
g Γ 1+ 2 .
(554)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ñëó÷àå K = 1, −∞ < D− < 0 ïëîòíîñòü ñâîáîäíîé
ýíåðãèè êîíå÷íà è ñòðîãî îòðèöàòåëüíà.
Ââåäåì â ðàññìîòðåíèå òàêæå ñëåäóþùóþ ôóíêöèþ
AK (DC ) = 2Kg ν(K, DC ) ∂F

∂g ,
K
DC
ν (K, DC ) = 1 − 2K−DC (K−1) .
(555)
Â ñèëó (555) ìû èìååì
g
DC
g ∂F 1 DC

∂g =
1
2 2π
2 Γ 1− 2 .
(556)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì,
1
DC DC

A1 (DC ) = 2π
2 Γ 1− 2 .
(557)
Ðàçìåðíîå ðàçëîæåíèå äëÿ A1 (DC ) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
DC
A1 (DC ) = 1 − [ ln (2π) − γ] +
2
(558)
2
DC
6 ln 2 (2π) − 12γ ln (2π) + π 2 + γ 2 .

48
Îòìåòèì, ÷òî ðàäèóñ ñõîäèìîñòè ðàçëîæåíèÿ (558) ðàâåí 2 [103].

Ðàññìîòðèì òåïåðü ìîäåëü åâêëèäîâîé êâàíòîâîé òåîðèè ïîëÿ ñ ëàãðàí-
æèàíîì âèäà
1 2
L= 2 (∂ϕ) + gϕ2K + mϕ2 .
(559)
Ïëîòíîñòü ñâîáîäíîé ýíåðãèè äëÿ (559) F K
= FK (DC , m) îïðåäå-
ëÿåòñÿ èç ñîîòíîøåíèÿ

exp −F K VDC = ∫ [Dϕ] exp − ∫ dDC xL .
(560)
Çàïèøåì ïðàâóþ ÷àñòü (560) â âèäå

exp −F K (DC ) VDC = ∫ [Dϕ] exp − ∫ V dDC xL0 ×
∫ [Dϕ] exp[− ∫ V dDC xL]

∫ [Dϕ] exp[− ∫ V dDC xL0 ]
,
(561)
ãäå
1 2 (562)
L0 = 2 (∂ϕ) + mϕ2 .
Â ñèëó (561) ìû èìååì ðàçëîæåíèå F K (DC ) = F1K (DC )+F2K (DC ) ,

ãäå
F1K (DC ) = − VD1 ln ∫ [Dϕ] exp − ∫ V dDC xL0

C
(563)

1 ∫ [Dϕ] exp[− ∫ V dDC xL]
F2K (DC ) = − VD ln ∫ [Dϕ] exp[− ∫ V dDC xL0 ]
.
C
(564)
Ïîäñòàâèâ â (554) g = m2 /2, ìû èìååì äëÿ F1K (DC ) ÿâíîå âûðà-
æåíèå
h i DC
1 m2 2 DC

F1K (DC ) = DC 4π Γ 1− 2 .
(565)
Îòìåòèì, ÷òî äëÿ F1K (DC ) ñïðàâåäëèâî ñëåäóþùåå ðàçìåðíîå ðàç-
ëîæåíèå
n o
1 1
F1K (DC ) = mDC DC + 2 [γ − ln (4π)] + O (|DC |) .
(566)
Èñïîëüçóÿ òåïåðü òàêîé æå ìåòîä, êàê è â [103], ìû ïîëó÷èì äëÿ
F2K (DC ) ÿâíîå âûðàæåíèå
∞
∫ dx exp(−x2K ) hq
−∞ 2 1
i
F2K (DC ) = −m DC
ln ∞ = −mDC ln πΓ 1+ K ,
∫ dx exp(−x2 /2)
−∞
(567)
ãäå |DC | → 0. Â ñèëó (566)-(567) ìû èìååì
F K (DC ) =
n hq io
1 1 2 1 2
mDC DC + 2 [γ − ln (4π)] − ln πΓ 1+ K + O |DC | .
(568)
Â ÷àñòíîñòè, äëÿ DC = D− , ãäå −δ < D− < 0, ìû èìååì
F K (D− ) =
n hq io
1
− |D1− | + 1
[γ − ln (4π)] − ln 2
πΓ 1+ 1
+
m|D− | 2 K

2 1
O |D− | ' − ,
|D− | m|D− |
(569)
16.5. Èíäóöèðîâàííàÿ ãðàâèòàöèÿ Ñàõàðîâà... 181
ãäå |D− | → 0.
Çàìå÷àíèå 16.4.1. Â ñèëó (569) ïëîòíîñòü ýíåðãèè âàêóóìà äëÿ
êâàíòîâîãî ìàññèâíîãî ñàìîäåéñòâóþùåãî åâêëèäîâà ôðàêòàëüíîãî ïî-
ëÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ Ëàãðàíæèàíà (559) èìååò âèä

1 2
F K (D− ) ' − + O |D− | ,
|D− | m|D− |
(570)
ãäå |D− | → 0.
16.5. Èíäóöèðîâàííàÿ ãðàâèòàöèÿ Ñàõàðîâà â ðèìàíîâîì

ïðîñòðàíñòâå îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôðàêòàëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè.
Êîíöåïöèÿ èíäóöèðîâàííîé ãðàâèòàöèè áûëà ïðåäëîæåíà À. Ä.

Ñàõàðîâûì â ðàáîòå [125]. Îñíîâíàÿ èäåÿ À. Ä. Ñàõàðîâà, ïåðâîíà-
÷àëüíî ïðåäñòàâëåííàÿ â î÷åíü êîðîòêîé ñòàòüå, ñîäåðæàùåé â îáùåé
ñëîæíîñòè 4 ôîðìóëû, ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî ãðàâèòàöèÿ íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôóí-
äàìåíòàëüíûì âçàèìîäåéñòâèåì. Âìåñòî ýòîãî îí óòâåðæäàë, ÷òî îá-
ùàÿ òåîðèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíîñòè âûòåêàåò èç êâàíòîâîé òåîðèè ïîëÿ ïðè-
ìåðíî â òîì æå ñìûñëå, êàê ãèäðîäèíàìèêà âûòåêàåò èç ìîëåêóëÿðíîé
ôèçèêè.
Èñõîäíûå ïîñòóëàòû Ñàõàðîâà áûëè ñôîðìóëèðîâàíû èì òîëüêî
äëÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâà öåëîé ïîëîæèòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè è ñîñòîÿëè â ñëå-
äóþùåì [124-125]:
1. Ïóñòü çàäàíî íåêîòîðîå Ëîðåíöåâî ìíîãîîáðàçèå (M, g) .
2. Íèêàêèå àïðèîðíûå ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ î äèíàìèêå ìíîãîîáðàçèÿ
(M, g) íå äåëàþòñÿ, ìåòðèêà g îïèñûâàåò ÷èñòî êëàññè÷åñêèé ôîí
è âñå ôèçè÷åñêèå ïîëÿ, êðîìå ãðàâèòàöèîííîãî, êâàíòóþòñÿ íà ýòîì
ôîíå.
3. Ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êâàíòîâàÿ òåîðèÿ ñêàëÿðíîãî ïîëÿ
ϕm = ϕ (t, x; m)
ìàññû m íà (M, g) â îäíîïåòëåâîì ïðèáëèæåíèè.

4. Òîãäà îäíîïåòëåâîå ýôôåêòèâíîå äåéñòâèå ïðèìåò ñëåäóþùèé
âèä
√
∫ d4 x −g c0 + c1 R(g) + c2 (R2 (g)) .
(571)
Ñðàâíèì (571) ñ êàíîíè÷åñêèì ëàãðàíæèàíîì Ýéíøòåéíîâñêîé ãðà-

âèòàöèè
√ n R(g)
o
∫ d4 x −g −Λ − 16π G + K (R2 ) + Lmatter .
(572)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îäíîïåòëåâîå ýôôåêòèâíîå äåéñòâèå àâòîìàòè÷å-
ñêè ñîäåðæèò ÷ëåí, ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíûé êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíñòàíòå,
÷ëåí, ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíûé êëàññè÷åñêîìó äåéñòâèþ Ýéíøòåéíà-Ãèëü-
áåðòà, ïëþñ êâàäðàòè÷íûå ïî êðèâèçíå ÷ëåíû. Îäíîïåòëåâîé âêëàä â
ýôôåêòèâíîå äåéñòâèå äëÿ ñêàëÿðíîãî ïîëÿ çàäàåòñÿ âûðàæåíèåì
Sg = − 12 ln det(∆g + m2 + ξR) = − 12 Tr ln (∆g + m2 + ξR).

(573)
Ñòàíäàðòíûé ðåçóëüòàò êâàíòîâîé òåîðèè ïîëÿ íà ðèìàíîâîì ìíî-
ãîîáðàçèè, êàê õîðîøî èçâåñòíî, ñîñòîèò â ñëåäóþùåì [124-128]:
Sg = Sg0 +
∞
1 ds

2 Tr ∫ s exp(−s[∆g + m2 + ξR]) − exp(−s[∆g0 + m2 + ξR0 ]) .
0
(574)
Ðåãóëÿðèçîâàííîå ýôôåêòèâíîå äåéñòâèå èìååò âèä
Sg = Sg0 +
∞
1 ds

2 Tr ∫ s exp(−s[∆g + m2 + ξR]) − exp(−s[∆g0 + m2 + ξR0 ]) ,
κ−2
(575)
ãäå [s] = κ−2 . Äëÿ s → 0 ìû èìååì àñèìïòîòè÷åñêîå ðàçëîæåíèå

√
−g
exp(−s[∆g + m2 + ξR]) = (4π s)2 a0 (g) + a1 (g)s + a2 (g)s2 + · · · .
(576)
Ïîäñòàâèâ (576) â âûðàæåíèå (575), ìû îêîí÷àòåëüíî ïîëó÷àåì
n
1 κ4
Sg = Sg0 + 32π 2 Tr [a0 (g) − a0 (g0 )] 2 + [a1 (g) − a1 (g0 )] κ2
o
κ2
+[a2 (g) − a2 (g0 )] ln m2 + #$ :>= 5G = K5 G; 5 = K,
(577)
ãäå [131]
a0 (g) = 1,
(578)
a1 (g) = k1 R(g) − m2 ,
(579)
a2 (g) =
k2 Cabcd C abcd + k3 Rab Rab + k4 R2 + k5 ∇2 R − m2 k1 R(g) + 12 m4 .

(580)
Ïîñëå î÷åâèäíûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé ìû ïîëó÷àåì
1
h
κ4 m4

κ2
i √ √
Sg = Sg0 + 32π 2 str 2 − m2 κ2 + 2 ln m2 ∫ d4 x [ −g − −g0 ]
h 2 i
κ √ √
+str k1 κ2 − k1 m2 ln m 2 ∫ d4 x [ −g R(g) − −g0 R(g0 )]
h 0 2 i
κ
√ √
+str k2 ln m 2 ∫ d4 x −g C 2 (g) − −g0 C 2 (g0 )
h 0 2 i
κ
√ √
+str k4 ln m 2 ∫ d4 x −g R2 (g) − −g0 R2 (g0 )
(581)
+ ÓÔ êîíå÷íûå ÷ëåíû.
Ñëåäóÿ [124], âîçüìåì Ëàãðàíæèàí ãðàâèòàöèîííîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ

â âèäå
√ n R(g)
o
∫ d4 x −g −Λ − 16π G + K2 Cabcd C abcd + K4 R2 + Lmatter .
(582)
Òîãäà êâàíòîâûå îäíîïåòëåâûå ïîïðàâêè ê çàòðàâî÷íûì êîíñòàí-
òàì Λ0 , G−1 , K20 ïðèìóò ñëåäóþùèé ÿâíûé âèä:
(583)
h i
1 κ4 m4 κ2
Λ = Λ0 − 32π 2 str 2 − m2 κ2 + 2 ln m2
h 2 i (584)
1 1 1 κ
G = G0 − 2π str k1 κ2 − k1 m2 ln m 2
(585)
h 0 2 i
1 κ
K2 = K20 + 32π 2 str k2 ln m 2
(586)
h 0 2 i
1 κ
K4 = K40 + 32π 2 str k4 ln m 2
Îòìåòèì, ÷òî ñïðàâåäëèâî ñëåäóþùåå ñîîòíîøåíèå [124], [132]:
κ √ κ4 m2 κ2 m4

κ2

∫ κ2 κ2 + m2 dk = 4 + 4 − 8 ln m2 (587)
0
κ4 m4 κ2

− m2 κ2 + ln
2 2 m2
Ïðàâàÿ ÷àñòü ðàâåíñòâà (587) ïî ïîðÿäêó âåëè÷èíû ñîâïàäàåò ñ îäíî-
ïåòëåâîé êâàíòîâîé ïîïðàâêîé ê êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíñòàíòå Λ â (583),
à ëåâàÿ ÷àñòü ðàâåíñòâà (587) ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíà ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãèè âà-
êóóìà |0 |i ñâîáîäíîãî êâàíòîâîãî ïîëÿ ìàññû m [131]:
1 1
√
hρvac i = 2 (2π)D−1 ∫ κ2 + m2 d D−1 κ =
Rω−1
∞√
1 1
D−1 Γ( D−1 ) ∫ κ2 + m2 κD−2 d κ =
(4π) 2
2 0
mD Γ(− D
2 )
= D ,
2D+1 π 2
(588)
ãäå â ðàññìîòåííîì âûøå ñëó÷àå D = 4 è ρvac = ∞.
Ââåäåì ñëåäóþùåå îáîáùåíèå èñõîäíûõ ïîñòóëàòîâ À. Ä. Ñàõàðîâà:

1. Ïóñòü çàäàíî íåêîòîðîå ÷åòûðåõìåðíîå Ëîðåíöåâî ìíîãîîáðàçèå
(M, g) .
2. Íèêàêèå àïðèîðíûå ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ î äèíàìèêå ìíîãîîáðàçèÿ
(M, g) íå äåëàþòñÿ, ìåòðèêà g îïèñûâàåò ÷èñòî êëàññè÷åñêèé ôîí
è âñå ôèçè÷åñêèå ïîëÿ, êðîìå ãðàâèòàöèîííîãî, êâàíòóþòñÿ íà ýòîì
ôîíå.
3. Ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ ïåðòóðáàòèâíàÿ êâàíòîâàÿ òåîðèÿ ñêàëÿðíîãî
ïîëÿ Φ (t, x; m, D) , D ∈ (−∞, 4] òàêàÿ, ÷òî:
(i) êâàíòîâàííîå ïîëå Φ (t, x; m, D) âçàèìîäåéñòâóåò ñ êëàññè÷å-
ñêèì òåíçîðíûì ïîëåì g ìèíèìàëüíûì îáðàçîì;
(ii) ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå "çàòðàâî÷íîå"ñâîáîäíîå ïîëå
ϕm = ϕ (t, x; m, D)
ìàññû m íà (M, g) óäîâëåòâîðÿò ñëåäóþùèì óñëîâèÿì:

(a) ïóñòü D = D+ ≥ 0, òîãäà íîñèòåëü Supp (ϕ
bm ) ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ
Ôóðüå ϕbm îïåðàòîðíîçíà÷íîé îáîáùåííîé ôóíêöèè ϕm ëåæèò íà ìàñ-
(4)
ñîâîì ãèïåðáîëîèäå Hm è èìååò ðàçìåðíîñòü Õàóñäîðôà dH = D+ ,
(b) ïóñòü D = D− < 0, òîãäà íîñèòåëü Supp (ϕ
bm ) ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ
Ôóðüå ϕbm îïåðàòîðíîçíà÷íîé îáîáùåííîé ôóíêöèè ϕm ëåæèò íà ìàñ-
(4)
ñîâîì ãèïåðáîëîèäå Hm è èìååò ðàçìåðíîñòü Êîëîìáåàó-Õàóñäîðôà
dCH = D− ;
(iii) âçàèìîäåéñòâèå êâàíòîâûõ ïîëåé Φ (t, x; m, D) è êëàññè÷åñêî-
ãî òåíçîðíîãî ïîëÿ gik ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ òîëüêî â îäíîïåòëåâîì
ïðèáëèæåíèè.
Â ñèëó (588) ìû èìååì äëÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè D+ ∈ (0, 4]
∞√
∫ κ2 + m2 κD+ −2 d κ = −c1 (D− ) mD+ Γ − D2+ Γ D+2−1 ,
0
(589)
ãäå c1 (D− ) > 0. Ëåãêî âèäåòü, ÷òî (583) â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå
ïðèìåò ñëåäóþùèé âèä

Λ = Λ0 + 1
32π 2 c1 (D− ) mD+ Γ − D2+ Γ D+2−1 .
(590)
Ïðàâàÿ ÷àñòü (590) êîíå÷íà ïðè D+ 6= 0, 2, 4. Â ñèëó (588) ìû
èìååì äëÿ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè D− :
∞√
|D− |
∫ κ2 + m2 κ−|D− |−2 d κ = −c2 (D− ) m−|D− | Γ 2 Γ − |D−2|+1 ,
0
(591)
ãäå c2 (D− ) > 0. Ëåãêî âèäåòü, ÷òî (583) â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñëó÷àå
ïðèìåò ñëåäóþùèé âèä

|D− |
Λ ' Λ0 + 1
32π 2 c (D− ) m−|D− | Γ 2 Γ − |D−2|+1 .
(592)
Ïðàâàÿ ÷àñòü (592) êîíå÷íà ïðè |D− | =
6 2n+1. Äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ áîëåå
òî÷íîé îöåíêè íåîáõîäèìî ïîñòðîèòü àäèàáàòè÷åñêîå ðàçëîæåíèå äëÿ
ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé ôóíêöèè Ãðèíà. Ïóñòü D = D− < 0.
Èññëåäóåì ïîâåäåíèå äâóõòî÷å÷íîé ôóíêöèè Ãðèíà G (x, x0 ; D− ) ïðè
x → x0 . Ââåäåì äëÿ ýòîãî íîðìàëüíûå ðèìàíîâû êîîðäèíàòû y µ òî÷êè
x ñ íà÷àëîì â òî÷êå x0 . Òîãäà â îêðåñòíîñòè òî÷êè y = 0 äëÿ ìåòðè÷å-
ñêîãî òåíçîðà gµν ñïðàâåäëèâî ðàçëîæåíèå [131]
gµν = ηµν + 13 Rµανβ y α y β − 16 Rµανβ; γ y α y β y γ + ...

(593)
Ââåäåì â ðàññìîòðåíèå ôóíêöèþ < (x, x ; D− ) 0
1
< (x, x0 ; D− ) = [−g (x)] 2 G (x, x0 ; D− )
(594)
è åå ôóðüå-îáðàç <
b (k; D− )
−4
< (x, x0 ; D− ) = (2π) ∫ d4 k exp (−iky) <
b (k; D− ) ,
(595)
ãäå ky = η αβ kα yβ . Äâóõòî÷å÷íàÿ ôóíêöèÿ Ãðèíà G (x, x0 ; D− ) óäîâëå-
òâîðÿåò ñëåäóþùåìó äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîìó óðàâíåíèþ
1
u x + m2 + ξR (x) G (x, x0 ; D− ) = − [−g (x)] 2 δ 4, D− (x − x0 ; D− ) ,

[t
(596)
0
ãäå δ 4, D− (x − x0 ; D− ) = δ (t − t0 ) δ 3, D− x, x - îáîáùåííàÿ äåëüòà-
ôóíêöèÿ (ñì. Ïð. II). Óðàâíåíèå (596) ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïðÿìîå
îáîáùåíèå óðàâíåíèÿ (III.17) ñì. Ïð. III. Ðàçëàãàÿ âñå ãåîìåòðè÷å-
ñêèå âåëè÷èíû, âõîäÿùèå â óðàâíåíèå (596), â íîðìàëüíûõ êîîðäèíà-
òàõ è ïåðåõîäÿ ê k ïðîñòðàíñòâó, ìû ïîëó÷èì ñ ó÷åòîì ÷åòûðåõ ÷ëåíîâ
ðàçëîæåíèÿ (593)
−1
b (k; D− ) ≈ |k|−|D− | k 2 − m2 + iε
< −
1
−|D− | −2
6 − ξ R |k| k 2 − m2 + iε +
i 1
−|D− | α −2
2 6 − ξ R; α |k| ∂ k 2 − m2 + iε −
1 −|D− | −2
3 aαβ |k| ∂ α ∂ β k 2 − m2 + iε +
h 2 i −3
1 −|D− |
6 − ξ R2 + 23 aλλ |k| k 2 − m2 + iε ,
(597)
ãäå ∂ α = ∂/∂k α . Ïîäñòàíîâêà ðàçëîæåíèÿ (597) â (595) äàåò
d4 k
< (x, x0 ; D− ) ≈ ∫ eiky ×
(2π)4 |k|−|D− |
h 2 i −1
1 + a1 (x, x0 ) − ∂m
∂
+ a2 (x, x0 ) ∂

2 ∂m2 k 2 − m2 + iε .
(598)
Ó÷èòûâàÿ òåïåðü òîæäåñòâî
−1 ∞
k 2 − m2 + iε = −i ∫ ds exp is k 2 − m2 + iε
0
(599)
è âûïîëíèâ â (598) èíòåãðèðîâàíèå ïî d4 k , ìû ïîëó÷èì
< (x, x0 ; D− ) =

∞ σ (x, x0 )
−2 −2+|D− |
−i (4π) ∫ ids (is) exp −im2 s + 2is F (x, x0 ; s) ,
0
(600)
ãäå σ (x, x0 ) = 21 yα y α , à ôóíêöèÿ F (x, x0 ; is) äîïóñêàåò êàíîíè÷åñêîå
àäèàáàòè÷åñêîå ðàçëîæåíèå [131]
2
F (x, x0 ; is) ≈ 1 + a1 (x, x0 ) (is) + a2 (x, x0 ) (is) + ... =
∞
j
aj (x, x0 ) (is) .
P
j=0
(601)
Äëÿ ôóíêöèè Ãðèíà G (x, x0 ; D− ) â ñèëó (600) îêîí÷àòåëüíî ïîëó-

÷àåì âûðàæåíèå
G (x, x0 ; D− ) =

1 ∞ σ (x,x0 )
−2 −2+|D− |
−i (4π) ∆ 2 (x, x0 ) ∫ ids (is) exp −im2 s + 2is F (x, x0 ; s) ,
0
(602)
ãäå ∆ (x, x0 ) - äåòåðìèíàíò âàí-Ôëåêà. Ïîäñòàâèâ ðàçëîæåíèå (601) â
âûðàæåíèå (602), ïîëó÷èì àäèàáàòè÷åñêîå ðàçëîæåíèå ôóíêöèè Ãðè-
íà â êîîðäèíàòíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå
1 ∞ j
−2+|D− |
G (x, x0 ; D− ) ≈ −i (4πi) ∆ 2 (x, x0 ) aj (x, x0 ) − ∂m
∂
P
2 ×
j=0
 
|D− |
2 4 (2)
2m
2m2 (σ (x, x0 ) + iε)  .


−σ(x, x0 )+iε H |D− |
2
(603)
Ïóñòü D = D− < 0, òîãäà ìîæíî ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî äëÿ îäíîïåòëåâîãî
ýôôåêòèâíîãî äåéñòâèÿ W (D− ) ñïðàâåäëèâî ñëåäóþùåå ôîðìàëüíîå
ïðåäñòàâëåíèå

1 ∞
i 4 2 0
W (D− ) = 2 ∫d x [−g (x)] 2 lim ∫ dm G (x, x ; D− ) .
x→x0 m2
(604)
Ôîðìàëüíî, èçìåíÿÿ ïîðÿäîê èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ è ïåðåõîäÿ ê ïðåäåëó
x → x0 , ìû ïîëó÷èì
∞ 1
i
W (D− ) = 2 ∫ dm2 ∫ d4 x [−g (x)] 2 G (x, x; D− ) .
m2
(605)
D
Ïëîòíîñòü ýôôåêòèâíîãî ëàãðàíæèàíà Leff− (x) çàäàåòñÿ óðàâíåíè-
åì
∞ 1
i D
W (D− ) = 2 ∫ dm2 ∫ d4 x [−g (x)] 2 Leff− (x) .
m2
(606)
Â ñèëó (604) è (606) ìû èìååì
∞
D
Leff− (x) = i
2 x→x0 ∫2
lim dm2 G (x, x0 ; D− ) .
m
(607)
D
Àäèàáàòè÷åñêîå ðàçëîæåíèå äëÿ ýôôåêòèâíîãî ëàãðàíæèàíà Leff− (x)
D
Leff− ≈
1
∞

∆ 2 (x, x0 ) P ∞ σ (x, x0 )
0 j−3+|D− | 2
lim0 D aj (x, x ) ∫ ids (is) exp − m s − 2s ,
x→x 0
2(4π) 2 j=0
(608)
ãäå σ (x, x0 ) - ïîëîâèíà êâàäðàòà ðàññòîÿíèÿ ìåæäó òî÷êàìè x è x0 .
Âûïîëíèâ òåïåðü â (608) ôîðìàëüíîå àíàëèòè÷åñêîå ïðîäîëæåíèå ïî
ïåðåìåííîé D = |D− | è ïåðåõîäÿ ê ïðåäåëó x → x0 , ìû ïîëó÷èì
|D− |
∞ ∞
D (4π) 2 j−3+|D− |
Leff− ≈ exp − m2 s =
P
2 aj (x) ∫ ids (is)
j=0 0
|D− |
(4π) 2
∞ − |D− | −j
|D− |

aj (x) m2
P 2
2 Γ 2 +j ,
j=0
(609)
ãäå aj (x) = aj (x, x) . Ôóíêöèè aj (x, x) èìåþò òîò æå ñàìûé âèä, ÷òî
è â êëàññè÷åñêîì ñëó÷àå, ñì., íàïðèìåð [128-131].
190 Ïðèëîæåíèå I
Ïðèëîæåíèå I
Îáîáùåííûå ìóëüòèôðàêòàëüíûå ìåðû Êîëîìáåàó -

Õàóñäîðôà. Èíòåãðèðîâàíèå ôóíêöèé çàäàííûõ íà
ìíîæåñòâàõ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè Êîëîìáåàó -
Õàóñäîðôà.
qP
N
Ïóñòü ôóíêöèÿ s (x) çàäàíà íà RN è s (x) = s (r) , ãäå r = j=1 x2j .
Ïóñòü 0 < D ≤ N, òîãäà äðîáíûé èíòåãðàë Âåéëÿ W −D s (x) îò ôóíê-
öèè s (x) çàäàþò ñëåäóþùåé ôîðìóëîé [104]:
∞
W −D s (x) = ∫ s (r) rD−1 dr.
0
(I.1)
Îïåðàòîð äðîáíîãî èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ (I.1) è åãî ðàçëè÷íûå îáîáùå-
íèÿ èìåþò âàæíûå ïðèëîæåíèÿ â ñîâðåìåííîé êâàíòîâîé òåîðèè ïîëÿ,
ñì., íàïðèìåð [104], [116-119], [133]. Â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà −∞ < D ≤ 0,
èíòåãðàë Âåéëÿ W −D s (x) êîððåêòíî îïðåäåëåí òîëüêî â ñìûñëå òåî-
ðèè îáîáùåííûõ ôóíêöèé Êîëîìáåàó [140] è çàäàåòñÿ ñëåäóþùåé ôîð-
ìóëîé [133]:

∞
s(r)
Wε−D s (x) ε

= ∫ r D+1 +ε
dr .
0 ε
(I.2)
Îïðåäåëåíèå I.1. Ïóñòü X - ïðîèçâîëüíîå ìåòðè÷åñêîå ïðîñòðàí-
ñòâî, à ΣX - ïðîèçâîëüíàÿ σ -àëãåáðà ïîäìíîæåñòâ Ei ïðîñòðàíñòâà X.
Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç MΣX ìíîæåñòâî âñåõ ñ÷åòíî-àääèòèâíûõ ìåð íà ΣX .
I
Ïóñòü E (MΣX ) = (MΣX ) , I = (0, 1] ,
∆
EM (MΣX ) = {(µε )ε ∈ E (MΣX ) | ∀Ei (Ei ∈ ΣX ) ∃p (p ∈ N)

sup µε (Ei ) = O(ε−p ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 ,
Ei ∈ΣX
∆
N (MΣX ) = {(µε )ε ∈ E (MΣX ) | ∀Ei (Ei ∈ ΣX ) ∀q (q ∈ N )

q
sup µε (Ei ) = O(ε ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 .
Ei ∈ΣX
G (MΣX ) = EM (MΣX ) /N (MΣX ).

(I.3)
Îáîáùåííûå ìóëüòèôðàêòàëüíûå ìåðû Êîëîìáåàó-Õàóñäîðôà... 191
EM (MΣX ) ýòî àëãåáðà ñ êàíîíè÷åñêîé îïåðàöèåé ñëîæåíèÿ ìåð.

Àëãåáðà G (MΣX ) êîììóòàòèâíà è àññîöèàòèâíà. Ýëåìåíòû àëãåáðû
G (MΣX ) ìû îáîçíà÷àåì [(µε )ε ] , ãäå (µε (·))ε - ïðåäñòàâèòåëü ñîîòâåò-
ñòâóþùåãî êëàññà ýêâèâàëåíòíîñòè.
Îïðåäåëåíèå I.2. Êëàññ [(µε )ε ] ∈ G (MΣX ) íàçûâàåòñÿ îáîáùåí-
íîé ìåðîé Êîëîìáåàó.
Â ýòîì ïðèëîæåíèè ìû ïîêàæåì, ÷òî èíòåãðàë Êîëîìáåàó - Âåéëÿ
Wε−D s (x) ε , îïðåäåëåííûé ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî âûðàæåíèåì (I.2), ìî-

æåò áûòü çàäàí êàê èíòåãðàë ïî íåêîòîðîé îáîáùåííîé ìåðå Êîëîì-
áåàó, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðÿìûì îáîáùåíèåì êëàññè÷åñêîé ìåðû Õàó-
ñäîðôà ðàçìåðíîñòè dH äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ ïî îáîáùåííûì
ìóëüòèôðàêòàëüíûì ìíîæåñòâàì îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè d− .
Ïóñòü X - ïðîèçâîëüíîå ìåòðè÷åñêîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî, à ΣX - ïðî-
èçâîëüíàÿ σ - àëãåáðà ïîäìíîæåñòâ Ei ïðîñòðàíñòâà X. Îáîçíà÷èì
÷åðåç FΣX ìíîæåñòâî âñåõ íåîòðèöàòåëüíûõ ôóíêöèé ς : FΣ × X →
R+ ∪ {+∞} , ò. å.
∀Ei (Ei ∈ Σ) ∀ri (ri ∈ Ei ) [0 ≤ ς (Ei , ri ) ≤ ∞] .

(I.4)
Îïðåäåëåíèå I.3. Ïóñòü E (ΣX ) = (FΣX )I , I = (0, 1] ,
∆
EM (ΣX ) = {(ςε )ε ∈ E (ΣX ) | ∀Ei (Ei ∈ Σ) ∀ri (ri ∈ Ei ) ∃p (p ∈ N)

sup ςε (Ei , ri ) = O(ε−p ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 ,
Ei ∈Σ, ri ∈Ei
∆
N (ΣX ) = {(ςε )ε | ∀Ei (Ei ∈ Σ) ∀ri (ri ∈ Ei ) ∀q (q ∈ N )

q
| sup ςε (Ei , ri ) = O(ε ) 5A; 8 ε → 0 .
Ei ∈Σ, ri ∈Ei
G (ΣX ) = EM (ΣX ) /N (ΣX ).

(I.5)

Îïðåäåëåíèå I.4. Ïðåäìåðîé Êîëîìáåàó-Êàðàòåîäîðè φ(δ) ε (Ei )
ε
íà ΣX , ãäå 0 < δ ≤ ∞, íàçûâàåòñÿ îáîáùåííàÿ ìåðà Êîëîìáåàó, êîòî-
ðàÿ îïðåäåëåíà êàê

(δ)
φε (E) =
ε

P
inf ςε (Ei , ri ) : E ⊂ ∪Ei , diam (Ei ) ≤ δ .
Ei ∈Σ, ri ∈Ei i ε
(I.6)
Çàìå÷àíèå I.1. ßñíî, ÷òî äëÿ ëþáîãî ôèêñèðîâàííîãî ε ∈ (0, 1]
ñïðàâåäëèâî ñëåäóþùåå íåðàâåíñòâî
(δ ) (δ )
φε 1 (E) ≥ φε 2 (E) ,
(I.7)
ãäå 0 < δ1 < δ2 ≤ ∞.
Îïðåäåëåíèå I.5. Îáîáùåííàÿ ìåðà Êîëîìáåàó-Êàðàòåîäîðè íà
ΣX çàäàåòñÿ êàê

(δ) (δ)
(µε (E))ε = lim φε (E) = sup φε (E) .
δ→0+ ε δ>0 ε
(I.8)
Â ñèëó ïðåäûäóùåãî çàìå÷àíèÿ ýòî îïðåäåëåíèå êîððåêòíî.
Ïóñòü òîïîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ðàçìåðíîñòü ìåòðè÷åñêîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà X
ðàâíà dim X = D è Y6=⊂ ∪∞
i=1 Ei , Y6= X. Âîçüìåì, íàïðèìåð,
⊂
0
ω (D 0 ) [diam(Ei )]D
(ςε (Ei , ri ; D0 , dY ))ε = d
,
ri Y +ε
ε
(I.9)
ãäå ri ∈ Ei . Çäåñü 0 < D0 ≤ D, a ω (D0 ) - ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèé ôàêòîð, êî-
∞
òîðûé îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèìè ñâîéñòâàìè ïîêðûòèÿ {Ei }i=1 ,
à dY - ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèé ôàêòîð, êîòîðûé îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ìóëüòè-
ôðàêòàëüíûìè ñâîéñòâàìè ìíîæåñòâà Y6=⊂ X. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, åñëè ïîêðû-
∞
òèå {Ei }i=1 ñîñòîèò èç çàìêíóòûõ øàðîâ, òî
D0
0 π 2
ω (D ) = 0 .
2D0 Γ(1+ D2 )
(I.10)
Ïóñòü òåïåðü Y ⊂
6= X = R è ìíîæåñòâî Y óäîâëåòâîðÿåò ñëåäóþùèì
4
óñëîâèÿì:
(i) Y -îáîáùåííûé ìóëüòèôðàêòàë, ò. å. Y = Yα− = ∆(µε )ε (α− )

(ii) êàæäîå Yα− åñòü çàìêíóòîå íåîãðàíè÷åííîå ìíîæåñòâî. Äëÿ

ëþáûõ x, y ∈ Y îïðåäåëèì ðàññòîÿíèå êàê
qP
4 2
d (x, y) = i=1 (xi − yi ) .
(I.11)
Äëÿ ëþáîãî ìíîæåñòâà E6=
⊂
Y îïðåäåëèì åãî äèàìåòð d (E) = diam (E) ,
ò. å.
d (E) = sup {d (x, y) |x, y ∈ E} .

(I.12)
Îïðåäåëåíèå I.6. Ìåðà Êîëîìáåàó-Õàóñäîðôà
(µCH (E; D0 , dY , ε))ε
(àññîöèèðîâàííîé ðàçìåðíîñòè (D0 , dY )) ìíîæåñòâà E6=
⊂
Yα− îïðåäåëå-
íà êàê
(µCH (E; D0 , dY , ε))ε =

P 0
S
lim inf ςε (Ei , ri ; D , dY ) Yα− ⊂ Ei ,

ε→0 {Ei } i i
(I.13)
ãäå ôóíêöèÿ ςε (Ei , ri ; D0 , dY ) îïðåäåëåíà..
Îïðåäåëåíèå I.7. Èíòåãðàë Êîëîìáåàó-Ñòèëòüåñà îò íåïðåðûâ-
íîé ôóíêöèè ïî îáîáùåííîé ìåðå (µCH (E; D0 , dY , ε))ε îïðåäåëåí êàê
∫ Yα f (x) (dµCH (x; D0 , dY , ε))ε =

−
!
0
P P
lim f (xi ) inf ςε (Eij , rij ; D , dY ) ,
d(Ei )→0 ∪i Ei =X {Eij } ,∪j Eij ⊃Ei ?rij j
ε
(I.14)
ãäå {Ei } - äèçúþíêòíîå ïîêðûòèå ìíîæåñòâà Yα− . Åñëè d (Ei ) → 0, òî
î÷åâèäíî ∪j Eij → Ei 3 xi è (I.14) ïðèìåò âèä

∫ Yα f (x) dµCH x; D0 , dYα− , ε =
− ε

f (xi ) ςε Ei , ri ; D0 , dYα
P
lim ,
d(Ei )→0 Ei ?ri −
(I.15)
ãäå ri = d (0, xi ) . Ìíîæåñòâî Yα− óäîáíî çàäàâàòü â ïîëÿðíûõ êîîð-

äèíàòàõ (r, Ω) ,
Ω = (ϕ, ϑ1 , ϑ2 , ..., ϑD−1 , ϑD−2 )
òàê, ÷òî r = d (0, x) . Ïóñòü {Eri , Ωi } - ñôåðè÷åñêè ñèììåòðè÷íîå ïî-
êðûòèå ñ öåíòðîì â íà÷àëå êîîðäèíàò (ñì. Ðèñ. 25), à ôóíêöèÿ

ςε Ei , ri , Ωi ; D0 , dYα−
çàäàíà ôîðìóëîé (I.9), òîãäà â ïðåäåëå d (Eri , Ωi ) → 0 ìû ïîëó÷èì

dµCH r; Ω; D0 , dYα− , ε =
ε

0
lim ςε Er, Ω , r; Ω; D , dYα− =
d(Er, Ω )→0 ε

0 −1 D 0 −1 D 0 −1 D 0 −1
∆ΩD r ∆r
lim dY
α−
= dΩ
dY
r dr ,
d(Er, Ω )→0 r +ε ε r α−
+ε
ε
(I.16)
ãäå 1 < D0 ≤ D, dYα− ∈ [1, ∞) .
Äëÿ öåëûõ D0 = D ≥ 2 ìû èìååì (Ω = (ϕ, ϑ1 , ϑ2 , ..., ϑD0 −1 , ϑD0 −2 ))
R 0 −1
SD0 = dΩD =
R R R R 0 −1 R D0 −2
dϕ (sin ϑ1 ) dϑ1 (sin ϑ2 )2 dϑ2 ... (sin ϑD−1 )D dϑD0 −1 sin ϑD0 −2 dϑD0 −2 =
D0
2π 2 .
D0
Γ 2
(I.17)
Äëÿ 1 < D0 ≤ D, dYα− ∈ [1, ∞) è ëþáîãî îãðàíè÷åííîãî µCH - èçìå-
ðèìîãî ìíîæåñòâà E ñïðàâåäëèâî ðàâåíñòâî
D 0 −1 D 0 −1

∫ dµCH r; Ω; D0 , dYα− , ε = ∫ dΩ
d r dr =
Y
E ε E r α−
+ε
ε
D 0 −1 D 0 −1
[J(Ω, D)] r drdϕdϑ1
dϑ2 ...dϑD−1 dϑD−2
∫ dY
,
α−
E r +ε
ε
(I.18)
ãäå D - òîïîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ðàçìåðíîñòü è
2 D−1 D−2
J (Ω, D) = (sin ϑ1 ) (sin ϑ1 ) ... (sin ϑD0 −1 ) (sin ϑD0 −2 ) .
(I.19)
Ðèñ. 25: Ýëåìåíò ñôåðè÷åñêîãî ïîêðûòèÿ äëÿ D =2
Îïðåäåëåíèå I.8.
D 0 −1 D 0 −1

dµCH r; Ω; D0 , dYα− , ε = dΩ
d r dr ,
Y
ε r α−
+ε
ε
(I.20)
ãäå D0 > 1, dYα− ∈ [1, ∞)
Çàìå÷àíèå I.2. Îáû÷íî ìû áóäåì çàïèñûâàòü ôîðìóëó (I.19) â
ñèìâîëè÷åñêîé ôîðìå
D 0 −dYα −1
0
dµCH r; Ω; D0 , dYα− , ε = dΩD −1 r − dr.
ε
(I.21)
Ïóñòü ôóíêöèÿ s (x) ñèììåòðè÷íà ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê íåêîòîðîìó öåí-
òðó x0 ∈ Yα− , ò. å. s (x) = const äëÿ ëþáûõ x òàêèõ, ÷òî d (x0 , x) = r.
Òîãäà, âûïîëíèâ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Yα− → Zα− : z = x − x0 , ìû
ïîëó÷èì
D0 ∞
D 0 −dYα −1

0 2π 2
∫ Yα s (x) dµCH x; D , dYα− , ε = 0 ∫ s (r) r − dr,
− ε Γ( D2 ) 0
(I.22)
ãäå â ñèëó ïðåäûäóùåãî çàìå÷àíèÿ èíòåãðàë â ïðàâîé ÷àñòè ðàâåí-
ñòâà (I.22) ñëåäóåò ïîíèìàòü â ñìûñëå òåîðèè îáîáùåííûõ ôóíêöèé
Êîëîìáåàó [133], ò. å.
D0 ∞ 0
r D −1 dr

∫ Yα s (x) dµCH x; D , dYα− , ε 0
= 2π 2
0 ∫ s(r) .
− ε Γ( D2 ) 0 dY
α−
r +ε
ε
(I.23)
Ïóñòü {Eri , Ωi } - ñôåðè÷åñêè ñèììåòðè÷íîå ïîêðûòèå ñ öåíòðîì â
íà÷àëå êîîðäèíàò. Ïîëîæèì
0
ω (D 0 ) [diam(Ei )]D
0
ςε Ei , ri ; D0 , dYα− = dY dY
,
ε [J(Ω, D)] α−
r α−
+ε
ε
2 D−1 D−2
J (Ω, D) = (sin ϑ1 ) (sin ϑ1 ) ... (sin ϑD−1 ) (sin ϑD−2 ) ,
(I.24)
òîãäà â ïðåäåëå d (Eri , Ωi ) → 0 ìû ïîëó÷èì
0

dµCH r; Ω; D0 , dYα− , ε =
ε

0
lim ςε Er, Ω , r; Ω; D0 , dYα− =
d(Er, Ω )→0 ε

0 −1 D 0 −1 0 −1 D 0 −1
∆ΩD r ∆r dΩD r dr
lim dY dY = dY dY
,
d(Er, Ω )→0 [J(Ω, D)] α− r α− +ε ε [J(Ω, D)] α−
r α−
+ε
ε
(I.25)
0
ãäå D0 > 1, dYα− ∈ [1, ∞) , à ôóíêöèÿ ςε (Ei , ri ; D0 , dY ) çàäàíà ôîðìó-
ëîé (I.24). Äëÿ 1 < D0 ≤ D, dYα− ∈ [1, ∞) è ëþáîãî îãðàíè÷åííîãî
0
µCH - èçìåðèìîãî ìíîæåñòâà E ñïðàâåäëèâî ðàâåíñòâî
D 0 −1 D 0 −1

∫ dµCH r; Ω; D0 , dYα− , ε d r dr =
= ∫ dΩ Y
E ε E r α−
+ε
ε
D 0 −1 D 0 −1
[J(Ω, D)] r drdϕdϑ1 dϑ2 ...dϑ
D−1 dϑD−2
∫ dY dY
,
α− α−
E [J(Ω, D)] r +ε
ε
(I.26)
ãäå D - òîïîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ðàçìåðíîñòü ìåòðè÷åñêîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà X .
Îïðåäåëåíèå I.9.
0 −1 D 0 −1
0
dΩD
dµCH r; Ω; D0 , dYα− , ε = dY
r
dY
dr .
ε [J(Ω, D)] α−
r α−
+ε
ε
(I.27)
Çàìå÷àíèå I.3. Îáû÷íî ìû áóäåì çàïèñûâàòü ôîðìóëó (I.27) â
êðàòêîé ñèìâîëè÷åñêîé ôîðìå
D 0 −dYα −1 D 0 −dYα −1
0

dµCH r; Ω; D0 , dYα− , ε = dΩ − r − dr.
ε
(I.28)
Ïóñòü ôóíêöèÿ s (x) ñèììåòðè÷íà ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê íåêîòîðîìó öåí-
òðó x0 ∈ Yα− , ò. å. s (x) = const äëÿ ëþáûõ x òàêèõ, ÷òî d (x0 , x) = r.
Òîãäà, âûïîëíèâ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Yα− → Zα− : z = x − x0 , ìû
ôîðìàëüíî ïîëó÷èì
0
∫ Yα s (x) dµCH x; D0 , dYα− , ε =
− ε
D 0 −dYα (I.29)
−
∞ D 0 −dYα −1
2π 2 ∫ s (r) r

D 0 −dYα
− dr,
− 0
Γ 2
ãäå èíòåãðàë â ïðàâîé ÷àñòè ðàâåíñòâà (I.26) ñëåäóåò ïîíèìàòü â ñìûñ-

ëå òåîðèè îáîáùåííûõ ôóíêöèé Êîëîìáåàó [140], ò. å.
0 ∞ 0 −1 0 −1
s(r) r D drdΩD
∫ Yα s (x) dµCH x; D0 , dYα− , ε = ∫ dY dY
.
− ε α− α−
0 [J(Ω, D)] r +ε
ε
(I.30)
Ïóñòü çàäàí ôðàêòàë X ⊂ Rn . Òîãäà, êàê èçâåñòíî, ñóùåñòâóåò

ðàçáèåíèå {Ei1 ,..., in } ìíîæåñòâà Rn íà ïàðàëëåëåïèïåäû Ei1 ,..., in ñëå-
äóþùåãî âèäà
Ei1 ,..., in =
{(x1 , ..., xn ) ∈ X |xj = (ij − 1) ∆xj + αj , 0 ≤ αj ≤ ∆xj , j = 1, ..., n} .

(I.31)
Ïóñòü {Ei1 ,..., in } - ïðîèçâîëüíîå ðàçáèåíèå âûøåóêàçàííîãî âèäà è
xi1 ,..., in ∈ Ei1 ,..., in . Çàäàäèì îáîáùåííóþ ôóíêöèþ ìíîæåñòâà

ξ Ei1 ,..., in , xi1 ,..., in ; D0 , dYα− , ε
ε
êàê
D0
[diam(Ei1 ,..., in )]

ξ Ei1 ,..., in , xi1 ,..., in ; D0 , dYα− , ε = ω (D0 ) dYα .
ε xi ,..., i − +ε
1 n
(I.32)
Îïðåäåëèì òåïåðü n
ìåðó Êîëîìáåàó-Õàóñäîðôà
o⊂ ìíîæåñòâà E ⊂ X
0
ñ ïîìîùüþ ïîêðûòèé Ei1 ,..., in {Ei1 ,..., in } êàê
=
0

µCH E; D0 , dYα− , ε =
ε
 (
0

ξ Ei1 ,..., in , xi1 ,..., in ; D0 , dYα− , ε
P
 lim inf 0

ε→0
{Ei1 ,..., in } i1 ,..., in
)!
0
0

⊂
S
E= Ei1 ,..., in ; diam Ei1 ,..., in ≤ ε .
i1 ,..., in
ε
(I.33)
Â ñèëó (I.32) ìû èìååì
0

dµCH x; D0 , dYα− , ε =
ε
!

0
lim ξ Ei1 ,..., in , xi1 ,..., in ; D , dYα− , ε =
diam(Ei1 ,..., in )→0
ε
 
D0
n
Q [∆xj ] n
lim  =
 
 dYα
diam(Ei1 ,..., in )→0 j=1 −
xi n +ε
1 ,..., in ε
 
D0
n
Q [dxj ] n
 .

 dYα
j=1 −
xi n +ε
1 ,..., in ε
(I.34)
n
Ïóñòü òåïåðü Y = Yi è dim Y = n. Òîãäà â ñèëó òåîðåìû Ôóáèíè
Q
i=1
ìû èìååì
0 0

∫ f (x) dµCH x; d , dYα− , ε =
ε
n
Q 0
0

∫ ... ∫ f (x1 , ..., xn ) dµi, CH xi ; di , dYi, α− , ε ,
i=1 ε
(I.35)
0 Pn 0 Pn
ãäå d = i=1 di , dYα− = i=1 dYi, α− è
0
di −dYi, α
− 0
d −1
0
0

|xi | dxi
dµi, CH xi ; di , dYi, α− , ε 0 2
= 2π dY
i
,
d −d i, α−
ε i Yi, α
− |xi | +ε
Γ 2
qP (I.36)
D
ãäå r = 2
i=1 xi . Äëÿ ñôåðè÷åñêè ñèììåòðè÷íîé ôóíêöèè, ò. å. òà-
êîé, ÷òî f (r) = f (r) , ìû èìååì î÷åâèäíûì îáðàçîì
n
Q 0
0

∫ ... ∫ f (r) dµCH xi ; Di , dYi, α− , ε =
i=1 ε
0
−1
0 0 |r|d dr
c d1 , ..., d1 ; dY1, α− , ..., dYn, α− , ∫ f (r) dY
α−
,
|r| +ε ε
(I.37)
0 0
ãäå c d1 , ..., d1 ; dY1, α− , ..., dYn, α− , - íåêîòîðàÿ êîíñòàíòà. Ëåãêî âè-
äåòü, ÷òî ïðàâàÿ ÷àñòü (I.37) ñîâïàäàåò ñ ïðàâîé ÷àñòüþ ôîðìóëû
3
(I.29). Ïóñòü, íàïðèìåð, n = 3 è Y = Yi 6=⊂ R3 , òîãäà ìû èìååì
Q
i=1

R 0 0 0
f (r) dµ1,CH x1 ; d1 , dY1,α , ε dµ2,CH x2 ; d2 , dY2,α , ε dµ3,CH x3 ; d3 , dY3,α , ε =
− − −
0
d −dY
α−
0

|r|d −1 dr
2π 2
R
0
f (r) dY ,
d −dY α−
α− |r| +ε
Γ ε
2
(I.38)
0 0 0 0
ãäå d = d1 + d2 + d3 è dYα− = dY1, α− + dY2, α− + dY3, α− .
Çàìå÷àíèå I.4. Ïðè âûâîäå ðàâåíñòâà (I.38) èñïîëüçóåòñÿ òîæäå-
ñòâî
π/2
Γ(µ) Γ(ν)
∫ sinµ−1 (z) cosν−1 (z) = Γ(µ+ν) ,
0
(I.39)
ãäå µ, ν ∈ C, µ, ν ∈
/ Z− .
Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ëåæàíäðà îáîáùåííîé ìåðû Êîëîìáåàó... 201
Ïðèëîæåíèå II
Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ëåæàíäðà îáîáùåííîé ìåðû Êîëîìáåàó è

åãî îñíîâíûå ñâîéñòâà.
Îïðåäåëåíèå II.1. Ïóñòü (µε )ε - ìåðà Êîëîìáåàó íà ïðîèçâîëüíîì

ìåòðè÷åñêîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå X, à Fε - ñåìåéñòâî âñåõ ñ÷åòíûõ ðàçáèåíèé
(Ui,ε ) íîñèòåëÿ ìåðû µε , ò. å. Supp (µε ) = ∪i Ui , ãäå Ui,ε ∩ Uj,ε = ∅,
ε ∈ (0, 1]. Äëÿ ε ∈ (0, 1] è ëþáûõ q, τ ∈ R îïðåäåëèì îáîáùåííóþ
ôóíêöèþ (Γε (q, τ ))ε
!
P q τ
(Γε (q, τ ))ε = lim sup [µε (Ui , rUi )] (diamUi ) ,
r→0 (U )∈? i
i ε
ε
(II.1)
ãäå supi∈N (diamUi ) ≤ r, rUi = d (0, xi ) , xi ∈ Ui .
Òåîðåìà II.1. Ïóñòü îáîáùåííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ (Γε (q, τ ))ε çàäàíà ôîð-
ìóëîé (II.1). Òîãäà
(i) äëÿ ëþáîãî ε ∈ (0, 1] è q ∈ R ñóùåñòâóåò åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èëî
τ (ε, q) òàêîå, ÷òî

∞ 5A; 8 τ < (τ (ε, q))ε
(Γε (q, τ ))ε =
0 5A; 8 (τ (ε, q))ε < τ ;
(II.2)
(ii) äëÿ ëþáîãî q ∈ R ñïðàâåäëèâî ðàâåíñòâî
 
P q
log sup [ ε ( i Ui )] 
µ U , r
 (Ui )∈?ε i
(τ (ε, q))ε =  lim
r→0 − log r
 ,

ε
(II.3)
ãäå supi∈N (diamUi ) ≤ r, rUi = d (0, xi ) , xi ∈ Ui .
(iii) (a) îïðåäåëèì ìóëüòèôðàêòàëüíûé ñïåêòð îáîáùåííîé ìåðû
(µε )ε êàê R b - çíà÷íóþ ôóíêöèþ (fµ (α)) , çàäàííóþ ðàâåíñòâîì
ε ε
(fµε (α))ε = (dH (∆µε (α)))ε .

(II.4)
202 Ïðèëîæåíèå II
(b) îïðåäåëèì ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ëåæàíäðà (τ ∗ (ε, q))ε îáîáùåííîé

ôóíêöèè (τ (ε, q))ε êàê

∗
(τ (ε, q))ε = inf [αq + τ (ε, q)] .
q
ε
(II.5)
Ìóëüòèôðàêòàëüíûé ñïåêòð (fµε (α))ε îáîáùåííîé ìåðû (µε )ε ñîâ-
ïàäàåò ñ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèåì Ëåæàíäðà (τ ∗ (ε, q))ε :
∗
(τ (ε, q))ε 5A; 8 0 ≤ (τ ∗ (ε, q))ε
(fµε (α))ε =
0 5A; 8 (τ ∗ (ε, q))ε < 0.
(II.6)
Çàìå÷àíèå II.2. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî Òåîðåìà II.1 ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðÿìûì îáîá-
ùåíèåì õîðîøî èçâåñòíîãî êëàññè÷åñêîãî ðåçóëüòàòà [152].
Ôðàêòàëüíûå êâàíòîâûå ïîëÿ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè... 203
Ïðèëîæåíèå III
Ôðàêòàëüíûå êâàíòîâûå ïîëÿ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè.

Ôóíêöèè Ãðèíà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ôðàêòàëüíûì êâàíòîâûì
ïîëÿì.
Ñâîáîäíûå ñêàëÿðíûå êâàíòîâûå ôðàêòàëüíûå ïîëÿ îòðèöàòåëü-

íîé ðàçìåðíîñòè Φm (t, x; D− ) è èõ êàíîíè÷åñêè ñîïðÿæåííûå
Πm (t, x; D− ) ,
êàê îáîáùåííûå îïåðàòîðíûå ôóíêöèè Êîëîìáåàó, ôîðìàëüíî îïðå-

äåëåíû ðàâåíñòâîì [133]
3, D−
1 d
√ p
Φm (t, x; D− ) = (2π)3/2
∫ ×
2µ(p)
R3, D−
a† (p) exp [i (µ (p) t − p · x)] + a (p) exp [−i (µ (p) t − p·x)] ,

q
Πm (t, x; D− ) = 1
(2π)3/2
∫ d3, D− p µ(p)
2 ×
R3, D−
a† (p) exp [i (µ (p) t − p · x)] − a (p) exp [−i (µ (p) t − p · x)] ,

(III.1)
ãäå µ (p) = p+m2 , à îïåðàòîðû a (p) è a† (p) óäîâëåòâîðÿþò îáû÷-
p
íûì ÊÊÑ
h 0 i h 0 i
a (p) , a p = a† (p) , a† p = 0,
h 0 i 0

a (p) , a† p = δ p−p .
(III.2)
Ñêàëÿðíûå êâàíòîâûå ôðàêòàëüíûå ïîëÿ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåð-
íîñòè â íóëåâîé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè ϕm (x; D− ) è èõ êàíîíè÷åñêè ñîïðÿ-
204 Ïðèëîæåíèå III
æåííûå πm (x; D− ) îïðåäåëåíû ðàâåíñòâîì
ϕm (x; D− ) =
3, D−
d p
1 √ a† (p) exp [−i (p · x)] + a (p) exp [i (p·x)] ,

(2π)3/2
∫
2µ(p)
R3, D−
πm (x; D− ) =
q
d3, D− p µ(p)
1
†
(2π)3/2
∫ 2 a (p) exp [−i (p · x)] − a (p) exp [i (p · x)] .
R3,D−
(III.3)
Â ñèëó (III.1) - (III.2) ìû èìååì
h 0
i 0

Φm (t, x; D− ) , Φm t0 , x ; D− = iD0 t − t0 , r − r ; D− ,
(III.4)
ãäå
0

D0 t − t0 , r − r ; D− =
sin[µ(p) (t−t0 )]
h 0
i
1 3, D−
− (2π)3 ∫ d p exp ip r − r µ(p) .
(III.5)
Â ñèëó (III.4) - (III.5) äëÿ t = t ìû èìååì 0
h 0
i 0

Φm (t, x; D− ) , Φm t, x ; D− = iD0 0, r − r ; D− = 0,
h 0
i
Πm (t, x; D− ) , Πm t, x ; D− =

∂2 0
i ∂t∂t0 D0 t − t0 , r − r ; D− = 0,

t=t0
h 0
i
Πm (t, x; D− ) , Φm t, x ; D− =
0
0

i ∂
∂t D0 t − t0 , r − r ; D− = −iδ 3, D− r − r ,

t=t0
(III.6)
ãäå
δ 3, D− (r) = 1
∫ d3, D− p exp (ipr) . (III.7)
(2π)3
Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ôóðüå-Êîëîìáåàó Φ b m (p0 , p; D− ) êâàíòîâîãî ïîëÿ

Φm (t, x; D− ) îïðåäåëåíî ñ ïîìîùüþ èíòåãðàëüíîãî óðàâíåíèÿ
Φm (t, x; D− ) =
1 (III.8)
(2π)3/2
∫ dp0 d3, D− pΦ
b m (p0 , p; D− ) exp [i (p, x)] ,
R×R3, D−
ãäå (p, x) = p0 x0 − p · x. Îáîáùåííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ Φ

b m (p0 , p; D− ) óäîâëå-
òâîðÿåò êàíîíè÷åñêîìó óðàâíåíèþ Êëåéíà-Ãîðäîíà
(III.9)
p20 − p2 − m2 Φb m (p0 , p; D− ) = 0.
Â ñèëó (III.9) íîñèòåëü îáîáùåííîé ôóíêöè

b m (p0 , p; D− ) ëåæèò
Φ
íà ìàññîâîì ãèïåðáîëîèäå Hm , ò. å. Supp Φb m (p0 , p; D− ) ⊂ Hm .
6=
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìû èìååì ïðåäñòàâëåíèå
1
Φm (t, x; D− ) = ×
(2π)3/2

∫ dp0 d3, D− p a† (p) θ (p0 ) δ p20 − p2 − m
2
exp [−i (p, x)] + a (p) exp [i (p, x)] .
3,D−
R×R
(III.10)
Â ýêâèâàëåíòíîñòè (III.1) è (III.10) ëåãêî óáåäèòüñÿ ïðÿìûì âû÷èñëå-
íèåì. Äðîáíûå ôóíêöèè Ãðèíà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ôðàêòàëüíûì êâàí-
òîâûì ïîëÿì, îïðåäåëåíû êàê
iG (x, x0 ; D_) = h0 |[Φm (x; D_) , Φm (x0 ; D_)]| 0i ,
(III.11)
G(1) (x, x0 ; D_) = h0 |{Φm (x; D_) , Φm (x0 ; D_)}| 0i ,
ãäå x = (t, x). Ðàçîáüåì ýòè ôóíêöèè íà ïîëîæèòåëüíî- è îòðèöàòåëü-
íî - ÷àñòîòíûå ÷àñòè
iG (x, x0 ; D− ) = G+ (x, x0 ; D− ) − G− (x, x0 ; D− ) ,

(III.12)
(1) 0 + 0 − 0
G (x, x ; D− ) = G (x, x ; D− ) + G (x, x ; D− ) ,
ãäå
G+ (x, x0 ; D_) = h0 |Φm (x; D_) Φm (x0 ; D_)| 0i ,
(III.13)
G− (x, x0 ; D_) = h0 |Φm (x0 ; D_) Φm (x; D_)| 0i .
Äðîáíûé Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé ïðîïàãàòîð GF (x, x0 ; D− ) çàäàäèì êàíî-

íè÷åñêèì îáðàçîì êàê
GF (x, x0 ; D_) = h0 |T (Φm (x; D_) Φm (x0 ; D_))| 0i =
(III.14)
θ (t − t0 ) G+ (x, x0 ; D_) + θ (t0 − t) G− (x, x0 ; D_) .
206 Ïðèëîæåíèå III
Äðîáíóþ çàïàçäûâàþùóþ GR (x, x0 ; D− ) è îïåðåæàþùóþ

GA (x, x0 ; D− )
ôóíêöèè Ãðèíà çàäàäèì êàíîíè÷åñêèì îáðàçîì êàê
GR (x, x0 ; D− ) = −θ (t − t0 ) G (x, x0 ; D− ) ,
(III.15)
0 0 0
GA (x, x ; D− ) = θ (t − t) G (x, x ; D− ) .
Òîãäà ñïðàâåäëèâî ðàâåíñòâî
GF (x, x0 ; D− ) = −G (x, x0 ; D− ) − 12 G(1) (x, x0 ; D− ) ,

(III.16)
G (x, x0 ; D− ) = 1
2 [GR (x, x0 ; D− ) + GA (x, x0 ; D− )] .
Ôóíêöèè G, G(1) , G± óäîâëåòâîðÿþò óðàâíåíèþ Êëåéíà-Ãîðäîíà
(III.17)
tx + m2 G(1),± (x, x0 ; D− ) = 0.

u
Â ñèëó îïðåäåëåíèé è êîììóòàöèîííûõ ñîîòíîøåíèé (III.6) ìû

èìååì
0

tx + m2 GF (x, x0 ; D− ) = −δ (t − t0 ) δ 3, D− x, x ,

u
(III.18)
0

tx + m2 GR, A (x, x0 ; D− ) = δ (t − t0 ) δ 3, D− x, x .

u
Äëÿ ôðàêòàëüíûõ ñïèíîðíûõ ïîëåé ñïèíà 1/2 ìû ââåäåì ôóíêöèè
SF (x, x0 ; D_) =
0 T Ψ (x; D_) Ψ̄ (x0 ; D_) 0 ,

(III.19)
S (1) (x, x0 ; D_) = 0 Ψ (x; D_) , Ψ̄ (x0 ; D_) 0 ,
êîòîðûå, êàê ëåãêî âèäåòü, óäîâëåòâîðÿþò ñëåäóþùèì óðàâíåíèÿì
0

(iγ a ∂a − m) SF (x, x0 ; D− ) = δ (t − t0 ) δ 3, D− x, x ,
(iγ a ∂a − m) S (1) (x, x0 ; D− ) = 0, (III.20)

SF (x, x0 ; D− ) = (iγ a ∂a − m) GF (x, x0 ; D− ) ,
S (1) (x, x0 ; D− ) = − (iγ a ∂a − m) G(1) (x, x0 ; D− ) .

Ôåéíìàíîâñêèé ïðîïàãàòîð äëÿ ôðàêòàëüíîãî ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíîãî

êâàíòîâîãî ïîëÿ çàäàäèì âûðàæåíèåì
iDF αβ (x, x0 ; D_) = h0 |[Aα (x; D_) , Aβ (x0 ; D_)]| 0i . (III.21)
Ó÷èòûâàÿ óðàâíåíèÿ ïîëÿ, ìû ïîëó÷èì óðàâíåíèå äëÿ äðîáíîãî

Ôåéíìàíîâñêîãî ïðîïàãàòîðà
tx − 1 − ξ −1 ∂αx ∂λx DF αβ (x, 0

ηαλ u x ; D− ) = (III.22)
0
δαβ δ (t − t0 ) δ 3, D− x, x .
208 Ïðèëîæåíèå IV
Ïðèëîæåíèå IV
Âûðàæåíèÿ äëÿ äàâëåíèÿ è ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãèè âàêóóìà â

äîïëàíêîâñêóþ è ïëàíêîâñêóþ êîñìîëîãè÷åñêèå ýïîõè
Îïðåäåëåíèå IV.1. (i) Ïîä ïëàíêîâñêîé êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ýïî-

õîé ìû áóäåì ïîäðàçóìåâàòü ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè, â òå÷åíèå êîòî-
ðîãî Âñåëåííàÿ èìååò ðàçìåð L ïîëÿäêà ïëàíêîâñêîé äëèíû, ò. å.
L ' lP = h̄G/c3 . Ïëàíêîâñêàÿ ýïîõà çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ â ìîìåíò âðå-
p
ìåíè t ' tP = 10−40 ñåê ïîñëå Áîëüøîãî Âçðûâà.

(ii) Ïîä äîïëàíêîâñêîé êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ýïîõîé ìû áóäåì ïîäðà-
çóìåâàòü ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî Âñåëåííàÿ èìååò
ðàçìåð L lP . Íà÷àëó äîïëàíêîâñêîé êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ýïîõè ñîîò-
âåòñòâóåò ìîìåíò âðåìåíè t∗P tP .
Â äàëüíåéøåì, ìû áóäåì ïðåäïîëàãàòü âûïîëíåííûìè ñëåäóþùèå
óñëîâèÿ:
(i) â äîïëàíêîâñêóþ è ïëàíêîâñêóþ êîñìîëîãè÷åñêèå ýïîõè ïðîñò-
n oN
ðàíñòâî-âðåìÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáîáùåííûì ìóëüòèôðàêòàëîì ∆αr− îò-
r=1
ðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè (ò.å. dCH ∆αr− < 0, r = 1, ..., N ) â ïñåâäî-
ðèìàíîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå (M, g) .
(ii) íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåé äîïëàíêîâñêîé êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ýïîõè ñïåêòð
ðàçìåðíîñòåé
dCH ∆αr− , r = 1, ..., N
îñòàåòñÿ ïîñòîÿííûì.
Êàê è â ðàáîòå ß. Á. Çåëüäîâè÷à [88], çäåñü ìû ðàññìàòðèâàåì
ïðèáëèæåíèå, â êîòîðîì ãðàâèòàöèîííîå ïîëå gik (x) îïèñûâàåòñÿ ÷è-
ñòî êëàññè÷åñêè. Íàïîìíèì, ÷òî â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ îáùèå ìåòîäîëîãèåé,
ïðèíÿòîé â äàííîé ðàáîòå, ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, ÷òî íîñèòåëè âñåõ ïîëåé
êàê êâàíòîâûõ, òàê è êëàññè÷åñêèõ íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ôðàêòàëüíûìè ìíî-
æåñòâàìè è, â ÷àñòíîñòè, Supp (gik (x)) = Ω⊂
= R , ãäå Ω - ïðîèçâîëüíàÿ
4
îáëàñòü â R4 . Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ýâîëþöèÿ ìàñøòàáíîãî ôàêòîðà a (t)

îïèñûâàåòñÿ â ðàìêàõ ñòàíäàðòíûõ Λ - ìîäåëåé [88]. Îáîáùåííûå Λ -
ìîäåëè äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè
D− < 0 áûëè ðàññìîòðåíû íàìè â ðàáîòå [133]. Ìû áóäåì èñïîëüçîâàòü
ñëåäóþùåå èíòåãðàëüíîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå äëÿ Áåòà - ôóíêöèè Ýéëåðà
B (α, β) = Γ(α) Γ(β)

∞
−α−β
= ∫ dzz α−1 (1 + z) . (IV.1)
Γ(α+β)
0
Âûðàæåíèÿ äëÿ äàâëåíèÿ è ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãèè âàêóóìà... 209
Â äàëüíåéøåì, íàì ïîòðåáóþòñÿ èíòåãðàëû
∞ ± 1 (IV.2)
J± (α) = ∫ dzz α−1 1 + z 2 2 .
0
Ïðåîáðàçóåì èíòåãðàëû (IV.2) ê âèäó (IV.1). Çàìåíà ïåðåìåííîé

â èíòåãðàëàõ (IV.2) z 2 = y, 2dz = dy äàåò

∞ 1 ∞ α−1 α−1 1
α−1 ±2 α−1 − 2 + 2 ±2
1 1
J± (α) = 2 ∫ dyy 2 (1 + y) = 2 ∫ dyy 2 (1 + y)
0 0
(IV.3)
Â ñèëó (IV.1) è (IV.3) ìû èìååì

∞ α−1 α−1 1
α−1 − 2 + 2 +2
1
J+ (α) = 2 ∫ dyy 2 (1 + y)
0
∞ α−1 α−1 α
1 − 2 −(− 2 )
2∫ dyy 2 (1 + y) =
0
α−1 α

α−1

α (IV.4)
Γ 2 Γ(− 2 ) Γ 2 Γ(− 2 )
1 1
2

α−1 α
= 2 1
=
Γ 2 −2 Γ −2

α−1 α
Γ 2 Γ(− 2 )
− 41 √
π
.
Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì ìû ïîëó÷àåì

∞ α−1 α−1 1
α−1 − 2 + 2 −2
1
J− (α) = 2 ∫ dyy 2 (1 + y)
0

∞ α−1 −α+2
α−1 − 2 − 2
1
2 ∫ dyy 2 (1 + y) =
0
(IV.5)

α−1 2−α α−1 2−α
Γ 2 Γ 2 Γ 2 Γ 2
1 = 1
2

α−1 −α+2 2

1
=
Γ 2 + 2 Γ 2

α−1 2−α
Γ 2 Γ 2
1
2
√
π
.
Ïëîòíîñòü ýíåðãèè áîçîííîãî âàêóóìà ρB V (D− , m) äëÿ îòðèöàòåëü-

íîé ðàçìåðíîñòè dCH = 3 − |D− | < 0 (ñ ó÷åòîì òîëüêî íóëåâûõ êîëå-
áàíèé) â ñèëó (511) è (IV.3) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
√
ρB k2 + m2 d3, D− k. (IV.7)
V (D− , m) = K ∫
R3
√
Â ïîëÿðíûõ êîîðäèíàòàõ (k, ϕ, θ) , ãäå k = k2 ìû ïîëó÷èì
√
ρB
V (D− , m) = K ∫ k2 + m2 d3, D− k=
R3
(IV.7)
2π π ∞√
1−|D− |
K ∫ dϕ ∫ (sin θ) dθ ∫ k 2 + m2 k 2−|D− | dk.
0 0 0
Ó÷èòûâàÿ ðàâåíñòâî

2−|D− |
1−|D− | √ Γ 2 (IV.8)
∆ (D− ) = ∫ (sin θ) dθ = π 3−|D− | ,
Γ 2
ìû ïîëó÷èì
√
ρB
V (D− , m) = K ∫ k2 + m2 d3, D− k=
R3
(IV.9)
2−|D− |
√ Γ 2 ∞√
2K π 3 3−|D− | ∫ k 2 + m2 k 2−|D− | dk
Γ 0
2
Çàìåíà ïåðåìåííîé k = my â èíòåãðàëå, âõîäÿùåì â ïðàâóþ ÷àñòü

óðàâíåíèÿ (IV.9), äàåò
∞√
∫
∞
k 2 + m2 k 2−|D− | dk = m4−|D− | ∫ 1 + y 2 y 2−|D− | dy.
(IV.10)
0 0
C ó÷åòîì (IV.10), (IV.3) è (IV.4) ìû îêîí÷àòåëüíî ïîëó÷èì

2−|D− | 2−|D− | 3−|D− |
√ Γ 2 Γ 2 Γ − 2
ρB
V (D− , m) = − 2
K
π 3 m4−|D− | 3−|D− | √
π
=
Γ 2

2−|D− | 3−|D− |

Γ2 2 Γ − 2
− Kπ  m4−|D− | .
2 3−|D− |
Γ 2
(IV.11)
Ïëîòíîñòü ýíåðãèè áîçîííîãî âàêóóìà ρV (D− ) äëÿ îòðèöàòåëüíîé
ðàçìåðíîñòè dCH = 3−|D− | < 0 (ñ ó÷åòîì òîëüêî íóëåâûõ êîëåáàíèé)
â ñèëó (514) è (IV.11) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä

2−|D− | 3−|D− |

Γ2 2 Γ − 2 ∞
ρB  Kπ
V (D− ) = − 2
 ∫ f (m) m4−|D− | dm.
3−|D− |
Γ 0
2
(IV.12)
Çäåñü ìû ïðåäïîëàãàåì, ÷òî 4 − |D− | ≤ −2, à ôóíêöèÿ f (m) óäî-
âëåòâîðÿåò ñëåäóþùèì óñëîâèÿì: (i)
meff
(IV.13)
∫ f (m) m4−|D− | dm = 0
0
è (ii) f (m) = 1 ïðè m ≥ meff . Â ñèëó âûøåóêàçàííûõ óñëîâèé (i)-(ii)

ìû ïîëó÷àåì

2−|D− | 3−|D− |
Γ2 Γ −
(IV.14)
5−|D− |
Kπ meff 2 2
ρB
V (D− ) = − 2 |D− |−5

3−|D− |
.
Γ 2
Oêîí÷àòåëüíî äëÿ ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãèè áîçîííîãî âàêóóìà ρB

V ìû
ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùåå âûðàæåíèå
(r)
! (r)
!
2−D− 3−D−
2
(r) Γ Γ −
5−|D
− |
N N 2 2
(r) meff
ρB − Kπ
P P
V = ρV D− = 2
(r)
D− −5 (r) ! .
r=1 r=1 3−D−
Γ 2
(IV.15)
Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì, äëÿ ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãèè ôåðìèîííîãî âàêó-

óìà ρF
V ìû ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùåå âûðàæåíèå
(r)
! (r)
!
2−D− 3−D−
2
(r) Γ Γ −
N N 5− D | − | 2 2
(r) meff
ρF
P P
V = ρV D− = 2Kπ (r)
D− −5 (r) ! .
r=1 r=1 3−D−
Γ 2
(IV.16)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îêîí÷àòåëüíî äëÿ ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãèè âàêóóìà ρV
ìû ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùåå âûðàæåíèå
N
(r)
ρV = ρB F
P
V + ρV = ρV D − =
r=1
(IV.17)
(r)
! (r) !
2−D− D− −3
2
(r) Γ Γ
N 5− D | | 2 2
3Kπ
P meff −
2
(r)
(r)
! .
r=1 D− −5
3−D−
Γ 2
Äàâëåíèå áîçîííîãî âàêóóìà ρBV (D− , m) äëÿ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàç-

ìåðíîñòè dCH = 3 − |D− | < 0 (ñ ó÷åòîì òîëüêî íóëåâûõ êîëåáàíèé)
k, u= √k2k+m2 , ux kx = 1
3, D
ρB
V (D− , m) = K ∫ ux kx d
−
3 (uk) .
R3
(IV.18)
Â ñèëó (IV.18) ìû èìååì
ρV (D− , m) = K
∫
2 3, D−
k√d k
= K 0 F (D− , m) , (IV.19)
3 k2 +m2
R3
√
ãäå K 0 = K/3. Â ïîëÿðíûõ êîîðäèíàòàõ (k, ϕ, θ) , ãäå k = k2 ìû
ïîëó÷èì

2−|D− |
√ Γ 2 ∞ − 1
F (D− , m) = 2K 0 π 3 3−|D− | ∫ k 4−|D− | k 2 + m2 2 dk.
Γ 0
2
(IV.20)
Çàìåíà ïåðåìåííîé k = my â èíòåãðàëå, âõîäÿùåì â ïðàâóþ ÷àñòü

óðàâíåíèÿ (IV.20), äàåò
∞ − 1 ∞ − 1
∫ k 4−|D− | k 2 + m2 2 dk = m4−|D− | ∫ y 4−|D− | 1 + y 2 2 dy.
0 0
(IV.21)
Ó÷èòûâàÿ òåïåðü (IV.5), ìû ïîëó÷àåì

3−|D− | −2+|D− |
∞ 1 Γ 2 Γ 2
−
∫ k 4−|D− | k 2 + m2 2 dk = 12 m4−|D− |

√
π
.
0
(IV.22)
C ó÷åòîì (IV.20) è (IV.22) ìû ïîëó÷èì

2−|D− | 3−|D− | |D− |−2
1 0
√ Γ 2 Γ 2 Γ 2
ρB
V (D− , m) = 2 K π 3 m4−|D− | 3−|D− | √
π
=
Γ 2

π 0 4−|D− | 2−|D− | |D− |−2
2K m Γ 2 Γ 2 .
(IV.23)
Äàâëåíèå áîçîííîãî âàêóóìà f (m) äëÿ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè
f (m) = 1 < 0 (ñ ó÷åòîì òîëüêî íóëåâûõ êîëåáàíèé) â ñèëó (514) è
(IV.23) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
pB B
V (D− ) = pV (D− , m) =
(IV.24)
h i ∞
π 0 2−|D− | |D− |−2 4−|D− |
2K Γ 2 Γ 2 ∫ f (m) m dm.
0
Ïîäñòàâèâ â (IV.24) âûðàæåíèå äëÿ èíòåãðàëà ∫ f (m) m4−|D− | dm,

óêàçàííîå âûøå, ìû ïîëó÷èì
π
5−|D− |
0 meff

2−|D− |

|D− |−2
(IV.25)
pB
V (D− ) = 2 K |D− |−5 Γ 2 Γ 2 .
Ïîëíîå äàâëåíèå áîçîííîãî âàêóóìà pB

V äëÿ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåð-
íîñòè dCH = 3−|D− | < 0 (ñ ó÷åòîì òîëüêî íóëåâûõ êîëåáàíèé) â ñèëó
(IV.25) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
(r)
5−|D
− | (IV.26)
N
(r) (r)
meff 2−D− D− −2
π 0
pB
P
V = 2K
(r) Γ Γ .
D− −5 2 2
r=1
V ìû
Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì, äëÿ äàâëåíèÿ ôåðìèîííîãî âàêóóìà pF
ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùåå âûðàæåíèå
(r)
5−|D
− | (IV.27)
N
(r) (r)
meff 2−D− D− −2
0
pF
P
V = −2πK (r) Γ
D− −5 2 Γ 2 .
r=1
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îêîí÷àòåëüíî äëÿ äàâëåíèÿ âàêóóìà pV ìû ïîëó-

÷àåì ñëåäóþùåå âûðàæåíèå
(r)
N 5− D |
| 2−D(r) D(r) −2
−
meff
pB pF − 23 πK 0 − −
P
pV = V + V = (r) Γ
D− −5 2 Γ 2 .
r=1
(IV.28)
Â ñèëó (IV.17) è (IV.28) ñ ó÷åòîì ðàâåíñòâà K 0 = K/3 äëÿ ýôôåê-
òèâíîé ãðàâèòèðóþùåé ïëîòíîñòè âàêóóìà ρeff ìû ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþ-
ùåå âûðàæåíèå
ρeff = ρV + 3pV =
(r) ! (r) !
2−D− D− −3
2
(r) Γ Γ
5−|D | 2 2
N
3Kπ
P meff −
2
(r) (r)
! −
r=1 D− −5 3−D−

Γ 2
(r)
5−|D
− |
N
(r) (r)
2−D− D− −2
(IV.29)
3Kπ
P meff
(r) Γ Γ =
2 D− −5 2 2
r=1
 (r)
! (r) !
2−D− D− −3
2
Γ
(r) Γ
N |
5− D| −
2 2
3Kπ
P meff 

(r) (r) !
2 D− −5 
r=1  3−D−
Γ 2
(r)
(r)
2−D− D− −2
−Γ 2 Γ 2 .
Ñîãëàñíî óðàâíåíèÿì Ôðèäìàíà óñëîâèåì äëÿ óñêîðåííîãî ðàñøè-

ðåíèÿ êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ñðåäû ÿâëÿåòñÿ óñëîâèå ρeff < 0.
216 Ïðèëîæåíèå V
Ïðèëîæåíèå V
Óðàâíåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ âàêóóìíîé ñðåäû â ñîâðåìåííóþ

êîñìîëîãè÷åñêóþ ýïîõó.
Ïëîòíîñòü ýíåðãèè áîçîííîãî âàêóóìà ρB

V (D− , m) äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ïðî-
ñòðàíñòâà - âðåìåíè îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè dCH = 3 − |D− | < 0,
îáëàäàþùåãî çåðíèñòîé ìèêðîñòðóêòóðîé (ñ ó÷åòîì òîëüêî íóëåâûõ
êîëåáàíèé) â ñèëó (IV.3) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
ρB B B
V (D− , m) = ρV (m, p∗ ) + ρV (D− , m, p∗ ) =
√ √ (V.1)
K ∫ k2 + m2 d3 k +K ∫ k2 + m2 d3, D− k.
kkk<p∗ kkk≥p∗
Ôóíêöèÿ ρBV (m, p∗ ) óæå áûëà âû÷èñëåíà íàìè â ïàðàãðàôå 3, ïî-

ýòîìó çäåñü ìû ðàññìîòðèì òîëüêî ôóíêöèþ
√
ρB
V (D− , m, p∗ ) = K ∫ k2 + m2 d3, D− k. (V.2)
kkk≥ p∗
√
Â ïîëÿðíûõ êîîðäèíàòàõ (k, ϕ, θ) , ãäå k = k2 , ìû ïîëó÷èì
ρB
V (D− , m, p∗ ) =
√
K ∫ k2 + m2 d3, D− k=
kkk≥ p∗
2π π ∞√
1−|D− |
K ∫ dϕ ∫ (sin θ) dθ ∫ k 2 + m2 k 2−|D− | dk =
0 0 p∗ (V.3)
∞√
K∆ (|D− |) ∫ k 2 + m2 k 2−|D− | dk,
p∗

2−|D− |
√ Γ 2
∆ (|D− |) = 2 π 3 3−|D− | .
Γ 2
Óðàâíåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ âàêóóìíîé ñðåäû... 217
Çàìåíà ïåðåìåííîé k = mp â èíòåãðàëå, âõîäÿùåì â ïðàâóþ ÷àñòü

óðàâíåíèÿ (V.3), äàåò
∞ p
4−|D− |
ρB
V (D− , m, p∗ ) = K∆ (|D− |) m ∫ p2 + 1p2−|D− | dp =
mp∗
∞ p
K∆ (|D− |) m4−|D− | ∫ p2 + 1p2−|D− | dp.
mp∗
(V.4)
Ïîäñòàâèâ â ïðàâóþ ÷àñòü óðàâíåíèÿ (V.4) Òåéëîðîâñêîå ðàçëîæå-
íèå
(V.5)
q
1 + p12 = 1 + 12 p12 − 18 p14 + 16
1 1
p6 + ...
è âûïîëíèâ ïî÷ëåííîå èíòåãðèðîâàíèå, ìû ïîëó÷èì
∞ q
4−|D− | 1 3−|D− |
ρB
V (D− , m, p∗ ) = K∆ (|D− |) m ∫ 1+ p2 p dp =
mp∗

∞ ∞
K∆ (|D− |) m4−|D− | ∫ p3−|D− | dp + 1
2 ∫ p1−|D− | dp + ... =
mp∗ mp∗

− |) 4−|D− | 2−|D− |
K ∆(|D
|D− |−4 m
8−2|D− |
p∗ + O p∗ .
(V.6)
Ïëîòíîñòü ýíåðãèè áîçîííîãî âàêóóìà ρV (D− , meff , p∗ ) äëÿ îòðè-
öàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè dCH = 3 − |D− | < 0 (ñ ó÷åòîì òîëüêî íóëåâûõ
êîëåáàíèé) â ñèëó (V.6) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
ρB
V (D− , meff , p∗ ) =
(V.7)
∞
− |) 4−|D− | 2−|D− |
K ∆(|D
|D− |−4 p∗ ∫ f (m) m 8−2|D− |
dm + O p∗ .
0
Çäåñü ìû ïðåäïîëàãàåì, ÷òî 4 − |D− | ≤ −2, à ôóíêöèÿ f (m) óäî-

âëåòâîðÿåò ñëåäóþùèì óñëîâèÿì: (i)
meff
(V.8)
∫ f (m) m8−2|D− | dm = 0
0
è (ii) f (m) = 1 ïðè m ≥ meff . Â ñèëó âûøåóêàçàííûõ óñëîâèé (i)-(ii),

ìû ïîëó÷àåì
ρB
V (D− , meff , p∗ ) =
∞
(V.9)

− |) 4−|D− | 2−|D− |
K ∆(|D
|D− |−4 p∗ ∫ f (m) m8−2|D− | dm + O p∗ =
meff

∆(|D− |) 4−|D− | 9−2|D− | 2−|D− |
K (|D− |−4) (2|D− |−9) p∗ meff + O p∗ .
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïëîòíîñòü ýíåðãèè áîçîííîãî âàêóóìà
ρbB
V (D− , meff , p∗ )
äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè dCH =

3−|D− | < 0, îáëàäàþùåãî çåðíèñòîé ìèêðîñòðóêòóðîé, (ñ ó÷åòîì òîëü-
êî íóëåâûõ êîëåáàíèé) â ñèëó (V.3) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
ρB B B
V (D− , meff , p∗ ) = ρV (meff , p∗ ) + ρV (D− , meff , p∗ ) =
meff
∫ ρB B
V (m, p∗ ) f (m) dm + ρV (D− , meff , p∗ ) =
0 (V.10)

√ 2−|D− |
9−2|D− | Γ
π meff 3
−|
2
ρB
V (meff , p∗ ) + 2K (|D− |−4) (2|D− |−9)
p4−|D
∗ .
3−|D− |
Γ 2
Ãäå
ρB
V (meff , p∗ ) =
meff meff
K K 1
∫ f (m) m6 dm + O p−3

8 ∫ f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm − 32 p2∗ ∗ .
0 0
(V.11)
Çàìå÷àíèå V.1. Çäåñü ìû èñïîëüçîâàëè ôîðìóëó (522), â êîòîðîé
ïîëîæèëè p0 = p∗ . Îêîí÷àòåëüíî äëÿ ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãèè áîçîííîãî
âàêóóìà ρB
meff meff
K K 1
ρB
V = 8 ∫ f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm − 32 p2∗ ∫ f (m) m6 dm+
0 0
(r)
!
2−D−
(r) Γ
4−|D
− |
2
√ N 9−2|D− |
p∗ (r) meff (r) ! + O p−3
P
+2K π3 D− −4 (2|D− |−9) ∗ .
r=1 3− D−

Γ 2
(V.12)
Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì, äëÿ ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãèè ôåðìèîííîãî âàêó-
óìà ρF
meff meff
4K 4K 1
ρF
V =− 8 ∫ f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm + 32 p2∗ ∫ f (m) m6 dm−
0 0
(r) !
2−D−
(r) Γ
√ N |
4− D| 9−2|D− |
−
2
(r) meff
p∗
(r) ! + O p−3
P
−8K π3 D− −4 (2|D− |−9) ∗ .
r=1 3−D−
Γ 2
(V.13)
C ó÷åòîì ðàâåíñòâ (V.12)-(V.13) äëÿ ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãèè âàêóóìà
ρV ìû ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùåå âûðàæåíèå
ρV = ρB F
V + ρV =
meff meff
− 3K
8 ∫ f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm + 3K 1
32 p2∗ ∫ f (m) m6 dm−
0 0
(r) !
2−D−
(r) Γ
√ N 4− D|
− | 9−2|D− | 2 (r)
3−D−
(r) meff
p∗
P
−6K π3 D− −4 (2|D− |−9) (r) ! + O p∗ .
r=1 3−D−
Γ 2
(V.14)
Äàâëåíèå áîçîííîãî âàêóóìà (D− , m, p∗ ) äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ïðîñòðàí-
ρB
V
ñòâà-âðåìåíè îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè dCH = 3 − |D− | < 0, îáëà-
äàþùåãî çåðíèñòîé ìèêðîñòðóêòóðîé, (ñ ó÷åòîì òîëüêî íóëåâûõ êîëå-
áàíèé) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
ρB B B
V (D− , m, p∗ ) = ρV (m, p∗ ) + ρV (D− , m, p∗ ) =

K ∫ ux kx d3, D− k+K ∫ ux kx d3, D− k,
kkk≤p∗ kkk>p∗
(V.15)
u = √k2k+m2 5A; 8 kkk p∗ ,

k m
u =m 1+ Ep , m = γm0 5A; 8 kkk ≥ p∗ ,
1
ux kx = 3 (uk) .
Çàìå÷àíèå V.2. Äëÿ kkk ≥ p∗ , ñòðîãî ãîâîðÿ, íåîáõîäèìî èñïîëü-

çîâàòü ñâÿçü ìåæäó ïåðåìåííûìè u è k â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ âûáðàííûì â
ïàðàãðàôå 3 ñïîñîáîì íàðóøåíèÿ Ëîðåíö èíâàðèàíòíîñòè, ñì. [167].
Òåì íå ìåíåå, íèæå ìû èñïîëüçóåì îáû÷íóþ ñâÿçü ìåæäó ïåðåìåí-
íûìè u è k, ïîñêîëüêó ýòî ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå âëèÿåò íà îêîí÷àòåëüíûé
ðåçóëüòàò.
Â ñèëó (V.15) ìû èìååì
2 3, D− 2
K k√d k K √ k
pB
V (D− , m, p∗ ) = 3 ∫ k2 +m2
+ 3 ∫ k2 +m2
d3, D− k =
kkk≤p∗ kkk>p∗
pB B
V (m, p∗ ) + p̃V (D− , m, , p∗ ) .
(V.16)
Ôóíêöèÿ pBV (m, p∗ ) = pV (m, meff , p∗ ) óæå áûëà âû÷èñëåíà íàìè â
B
ïàðàãðàôå 16.3, ïîýòîìó çäåñü ìû ðàññìîòðèì òîëüêî ôóíêöèþ
!
K √ k
2 (V.17)
p̃B
V (D− , m, p∗ ) = 3 ∫ k2 +m2
d3, D− k .
kkk>p∗
√
Â ïîëÿðíûõ êîîðäèíàòàõ (k, ϕ, θ) , ãäå k = k2 ìû ïîëó÷èì
2π π ∞
K 1−|D− | k4−|D− |
p̃B
V (D− , m, p∗ ) = 3 ∫ dϕ ∫ (sin θ) dθ ∫ √
k2 +m2
dk =
0 0 p∗
∞
K k4−|D− |
3 ∆ (|D− |) ∫ dk.
√
p∗ k2 +m2
(V.18)
Çàìåíà ïåðåìåííîé k = mp â èíòåãðàëå, âõîäÿùåì â ïðàâóþ ÷àñòü

óðàâíåíèÿ (V.18), äàåò
∞
K k4−|D− |
p̃B
V (D− , m, p∗ ) = 3 ∆ (|D− |) ∫ √
k2 +m2
dk =
p∗
∞ 4−|D | ∞ 3−|D |
Km4−|D− | √ 2 −
dpp Km4−|D− | p 1− .
dpp
3 ∆ (|D− |) ∫ = 3 ∆ (|D− |) ∫
mp∗ p +1 mp∗ 1+ 2
p
(V.19)
Ïîäñòàâèâ Òåéëîðîâñêîå ðàçëîæåíèå
1
=1− 1 1
+ 3 1
− 5 1
+ ..., (V.20)
2 p2 8 p4 16 p6
p 1
1+
p2
â ïðàâóþ ÷àñòü óðàâíåíèÿ (V.19), ìû ïîëó÷èì
∞ 3−|D |
Km4−|D− | p 1−
dpp
p̃B
V (D− , m, p∗ ) = 3 ∆ (|D− |) ∫
mp∗ 1+ 2
p

∞ ∞
Km4−|D− | 3−|D− | 1−|D− |
3 ∆ (|D− |) ∫ dpp + ∫ dpp + ... =
mp∗ mp∗
Km8−2|D− |

4−|D− | 2−|D− |
3(|D− |−4) ∆ (|D− |) p∗ + O p∗ .
(V.21)
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äàâëåíèå áîçîííîãî âàêóóìà (D− , meff , p∗ ) äëÿ pbB
V
ñëó÷àÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè dCH = 3 −
|D− | < 0, îáëàäàþùåãî çåðíèñòîé ìèêðîñòðóêòóðîé, (ñ ó÷åòîì òîëüêî
íóëåâûõ êîëåáàíèé) â ñèëó (V.12) èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
pbB B B
V (D− , meff , p∗ ) = pV (meff , p∗ ) + pV (D− , meff , p∗ ) =
meff ∞
∫ pB B
V (m, p∗ ) f (m) dm + ∫ f (m) pV (D− , m, p∗ ) dm =
0 0

2−|D− |
√ Γ 2 ∞
K 2 π3 4−|D− |
pB
V (meff , p∗ ) + 3 (|D− |−4)

3−|D− |
p∗ ∫ f (m) m8−2|D− | dm =
Γ 0
2

2−|D− |
√ Γ
K 2 π 3 m9−2|D− | 2
p4−|D−|
pB
V (meff , p∗ ) + 3 (|D− |−4) (2|D− |−9)

3−|D− | ∗ .
Γ 2
(V.22)
Ãäå
pB
V (meff , p∗ ) =
meff meff
−K K 5
∫ f (m) m6 dm + O p−3
4

8 ∫ f (m) m ( ln m) dm + 32 p2∗ ∗ .
0 0
(V.23)
Çàìå÷àíèå V.3. Çäåñü ìû èñïîëüçîâàëè ôîðìóëó (522), â êîòîðîé
ïîëîæèëè p0 = p∗ . Îêîí÷àòåëüíî, äëÿ äàâëåíèÿ áîçîííîãî âàêóóìà pB
V
ìû ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùåå âûðàæåíèå
pbB
V (D− , meff , p∗ ) =
meff meff
−K 4
8 ∫ f (m) m ( ln m) dm +
K 5
∫ f (m) m6 dm+
0
32 p2∗
0 (V.24)

2−|D− |
√ Γ
K 2 π 3 m9−2|D− |
2
p∗4−|D− | .
3 (|D− |−4) (2|D− |−9) 3−|D− |
Γ 2
Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì äëÿ äàâëåíèÿ ôåðìèîííîãî âàêóóìà
pbF
V (D− , meff , p∗ )
â ñëó÷àå ïðîñòðàíñòâà-âðåìåíè îòðèöàòåëüíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè dCH = 3−

|D− | < 0, îáëàäàþùåãî çåðíèñòîé ìèêðîñòðóêòóðîé, (ñ ó÷åòîì òîëüêî
íóëåâûõ êîëåáàíèé) ìû ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùåå âûðàæåíèå
pbF
V (D− , meff , p∗ ) =
meff meff
4K 4K 5
∫ f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm − ∫ f (m) m6 dm−
8
0
32 p2∗
0 (V.25)

2−|D− |
√ Γ
K 8 π 3 m9−2|D− | 2 4−|D− |
− 3 (|D− |−4) (2|D− |−9) 3−|D− | p∗ .
Γ 2
C ó÷åòîì ðàâåíñòâ (V.24)-(V.25) äëÿ äàâëåíèÿ âàêóóìà pV ìû ïî-

ëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùåå îêîí÷àòåëüíîå âûðàæåíèå
pV = pbB bF
V (D− , meff , p∗ ) + pV (D− , meff , p∗ ) =
meff meff
3K 3K 5
∫ f (m) m4 ( ln m) dm − ∫ f (m) m6 dm−
8
0
32 p2∗
0 (V.26)

2−|D− |
√ Γ
K 6 π 3 m9−2|D− | 2 4−|D− |
− 3 (|D− |−4) (2|D− |−9) 3−|D− | p∗ .
Γ 2
Ñðàâíèâàÿ òåïåðü óðàâíåíèå (V.26) ñ óðàâíåíèåì (V.14) è ó÷èòû-

âàÿ îãðàíè÷åíèÿ, íàëîæåííûå â ïàðàãðàôå 16.3 íà ôóíêöèþ f (m) , â
ñèëó êîòîðûõ èíòåãðàëüíûå ÷ëåíû â ïðàâûõ ÷àñòÿõ óðàâíåíèé (V.27)
è (V.15) îáðàùàþòñÿ â íîëü òîæäåñòâåííî, ìû ïîëó÷àåì óðàâíåíèå
ñîñòîÿíèÿ âàêóóìíîé ñðåäû â ñîâðåìåííóþ êîñìîëîãè÷åñêóþ ýïîõó â
ñëåäóþùåì êàíîíè÷åñêîì âèäå
(V.27)
pV = 13 ρV .
Âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ýôôåêòèâíîé ãðàâèòèðóþùåé ïëîòíîñòè âàêóóìà

ρeff èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä
ρeff = ρV + 3pV = 2ρV =

(r)
!
2−D−
(V.28)

(r) Γ
√ N |
4− D| 9−2|D− |
−
2
(r) meff
p∗
P
−6K π 3 D− −4 (2|D− |−9) (r)
!.
r=1 3−D−
Γ 2
Ñîãëàñíî óðàâíåíèÿì Ôðèäìàíà íåîáõîäèìûì óñëîâèåì äëÿ íàëè-

÷èÿ ôàçû óñêîðåííîãî ðàñøèðåíèÿ êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîé ñðåäû ÿâëÿåòñÿ
óñëîâèå ρeff < 0, ò. å.
(r)
!
2−D−
(r) Γ
| | 9−2|D− | 2
(V.29)
4− D
N −
(r) meff
p∗
P
0< D− −4 (2|D− |−9) (r) ! .
r=1 3−D−
Γ 2
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ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ 3

Ìîíîãðàôèÿ ñîñòîèò èç òðåõ äîïîëíÿþùèõ äðóã äðóãà òîìîâ. Ïåð-

òû îòðàæåíèÿ è ïðîõîæäåíèÿ èìïóëüñîâ òîêà îò èçëîìîâ ëèíèé, çà-

ñà 10−10 ñåê äîñòèãàåòñÿ ðàçðåøåíèå â íåñêîëüêî ñàíòèìåòðîâ. Óñòà-

ëàñòÿõ èññëåäîâàíèÿ íåñòàöèîíàðíûõ ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ ïîëåé è èõ

ñ êëàññè÷åñêèìè (íåêâàíòîâûìè) ïîëÿìè ñâÿçàííûõ çàðÿäîâ. Ñàìûì

ðàññìîòðåíèè â ÑÒÎ è ÎÒÎ. Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû îðèãèíàëüíû. Âî

ñîâïàäàþò ñ òåîðèåé Íüþòîíà, îäíàêî ïðèíöèï ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ïî îò-

[15]. Èçâåñòíàÿ ìåòðèêà Ìåëëåðà, ÿâëÿÿñü æåñòêîé ïî Áîðíó, îòíþäü

Ïðîãðàììû ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ãîñóäàðñòâåí-

ÀÑÈÌÏÒÎÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÌÅÒÎÄÛ Â ÇÀÄÀ×ÀÕ

Ýòà ãëàâà ñîäåðæèò:

15.1. Èñõîäíûå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèå óðàâíåíèÿ è èõ ñëåäñòâèÿ.

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîíîõðîìàòè÷åñêîé âîëíû â ñðåäå ñ êðóïíîìàñ-

ãäå r= (x, y, z), a εb (r, ω) - ôëóêòóèðóþùàÿ ÷àñòü äèýëåêòðè÷åñêîé

Åñëè ïðèíåáðå÷ü ðàññåÿíèåì íà áîëüøèå óãëû, òî ôóíêöèþ Ψ (r)

ψ (0, ρ) = ψ (ρ) . (4)

Óðàâíåíèå (3) î÷åâèäíî ÿâëÿåòñÿ óðàâíåíèåì ïàðàáîëè÷åñêîãî òè-

ψ0 (q (0)) exp h̄i S [q̇ (v) , q (v) , x, ω] D [q (v)] =

Óñðåäíÿÿ òåïåðü óðàâíåíèÿ (11) è (12), ñ ó÷åòîì çàìå÷àíèÿ 1.1.1

Ìû áóäåì èññëåäîâàòü êâàçèêëàññè÷åñêóþ àñèìïòîòèêó ( h̄ → 0 )

hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i hχb2 (x, ω;h̄)i

hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i

χ1 (x, ω; h̄)i − λ1 (x) hb

χ (x, ω; h̄)i] = o (h̄α ) ,

ãäå 0 < α. Ïîñêîëüêó â îáùåì ñëó÷àå ïðåäåëû (16) íå ñóùåñòâóþò, ìû

hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i

Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå, ìû èìååì

hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i hχb(x, ω;h̄)i

hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i hχb1 (x, ω;h̄n )i

hχb1 (x, ω;h̄)i−λ1 (x) hχb(x, ω;h̄)i

îòêóäà, â ñèëó íåðàâåíñòâà (20), ìû ïîëó÷àåì ñëåäóþùóþ îöåíêó

Ïðåîáðàçóÿ óðàâíåíèå (29) òî÷íî òàêèì æå ñïîñîáîì êàê è óðàâíå-

íèå (28), ìû ïîëó÷èì

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû óäîâëåòâîðèòü àñèìïòîòè÷åñêèì îöåíêàì

gα (x, ω) ρα , α = (i1 , i2 ) , kαk =

u (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) = (u1 (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) , u2 (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ))

ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé ëèíåéíîé êðàåâîé

è ãäå Hess [V (λ, ν, ω)] - ýòî Ãåññèàí îòîáðàæåíèÿ V (·, ν, ω) : R2 → R,

Îáîçíà÷èì äàëåå ÷åðåç

ñëó÷àéíóþ âåêòîð-ôóíêöèþ, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåøåíèåì ñëåäóþùåé

ρcr (x, λ, ρb, ω) + λ−ρ0 = 0.

V (x, ρ, ω) = V (x, ρ, ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω)) ,

Ïðèíèìàÿ òåïåðü âî âíèìàíèå ðàâåíñòâî (47), ïåðåïèøåì ñèñòåìó

íåðàâåíñòâ (44) â âèäå

lim inf |hb

lim inf |hb

â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ñâîäèòñÿ ê ÷èñëåííîìó ðåøåíèþ ñèñòåìû äâóõ òðàíñ-

ρb1 (x, ρ0 , λ, m1 (x) , ..., mn (x)) = 0,

ρb1 (x, ρ0 , λ1 , λ2 , ξ1 (x, ω) , ..., ξn (x, ω)) = 0 ,

Çàìå÷àíèå 15.1.2. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî â íåðàâåíñòâàõ (48) íèæíèé

Âñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî ñèñòåìà (49) â îáùåì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìíîæåñòâî ðåøå-

Çàìå÷àíèå 15.1.4. Ïîä÷åðêíåì, ÷òî â îáùåì ñëó÷àå ðåøåíèå ëè-

du (ν) = A(ν)u (ν) dν + Σ (ν) dW (ν) ,

η1 (x, ρ0 ; h̄) =hη1 (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄)i =

η2 (x, ρ0 ; h̄) =hη2 (x, ρ0 , ω; h̄)i =

η1 (x, ρ0 , λ; h̄) = η1 (x, ρ0 ; h̄) − λ1 η (x, ρ0 ; h̄) ,

ηi (x, ρ0 , λ; h̄) = ηi (x, ρ0 , λ1 , λ2 ; h̄) , i = 1, 2

ïðè h̄ → 0 êàê ôóíêöèé ïàðàìåòðîâ x, λ1 , , λ2 . Îáùàÿ îöåíêà òàêîãî

ãäå {Wα2 (x)} ýòî êîíå÷íûé íàáîð ñòîõàñòè÷åñêè íåçàâèñèìûõ Âèíå-

u (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) = (u1 (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ) , u2 (ν, x, ω, λ, ρ, ρ0 ))

ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùåé ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé äâóõòî÷å÷íîé ëèíåéíîé êðàåâîé

Hess [V2 (λ, ν, ω)] ýòî Ãåññèàí îòîáðàæåíèÿ V2 (·, ν, ω) : R2 → R,

r (Gε (tε , x, y; h̄ε )) =

ε (η, −∞, ∞, Λε ))ε '

0 < h̄ε ηε 1, h̄ε → 0 5A; 8 ε → 0.