Yojana Kuruksetra January 2018 1

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January 2018
INDEX
YOJANA .......................................................................................... 2
Banking Reform ................................................................................................................. 2
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
2. Banking Sector Reforms: Ensuring Regulation .................................................................................... 3
3. Protagonist to Economic Transformation .............................................................................................. 4
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4. Managing Non-Performing Assets: A Paradigm Shift ...................................................................... 6
5. Bank Recapitalisation: Enhancing Capital Base .................................................................................. 7
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6. Facilitating Financial Inclusion .................................................................................................................... 10
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7. Banker to Banks ................................................................................................................................................... 11
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8. Resolving Insolvency ......................................................................................................................................... 12
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9. Strengthening of Cyber Security ................................................................................................................ 14
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10. Rural Banking......................................................................................................................................................... 18
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11. Mission Indradhanush: Revamping of Public Sector Banking in India ................................ 19
12. Specialized Bank in India ................................................................................................................................ 21
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13. Big data analysis in banking industry ...................................................................................................... 22
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KURUKSHETRA ............................................................................. 25
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Empowering rural women: The way forward ................................................................... 25

14. Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP)................................................................................ 26
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15. Empowering Elected Women Representative (EWRs) ................................................................. 27

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16. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) ...................................................................................................................... 28

17. Economic empowerment of rural women........................................................................................... 30
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18. Pradhan Mantri Ujala Yojana ....................................................................................................................... 33

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19. Women’s Safety: Top Priority...................................................................................................................... 34

20. Health of rural women-Wealth of Nation ............................................................................................ 38
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21. SABLA: Scheme for Adolescent Girls ....................................................................................................... 39

22. Folk Arts as a tool for development ........................................................................................................ 40
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https://currentaffairsonly.com EG Classes (Mukherjee Nagar)

January 2018
YOJANA
Banking Reform
Introduction
The history of banking began with the first prototype banks where the merchants of the world, who made
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grain loans to farmers and traders who carried goods between cities. This was around 2000 BC in Assyria
and Sumeria. Later, in ancient Greece and during the Roman Empire, lenders based in temples made loans,
while accepting deposits and performing the change of money. Archaeology from this period in ancient China
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and India also shows evidence of money lending activity.
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Modern Banking
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With the advent of modern banking, management of money shifted from the home to the bank.
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People found it safer to deposit money and jewellery in the bank which had vaults to safeguard their wealth.
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Also, banks offered interest on deposits which meant additional income. Banks, on their side, began
to invest these deposits in various stocks and securities. Thus, began a new system of investment banking
and corporate banking.
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Government money, too, passed from the treasury of the king to the central bank which slowly became the
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monetary policy regulator also.
Today, one cannot visualize an economy without a central regulatory bank. The central bank, in India's case
the Reserve Bank of India, is no longer a parker of government funds but has become the monetary policy
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regulator, banker to banks, regulator of currency.

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Timeline
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1947-1969: Following a spate of mergers and amalgamations, the number of commercial banks in the
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country decreased from 640 in 1947 to 85 in 1969.
State Bank of India Act 1955: Pursuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act of 1955, the
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Reserve Bank of India, which is India’s central bank, acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of
India. On 1 July 1955, the Imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India. Later Government of
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India acquired the Reserve Bank of India’s stake in SBI.
State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act 1959: In 1959, the government passed the State Bank of
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India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, which made eight state banks associates of SBI.
Bank Nationalization
On July 19, 1969: The Government of India promulgated Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of
Undertakings) ordinance 1969 to acquire 14 bigger commercial banks with with deposits over 50 crores with
the basic objective of ensuring credit flow to priority sectors of the economy.
April, 1980: The next round of nationalization took place in April 1980. The government nationalised six
banks with deposit over 200 crores. This move led to a further increase in the number of branches in the
market, increasing to 91% of the total branch network of the country.
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Bank Liberalization
January, 1993: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released guidelines for licensing of new banks in the private
sector. 10 new banks were formed on the basis of these guidelines. These were Global Trust Bank, ICICI
Bank, HDFC Bank, Axis Bank, Bank of Punjab, IndusInd Bank, Centurion Bank, IDBI Bank, Times Bank and
Development Credit Bank.
January, 2001: RBI revised the guidelines for new bank licences. Two new banks — Kotak Mahindra
Bank and YES Bank — were formed.
Current procedure for Bank Licenses
February 26, 2010: Former finance minister and now president Pranab Mukherjee announced in his
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budget speech (for 2010-11) that companies and business houses will be allowed to set up new banks.
August 11, 2010: RBI released discussion paper on entry of new banks in the private sector.
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December 23, 2010: RBI released gist of comments from the feedback on the discussion paper.
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August 29, 2011: RBI released draft guidelines for licensing of new banks in the private sector.
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July 10, 2012: RBI released gist of comments from the feedback on the draft guidelines.
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February 22, 2013: RBI released guidelines for licensing of new banks.
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July 1, 2013: Last date for submitting applications for new banking licence. RBI disclosed names of 26
applicants for new banking licence — two of them drop out while one new player gets added to the list later.
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September 4, 2013: RBI governor Raghuram Rajan announced setting up of a committee headed by Bimal
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Jalan to screen the applications.
November 1, 2013: Bimal Jalan committee held its first meeting.

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February 25, 2014: Bimal Jalan committee submitted its report to RBI.
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March 12, 2014: RBI sought Election Commission’s permission to issue in-principle approvals for
banking licence.
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April 1, 2014: Election Commission allowed RBI to issue new bank licences.
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April 2, 2014: RBI granted in-principle approval to IDFC and Bandhan Financial Services to set upbanks.
The in-principle approval will be valid for 18 months.
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Differentiated bank licence

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May 29, 2014: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will finalize the guidelines for issuing differentiated banking
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licences within the next four months after which such licences will be issued on tap, financial services
secretary Gurdial Singh Sandhu said on May 29, 2014. The financial services department briefed new
finance minister Arun Jaitley on the working agenda for the department.
Banking Sector Reforms: Ensuring Regulation
Current situation of Indian Banking
At present 80% of the banking sector in India is under the public sector, 15% under private sector and only
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5% are foreign banks.

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Global Competition
✓ India's banks lag
behind global
counterparts in terms
of financial depth or
the size of banks,
other financial
institutions and
markets relative to
economic output.
✓ Not only does
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financial depth matter
for capturing the
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relative size of the
banking system, but it
is also positively associated with economic growth and poverty reduction.
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✓ A study using state-level data from India highlights that financial deepening has contributed to
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poverty alleviation in rural areas.
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Looking Ahead
SS irs
In the future, India should strive to have a more robust and well-capitalized banking system, with enhanced
capacity to extend credit and an incentive structure suitable for productive allocation of resources.
LA fa
To build a robust banking system, recapitalization will have to be complemented by a host of other
measures including
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corporate governance reforms, lower entry barriers, improved financial supervision, development of a
dynamic corporate debt market and efficient debt recovery mechanisms.
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There are three particular areas that can be prioritized. The first is improving governance. And strengthening
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institutions, particularly in PSBs. In terms of sequencing, these reforms are. as important as recapitalization
and will also need to be pursued in parallel. Global examples highlight the importance pf undertaking.
banking sector, ‘reforms in tackling NPAs.
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For example, in China, besides recapitalization, banking sector reforms focussed explicitly on strengthening
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financial regulation and supervision, improving corporate governance and enhancing transparency.
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Protagonist to Economic Transformation

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The Indian banking system will have to play the role of a protagonist in this economic transformation. Not
only are we growing to witness a sustained rise in banking services, but we will also see increasing
sophistication of solutions and delivery.
Next Generation Banking

With India expected to become the fourth largest economy in the world by 2025, the following 4Dswill
determine and drive the banking landscape.
Development: This includes government's financial inclusion agenda and other key sectoraland structural
reform.
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Deregulation: Policy improvement in financial intermediation and saving propensity.

January 2018
Demographics: Market getting dominated by young and digitally equipped population.

Disruption: This involves digitalization and integration of banking telecom, and financial space
Transforming the Way, We Bank
Technology will define banking contours in the future. This would include big data, cloud computing, smart
phones and other such innovations. 'Omnichannel', not multichannel, will redefine the way customers
interact with banks.
What banks need to do
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Banks will need to focus on innovation that raises competition and leads to better and cheaper services for
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customers Banks may also partner to achieve scale and find best practices combining their infrastructure
into JVs.
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Also outsourcing utilities like computer authentication, fraud checking, payment processing, account
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infrastructure, KYC processing, to existing technology service providers, could be key steps going forward.
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Cashless and Branchless Banking
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SS irs
According to analysts, by 2018 the mobile wallet market in India will grow at a compound annual growth
rate (CAGR) of 140%, while the global mobile wallet market will register a CAGR of 34% by 2020.
LA fa
What’s fuelling this optimism is the fact that India is one of the fastest-growing markets for smartphones in
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the world. It is expected to become the second largest market by 2017 – replacing the United States.
The number of mobile internet users in India is expected to touch 314 million by 2017, up from 280 million
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now.
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Branchless banking can greatly extend the distribution of financial services to poor people, both by reducing
the cost of delivery (of building and maintaining branches, and handling low value transactions directly) and
by reducing the cost to customers of accessing services (travel and queuing time).
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Innovation in ATM usage

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As per World Bank estimates, the operational cost per transaction for Indian Banks is Rs 48 per Branch,
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Rs25 for phone banking, Rs18 for ATM, Rs8 for IVR and Rs4 for online- India has poor ATM penetration
there areonly 11 ATMs for every 1 million people in India compared to 37 in China and 52 in Malaysia.
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In this regard, Solar ATMs could reduce setup cost by almost 50 percent and also cater to power
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scarce rural area.
Infrastructure Financing
India has about 5% shares in global infrastructure market, which is expected to increase to 9-10% by 2025.
Competition and Consolidation

Banking landscape in India will see a transformation with the entryof new age specialized banks. The urge to
innovate compete and remain in business will also pave the wayfor synergetic consolidation.
Few innovative thoughts

✓ Account number portability.
✓ Efficient leverage of Big Data analytics.
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✓ Securitization of retail loan.

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January 2018
Managing Non-Performing Assets: A Paradigm Shift
Financial intermediation by banks is an engine of growth because they cause money to be circulated in the
economy by seeking deposits from those who have surplus and lend for investment activity.
It has multiplier effect in the economy Borrowing leads to creation of demand for productive resources and
increases the income level of those who supply goods and services.
Expenditure of one is income of the other

Generally speaking, NPA is any asset of a bank which is not producing any income.
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In other words, a loan or lease that is not meeting its stated principal and interest payments.
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On a bank’s balance sheet, loans made to customers are listed as assets. The biggest risk to a bank is when
customers who take out loans stop making their payments, causing the value of the loan assets to decline.
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According to RBI, terms loans on which interest or instalment of principal remain overdue for a period of
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more than 90 days from the end of a particular quarter is called a Non-performing Asset.
However, in terms of Agriculture / Farm Loans; the NPA is defined as under-For short duration crop
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agriculture loans such as paddy, Jowar, Bajra etc. if the loan (instalment / interest) is not paid for 2
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crop seasons, it would be termed as a NPA. For Long Duration Crops, the above would be 1 Crop season
from the due date.
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How grim is the situation?
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✓ More than Rs. 7 lakh crore worth loans are classified as Non-Performing Loans in India. This is a
huge amount.
✓ The figure roughly translates to near 10% of all loans given.
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✓ This means that about 10% of loans are never paid back, resulting in substantial loss of money to
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the banks.
✓ When restructured and unrecognised assets are added the total stress would be 15-20% of total
loans.
NPA crisis in India is set to worsen.
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✓
✓ Restructuring norms are being misused.
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✓ This bad performance is not a good sign and can result in crashing of banks as happened in the
sub-prime crisis of 2008 in the United States of America.
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Solution
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✓ The NPA crisis in the 1990s was mitigated by a $500 million World Bank loan backed by a corresponding
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budgetary outlay.
✓ This time the cost will be higher and, therefore, one must target the banks carefully.
✓ But if we do so, we will strengthen distressed balance sheets and give space to the recapitalised bank
to behave as they should. Recapitalisation will raise their enterprise value, which can then be leveraged
through selective divestment.
✓ The finance minister thus should begin selective PSB recapitalisation.
Current developments on NPA
✓ According to the Reserve Bank of India’s latest “Financial Stability Report”, Gross Non-
Performing assets (NPAs) rose from 9.2% in September 2016 to 9.6% in March 2017.
✓ Stress tests conducted by the RBI indicate that this number could rise to 10.2% under the baseline
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scenario.

January 2018
✓ Return on assets is negative.
✓ The net non-performing advances (NNPA) ratio marginally increased to 5.5% in March 2017
from 5.4% in September 2016.
✓ The RBI in its Financial Stability Report (FSR) highlighted that stressed advances ratio declined
from 12.3 % to 12% due to fall in restructured standard advances.
Recent NPA issues in India
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✓ The Internal advisory committee (IAC) of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had recently
identified 12 accounts for insolvency proceedings with each of them having over Rs 5,000 crore
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of outstanding loans, accounting for 25 percent of total NPAs of banks.
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✓ According to RBI, these 12 accounts would qualify for immediate reference under
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the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC).
The total amount for gross non-performing assets (NPA) as on March was estimated to 11
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✓
Lakh crore
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✓ Any missed instalment not paid to the bank until the due date is a bad loan. If this further
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extends beyond 90 days, it is termed as Non-performing asset or (NPA).
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Bank Recapitalisation: Enhancing Capital Base

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What is need of bank recapitalisation?

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Lack of adequate capital in PSBs

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What is ‘Recapitalization’?
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Recapitalization is restructuring a company’s debt and equity mixture, often with the aim of making a
company’s capital structure more stable or optimal. Essentially, the process involves the exchange of one
form of financing for another, such as removing preferred shares from the company’s capital
structure and replacing them with bonds.
Effects of Recapitalization
Generally speaking, when a company’s debt decreases in proportion to its equity, it has
lower leverage and thus, ceteris paribus, its earnings per share should decrease following the change;
however, its shares would be incrementally less risky, since the company has fewer debt obligations, which
require interest payments and return of principal upon maturity. Without the requirements of debt, the
company can return more of its profits and cash to shareholders.
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Recapitalization in Indian Banks
The Government of India has been

infusing capital on a regular basis into the
PSBs, to enable them to meet regulatory
capital requirements and maintain the
government stake in the PSBs at a
benchmark level
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✓ Government’s plan: Discussions are
underway to raise capital support by
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another Rs 20,000-25,000 crore
for the PSBs
✓ This addition will be in addition of
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the Rs 10,000 crore provided in
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the current financial year’s Budget for
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PSBs’ capitalisation
✓ The extra capital is expected to
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be generated through sale of non-core assets of the banks and
equity infusion by the government via the recapitalisation bonds
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✓ With enough liquidity in the banking system post-
demonetisation, lenders are expected to buy these bonds
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✓ And the money so raised can be used to provide capital to government banks
Particulars of the proposed bonds

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The annual interest on these bonds and the principal on redemption will be paid by the Central
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government.
And the funds so raised are to be used to capitalise the PSBs

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SS irs
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Recapitalisation Bonds
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These are bonds issued by the government to which banks can subscribe – and they are specifically aimed
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at banks that have a lot of deposits on hand.
According to Reserve Bank of India estimates, the total excess deposits accrued to the banking system due
to demonetisation was in the range of Rs 2.8 lakh crores to Rs 4.3 lakh crore.
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It is these excess deposits that the banks are expected to use to buy the recapitalisation bonds.
They government is likely to use the money raised by the sale of these bonds to increase the number of
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shares it holds in the banks.

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This will give the banks more capital to work with, making it easier for them to offset the effect of writing off
bad loans. Meanwhile, the bonds could even be marketable, meaning the banks could put them out into the
market to raise even more money.
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How the Recapitalisation Bond issue will work?

The bond, once issued by the holding company, will be subscribed by public sector banks themselves. Fund
from the issue of bonds will be used to subscribe shares of PSBs and will be treated as additional government
equity or capital.
In this way, capital of PSBs will be enhanced thereby helping them to tackle the present NPA problems.
Banks at present have adequate funds as the credit growth was low in the past few years. Additionally, banks
have funds from the demonetization period deposits.
At least 1 trillion rupees is supposed to be with the banking system where the depositors have to give
explanation for the source of income.
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January 2018
Facilitating Financial Inclusion
Financial Inclusion, as the name suggests, is the pursuit of delivering financial services, including
payments, savings, credit, etc., to people of low-income and disadvantaged sections of the society at
affordable costs. It is also called ‘Inclusive Financing’.
Objective
To address constrains that exclude people from participating in the financial sector & make financial services
available to them to meet their specific needs without any kind of discrimination.
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Financial inclusion is expected to make sigifcant changes in the economy, especially the rural economy,
which is expected to witness a revolution in availability of financial instruments mainly because of —
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• PMJDY
• gold monetization scheme
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• MUDRA
• DBT
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PM No. of accounts Zero balanced accounts
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Public sector banks
SS irs 12.7 52.3 %
private sector bank 2.9 52.1%

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RRBS 0.7 49.3%

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Which will operate through the banking system will also ensure regularity of flow of liquidity in housholds
and therefore opportunities for investment.
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Why FINANCIAL Inclusion in India is Important?

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The policy makers have been focusing on FINANCIAL inclusion of Indian rural and semi-rural areas primarily
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for three most important pressing needs.

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Creating a platform for inculcating

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the habit to save MONEY – The lower

income category has been living under
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the constant shadow of financial duress

mainly because of the absence of
savings.
Providing formal credit avenues –

So far the unbanked population has
been vulnerably dependent of informal
channels of credit like family, friends and moneylenders. Availability of adequate and transparent credit from
formal banking channels shall allow the entrepreneurial spirit of the masses to increase outputs and
prosperity in the countryside.
Plug gaps and leaks in public subsidies and welfare programmes – A considerable sum of money that
is meant for the poorest of poor does not actually reach them. While this money meanders through large
system of government bureaucracy much of it is widely believed to leak and is unable to reach the intended
parties. Government is therefore, pushing for direct cash transfers to beneficiaries through their BANK
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ACCOUNTS rather than subsidizing products and making cash payments.

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January 2018
Innovation in extending credit

To extend banking services to unbanked population, commercial banks began exploring alternatives to brick
and mortar branch like mobile vans, banking kiosks and Business Correspondents BCs
Issue
A large number of unbanked customers are those who have never entered a bank branch.
Solution
Banking with BCs provided not just convenience of banking in a place that is in close proximity to their
business or residence but offered sustainable savings on transacting banking business.
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Benefit
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The customer saves the transportation and time/wages lost to visit a branch to complete a transaction.
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Conclusion
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Commercial banks especially public-sector banks, have played an important role in extending financial
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inclusion in the country, especially rural and semi-urban areas.
SS irs
The successful expansion of banks is now being used to leverage the financial products like insurance
schemes and pension funds.
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Banker to Banks
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The Reserve Bank of India was established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the
provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
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The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Calcutta but
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was permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937. The Central Office is where the
Governor sits and where policies are formulated.
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Though originally privately owned, since nationalisation in 1949, the Reserve Bank
is fully owned by the Government of India.
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Preamble
The Preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the Reserve Bank as:
"to regulate the issue of Bank notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in
India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage; to have a
modern monetary policy framework to meet the challenge of an increasingly complex economy, to maintain
price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth."
Monetary Policy
Monetary policy refers to the policy of the central bank with regard to the use of monetary instruments
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✓
under its control to achieve the goals specified in the Act.
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January 2018
✓ The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is vested with the responsibility of conducting monetary policy. This
responsibility is explicitly mandated under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
Objective
To maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth. Price stability is a necessary
precondition to sustainable growth.
Recent amendments
Consumer Protection and Education
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✓ The Reserve Bank’s initiatives in the field of consumer protection include the setting up of a Customer
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Redressal Cell, creation of a Customer Service Department in 2006 which was recently rechristened as
Consumer Education and Protection Department. Further, the setting up of the Banking Codes and
Standards Board of India (BCSBI), an autonomous body for promoting adherence to self-imposed codes
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by banks for committed customer service.
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✓ In order to strengthen the institutional mechanism for dispute resolution, the Reserve Bank in the year
1995 introduced the Banking Ombudsman (BO) scheme. The BO is an Alternate Dispute Redressal
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mechanism for resolution of disputes between a bank and its customers. There are 20 Banking
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Ombudsman offices in the country at present.
Initiatives of the RBI in consumer education and protection

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✓ Right to Fair Treatment

✓ Right to Transparency, Fair and Honest Dealing
✓ Right to Suitability
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✓ Right to Privacy
✓ Right to Grievances Redress and Compensation
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Resolving Insolvency
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The government has set up a 14-member committee to review and improve the implementation of the
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insolvency and bankruptcy code (IBC) a year after it came into being.
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Composition of Committee
✓ The committee, led by the secretary at the ministry of corporate affairs -currently I. Srinivas.
✓ Insolvency & Bankruptcy Board of India chairman (IBBI) M.S. Sahoo
✓ Representatives from the Reserve Bank of India and the department of financial services and other
experts
Significance
The committee will look into issues that impact the efficiency of the corporate insolvency resolution and the
liquidation framework and also prescribe recommendations to improve the functioning of the code.
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The committee will look at some of the key issues that threaten to slowdown the implementation of the
code.

January 2018
About insolvency and bankruptcy code

Basic terms
Insolvency refers to a situation where any person or a body corporate is unable to fulfill its financial
obligations (often occurring due to several factors such as a decrease in cash flow, losses and other
related issues).
Bankruptcy on the other hand is a situation whereby a court of competent jurisdiction has declared a
person or other entity insolvent, having passed appropriate orders to resolve it and protect the rights of
the creditors.
What is the Objective of this code?
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✓ To make the process of shutting down and exiting a business easier and less time-consuming.
✓ The code aims at reducing the time period of resolve the bankruptcy from four years (as stated by
World Bank) to within one year.
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What are the salient features of the code?
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✓ Insolvency and bankruptcy board of India: It will be the overall regulator for insolvency and
bankruptcy. SS irs
✓ Insolvency professionals: Insolvency professionals would handle the commercial aspects of the
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resolution process. They would be trained and regulated by insolvency professional agencies.
✓ Adjudicating authorities: Debt recovery tribunal: it will act as adjudicating authority for individuals
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and unlimited partnership firms. National company law tribunal: it will act as adjudicating authority
for companies and limited liability entities.
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✓ Committee of creditors: If a firm default on its debt then its control will be shifted to a committee of
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creditors.
✓ In the next 180 days, this committee will evaluate proposals from various parties on enabling
liquidation or resuscitating the company.
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What is the significance of this code?

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The code if implemented properly as various benefits

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✓ Firstly, it will help the companies in exiting a business.

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✓ Secondly, it will improve India’s ranking on ease of doing business index, which is currently ranked at
130 out of 189 countries. India is also ranked at 136thon the parameter of ‘resolving insolvency’.
What is the progress report on implementation of this code?

✓ Insolvency and bankruptcy board has been created. Public sector has also taken steps to implement the
code. But, the progress on other aspects like creating insolvency professionals and insolvency
professional agencies have been minimal.
✓ Also the private sector is yet to participate in it. It is because many private companies are plagued by
non-performing assets issues. They can be wound up only after their assets are rationalized through the
NPA-linked initiatives taken by the reserve bank of India.
13
Critics of New Code

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January 2018
✓ Time-bound insolvency resolution will require establishment of several new institutional mechanisms.
The current capacity of debt recovery tribunals may be inadequate to take the additional role.
✓ IPAs, regulated by the Board, will be created for regulating the functioning of IPs. This approach of
having regulated entities further regulate professionals may be contrary to the current practice of
regulating professionals.
✓ The Code creates an Insolvency and Bankruptcy Fund. However, it does not specify the manner of
usage of the fund. The priority being given to secured creditors relinquishing security needs specific
attention, especially on account of the same having the potential to be misused, especially if the debtor
and the secured creditor can collide and impair the collateral.
Haircut in banking system
m
A haircut is the difference between the loan amount and the actual value of the asset used as collateral. The
haircut reflects the lender’s perception of the risk of fall in the value of assets.
co
In the context of loan recoveries, it is the difference between the actual dues from a borrower and the
amount he settles with the bank. Haircuts are used as a last resort when there is absolutely no hope of a
] . y
recovery and the loan is written off for a one-time settlement.
ES nl
o
NCLT
SS irs
The Central Government has constituted National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) under section 408 of the
LA fa
Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) w.e.f. 01st June 2016.
In the first phase the Ministry of Corporate Affairs have set up eleven Benches, one Principal Bench at New
C taf
Delhi and one each Regional Benches at New Delhi, Ahmedabad, Allahabad, Bengaluru, Chandigarh,
Chennai, Guahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai. These Benches will be headed by the President and 16
Judicial Members and 09 Technical Members at different locations.
G n
[E rre
Strengthening of Cyber Security

u
//c
Digitalization the digital bank, transaction customers, is the rise merchants, industries and other
s:
stakeholders
form an interdependent financial system network. Digitization is not an option for banking industry, rather it
tp
is inevitable, because every industry is being digitized and banking sector is no exception.
ht
Factors influencing the digitalisation in banking

✓ Changing consumer behaviour in favour of digitalization.
✓ Financial Inclusion and government initiatives.
✓ Leveraging increased smart phone usage and mobile penetration.
Cashless economy
Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM)

14
BHIM, unlike Bharat QR and UPI, is a service based on app developed by the National Payments Corp. of
Page

January 2018
India (NPCI) to promote digital transactions using UPI.
To use the BHIM app, the user need to have an internet enabled smartphone and UPI compatible bank
account. The BHIM app works on UPI protocols and thus require mobile number linked to the bank account
to make transaction. With the help of BHIM app, the user can manage multiple bank account that
support UPI services in one single app.
The app also enables other features – user can check

bank balance, switch accounts and send money to non-
UPI supported banks with the help of IFSC code,
account number. The app also supports fund transfers
to Aadhar registered bank accounts.
UPI is not an app but a service
m
✓ An electronic money transfer method through
co
which one person can send/receive money to
another person (individual or merchant).
✓ Transactions can be done only via smartphone and
] .
are instant.
y
ES nl
The most striking feature is that there is no need to enter bank account details such as account
number, IFSCcode, credit card number of the recipient, normally while making the transfer. Only details
o
required for funds transfer is the virtual payment.
Cyber security
SS irs
LA fa
Since 2010, Banks in India have rapidly adopted newer technologies and digital channels, with the
C taf
underlying objective of increasing footprints and revenues.
We have also seen customer preferences shift towards digital platforms.

G n
There is a perception, though, that the adoption of advanced cyber security practices has not kept pace
[E rre
with the rate of evolution of core business-enabling technology.
In October 2016, the Reserve Bank of India directed banks to implement a security policy containing
u
detailing their strategy to for dealing with cyber threats and including tangible “cyber-hygiene” measures.
//c
The RBI has also identified the need to evolve a framework for co-ordination and information sharing
between financial institutions and public authorities in the event of cyber attacks.
s:
Ecosystem of digitalization
tp
✓ Customer/originator
✓ Originating institution
ht
✓ Processing agency
✓ Beneficiary institution
✓ Beneficiary
Security triangulation
✓ Confidentiality
✓ Integrity
✓ Availability
15
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January 2018
National cyber security policy, 2013 (NCSP)
This policy aims at facilitating creation of secure computing environment and enabling adequate trust and
confidence in electronic transactions and also guiding stakeholders actions for protection of cyber space.
✓ The National Cyber Security Policy document outlines a road-map to create a framework for
comprehensive, collaborative and collective response to deal with the issue of cyber security at all
levels within the country.
✓ The policy recognises the need for objectives and strategies that need to be adopted both at the
national level as well as international level.
m
The objectives and strategies
co
✓ Articulate our concerns, understanding, priorities for action as well as directed efforts.
] .
✓ Provide confidence and reasonable assurance to all stakeholders in the country (Government,
y
business, industry and general public) and global community, about the safety, resiliency and
ES nl
security of cyber space.
o
✓ Adopt a suitable posturing that can signal our resolve to make determined efforts to effectively
monitor, deter & deal with cyber-crime and cyber-attacks.
SS irs
Salient features of the policy
LA fa
C taf
In brief, the National Cyber Security Policy covers the following aspects
G n
A vision and mission statement aimed at building a secure and resilience cyber space for citizens, businesses
and Government.
[E rre
Enabling goals aimed at reducing national vulnerability to cyber-attacks, preventing cyber-attacks &
u
cybercrimes, minimising response & recover time and effective cyber-crime investigation and prosecution.
//c
Focused actions at the level of Govt., public-private partnership arrangements, cyber security related
technology actions, protection of critical information infrastructure and national alerts and advice
s:
mechanism, awareness & capacity building and promoting information sharing and cooperation.
tp
Enhancing cooperation and coordination between all the stakeholder entities within the country.
ht
Facilitating monitoring key trends at the national level such as trends in cyber security compliance, cyber-
attacks, cyber-crime and cyber infrastructure growth.
Updates
• A National and sectoral 24X7 mechanism has been envisaged to deal with cyber threats through
National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC).
• Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has been designated to act as a nodal agency for
coordination of crisis management efforts. CERT-In will also act as an umbrella organisation for
coordination actions and operationalization of sectoral CERTs.
• A mechanism is proposed to be evolved for obtaining strategic information regarding threats to

16
information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, creating scenarios of response,

resolution and crisis management through effective predictive, prevention, response and recovery
Page
action.

January 2018
Cyber Swachha Kendra
The " Cyber Swachhta Kendra " (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre) is a part of the
Government of India's Digital India initiative under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
(MeitY) to create a secure cyber space by detecting botnet infections in India and to notify, enable cleaning
and securing systems of end users so as to prevent further infections.
Objectives
"National Cyber Security Policy", which envisages creating a secure cyber eco system in the country.
This centre operates in close coordination and collaboration with Internet Service Providers and
m
Product/Antivirus companies. This website provides information and tools to users to secure their
systems/devices.
co
This centre is being operated by the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) under
provisions of Section 70B of the Information Technology Act, 2000.
] .
Government of India enacted the Information Technology (I.T.) Act
y
ES nl
o
Objective
SS irs
To deliver and facilitate lawful electronic, digital, and online transactions, and mitigate cyber-crimes.
Salient Features of I.T Act

LA fa
✓ Digital signature has been replaced with electronic signature to make it a more technology neutral
C taf
act.
G n
✓ It elaborates on offenses, penalties, and breaches.

[E rre
✓ It outlines the Justice Dispensation Systems for cyber-crimes.
✓ It defines in a new section that cyber café is any facility from where the access to the internet is
u
offered by any person in the ordinary course of business to the members of the public.
//c
✓ It provides for the constitution of the Cyber Regulations Advisory Committee.

s:
✓ It is based on The Indian Penal Code, 1860, The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, The Bankers' Books
Evidence Act, 1891, The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, etc.
tp
✓ It adds a provision to Section 81, which states that the provisions of the Act shall have overriding
ht
effect. The provision states that nothing contained in the Act shall restrict any person from exercising
any right conferred under the Copyright Act, 1957.
Online Fraud and IT act
Phishing
It is the act of sending an email to a user falsely claiming to be an established legitimate enterprise in an
attempt to scam the user into surrendering private information that will be used for identity theft.
Phishing email will typically direct the user to visit a website where they are asked to update personal
17
information, such as a password, credit card, social security, or bank account numbers, that the legitimate
organization already has. The website, however, is bogus and will capture and steal any information the user
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enters on the page (see "website spoofing").

January 2018
Section 66 Hacking with computer system

Section 66 B- Receiving stolen computer or communication device
Section 66 C- Using password of another person
Section 66 D-Cheating using computer resources
Credit card fraud
Rural Banking
m
Rural banking in India started since the establishment of banking sector in India. Rural Banks in those days
co
mainly focused upon the agro sector. Today, commercial banks and Regional rural banks in India are
penetrating every corner of the country are extending a helping hand in the growth process of the rural
] .
sector in the country.
y
ES nl
Banks: Functioning for the development of rural areas
o
The area of operation of a majority of the RRBs is limited to a notified area comprising a few districts in a
SS irs
State. SBI has 30 Regional Rural Banks in India known as RRBs. The rural banks of SBI are spread in 13
states extending from Kashmir to Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh to North East.
LA fa
Other banks which functions for the development of the rural areas in India
C taf
✓ Haryana State Cooperative Apex Bank Limited

G n
✓ NABARD
✓ Sindhanur Urban Souharda Co-operative Bank
[E rre
✓ United Bank of India

✓ Syndicate Bank
✓ Co-operative bank
u
//c
Co-operative banks and rural credit

s:
The Co-operative bank has a history of almost 100 years. The Co-operative banks are an important
constituent of the Indian Financial System, judging by the role assigned to them, the expectations they are
tp
supposed to fulfill, their number, and the number of offices they operate.
ht
Their role in rural financing continues to be important even today, and their business in the urban areas also
has increased phenomenally in recent years mainly due to the sharp increase in the number of primary co-
operative banks.
Co-operative Banks in India are registered under the Co-operative Societies Act. The RBI also regulates the
cooperative bank. They are governed by the Banking Regulations Act 1949 and Banking Laws (Co-operative
Societies) Act, 1965.
Co-operative banks in India finance rural areas under

✓ Farming
✓ Cattle
✓ Milk
18
✓ Hatchery
✓ Personal finance
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January 2018
Structure of regional rural bank

The establishment of the Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) was initiated in 1975 under the provisions of the
ordinance promulgated on 26.9.1975 and thereafter Section 3(1) of the RRB Act, 1976. The issued capital of
RRBs is shared by Central Government, sponsor bank and the State Government in the proportion of 50%,
35% and 15% respectively.
RRBs established with the explicit objective of

✓ Bridging the credit gap in rural areas
✓ Check the outflow of rural deposits to urban areas
✓ Reduce regional imbalances and increase rural employment generation
m
Issues
co
Steps required for Business Correspondent in reaching villages
] . y
BCs are not making enough income due to catering of services to low-income customers with low volume
ES nl
transactions.
o
For effective supervision of BC operations and for addressing cash management issue as also to take care of
SS irs
customer grievances
LA fa
Designing suitable innovative products to cater to the requirements of poor villages at affordable rate.
C taf
Banks needs to enhance their ATM networks in rural and unbanked area to serve the rural villagers
G n
[E rre
Mission Indradhanush: Revamping of Public Sector Banking in India

u
The Public-Sector Banks (PSBs) play a vital role in India’s economy. In the past few years, because
//c
of a variety of legacy issues including the delay caused in various approvals as well as land acquisition
etc., and also because of low global and domestic demand, many large projects have stalled.
s:
tp
Public Sector Banks which have got predominant share of infrastructure financing have been sorely
affected. It has resulted in lower profitability for PSBs, mainly due to provisioning for the restructured
ht
projects as well as for gross NPAs.
Thus to revive the fortunes of public sector banks, government unveiled a seven -point plan
encompassing Rs 20,000 crore immediate fund infusion, creation of a single holding company and
minimising political interference. The government has named this as ‘Indradhanush’ that also includes
setting up of a Bank Board Bureau (BBB) for broad-level appointments and a performance-
based monitoring mechanism.
✓ The 7 parts include appointments, Banks board bureau, capitalisation, de-stressing, empowerment,
framework of accountability and governance reforms (ABCDEFG)
19
Appointments - separation of posts of CEO and MD to check excess concentration of power and
Page
smoothen the functioning of banks; also induction of talent from private sector ( recommendation of P J
Nayak Committee)

January 2018
Bank Boards Bureau - will replace the appointments board of PSBs.

✓ It will advise the banks on how to raise funds and how to go ahead with mergers and acquisitions.
✓ It will also hold bad assets of public sector banks.
✓ It will be a step into eventual transition of the bureau into a bank holding company. It will separate
the functioning of the banks from the government by acting as a middle link.
✓ The bureau will have three ex-officio members and three expert members, in addition to the
Chairman.
Capitalisation
m
✓ Capitalisation of the banks by inducing Rs 70,000 crore into the banks in the next 4 years
co
✓ Banks are in need of capitalisation due to high NPAs and due to need to meet the new BASEL- III
norms
] . y
De-stressing
ES nl
✓ Solve issues in the infrastructure sector to check the problem of stressed assets in banks
o
Empowerment
SS irs
LA fa
✓ Greater autonomy for banks; more flexibility for hiring manpower
C taf
Framework of accountability
✓ The banks will be assessed on the basis of new key performance indicators.
G n
These quantitative parameters such as NPA management, return on capital, growth and
[E rre
diversification of business and financial inclusion as well as qualitative parameters such as human
resource initiatives and strategic steps to improve assets quality.
u
Governance Reforms
//c
✓ GyanSangam conferences between government officials and bankers for resolving issues in banking
sector and chalking out future policy.
s:
Two changes we are making in this

tp
ht
▪ A new framework of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to be measured for performance of PSBs
is being announced. It is divided into four sections totalling up to 100 marks. 25 marks each are
allotted to indicators relating to efficiency of capital use and diversification of
business/processes and 15 marks each are allotted for specific indicators under the category
of NPA management and financial inclusion. The total mark to be allotted for quantifiable,
measurable criteria is 80.
▪ The remaining 20 marks are reserved for measurement of qualitative criteria which includes strategic
initiatives taken to improve asset quality, efforts made to conserve capital, HR initiatives and
improvement in external credit rating. The qualitative performance would be assessed based on
a presentation to be made by banks to a committee chaired by Secretary, Dep artment of Financial
Services.
20
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January 2018
Consolidation of banks
Bank Consolidation
Bank consolidation is the process by which one banking company takes over or merges with another. This
convergence leads to a potential expansion for the consolidating banking institution.
Reasons for Bank Consolidation
One reason for banks to consolidate is to alleviate competing institutions. Consolidation may also occur
m
when a banking house wants to gain domestic or international capital power. The larger a company is, the
more potential it has to compete with other mega banks. Another motivation for banks to consolidate is the
ability for firms to expand their providing services while decreasing the cost of operating two institutions.
] . co
y
ES nl
Specialized Bank in India
o
SS irs
Export–Import Bank of India
LA fa
It is the premier export finance institution in India, established in 1982 under Export-Import Bank of India
C taf
Act 1981. Since its inception, Exim Bank of India has been both a catalyst and a key player in the promotion
of cross border trade and investment.
G n
Commencing operations as a purveyor of export credit, like other export credit agencies in the world, Exim
[E rre
Bank India has, over the period, evolved into an institution that plays a major role in partnering Indian
industries, particularly the Small and Medium Enterprises, in their globalisation efforts, through a wide
u
range of products and services offered at all stages of the business cycle, starting from import
//c
of technology and export product development to export production, export marketing, pre-shipment
and post-shipment and overseas investment
s:
tp
ht
21
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January 2018
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

It came into existence on 12 July 1982 by transferring the agricultural credit functions of RBI and refinance
functions of the then Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC).
Vision
Development Bank of the Nation for Fostering Rural Prosperity.
Mission
Promote sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural development through participative financial and non-
m
financial interventions, innovations, technology and institutional development for securing prosperity.
co
National Housing Bank (NHB)
] .
It a wholly owned subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India (RBI), was set up on 9 July 1988 under the National
y
Housing Bank Act, 1987. NHB is an apex financial institution for housing. NHB has been established with an
objective to operate as a principal agency to promote housing finance institutions both at local and regional
ES nl
levels and to provide financial and other support incidental to such institutions and for matters connected
therewith.
o
NHB registers, regulates and supervises Housing Finance Company (HFCs), keeps surveillance through On-
SS irs
site & Off-site Mechanisms and co-ordinates with other Regulators.
Vision
LA fa
"Promoting inclusive expansion with stability in housing finance market"

C taf
Mission
"To harness and promote the market potentials to serve the housing needs of all segments of the population
G n
with the focus on low and moderate-income housing "

[E rre
Objectives
u
✓ To promote a sound, healthy, viable and cost-effective housing finance system to cater to all
segments of the population and to integrate the housing finance system with the overall financial
//c
system.
✓ To promote a network of dedicated housing finance institutions to adequately serve various regions
s:
and different income groups.

✓ To augment resources for the sector and channelise them for housing.
tp
✓ To make housing credit more affordable.

✓ To regulate the activities of housing finance companies based on regulatory and supervisory
ht
authority derived under the Act.

✓ To encourage augmentation of supply of buildable land and also building materials for housing and to
upgrade the housing stock in the country.
✓ To encourage public agencies to emerge as facilitators and suppliers of serviced land, for housing.
Big data analysis in banking industry

22
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January 2018
Banking industry generates a huge volume of data on a day to day basis. To differentiate itself from the
competition, banks are increasingly adopting big data analytics as part of their core strategy.
m
] . co
y
ES nl
o
SS irs
LA fa
C taf
G n
[E rreu
//c
s:
tp
ht
23
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January 2018
m
] . co
y
ES nl
o
SS irs
LA fa
C taf
G n
How is Big Data used in Practice?

[E rre
Understanding and targeting customers.

u
✓
✓ Understanding and optimizing Business Processes.
//c
✓ Improving Science and research.

✓ Improving and optimizing cities and countries.
s:
✓ Improving security and law enforcement etc.

tp
How Big is Big Data in the Banking Sector?

ht
Banking firms always had a huge amount of information stored in their database; clueless about what to do
with it. Big Data has unlocked the doors converting this huge amount of data into meaningful benefits for
themselves and their customers.
According to a report by Alacer, the banks in the US have currently around 1 exabyte of stored data, which
is equal to 273 Billion mp3s. Typically, the source of information in the banking industry comes from the
sources – customer bank visits, credit/debit card histories, banking volumes, account transactions, call logs,
and web interactions.
Role and Impact of Big Data

As mentioned in the above paragraphs, there are a lot of areas which have been or can be boosted due to
24
the implementation of Big Data in the banking industry. The following points will show how it really helps in
bringing positive changes to the industry
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January 2018
Kurukshetra
Empowering rural women: The way forward
Rural Women
m
Rural women constitute a large proportion of population in rural India.The crucial role that women and girls
play in ensuring the sustainability of rural households and communities, improving rural livelihoods and
co
overall wellbeing, has been increasingly recognized.
] . y
✓ Women account for a substantial proportion of the agricultural labour force, including informal work,
ES nl
and perform the bulk of unpaid care and domestic work within families and households in rural
areas. They make significant contributions to agricultural production, food security and nutrition,
o
land and natural resource management, and building climate resilience.
SS irs
✓ Around 60% of India’s population is engaged in farming.
✓ Rural women are key agents for achieving the transformational economic, environmental and social
LA fa
changes required for sustainable development.
C taf
Challenges for rural women

G n
[E rre
Poor education: Many attributes of rural women is their low level of educational attainment. Rural
women often suffer from high illiteracy rates and high drop-out rates from schools. Illiteracy also impedes
u
their access to skill up-gradation and capacity building programs, access to credit etc.
//c
Digital literacy: Poor access to information Technology (IT) by rural women intensifies existing
s:
inequalities between women and men and also creates new forms of inequalities in education and health.
tp
Poor access to technologies: Access to women friendly technologies/implements and services by the
ht
government schemes/agriculture extension in poor.
Lack of skills: While rural women are involved in micro/small enterprises or manufacturing, most training
programmes hardly have any female participation.
Government effort
Deen Dayal Upadhyay Antyodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM)
Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana (DAY) with an aim to uplift the urban poor folks by enhancing sustainable
25
livelihood opportunities through skill development. Keeping in view the objective of Make in India, Skill
Page
Development is essential for socio economic betterment. Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana was launched under

January 2018
the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (HUPA). Government of India has
provisioned Rs.500 crore for the scheme.
Component Of Day-Nulm
The scheme has two component one for urban India and other for rural India.
✓ The Urban component named as Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana will be implemented by the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation.
✓ The rural component named as Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana will be
implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development.
Main highlights of the scheme
m
✓ Employment through Skill Training and Placement - An expenditure of Rs.15, 000 per person is
co
allowed on training of urban poor which is Rs.18, 000 in North-East and J&K. Moreover, Training
urban poor to meet the enormous demand from urban citizens by imparting market-oriented skills
] .
through City Livelihood Centers.
y
ES nl
✓ Social Mobilization and Institution Development - It will be done through formation of Self-Help
Groups (SHG) for training members and hand holding, an initial support of 10, 000 is given for each
o
group. Assistance of Rs.50, 000 is provided to Registered Area Level Federations.
SS irs
✓ Subsidy to urban poor - An interest subsidy of 5% - 7% for setting up individual micro-enterprises
LA fa
with a loan of up to 2 lakh and for group enterprises with a loan limit of up to Rs.10 lakhs.
C taf
✓ Shelters for urban homeless - Cost of construction of shelters for urban homeless is fully funded
under the Scheme.
G n
✓ Other means - Development of vendor markets and also the promotion of skills for the vendors
[E rre
through setting up infrastructure and special projects for the rag picker and differently abled etc.
u
//c
Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP)

s:
tp
The “Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana” (MKSP), a sub component of the Deendayal Antodaya
Yojana-NRLM (DAY-NRLM) seeks to improve the present status of women in Agriculture, and to enhance the
ht
opportunities available to empower her.
Focus and strategy

MKSP recognizes the identity of “Mahila” as “Kisan” and strives to build the capacity of women in the
domain of agro-ecologically sustainable practices. It has a clear vision to reach out to the poorest of poor
households and expand the portfolio of activities currently handled by the Mahila Kisan.
The focus of MKSP is on capacitating smallholders to adopt sustainable climate resilient agro-ecology and
eventually create a pool of skilled community professionals.
Objective
26
To strengthen smallholder agriculture through promotion of sustainable agriculture practices such as

Page
Community Managed Sustainable Agriculture (CMSA), Non-Pesticide Management (NPM), Zero Budget

January 2018
Natural Farming (ZBNF), Pashu-Sakhi model for doorstep animal care services, Sustainable regeneration and
harvesting of Non-Timber Forest Produce.
Empowering Elected Women Representative (EWRs)
A million women have been elected at the village, block and district levels, following the landmark 73rd
Amendment to the Constitution of India (1992), reserving 33 percent of the seats in Panchayati Raj
Institutions for women. The process of decentralization has provided representation but representation does
m
not necessarily lead to participation.
co
Women still face a number of
challenges for their engagement in
] . y
political spaces such as inadequate
ES nl
education, lack of financial
independence, burden of productive
o
and reproductiveroles and opposition
stemming from entrenched
SS irs
patriarchal views.
LA fa
C taf
A comprehensive module for capacity

building of Elected Women
G n
Representatives (EWRs) of Panchayats

[E rre
and a training program for Trainers of

women panchayat leaders across the
country was launched by the Ministry of
u
Women and Child Development in

//c
collaboration with the Ministry of

Panchayati Raj
s:
tp
The training program was launched at Ranchi, Jharkhand through a video conference, by the Minister of
Women & Child Development, Smt Maneka Sanjay Gandhi in the presence of Minister of Rural Development
ht
& Panchayati Raj, Shri Narendra Singh Tomar in New Delhi.
The project aimed to
✓ Build capacities of Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) for effective functioning and setting of
women’s agenda.
✓ Institutionalize mechanisms to strengthen capacity building of EWRs to better understand and
perform their functions.
✓ Mobilize community and strengthen processes of constituency building to enable women to articulate
their voices and participate in the electoral process.
27
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January 2018
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK), established in 1993 is a national level organization as an autonomous body
under the aegis of the Ministry of Women and Child Development, for socio-economic empowerment of
women.
Vision
m
To be a financial service and capacity enhancement institution for social and economic empowerment of poor
and marginalized women
co
Mission
] . y
To be a single window facilitator for provision of financial services with backward and forward linkages for
ES nl
women in the unorganized sector through Intermediary Micro Finance Organizations (IMOs) and Women Self
Help Groups (SHGs) and to augment their capacities through multi-pronged efforts.
o
Pradhan Mantri Mahila Shakti Kendra (MSK)
SS irs
LA fa
Government of India has approved a new scheme namely, Pradhan Mantri Mahila Shakti Kendra (MSK) for
2017-18 upto 2019-20 to empower rural women through community participation and to create an
environment in which they realize their full potential.
C taf
Under the scheme 3 lakh student volunteers are to be mobilized to reach out to rural women.
G n
These student volunteers will facilitate opportunities for

[E rre
✓ Skill development
✓ Employment
✓ Digital litracy
u
✓ Health and Nutrition

//c
Other aspects
s:
✓ 115 most backward districts to be reached with 920 Mahila Shakti Kendra
tp
✓ District level centres for women (DLCW) to be set up in 640 districts
Ajeevika Skills: Making Rural Poor Youth Employable

ht
Aajeevika- National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) is an initiative launched by Ministry of Rural
Development (MoRD), Government of India in June 2011.
Key Features
✓ Provides customized residential and non-residential training

✓ Minimum 624 hours of training with modules on trade specific skills, IT and soft skills.
✓ Special programs for Jammu and Kashmir, Minorities and Most Critical Left-Wing Extremist Districts
28
✓ Implemented under the supervision of the central and state governments

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✓ 75% assured placement above minimum wages

January 2018
✓ Post placement support

✓ Food and transport support during training
Mahila E-Haat
It is an initiative for meeting aspirations and needs of women entrepreneurs
Vision
To empower and strengthen financial inclusion of Women Entrepreneurs in the economy by providing
m
continued sustenance and support to their creativity
co
Mission
] .
To act as a catalyst by providing a web based marketing platform to the women entrepreneurs to directly
y
sell to the buyers.
ES nl
Goal
o
SS irs
To support 'Make in India' through online marketing platform
Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP)

LA fa
C taf
About Scheme
G n
The Ministry has been administering ‘Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP)
[E rre
Scheme’ since 1986-87 as a ‘Central Sector Scheme’. The STEP Scheme aims to provide skills that give
employability to women and to provide competencies and skill that enable women to become self-
employed/entrepreneurs. The Scheme is intended to benefit women who are in the age group of 16 years and
u
above across the country. The grant under the Scheme is given to an institution/ organisation including NGOs
//c
directly and not the States/ UTs.

s:
One Stop Centre Scheme

tp
ht
Gender Based Violence (GBV) is a global health, human rights and development issue that transcends
geography, class, culture, age, race and religion to affect every community and country in every corner of
the world.
Objective
One Stop Centres (OSC) are intended to support women affected by violence, in private and public
spaces, within the family, community and at the workplace. Women facing physical, sexual, emotional,
psychological and economic abuse, irrespective of age, class, caste, education status, marital status, race
and culture will be facilitated with support and redressal. Aggrieved women facing any kind of violence due
to attempted sexual harassment, sexual assault, domestic violence, trafficking, honour related crimes, acid
attacks or witch-hunting who have reached out or been referred to the OSC will be provided with specialized
29
services.
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January 2018
✓ To provide integrated support and assistance to women affected by violence, both in private and public
spaces under one roof.
✓ To facilitate immediate, emergency and non - emergency access to a range of services including
medical, legal, psychological and counselling support under one roof to fight against any forms of
violence against women.
m
] . co
y
ES nl
o
SS irs
LA fa
C taf
G n
[E rreu
//c
Economic empowerment of rural women

s:
tp
Issues
ht
Rural women still remain a disadvantaged segment of Indian society, statistics show that 86.1 % of females
are engaged in farming in case of females it is 75%.
There are hardly any special programmes for enhancing women’s agricultural skills.
Equal pay for equal work is one of the cornerstones of the gender equality movement the world over.
Wages disparities have always existed in rural parts of the country.
Role of education in empowering women

30
Mahatma Gandhi once said “If you educate a women, you educate a whole family.
Page

January 2018
Free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 6 and 14 is a fundamental right of citizen.
The government, through its various initiatives such as the Sarva Siksha Abhiyan attempts to improve the
education of women.
How?
✓ Education liberates: Education liberates the mind. Whether you’re studying the sciences, history,
literature, languages or social sciences, you are gaining knowledge. You are educating yourself about
the world, about how nature, people and nations work.
m
✓ Education breaks down barriers: Education enables us to break down all barriers- religious,
co
linguistic, cultural, political, gender and geographical. An educated woman will not discriminate
others on the basis of these barriers- she will treat everyone the same, and work with them.
] . y
✓ Education allows the privilege of choice: As education opens up new worlds to women, it will
ES nl
enable them to make their own choices, in everything- whether it be lifestyle, career, life-partner,
o
sexuality, food etc.
✓
SS irs
Educated women contributes to economy: Imagine a nation where women are qualified and are
LA fa
able to get jobs. The contribution to the workforce will enhance the output, and therefore, the
economy will develop.
C taf
Benefits of educating women

G n
[E rre
✓ If all children enjoyed equal access to education, per capita income would increase by 23% over 40
years.
u
✓ If all women had a primary education, child marriages and child mortality could fall by a sixth, and
//c
material deaths by two-third.

✓ Education promotes tolerance.
s:
✓ Education equality improves job opportunities and increase economic growth.

tp
Constitutional provisions and laws

ht
Article 14 Men and women to have equal rights and opportunities in the political, economic and social
spheres.
Article 15(1) Prohibits discrimination against any citizens on the grounds of religion, race, sex, caste and
gender.
Article 16 Equality of opportunities in matter of public appointments for all citizens

Article 39(d) Equal pay for equal work for both men and women
Article 42 The state to make provision for ensuring first and humane condition of work and maternity relief.
31
The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 which provides for women the right to parental property
Page

January 2018
The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 which declares the taking of dowry an unlawful activity and thereby
prevents the exploitation of women
National Policy for Women

2016
Salient features of the National

policy for women empowerment
m
✓ To create a society with women working
co
as equal partners in all spheres of life
✓ To develop a framework to ensure equal
] .
rights and opportunities for women
y
ES nl
✓ To make cyber space a safe place for
women and to address "redistribution of
o
gender roles, for reducing unpaid care
SS irs
work, review of personal and customary
laws in accordance with the
LA fa
Constitutional provisions and many
C taf
more.
✓ It also seeks to review the
G n
criminalisation of marital rape keeping

[E rre
women's rights in mind

✓ Health and education of women have
been kept a priority in the proposed
u
draft
//c
✓ The draft has proposed to "improve

access to pre-primary education,
s:
enrolment and retention of adolescent

tp
girls."
To carry out skill development and provide equal employment opportunities
ht
✓
✓ To provide suitable benefits related to maternity and child care services
✓ The draft plans to increase women's participation in the political, administration, civil services and
corporate boardrooms arena
✓ To address all forms of violence against women
✓ To improve child sex ratio (CSR)
✓ To prevent trafficking at source, transit and destination areas for effective monitoring of the networks
✓ Operational strategies
✓ To enable safety and security of women with the help of "One Stop Centres, Women Helpline, Mahila
Police Volunteers, Reservation of women in police force, Panic buttons in mobiles, Surveillance
32
mechanisms in public places."

Page

January 2018
✓ To create eco-systems to encourage entrepreneurship amongst women. This has been proposed to be
done through podiums like Mahila E-Haat etc
✓ Aiding women in workplace through "flexi timings, increased maternity leave, provision of child
care/creches at workplace, life cycle health care facilities.
Pradhan Mantri Ujala Yojana
m
co
Context
] . y
India is home to more than 24 Crore households out of which about 10 Crore households are still
ES nl
deprived of LPG as cooking fuel and have to rely on firewood, coal, dung – cakes etc. as primary
o
source of cooking. The smoke from burning such fuels causes alarming household pollution and
SS irs
adversely affects the health of Women & children causing several respiratory diseases/ disorders.
LA fa
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana was launched by Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on May
1st, 2016 in Ballia, Uttar Pradesh. Under this scheme, 5 Cr LPG connections will be provided to BPL
C taf
families with a support of Rs.1600 per connection in the next 3 years

G n
Objective
[E rre
To safeguard the health of women & children by providing them with a clean cooking fuel – LPG, so
that they don’t have to compromise their health in smoky kitchens or wander in unsafe areas
u
collecting firewood.
//c
PMUY is likely to result in an additional employment of around 1 Lakh and provide business
opportunity of at least Rs. 10,000 Cr. over the next 3 Years to the Indian Industry.
s:
Launch of this scheme will also provide a great boost to the ‘Make in India’ campaign as all the
tp
manufacturers of cylinders, gas stoves, regulators, and gas hose are dome stic.
ht
Way forward
As far as clean cooking energy access is concerned, another possible alternative for cooking is using
electricity for clean cooking in rural areas.
A National Mission on Clean Cooking (NMCC) needs to be pursued to coordinate efforts on

cooking fuels, efficient cook stoves and related R&D with an aim to achieve full clean cooking fuel
coverage by 2022.
33
Page

January 2018
Women’s Safety: Top Priority
It is an accepted fact that brutal crimes against women are occurring in India daily. Now many Indians do
not deny, or shy away from conversations relating to eve-teasing, sexual assaults or rape.
Even the common man's conversation on the streets often steers towards the escalated and horrendous
attacks on women.
It has been about 5 years since the Nirbhaya incident. A young girl was brutally assaulted and raped in the
m
national capital. The nation rose up, united in its protest, bringing to light the spate of crime against women
co
in the country. Much has been done since then to keep our girls and women safe and yet we seem to have
] .
failed them miserably when we take a look at the statistics of crimes against women.
y
Government’s initiative to stop this
ES nl
o
Universalisation of Women Helpline
SS irs
The scheme envisages to provide 24-hour emergency and non-emergency response to all women affected
LA fa
by violence both in public and private sphere, including in the family, community, workplace etc.
C taf
Panic buttons on mobile Phones

G n
The Department of Telecommunications has notified the “Panic Button and Global Positioning System in
[E rre
Mobile Phone Handsets Rules 2016”
The move aims to help improve security of women and increase accountability of the security forces as well
u
//c
The principle is that a woman in trouble may not have the time or opportunity to dial 100 from her mobile
and should be able to send an alert by simple press of a button. A GPS-mandated phone would enable police
receiving that alert to be able to zero in on the location of the women in distress and rush help to her as
s:
soon as possible. It is unclear if old mobile phones will also get the new panic alarm button.
tp
Mahila Police Volunteer

ht
Mahila Police Volunteer is a joint initiative with the Union Ministry of Home Affairs. Haryana today inducted
the first batch of 1000 Mahila Police Volunteers. These volunteers have already been trained by the state
State Police Authorities on their role and responsibility.
The Mahila Police Volunteers scheme is one such initiative. It envisages creation of a link between the police
authorities and the local communities in villages through police volunteers who will be women specially
trained for this purpose.
The gap between Police and Civil society will be bridged by Mahila Police Volunteers initiative. Women
volunteers should consider the initiative as a voluntary service
34
Page

January 2018
Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act

2013
It lays down detailed definitions of what constitutes as a workplace, and takes into account both
organized and unorganized sector.
The act further makes it mandatory for employers to constitutes an ‘Internal complaints committee’ if
there are more than 10 employees, to handle cases of sexual harassment at the workplace.
Sexual harassment includes many things
m
✓ Actual or attempted rape or sexual assault
✓ Unwanted deliberate touching, leaning over, cornering, or pinching.
Unwanted sexual teasing, jokes, remarks, or questions.
co
✓
✓ Whistling at someone.
✓ Kissing sounds, howling, and smacking lips.
] .
✓ Touching an employee's clothing, hair, or body
y
✓ Touching or rubbing oneself sexually around another person.
ES nl
Who is a Harasser and who is Harassed?
o
SS irs
It is commonly thought that workplace sexual harassment is limited to interactions between male bosses
and female subordinates. This is not true. In fact, sexual harassment can occur between any co-workers,
including the following
LA fa
✓ Subordinate harassment of a superior;

C taf
✓ Men can be sexually harassed by women;

✓ Same sex harassment- men can harass men; women can harass women;
G n
✓ Offenders can be supervisors, co-workers, or non-employees such as customers, vendors, and

[E rre
suppliers
u
Swadhar Greh-A Scheme for Women in Difficult Circumstances

//c
It envisages that shelter, food, clothing, and health as well as economic and social security are assured for
s:
such women. It also envisions that the special needs of these women are properly taken care of and under
no circumstances they should be left unattended or abandoned which could lead to their exploitation and
tp
desolation
Objectives
ht
Under the Scheme , Swadhar Greh will be set up in every district with capacity of 30 women with the
following objectives
✓ To cater to the primary need of shelter, food, clothing, medical treatment and care of the women in
distress and who are without any social and economic support.
✓ To enable them to regain their emotional strength that gets hampered due to their encounter with
unfortunate circumstances.
✓ To provide them with legal aid and guidance to enable them to take steps for their readjustment in
family/society.
✓ To rehabilitate them economically and emotionally
35
✓ To act as a support system that understands and meets various requirements of women in distress.
Page
✓ To enable them to start their life afresh with dignity and conviction.

January 2018
✓ For big cities and other districts having more than 40 lakh population or those districts where there is
a need for additional support to the women, more than one Swadhar Greh could be established.
Beneficiaries
✓ Women who are deserted and are without any social and economic support;
✓ Women survivors of natural disasters who have been rendered homeless and are without any social and
economic support;
✓ Women prisoners released from jail and are without family, social and economic support;
✓ Women victims of domestic violence, family tension or discord, who are made to leave their homes
without any means of subsistence and have no special protection from exploitation and/ or facing
m
litigation on account of marital disputes; and
co
✓ Trafficked women/girls rescued or runaway from brothels or other places where they face exploitation
and Women affected by HIV/AIDS who do not have any social or economic support. However such
] . y
women/ girls should first seek assistance under UJJAWALA Scheme in areas where it is in operation.
ES nl
Navika Sagar Parikrama
o
SS irs
It is the name of expedition for circumnavigation the globe on INSV Tarini by Indian Navy's Women Naval
Officers. The six-member all-woman team will circumnavigate and manage the whole operation in this first
LA fa
ever global journey.
C taf
The voyage is expected to be finished around March 2018 when the crew returns to goa, with only 4 port
calls in Fremantle Australia; Lyttelton, New Zealand; Port Stanley, Falklands; and Cape Town, South Africa.
G n
Before starting their voyage the crew also met up with Prime Minister Narendra Modi and explained the
details of their upcoming voyage to him.
[E rre
In preparation of the voyage the crew had sailed nearly 20,000 nautical miles on board INSV Mhadei and
INSV Tarini as part of their training, including two expeditions to Mauritius in 2016 and 2017, and a voyage
u
from Goa to Cape Town

//c
Significance
The significance of Navika Sagar Parikrama voyage is in consonance with National policy to women
s:
empowerment to attain their full potential, showcase India’s Nari Shakti on world platform and help
revolutionise attitudes and mindset towards women by raising visibility of their participation in challenging
tp
environment. The voyage also aims to showcase the Make in India initiative of the government by sailing
on board an indigenously built INSV Tarini.
ht
Educating the girl child for better tomorrow
While we see significant improvement in the field of girls' education in India but it is still an insignificant
number in many parts of rural India. Though the Government, social activists and the NGOs can claim lot of
credit for positive results in this area of girl's education, lot is desired.
Main causes that hinder the growth of women in rural India

Despite such ambitious plans, the harsh reality is that government-run schools are hardly in a position to act
36
as agents of progressive social transformation - even as these are the only schools making any realistic
attempt to reach out to large numbers of girls. Parents - even in patriarchy-ridden rural north India - want
Page
to send their girls to school. But schools purvey gender stereotypes, hardly different from the rest of society

January 2018
Schools fail to take note of endemic violence in homes, on streets and in communities. There is no
counseling for girls who have difficult lives. There is no attempt to address the emotional and psychological
needs of children. In fact, there is explicit violence even within the schools - beating, abusive language, and
(difficult to research) gender-based, including sexual violence
20% of school-age girls in India are not in school. With a national population exceeding 1 billion that means
27.7 million girls (ages 7-14) are not receiving formal education (Census of India 2001). Data on excluded
girls is limited, but it is accepted that multiple exclusions restrict girls' participation in school. Of the nearly
50 million children 7-14 years old not enrolled in school in India, 55 percent are girls. This figure is
disproportionately high, as girls represent just 48 percent of all children aged 7-14 years old
Importance of Educating Girls

Educated women are more likely to be aware of the importance of population control and taking their and
m
their children’s health concerns more seriously. According to the organization Gender and Food Security,
female education “significantly improve[s] household health and nutrition, lower[s] child morbidity and
co
mortality rates, and slow[s] population growth.” And a 2005 United Nations study found that, “Education
also helps to delay age at marriage and increase age at first child birth, thereby reducing the fertility rate.
Awareness of the cost of children, increased knowledge of contraceptives, improved communication between
] .
couples, and sense of control over one’s life are also influenced by education, which in turn leads to smaller
y
and healthier families,” (United Nations, 2005).
ES nl
Educated women are also more likely to stand up for themselves, understand their rights, participate in
o
household decision-making, and to contribute to community or national politics.
SS irs
Not only does education benefit the person learning, but also the community in which they live. Education
contributes to the economic stability of any given nation by increasing the income of the poor. Research has
shown that no country has sustained consistent economic growth without a significant nation-wide literacy
LA fa
rate. In addition to economic stability, education promotes civil and international peace, as well as cultural
tolerance and understanding
C taf
On a grand scale, research has illustrated that educating women and girls leads to an increased overall
development and wellbeing both in communities and countries where females are educated
G n
Few governments initiative for women education

[E rreu
Sakshar Bharat mission for Female Litracy

//c
This programme was formulated in 2009 with the objective of achieving 80% literacy level at national level,
by focusing on adult women literacy seeking – to reduce the gap between male and female literacy to not
s:
more than 10 percentage points.
Objectives
tp
✓ Imparting functional literacy and numeracy to non-literates

ht
✓ Acquiring equivalency to formal educational system.

✓ Imparting relevant skill development programme.
✓ Promote a leaning society by providing opportunities for continuing education.
The principal target of the programme is to impart functional literacy to 70 million non-literate adults in the
age group of 15 years and beyond.
Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya

Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) is a scheme launched in July 2004, for setting up residential
schools at upper primary level for girls belonging predominantly to the SC, ST, OBC and minority
communities.
The scheme is being implemented in educationally backward blocks of the country where the female rural
literacy is below the national average and gender gap in literacy is above the national average. The scheme
37
provides for a minimum reservation of 75% of the seats for girls belonging to SC, ST, OBC or minority
Page
communities and priority for the remaining 25%, is accorded to girls from families below poverty line.

January 2018
Dhanlakshmi scheme
This is a conditional cash transfer scheme for the girl child with insurance cover which would go a long way
towards ensuring the survival of the girl child and assuring a better life for her. The direct and tangible
objective of the scheme is to provide a set of financial incentives for families to encourage them to retain a
girl child, educate her and prevent child marriage.
Health of rural women-Wealth of Nation
m
Rural women experience poorer health outcomes and have less access to health care than urban
women.
co
Currently, women in India has to face numerous health issues, which ultimately affect the aggregate
economy’s output. Addressing the gender, class or ethnic disparities that exist in healthcare and improving
] .
the health outcomes can contribute to economic gain through the creation of quality human capital and
y
increased levels of savings and investment.
ES nl
Problems with India’s healthcare system
o
At the turn of the 21st Century India’s health care system is strained in terms of the number of healthcare
SS irs
professionals including doctors and nurses. The health care system is also highly concentrated in urban
areas. This results in many individuals in rural areas seeking care from unqualified providers with varying
results. It has also been found that many individuals who claim to be physicians actually lack formal
LA fa
training. Nearly 25 percent of physicians classified as allopathic providers actually had no medical training;
this phenomenon varies geographically.
C taf
Women are negatively affected by the geographic bias within implementation of the current healthcare
system in India. Of all health workers in the country, nearly two thirds are men. This especially affects rural
G n
areas where it has been found that out of all doctors, only 6 percent are women. This translates into
[E rre
approximately 0.5 female allopathic physicians per 10,000 individuals in rural areas.
A disparity in access to maternal care between rural and urban populations is one of the ramifications of a
highly concentrated urban medical system. According to Government of India National Family Health Survey
u
(NFHS II, 1998-1999) the maternal mortality in rural areas is approximately 132 percent the number of
//c
maternal mortality in urban areas.
The Indian government has taken steps to alleviate some of the current gender inequalities. In 1992, the
s:
government of India established the National Commission for Women. The Commission was meant to
address many of the inequalities women face, specifically rape, family and guardianship. However, the slow
tp
pace of change in the judicial system and the aforementioned cultural norms have prevented the full
adoption of policies meant to promote equality between men and women.
ht
In 2005 India enacted the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). Some of its primary goals were to
reduce infant mortality and also the maternal mortality ratio. Additionally, the NHRM aimed to create
universal access to public health services and also balance the gender ratio. However, a 2011 research study
conducted by Nair and Panda found that although India was able to improve some measures of maternal
health since the enactment of the NHRM in 2005, the country was still far behind most emerging economies.
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana

Under - nutrition continues to adversely affect majority of women in India. In India, every third woman is
undernourished and every second woman is anaemic. An undernourished mother almost inevitably gives
birth to a low birth weight baby. When poor nutrition starts in - utero, it extends throughout the life cycle
38
since the changes are largely irreversible. Owing to economic and social distress many women continue to
work to earn a living for their family right up to the last days of their pregnancy. Furthermore, they resume
Page

January 2018
working soon after childbirth, even though their bodies might not permit it, thus preventing their bodies
from fully recovering on one hand, and also impeding their ability to exclusively breastfeed their young
infant in the first six months.
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) is a Maternity Benefit Programme that is implemented in all
the districts of the country in accordance with the provision of the National Food Security Act, 2013.
Objectives
m
✓ Providing partial compensation for the wage loss in terms of cash incentive s so that the woman can
take adequate res t before and after delivery of the first living child.
co
✓ The cash incentive provided would lead to improved health seeking behaviour amongst the Pregnant
Women and Lactating Mothers (PW& LM).
] . y
ES nl
Benefits under PMMVY
o
✓ Cash incentive of Rs 5000 in three instalments i.e. first instalment of Rs 1000/ - on early registration of
SS irs
pregnancy at the Anganwadi Centre (AWC) / approved Health facility as may be identified by the
respective administering State / UT, second instalment of Rs 2000/ - after six months of pregnancy on
LA fa
receiving at least one ante-natal check-up (ANC) and third instalment of Rs 2000/ - after child birth is
C taf
registered and the child has received the first cycle of BCG, OPV, DPT and Hepatitis - B, or its
equivalent/ substitute.
G n
✓ The eligible beneficiaries would receive the incentive given under the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) for
[E rre
Institutional delivery and the incentive received under JSY would be accounted towards maternity
benefits so that on an average a woman gets Rs 6000 / -.
u
//c
SABLA: Scheme for Adolescent Girls

s:
tp
Sabla-a Centrally sponsored scheme aims at empowering Adolescent Girl (AGs) (11-18 years) through
nutrition, health care and life skill education.
ht
Objectives
✓ Enable the AGs for self-development and empowerment
✓ Improve their nutrition and health status
✓ Promote awarenesss about health, hygiene, nutrition, Adolescent Reproductive and sexual health
(ARSH) and family and childcare.
✓ Upgrade their home-based skills, life skills and tie up with National Skill Development Program
✓ Mainstream out of school AGs into formal/non formal education
Services to be provided under SABLA

✓ Nutrition provision
39
✓ Iron & Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation

✓ Health check-up and Referral services
Page

January 2018
✓ Nutrition and health education

✓ Life Skill Education and accessing public services
Folk Arts as a tool for development
“India is the cradle of human race, the birthplace of human speech, mother of history, grandmother of
legends, and great grandmother of tradition”
m
Mark Twain
Madhubani Paintings
] . co
Paintings and art often reflect the culture and tradition of the place from which they originate. They tend to
y
be a reflection of the times in which the art was created. Rarely does an ancient art form become a
ES nl
reflection of modern times and issues.
o
Yet a drive on Highway 52 of the Madhubani district or Ranti village in Bihar will tell you how Madhubani
art that originated about 2500 years ago is still very much thriving.
SS irs
Not only that, it has managed to save an entire forest and put the spotlight on some very pressing women’s
issues! Take a look at the history of Madhubani paintings and how they have evolved over the years.
LA fa
What’s so special about Madhubani?

C taf
So how are these paintings made?

G n
Interestingly, Mithila or Madhubani

paintings are done using fingers and
[E rre
twigs as well as matchsticks and pen

nibs in the modern day. Usually
bright colours are used in these
u
paintings with an outline made from

//c
rice paste as its framework. There

are rarely any blank spaces in these
paintings. If there’s a border, it is
s:
embellished with geometric and floral

patterns. Natural dyes are used for
tp
the paintings. For example, charcoal

and soot for black, turmeric extract
ht
for yellow, red from sandalwood,

blue from indigo and so on.
Madhubani art in present

times
Madhubani painting is still practiced by many women in Ranti village of Bihar. In fact, Karpuri Devi, sister-in-
law of known artist Mahasundari Devi, Dulari, and Mahalaxmi are women from three generations of the
village who have made extensive efforts to keep the art form alive by educating other women in the village
and teaching them how to make Mithila painting a way of life and take the legacy forward. Works of the
three women have been commissioned by the government of India and also found a place in the Mithila
museum of Japan.
These women aim to empower other women through painting and creating awareness on issues like
40
education and eve-teasing. They are encouraging their students to paint on topics that are closer to their
hearts – anything from folk tales they might have heard during their childhood to the status of women in the
Page
society today. It is interesting to note how paintings that were done by women to depict religion, traditions
and social norms are now being used by them to make their voices heard.

Measures that will be helpful in promotion and preservation of traditional
arts
i) Commercialisation: Taking it on mass scale will generate employment opportunities as
well as make the artists financially sound.
ii) Skill Development and Training: Since these arts forms have potential, they are likely
to have high demand in future
iii) Promoting art at public places: Public places are highly beneficial for drawing one’s
attention so as to make it popular and to showcase the beauty of arts.
iv) Digitisation of artwork: It will give make it easier for an artist to reach national and
international audience.
m
] . co
y
ES nl
o
SS irs
LA fa
C taf
G n
[E rreu
//c
s:
tp
ht
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] . co
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ES nl
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SS irs
LA fa
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[E rre
u
//c
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ht
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Yojana Kuruksetra January 2018 1

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Team Current Affairs Only

▪ Editor-in-Chief Sandeep Sajwan

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Empowering rural women: The way forward ................................................................... 25

15. Empowering Elected Women Representative (EWRs) ................................................................. 27

16. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) ...................................................................................................................... 28

18. Pradhan Mantri Ujala Yojana ....................................................................................................................... 33

19. Women’s Safety: Top Priority...................................................................................................................... 34

21. SABLA: Scheme for Adolescent Girls ....................................................................................................... 39

https://currentaffairsonly.com EG Classes (Mukherjee Nagar)

monetary policy regulator also.

regulator, banker to banks, regulator of currency.

country decreased from 640 in 1947 to 85 in 1969.

India acquired the Reserve Bank of India’s stake in SBI.

https://currentaffairsonly.com EG Classes (Mukherjee Nagar)

Current procedure for Bank Licenses

Jalan to screen the applications.

November 1, 2013: Bimal Jalan committee held its first meeting.

Differentiated bank licence

Banking Sector Reforms: Ensuring Regulation

Current situation of Indian Banking

5% are foreign banks.

https://currentaffairsonly.com EG Classes (Mukherjee Nagar)

✓ Not only does

Protagonist to Economic Transformation

Next Generation Banking

Deregulation: Policy improvement in financial intermediation and saving propensity.

https://currentaffairsonly.com EG Classes (Mukherjee Nagar)

Demographics: Market getting dominated by young and digitally equipped population.

Transforming the Way, We Bank

What banks need to do

Innovation in ATM usage

scarce rural area.

Competition and Consolidation

Few innovative thoughts

✓ Securitization of retail loan.

https://currentaffairsonly.com EG Classes (Mukherjee Nagar)

Managing Non-Performing Assets: A Paradigm Shift

Expenditure of one is income of the other

Current developments on NPA

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✓ Return on assets is negative.

from 5.4% in September 2016.

from 12.3 % to 12% due to fall in restructured standard advances.

Recent NPA issues in India

Bank Recapitalisation: Enhancing Capital Base

What is need of bank recapitalisation?

Lack of adequate capital in PSBs

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Recapitalization in Indian Banks

The Government of India has been

Particulars of the proposed bonds

And the funds so raised are to be used to capitalise the PSBs

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at banks that have a lot of deposits on hand.

shares it holds in the banks.

How the Recapitalisation Bond issue will work?

https://currentaffairsonly.com EG Classes (Mukherjee Nagar)

Facilitating Financial Inclusion

private sector bank 2.9 52.1%

RRBS 0.7 49.3%

Why FINANCIAL Inclusion in India is Important?

for three most important pressing needs.

Creating a platform for inculcating