19pedro N

Fine Aggregate Properties and their
“Fine thei
Influence on Concrete: Needed
Specification Changes”
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Pedro N. Quiroga
David W. Fowler
nternational Center for Aggregates

Research (ICAR)
The University of Texas at Austin
(UT)
Objectives
• Show research findings at UT regarding the
effect of manufactured fine aggregate with
high microfines on concrete behavior
• Show the effect of aggregate characteristics
on concrete behavior
• Present suggested changes to ASTM C 33
specification
INTRODUCTION
The use of manufactured fine aggregate (MFA
has been increasing in the United States
Predicted Production (USGS )

4000
3500
3000 Sand & Gravel
2500 Crushed Stone
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
INTRODUCTION
Natural sand (river sand) is not economically
available in many areas in the US due to
depletion or environmental regulations
MFA differs from natural sand in shape, texture
grading and microfines content
MFA out of ASTM C 33 grading limits has bee
used successfully in the US and worldwide
INTRODUCTION (cont´d)
Changes in ASTM aggregate specifications are
needed
Promote aggregate optimization, considering
shape and texture
Manufactured Fine Aggregate (MFA)
(crushed aggregate)
More angular and rougher than natural
aggregate (river gravel)
Sometimes shape can be an issue
With 10-20% microfines (minus 75 µm)
Generally, microfines free of deleterious
particles or clay
MFA in ASTM C 33
ASTM C 33 limits microfines in MFA to 5 (7%)
Most MFA used in concrete in the US has been
graded to meet ASTM C 33.
Required removal, e.g. washing, of a large portion
passing the 150-µm (No. 100) and 75- µm (No. 200)
sieves à increasing costs, environmental issues.
Without microfines, these materials often produced
harsher concretes that were more difficult to handle
and finish.
MFA with Higher Microfines
• Often required blending of natural and MFA
• A number of aggregate and ready mix producers
have been experimenting with sands having higher
microfines contents.
• Often include all of the microfines without any
removal.
• These mixtures often work well.
Higher Microfines
in Other Countries
Australia: 10% (25% if agreed by owner)
France: 12 to 18% depending on use.
India: 15% (20% if tested)
Spain: 15%
Europe (proposed): 16% passing 63 µm
South Africa: 10%
United Kingdom: 16%
ICAR-UT Research on MFA
• ICAR 102 – Evaluation of concrete with

MFA with high microfines
• ICAR 104 – The effect of aggregate
geometric characteristics on concrete
behavior
PROJECT ICAR 102
ICAR 102 and companion studies evaluated 372

sands made from 45 sources.
Sand characterization tests
– Spec. gravity/absorption (C 128)
– Wet sieve analysis (C 117)
– Methylene blue (C 837 modified)
– Uncompacted void content (C 1252)
– Hydrometer size analysis (D 422)
– Chemical analysis using ICP
Fine Aggregate Grading
100
90
80
70
60
Cu r re nt ASTM C 33
50
40
I CAR 10 2 C onc r e te s
30
20
ICAR 1 02 M o r tar s
10
No . 200 No . 100 No. 50 No . 30 No. 16 No. 8 No . 4 3/ 8- in .
Sie ve S iz e
Concrete Properties
• ICAR 102 investigated concretes made with
high-microfine contents
– 10 MFA and 1 natural sand control
– Same limestone coarse aggregate
– No admixtures used
– Both fixed w/c (0.53) and fixed slump (2-4 in.)
7000 45
40
6000
4.5
13.5 15.8 16.7 10.3 35
13.3 7.4
5000 14.3 10.9
Co m pressive S tren gth (psi)
30
14.3
4000 25
M Pa
20
3000
15
2000
10
1000
5
0 0
ol
BA
-1
-2
-3
-4
I
SS
T
O
D
Q
G
tr
D
LS
LS
LS
LS
on
C
Ag g reg ate T yp e
28-day Compressive Strength of Concrete for

Different Aggregates (Fixed W/C)
900 6
800 4.5
Flex ura l S tr en gth (ps i)
14.3 15.8 16.7 10.9 7.4 10.3 5

700 13.3 13.5 14.3
600 4
500
MPa
3
400
300 2
200
1
100
0 BA 0
GT
QZ
ol
DO
SS
DI
-2
-3
-1
-4
nt r
LS
LS
LS
LS
Co
Ag g r e g a te T y p e
day Flexural Strength of Concrete for Differen

-day
Aggregates (Fixed W/C)
0.025
14.3
Dr yin g Sh rin kag e (%)
0.02 15.8
16.7
13.3
0.015
14.3
10.9
4.5 10.3
0.01 13.5
7.4
0.005
0
QZ
DI
-2
-3
-1
-4
GT
BA
DO
l
SS
tro
LS
LS
LS
LS
n
Co
Ag gr e ga te T yp e
28-day Drying Shrinkage of Concrete for

7000
Adjusted C harge Passed (C oulombs)
6000
13.3
14.3 15.8 16.7
5000
13.5 10.3
10.9 7.4 14.3
4000
4.5
3000
2000
1000
0
I
D
Z
-1
-3
-4
-2
ol
O
T
S
Q
G
S
LS
LS
S
S
tr
L
on
L
C
Ag g r eg a te T yp e
Rapid Permeability Results of Concrete for

0.3
0.25
13.3
Abrasion Loss in Mass (%)
14.3 10.9
0.2
14.3
15.8
0.15
16.7 4.5 10.3
13.5 7.4
0.1
0.05
0
l
ro
T
O
Z
A
I
S
-1
-2
-3
4
D
t
G
S-
D
S
LS
LS
LS
n
L
Co
Aggre ga te Type
28-day Abrasion Loss of Concrete for Different

Aggregates (Fixed W/C)
PROJECT ICAR 104
• More than 200 mixes
• 5 Aggregates with varied shape, angularity
and texture
• Aggregate sieved and recombined to desired
grading - 0 to 15% microfines
• Chemical admixtures
• Supplementary cementing materials
Aggregate Characteristics Evaluated
• Shape and texture

• Grading
• Microfines (minus 75 µm - No. 200)
Shape
• Shape and angularity of aggregate have a
significant effect on:
– Workability
– Water and superplasticizer demand
– Bleeding
Equidimensional and round particles à

less water demand, improved workability
Texture
• Texture affects
– Workability
– Bond paste-aggregate à Strength
Smooth particles à less water demand,

improved workability
But…..decreased bond.
Effect of Shape and Texture
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
Slump (in)
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0 Coarse &
TR GR LS IN AZ Fine
Same grading, same paste content
TRAP ROCK - high microfines
GRANITE - high microfines
LIMESTONE –
high microfines
NATURAL – INDIANA – no microfines
ATURAL - PARTIALLY CRUSHED – ARIZONA
microfines
INDIANA and ARIZONA natural sands
Effect of Shape and Texture
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
Slump (in)
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0 Coarse &
TR GR LS IN AZ Fine
Grading
Has a very important role on concrete behavior
– Workability
– Volume Stability
Effect of Grading
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
Slump (in)
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Grading
Same aggregate, same paste content
Microfines
The amount and type of microfines influences:
– Workability
– Water and plasticizer demand
fect of Microfines on Superplasticizer
Demand
arget slump = 5 in.
12 M ic ro Fin
Do s ag e (o z/10 0 ml)
10 0%
8
TR-15%
6
GR-15
4
LS -15%
2
0
Coa rs e &
TR GR LS N- IN N-AZ
Fine
Super Dosage (oz/100 lb)
0
2
4
6
8
10
0%
arget slump = 5 in.
15 % TR
Demand
Microfines
15 % GR
15 % LS
Effect of Microfines on Superplasticiz
Do s ag e ( o z /100 lb )
0
2
4
6
8
10
TR-0%
TR-5%
Slump
TR-10%
microfines
TR-15%
TR-20%
ADVA Dosage to Reach Target
Effect of Microfines on Strength
1400
Flexural Strength (psi)
1200 Micro fine

1000
0%
800
TR-15%
600
GR-15%
400 LS-15%
200
0
Coa rse &
TR GR LS N-IN N- AZ Fine
112-Day Drying Shrinkage-Set 1
0.060
0.050
Shrinkage (%)
0.040
0.030 No su
Super
0.020
0.010
0.000
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
TR microfines (%)
W/C=0.41, ADVA, same coarse and fine aggregate,

same grading for plus N200
Microfines should be characterized
• Concrete behavior depends on microfines source
• Tests that help characterize microfines are needed
à Ongoing research at UT. X-ray difraction,
methylene blue, water demand tests
• The Methylene Blue test can be used to detect
harmful materials
• A water demand tests such as VICAT or Flow
Table are promising
LAINFIELD PAVING DEMONSTRATIO
PROJECT
• Project co-sponsored by Illinois DOT and

industry – 5 trial sections
• Evaluated 3 concrete sands
– Natural sand
– Dolomitic A with 16% passing 75-µm
– Dolomitic B with 6% passing 75-µm
• 5 Concrete Mixes
• Ternary cementitious blends
Plainfield Demonstration Data
MIX
1 2 3 4 5
Cement (kg/m3) 234 234 288 288 234
Fly Ash (kg/m3) 63 63 91 0 63
GGBS (kg/m3) 63 63 0 72 63
Mortar Factor 0.90 0.90 0.78 0.83 0.83
Fine Aggregate Natural DO-A DO-A DO-B DO-B
Air Content 5.0 7.0 6.8 5.5 6.0
Slump 2.75 2.75 1.5 1.5 1.25
W/C 0.44 0.56 0.47 0.48 0.46
Results
• All five mixtures met IL DOT 14-day
compressive and flexural strengths.
• A reduction in mortar factor for MFA as
compared to natural sand, resulted in
acceptable workability and finishability
MFA concretes had better durability as
measured by salt scaling and 300 cycles of
freezing and thawing.
MFA concretes were homogeneous when
mixed at the 75-sec. minimum IL DOT mixing
time
Slump was not a good measure of workability
or consistency for MFA concretes.
CHANGING ASTM C 33
SPECIFICATION
• Sands made from numerous rock types can
produce good quality concrete
• MFA with high microfines contents can
result in concretes similar to, and in some
cases superior, to concretes made with
natural sands.
• Research supports wider grading band
The use of these materials will provide more
options to the concrete industry
There are significant differences in the gradin
curves for natural and MFA and this requires
different grading bands.
Crushing technology has seen significant
improvements and improved shape and textur
are the result.
RECOMMENDED
MODIFICATIONS TO ASTM C 33
1 Fine aggregate shall consist of natural san
anufactured sand, or a combination thereof.
ote A – Concrete produced with natural san

anufactured sand or a combination thereof, may ha
ffering workability, finishability and slump
ow slump measurements do not necessarily indicate t
ed for additional water to obtain adequate workability
ending fine aggregates may enhance workability a
nishability.
Appendix X2
X2. METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZATION
OF FINES IN MANUFACTURED SAND
Manufactured sands with high microfines nee

further evaluation to insure that they are composed o
dust of fracture, and do not contain appreciable level
of clay minerals or other deleterious constituents
Because some of the dust of fracture may occur in th

clay size range, defined as the minus 2-µm fraction
care must be taken to properly differentiate thes
clay-sized materials from clay minerals..
Appendix X2 (cont’d)
crofines characterization methods include:
Petrographic analysis (ASTM C 295)
Sand equivalent (ASTM D 2419)
Hydrometer analysis (ASTM D 422)
Methylene blue determination
X-ray diffraction analysis.
While these techniques are useful for investigative

purposes, no specific limits have been established for
prediction of performance of these materials in
concrete under various intended service conditions.
Appendix X2 (cont’d)
Further evaluation techniques can be used to
predict performance:
– Compressive and flexural strength
– Freeze/thaw durability
– Abrasion resistance
– Shrinkage.
ASTM STP 169C, Significance of Tests and Properties
Concrete and Concrete Making Materials, provides a discussi
of important concrete properties and can be used as a guide.
6.1 Sieve Analysis
6.1.1 Natural Fine Aggregates
– Same grading
Gradings of Sands Evaluated in ICAR Project 102 Mortar
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Proposed Grading Band
for Manufactured Sand
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.075 0.15 0.3 0.6 1.18 2.36 4.75 6.35 9.5 12.5 19 25
Sieve Size (mm)
6.1.2 Manufactured Fine Aggregate
Sieve (Specification E 11) Percent Passing
9.5-mm (3/8-in.) 100

4.75-mm (No. 4) 80 to 100
2.36-mm (No. 8) 60 to 100
1.18-mm (No. 16) 40 to 85
600-µm (No. 30) 20 to 60
300-µm (No. 50) 10 to 45
150-µm (No. 100) 0 to 30
75-µm (No. 200) 0 to 18
Note B—Concrete with fine aggregate gradings near the minimums for
percent passing the 300 µm (No.50), 150 µm (No.100) and 75 µm (No. 20
sometimes have difficulties with workability, finishability, pumping or
excessive bleeding. The blending of sands, addition of entrained air,
additional cement, or the addition of an approved mineral or chemical
admixture to supply the deficient fines, are methods used to alleviate such
difficulties. (See Appendix X2)
6.1.2 Manufactured fine aggregate
100
90
80
70
60
50
Current ASTM C 33
40
30
20
Proposed ASTM C 33
10
No. 200 No. 100 No. 50 No. 30 No. 16 No. 8 No. 4 3/8-in.
Sieve Size
6.1.3 – Combinations of Natural &
Manufactured Fine Aggregate
Combinations of natural and manufactured fin

aggregate shall meet the limits shown in 6.1.2
Natural fine aggregate shall meet the
requirements of this specification. Note B
applies.
6.2 ……fineness modulus….shall be not
less…..than 2.0 nor more than 3.9 for
manufactured fine aggregates and
combinations of natural and MFA
ABLE 1 Limits for Deleterious Substances in Fine Aggregate for
Concrete
Mass Percent
Item of Total Sample,
max
lumps and friable particles 3.0

erial finer than 75 mm (No 200) sieve:
Concrete subject to abrasion 3.0A
ll other concrete 5.0A
and lignite:
Where surface appearance of concrete is of importance 0.5
ll other concrete 1.0
These limits only apply to natural fine aggregates. For manufactured fine aggregates
nd combinations of natural and manufactured fine aggregates, material finer than 75
m (No. 200) sieve shall be essentially free of clay minerals and shale.
THANKS !
AGRADECIMENTO
GRACIAS !

19pedro N

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Fine Aggregate Properties and their

nternational Center for Aggregates

Predicted Production (USGS )

• ICAR 102 – Evaluation of concrete with

ICAR 102 and companion studies evaluated 372

No . 200 No . 100 No. 50 No . 30 No. 16 No. 8 No . 4 3/ 8- in .

28-day Compressive Strength of Concrete for

14.3 15.8 16.7 10.9 7.4 10.3 5

day Flexural Strength of Concrete for Differen

28-day Drying Shrinkage of Concrete for

Rapid Permeability Results of Concrete for

28-day Abrasion Loss of Concrete for Different

• Shape and texture

Equidimensional and round particles à

Smooth particles à less water demand,

Same grading, same paste content

Same aggregate, same paste content

1200 Micro fine

W/C=0.41, ADVA, same coarse and fine aggregate,

• Project co-sponsored by Illinois DOT and

ote A – Concrete produced with natural san

Manufactured sands with high microfines nee

Because some of the dust of fracture may occur in th

While these techniques are useful for investigative

9.5-mm (3/8-in.) 100

Combinations of natural and manufactured fin

lumps and friable particles 3.0

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