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ACI 207: “any volume of concrete
with dimensions large enough to
require that measures be taken to
cope with generation of heat from
hydration of the cement and at-
tendant volume change, to
minimize cracking.”
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Historical Background
Standard – Type I
Modified – Type II
Low Heat – Type IV
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• Cannot use Figure 4.2 at face value. Need to
correct for:
1. Cement Content
2. Fineness
3. Heat of Hydration
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Current Guidance
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Current Guidance - Example
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Current Guidance
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Fineness – Wagner vs Blaine
ASTM
C115 vs C204
• Only the test method is shown and many people are not
familiar enough with fineness to know that we could be
talking about two different tests
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Current Guidance - Example
Same mixture. Heat of hydration
on mill cert is 86 cal/g. Blaine
Fineness is 3900 cm2/g. Correct
From Figure 4.1, ACI 207.2R-07, Blaine Fineness is calculated
for fineness.
Conversion
Fineness ≈ 2200 cm2/g (Wagner Fineness) Factor = 0.56
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Current Guidance - Example
Same mixture. Heat of hydration
on mill cert is 86 cal/g. Blaine
Fineness is 3900 cm2/g. Correct
From Figure 4.1, ACI 207.2R-07, Blaine Fineness is calculated
for fineness.
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Current Guidance - Example
Same mixture. Heat of hydration
on mill cert is 86 cal/g. Blaine
Fineness is 3900 cm2/g. Correct
From Figure 4.1, ACI 207.2R-07, Blaine Fineness is calculated
for fineness.
Ha = 0.76hg
Temp increase due to
Ha = 0.76(86-81.5) = 3.4°F difference in HoH
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Current Guidance - Example
Same mixture. Heat of hydration
on mill cert is 86 cal/g. Blaine
Fineness is 3900 cm2/g. Correct
From Figure 4.1, ACI 207.2R-07, Blaine Fineness is calculated
for fineness.
Ha = 0.76hg
Ha = 0.76(86-81.5) = 3.4°F
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Current Guidance - Example
Same mixture. Heat of hydration
on mill cert is 86 cal/g. Blaine
Fineness is 3900 cm2/g. Correct
From Figure 4.1, ACI 207.2R-07, Blaine Fineness is calculated
for fineness.
Ha = 0.76hg
Ha = 0.76(86-81.5) = 3.4°F
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Other Available Guidance
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ACI Method
PCA Method
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Issues with Current Guidance
• Data is outdated
– Many people use Figure 4.1 at face value and do not make
the appropriate corrections for fineness (Section 4.1.2
and Figure 4.2)
• Even when corrections are made, the calculation is
not accurate for all cement contents
• Extremely limited guidance for mixtures
containing SCMs which are very common in mass
concrete
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USBR Recent Lab Study
• Type I/II Cement
• Class F Fly Ash
• Grade 100 Slag
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USBR Recent Lab Study
• Adiabatic Temperature Rise – USBR 4911
– 700 lb concrete specimen sealed in a 21.5” by 21.5”
cylindrical metal container
– Placed in a heavily insulated chamber
– Temperature of chamber is maintained at the same
temperature as the specimen, resulting in truly adiabatic
conditions
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Results - OPC
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Results – Class F Fly Ash
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Analysis
ACI Method
PCA Method
• Fits reasonably well for OPC mixtures, slag mixtures, and low/med FA mixtures
• Overestimates for high FA volume
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Analysis – Wide Range of Cement Contents
Overestimated
Underestimated
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Proposed Method for Temperature
Rise Prediction - Example
% Decrease in Temp
0.18
°F/lbcement
0.15 53
30
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376 671 25 50 75
Cement Content (lb/yd3) % FA Replaced
Based on measured adiabatic temperature rise for a certain cement type and
type of SCM
Step 1 – Determine the temperature rise (°F) per lb of total cementitious.
Step 2 – Decrease the temperature based on the percent of FA added
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Application to Previous Reclamation Mass
Concrete Projects
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Ongoing Research
• Measuring adiabatic temperature rise for mixtures
containing natural pozzolans
– Historically used by USBR (before 1970s) to mitigate temperature
rise in mass concrete
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Conclusions
• Figures provided for guidance in ACI 207.2R-07 are
outdated. Data is from the 1930’s and fineness is from
ASTM C115 rather than the industry standard C204
– Temperature rise curves can be updated with modern cement
mixtures to eliminate the need for major corrections based on heat
of hydration and fineness
• This study has shown that there is not a linear correlation
between temperature rise and cement content.
– More research to verify this relationship
• There is a non-linear relationship between FA or GGBFS
replacement and temperature decrease
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