Ultrasonic Defination

Ultrasonic testing slide 1
definition of ultrasound
infrasonic vibration with a frequency: 1.....16 Hz
Example: Oscillation of Buildings, earthquake
Acoustics: 16 Hz....20.000 Hz
detectable by human ears
Ultrasound: more than 20.000 Hz
Non destructive testing: 1... . I0 M
O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlrnbH

No reproduction without prior permission!
The echo method
O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

velocity
*
spring
mass
Oscillation = periodical altering physical value
f frequency = number of oscillations per time
1 Hertz = 1 oscillation per second

1 k Hz = 1000 oscillations per second
1 MHz = 1000 000 oscillations per second

No reproduct~onwithout prior permission!
Waves
no coupling
elastic coupling
r \
wave = propagation of oscillations
,

1 waves
( transverse waves (shear waves): \

Direction of propagation -
Longitudinal waves:
idirectian of propagation r
propagation in solid, fluid or gaseous substances
63 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

undamped and damped oscillations
undamped oscillation
[damped oscillations]

No reproduction w~thoutprior permission!
velocity of sound
velocity in the material

wavelength
frequency
Example: calculate the wavelength of a longitudinal wave in steel;

the frequency is 4 MHz
the velocity of sound depends on the elastic modulus

and the density of the material

Straight beam probe
conection socket
I
adaption
/ coil
cable
Damping body
Transducer
protective
covering
straight beam probe
The transducer transmits and receives ultrasonic waves.
p~

N o reproduction without prior permission!
Probes
f \
reverse piezo-electric effect
electric
voltage > mechanical
osciIIations
; piezo-electric effect
1 mechanical
oscillations I_$
electric
voltage
"

sound field
Transducer Focus angle of

-a \ beam axis divergency
I
+-- --
I Near Field
- - -
I
- - 7 - a

1 echo method
transmission pulse indication -wall echo

1
/'
transducer
S sound path length [mm]

K scale-factor [mm 1 scale]
T Position on the screen [scales]

echo method
I Pulse length: 11.....10 vs
1 pulse repetition frequency: 5 0 Hz, 1OOHr, ...
Example: test frequency: 2 MHz

pulse length: 1 i.rs
Pulse repetition fre-
quency:
length of one oscillation:
T=-=
1 1 S
f 2 lo6 oscillation
Number of oscillations per pulse:
pulse length - 1 lop6 2 lo6 s oscillations

n= - = 2 oscillations
Z 1 S

Ultrasonic equipment
Pulse generator
Objekt under test

1 sound waves at interfaces
c \
acoustic impedance
L 1
acoustic impedance = p-c
the acoustic impedance depends on the elastic properties of a material.
I ~nterfaces 1
high difference in acoustic impedance
> I a high percentage of sound is reflected
Example: the acoustic impedance of air is very different from the acous
tic impedance of steel. A very high percentage of the ultrasonic sound i
Medium
Gr enzf lac he
Medium
0
angle of incident sound = angle of reflected sound

Refraction

Angle beam probe
Adaptor coil Housing
conectisn socket
welded plate with

lack of fusion

No reproduction w~thoutprior permission!
f \
Location of reflectors

Procedure of a straight beam probe calibration

I I
time base range depends on geometry of the object to be tested.

Steps to calibrate the ultrasonic test instrument:
Selection of the time base range:

for instance SB= I 0 0 mm
calculation of the scale factor "K"
K = -S B m it T = 10 SkT
T
K=10 mm1Division
Selection of the calibration length
e.g. S, = 25 mm (calibration block "KI")
Calculating the calibration echoes and set down the result into a table
Si [mm] Ti[SKT]
Set the echoes in the calculated positions

Check the calibration with a length not used before.
(e.g.: 100 mm at calibration block "K 1").

Calibrating with shortened projection distance
advantages?
easy location of reflectors!
how does it work?
I e.g. by means of the K1 I

example: table for the calibration with a 45"-angle beam probe

with x = 13 mm and a time base range aBL= 200 mm
for a time base range of as' = 200 mm the following table can be
calculated:
ai6[mm] T[Skt]
58 2,9
128 6,4
199 10
using the shortened projection distance calibration the distance from the
reflector to the front edge of the probe is easy to calculate:
the depth of the reflector can be calculated with the following formula:
a + x
b =
tan a
[ mm I

N o reproduction without prior permission!
Ultrasonic testing level 2 page 72
26 sensitivity adjustment and determination of the disc-shaped

reflectors which correlates with a discontinuity
,
+ Reproductive test results

+ Defined probability to detect discontinuities
Calculatina in dB:
Echo height of reflector 1: 40%
Echo height of reflector 2: 80%
AV=-20. Log-H2
HI
0,4
A V = -20 Log -[dB]= 6dB
038
echo height on relation of difference in
the sreen echo heights gain [dB]
Halving of the echo height on the screen means a difference in gain of 6

dB.
Schmeink O 2002 SLV Duisburg GmbH Ultraschallprufung

Nachdmck und unbcfugte Weitergabc sind unrulassig und wcrdcn geseklich verfolgt
I--
Echo height [%I Relation of echo
heights
Different sensitivities lead to different test results
Gain 42 dB
Schmeink O 2002 SLV Duisburg GmbH Ultraschallpriifung

Nachdmck und unbefugtc Weitergabe sind unzulassig und werdcn gesetrlich verfolgt
Gain adjustment be means of known reflectors:
+ Side drilled hole

+ Flat bottomed hole
+ rabbet
example:
1. generating the back wall echo
2. setting the back wall echo to 80% on the screen by means of the dB
control
Registrierschwelle
/'
3. increasing the gain to a certain level. E.g. 12 dB

4, defining the evaluation level at 40% screen height (for instance).
- - -- - - - - - - -

Nachdmck und unbefugte We~tcrgabcm d unrulass~gund werden gcsctzl~chverfolgt
Example No 2: side drilled hole
conditions: Ultrasonic beam has to propagate to the side drilled hole with its
whole width.
FBI(J .-
The diameter of the side drilled hole has to exceed 1,5A
1) generating the echo of the side drilled hole and setting it to 80% of
screen height.
Evaluation level
/'
2) increasing the gain at 6 dB. (for instance)
3) defining the evaluation level. In this example 40% of screen height was
chosen.
disadvantage: evaluation of the echoes does not depend on the distance
Schmcink O 2002 SLV Duisburg GmbH Ultraschallpriifung

Nachdmck und unbefugte Weilergabc sind unzulassig und werden gesetrlich vcrfolgt
Distance - Amplitude correction curve
L ~ i s t a n c -eAmplitude correction curve
Schmeink O 2002 SLV Duisburg GmbH Ultraschallprijfung

Nachdruck und unbefugte Wcitcrgabe sind unzulssng und werdcn gesetzlich verfolgt
Distance - Amplitude correction curve

in two sections
+ the Distance - Amplitude correction curve should not exceed 80% and
20% of screen height.
Schrneink O 2002 SLV Duisburg GmbH Ultraschallprilfung

Nachdmck und unbcfugte Watcrgabc smd unzulassig und wcrdcn gcsctrl~chverfolgt
Evaluating the echo height by means of the Amplitude correction curve
problem: The surface roughness of the calibration block is different

from the surface roughness of the test piece.
Resolution: gain of the test facility has to be increased to a certain

amount called - ,,Transfer correction AVTU

Nachdmck und unhcfugte Weitergabc sind unzulissig und werden gcsctrhch verlolgl
27 The DGS diagram
basic: reflection of flat bottom holes (angle of incident sound:
fictitious reflector
Distance correction
/ curve
figure 27.1: construction of the distance correction curve using flat bottom holes.

Nachdmck und unbcfugte Weitergabc smd u ~ u l a s s i gund werden gcsctzllch verfolgt
Calculation of reflection properties
Back wall Flat bottom hole Side drilled hole
Sound field section
top view
--
@YBl
00
Relation of
echo heights
Hz--
HI
Difference in
gain
Difference in
gain for
S2=2S1
Or D2=2D1
Calculation
of s2or. D2
with AV
rabbet: properties of reflection are not defined!

Nachdruck und unhefugle Wc~tergahesmd unmlass~gund werden gesehl~chverfolgt
The flat bottom hole

advan- - increasing the size of the reflector results in 12 dB differ-
tages: ence of gain (in comparison to a side drilled hole 3 dB it is a
lot)
- the properties of reflection of a flat bottom hole are repre-
sentative for flat reflectors
(a side drilled hole has reflection properties like a voluminous
reflector)
disad- - the geometry of the test piece depends on the angle of the
vantage: probe (the side drilled hole can be used at each angle)
- it is a high effort to machine a flat bottom hole.
c.w
Calculating curves of flat bottom holes.

+ diagram on paper
0 500 1000
distance
logarithmic scales + less reading error.
0 500 1000
I distance
Schmeink O 2002 SLV Duisburg GmbH UltraschallprLifung

Nachdruck und unbefugte Weitergabc smd umulassig und werden gesetzlich verfolgl
Calculation of the echo heights and logarithmic scales of the distance.
DGS diagram
m h
distance
DGS means: D = distance

G = gain
S = size
Schrneink O 2002 SLV Duisburg GmbH Ultraschallprufung

Nachdruck und unbefugte Wc~tcrgabesind unzulass~gund werden gesetrlich verfolgt
I DGS-diaarams: specific for the probe.

Nachdmck und unbefugte Weitergabe sind un~ulassigund werden gesetrlich vcrfolgt
27.1 Gain adjustment
test piece: weld 30 mm, probe MWB 45,4 MHz
maximum distance to test the weld: 85 mm.
Gain adjustment: 25 mm-radius of calibration block No. 2.
This radius has nearly the same reflection properties like a back wall.
-+ referencepoint in DGS diagram
echo of 25mmradius is set to a defined height on the screen e.g. 80 %.

Horizontal line trough this point is the reference line.
Write down the gain of the facility VJ.
eference height
MWB 45-4,
V J = 12dB

Nachdruck und unbefugte Weitcrgabe sind unzul8ssig und werdcn gesetrlich vcrfolgl
acceptance: sensitivity should is fixed with a flat bottom hole of 2mm di-
ameter (e. g. in a standard)
additional gain in comparison to the back wall echo can be found in the
DGS diagram. The sensitivity of a 2mm flat bottom hole is at the maximum
distance which is necessary to test the weld (85 mm). (at worst).
S {inch] .2 . .a 1.2 1.6 2~ 3.2 4 B 12 18 2 1 32 40 aa

0 0
10 to
20 20
30 30
40 $0
50 50
60 50
70 70
80 80
5 10 20 30 10 8a 80 100 200 300 400 000 800 trn 2m
The gain of the test facility can be calculated:
V, = V, + AV
example: VJ = 12 dB
AV = 26 dB (from DGS diagram)
VR = 38 dB

Nachdmck und unbcfugtc Wcltcrgabc smd unzulassig und werden gesetzlich vcrfolgt
height
\---/ 100, St MWB45N.

VR= 38dB
maximum distance
for testing the weld
80% height on the screen at 85 mm distance means a sensitivity a 2 mm flat bottom

hole.
Discontinuities found at shorter distances exceed 80 % of the screen.
example:
I an echo of a discontinuity at 42 mm exceeds the reference height with 14 dB

I
Schmcink O 2002 SLV Duisburg GmbH Ultraschallpriifung

Nachdmck und unbefugte Wcitcrgabe sind unzulassig und werden gcsctzlich verfolgt
I Result: the discontinuity reflects like a flat bottom hole with 3 mm in di- I
1 ameter.

Nachdruck und unhefugte Weitcrgabe smd unzul%ssigund werden gesetzl~chverfolgt
27.2 Construction of a distance correction curve by means of the DGS diagram
--
1 10 10 30 ID 10 40 I00 ZOO 300 4013 BOO I 0 0 lrn 2m
distance [mm] gain [dB] Avs Echo height [%I

25 12 0 80 (chosen)
50 15 3 57
100 24 12 20
150 30 18 10
200 34 20 8
/
reference point
'=L
screen
correction curve

Nachdmck und unbefugte Weitergabc smd umul&sig und werden gesetrlich verfolgt
NO, because:
1) the orientation of the defects is not known.
strong echo no echo

Nachdmck und unbefugte Weitergabe sind unrulassig und werden geseklich vcrfolgt
2) The surface of the defect is not known.
rough surface
flat surface
Schmcink O 2002 SLV Duisburg GmbH Ultraschallprijfung

Nachdruck und unbefugte Wenergahc smd umulassig und werden gcsotzlich verfolgt
3) the echo of the defect depends on the resonant frequency of the defect
(which is not known) and on the test frequency.
low frequency high frequency

-3 echo = no echo

Nachdruck und unbefugtc Weltergabc smd unrulXssig und werdcn geselclich verfolgt
Has the DGS diagram

any sense?
Clear definition of
+ Gain adjustment
+ Evaluation- 1 acceptance level

Nachdruck und unbefugte Weitergahc sind unrulissig und werden gesetzlich verfolgt
formulary for ultrasonic testinq
calibrating in sound path length
SB time base range [mmI
k scale factor [mmlSkt]
Sj calibrating length [mml
T number of scales [Skt1
s sound path length
frequency, wavelength, sound field
1 f frequency [Hz = 1I S]
f =- z endurance of an [sl
'I; oscillation
h wave length [mml
c velocity of sound [mlsl
D transducer size [mml
9 divergence angle ["I
DB diameter of beam profile r [mmI

s sound path length [mmI
multiple-echo method
T, position of the nth echo [Skt1
n number of echoes [-I
d thickness of the material [mm]

reflection, refraction, conversion of wave mode
a1 incident angle ["I

a1 = P 1 PI angle of refraction ["I Medium I
sin a 1
sin a,
-
--1
C2
CI
C2
velocity of sound in
material 1 or 2
working with angle beam probes

[ ~ I S]
[m/sl j
: Medium 2
s sound path length [mml

a=s@sina a projected sound path [mml
length
b depth of a reflector
b=s*cosa
b=- a
tan a
distance from echo
aV=a-x X
receiving point to the edge [mm]
of the probe
position of the reflector relative to the zero point
A'
q = A'-& q position of the reflector
relative to the zero point
[mm]
* q 4 a'
0
I
und path length of a skip, skip distance
SP sound path length of a [mml

SP -
- 2dIcosa skip
ap skip distance
a, = 2 d a t a n a
materials different from steel
sound path length in
material x
sound path length in steel
velocity of sound in
material x
velocity of sound in steel
shortened projection distance
shortened projection
distance
a'+x depth of the reflector

b=
tan a
in different materials
aluminium 1 6300 - 6340

I cast I 4600 2160 - 2650
copper 1 4700 2260
brass 3800 - 4400 2050 - 2120
steel 5920 3255
bariumtitanate 6050
Plexiglas 2740 1430
PVC, hard 2250 1060
water 1480
I oil I 1250 -1740
I
-4
+1
calibration: SB=250mm, a=45"
S[mm] T[SKT]
100 4
200 8
control by the edge of K1 5.7
1 measure I 1 calculate I
Pos. T[Skt] A'[mm] S a a' b t
1 43
2 3,6
3 5,3 .
1 formula I meaning 1 formula and declarations
height of echo H reference echo
relative height of echo
difference in
AH = 20 l g -2
echo height H1
AH
- division of "2 = 10rn
echo heights
-
i
I "2
3-
relative height
of echo t12 = H~ 10
#! ~ZW.
--
H~ = n1 10
AV
20 reference
echo
echo
Physical properties of some reflectors
F reflector
view from
the side
disk shaped reflector side drilled whole
view from
above
echo
heights
f4
relation o H
[difference

Ultrasonic Defination

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Ultrasonic Defination

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Ultrasonic testing slide 1

infrasonic vibration with a frequency: 1.....16 Hz

Example: Oscillation of Buildings, earthquake

Ultrasound: more than 20.000 Hz

Non destructive testing: 1... . I0 M

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlrnbH

The echo method

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

Oscillation = periodical altering physical value

f frequency = number of oscillations per time

1 Hertz = 1 oscillation per second

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

( transverse waves (shear waves): \

propagation in solid, fluid or gaseous substances

63 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

undamped and damped oscillations

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

velocity in the material

Example: calculate the wavelength of a longitudinal wave in steel;

the velocity of sound depends on the elastic modulus

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

Straight beam probe

straight beam probe

The transducer transmits and receives ultrasonic waves.

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlrnbH

reverse piezo-electric effect

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

Transducer Focus angle of

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

transmission pulse indication -wall echo

S sound path length [mm]

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

I Pulse length: 11.....10 vs

1 pulse repetition frequency: 5 0 Hz, 1OOHr, ...

Example: test frequency: 2 MHz

length of one oscillation:

Number of oscillations per pulse:

pulse length - 1 lop6 2 lo6 s oscillations

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

Objekt under test

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

1 sound waves at interfaces

acoustic impedance = p-c

the acoustic impedance depends on the elastic properties of a material.

angle of incident sound = angle of reflected sound

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

Angle beam probe

Adaptor coil Housing

welded plate with

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlrnbH

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlmbH

Procedure of a straight beam probe calibration

time base range depends on geometry of the object to be tested.

Selection of the time base range:

Set the echoes in the calculated positions

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlrnbH

Calibrating with shortened projection distance

easy location of reflectors!

how does it work?

I e.g. by means of the K1 I

O 2001 SLV Duisburg Niederlassung der GSlrnbH