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History
Quantum tunnelling was developed from
the study of radioactivity,[3] which was
discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel.[5]
Radioactivity was examined further by
Marie Curie and Pierre Curie, for which
they earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in
1903.[5] Ernest Rutherford and Egon
Schweidler studied its nature, which was
later verified empirically by Friedrich
Kohlrausch. The idea of the half-life and
the possibility of predicting decay was
created from their work.[3]
Play media
Animation showing the tunnel effect and its
application to an STM
Play media
Quantum tunnelling in the phase space formulation of
quantum mechanics. Wigner function for tunnelling
through the potential barrier in
atomic units (a.u.). The solid lines represent the level
set of the Hamiltonian .
The tunnelling problem
Applications
Tunnelling occurs with barriers of
thickness around 1-3 nm and smaller,[17]
but is the cause of some important
macroscopic physical phenomena. For
instance, tunnelling is a source of current
leakage in very-large-scale integration
(VLSI) electronics and results in the
substantial power drain and heating
effects that plague high-speed and mobile
technology; it is considered the lower limit
on how small computer chips can be
made.[18] Tunnelling is a fundamental
technique used to program the floating
gates of FLASH memory, which is one of
the most significant inventions that have
shaped consumer electronics in the last
two decades.
Radioactive decay
Astrochemistry in interstellar
clouds
Cold emission
Tunnel junction
A simple barrier can be created by
separating two conductors with a very thin
insulator. These are tunnel junctions, the
study of which requires quantum
tunnelling.[24] Josephson junctions take
advantage of quantum tunnelling and the
superconductivity of some
semiconductors to create the Josephson
effect. This has applications in precision
measurements of voltages and magnetic
fields,[23] as well as the multijunction solar
cell.
Quantum conductivity
Scanning tunnelling
microscope
or
where is the reduced Planck's constant,
m is the particle mass, x represents
distance measured in the direction of
motion of the particle, Ψ is the Schrödinger
wave function, V is the potential energy of
the particle (measured relative to any
convenient reference level), E is the energy
of the particle that is associated with
motion in the x-axis (measured relative to
V), and M(x) is a quantity defined by V(x) –
E which has no accepted name in physics.
, where
, where A(x)
and B(x) are real-valued functions.
and
,
and
.
Case 2
.
.
This can be solved using Airy functions as
solutions.
and
,
where are the 2 classical turning
points for the potential barrier.
See also
Dielectric barrier discharge
Field electron emission
Holstein–Herring method
Proton tunneling
Superconducting tunnel junction
Tunnel diode
Tunnel junction
Quantum cloning
References
1. Serway; Vuille (2008). College Physics. 2
(Eighth ed.). Belmont: Brooks/Cole.
ISBN 978-0-495-55475-2.
2. Taylor, J. (2004). Modern Physics for
Scientists and Engineers. Prentice Hall.
p. 234. ISBN 0-13-805715-X.
3. Razavy, Mohsen (2003). Quantum Theory
of Tunneling. World Scientific. pp. 4, 462.
ISBN 9812564888.
4. "Quantum Computers Explained – Limits
of Human Technology" . youtube.com.
Kurzgesagt. 2017-12-8. Retrieved
2017-12-30. Check date values in: |date=
(help)
5. Nimtz; Haibel (2008). Zero Time Space.
Wiley-VCH. p. 1.
6. Thomas Cuff. "The STM (Scanning
Tunneling Microscope) [The forgotten
contribution of Robert Francis Earhart to
the discovery of quantum tunneling.]" .
ResearchGate.
7. Mandelstam, L.; Leontowitsch, M.
(1928). "Zur Theorie der Schrödingerschen
Gleichung". Zeitschrift für Physik. 47 (1-2):
131–136. Bibcode:1928ZPhy...47..131M .
doi:10.1007/BF01391061 .
8. Feinberg, E. L. (2002). "The forefather
(about Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam)".
Physics-Uspekhi. 45 (1): 81.
Bibcode:2002PhyU...45...81F .
doi:10.1070/PU2002v045n01ABEH001126
.
9. Gurney, R. W.; Condon, E. U. (1928).
"Quantum Mechanics and Radioactive
Disintegration". Nature. 122 (3073): 439.
Bibcode:1928Natur.122..439G .
doi:10.1038/122439a0 .
10. Gurney, R. W.; Condon, E. U. (1929).
"Quantum Mechanics and Radioactive
Disintegration". Phys. Rev. 33 (2): 127–140.
Bibcode:1929PhRv...33..127G .
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.33.127 .
11. Bethe, Hans (27 October 1966). "Hans
Bethe - Session I" . Niels Bohr Library &
Archives, American Institute of Physics,
College Park, MD USA (Interview). Interview
with Charles Weiner; Jagdish Mehra.
Cornell University. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
12. Friedlander, Gerhart; Kennedy, Joseph
E.; Miller, Julian Malcolm (1964). Nuclear
and Radiochemistry (2nd ed.). New York:
John Wiley & Sons. pp. 225–7. ISBN 978-0-
471-86255-0.
13. Kolesnikov et al. (22 April 2016).
"Quantum Tunneling of Water in Beryl: A
New State of the Water Molecule" .
Physical Review Letters.
Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116p7802K .
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.167802 .
Retrieved 23 April 2016.
14. Davies, P. C. W. (2005). "Quantum
tunneling time" (PDF). American Journal of
Physics. 73: 23. arXiv:quant-ph/0403010 .
Bibcode:2005AmJPh..73...23D .
doi:10.1119/1.1810153 .
15. Bjorken and Drell, "Relativistic Quantum
Mechanics", page 2. Mcgraw-Hill College,
1965.
16. Eddi, A.; Fort, E.; Moisy, F.; Couder, Y. (16
June 2009). "Unpredictable Tunneling of a
Classical Wave-Particle Association" (PDF).
Physical Review Letters. 102 (24): 240401.
Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102x0401E .
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.240401 .
PMID 19658983 . Retrieved 1 May 2016.
17. Lerner; Trigg (1991). Encyclopedia of
Physics (2nd ed.). New York: VCH. p. 1308.
ISBN 0-89573-752-3.
18. "Applications of tunneling" Archived
23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine..
Simon Connell 2006.
19. Trixler, F (2013). "Quantum tunnelling to
the origin and evolution of life" (PDF).
Current Organic Chemistry. 17 (16): 1758–
1770.
doi:10.2174/13852728113179990083 .
PMC 3768233 . PMID 24039543 .
20. Matta, Cherif F. (2014). Quantum
Biochemistry: Electronic Structure and
Biological Activity . Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
ISBN 978-3-527-62922-0.
21. Majumdar, Rabi (2011). Quantum
Mechanics: In Physics and Chemistry with
Applications to Bioloty . Newi: PHI
Learning. ISBN 9788120343047.
22. Cooper, WG (June 1993). "Roles of
Evolution, Quantum Mechanics and Point
Mutations in Origins of Cancer". Cancer
Biochemistry Biophysics. 13 (3): 147–70.
PMID 8111728 .
23. Taylor, J. (2004). Modern Physics for
Scientists and Engineers. Prentice Hall.
p. 479. ISBN 0-13-805715-X.
24. Lerner; Trigg (1991). Encyclopedia of
Physics (2nd ed.). New York: VCH.
pp. 1308–1309. ISBN 0-89573-752-3.
25. Sinha Roy, Soudip (2017-12-25).
Generalized Quantum Tunneling Effect and
Ultimate Equations for Switching Time and
Cell to Cell Power Dissipation
Approximation in QCA Devices .
doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.23039.71849 .
26. Krane, Kenneth (1983). Modern
Physics. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
p. 423. ISBN 0-471-07963-4.
27. Knight, R. D. (2004). Physics for
Scientists and Engineers: With Modern
Physics. Pearson Education. p. 1311.
ISBN 0-321-22369-1.
28. Ionescu, Adrian M.; Riel, Heike (2011).
"Tunnel field-effect transistors as energy-
efficient electronic switches". Nature. 479
(7373): 329–337.
Bibcode:2011Natur.479..329I .
doi:10.1038/nature10679 .
PMID 22094693 .
29. Low, F. E. (1998). "Comments on
apparent superluminal propagation". Ann.
Phys. Leipzig. 7 (7–8): 660–661.
Bibcode:1998AnP...510..660L .
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-
3889(199812)7:7/8<660::AID-
ANDP660>3.0.CO;2-0 .
30. Nimtz, G. (2011). "Tunneling Confronts
Special Relativity". Found. Phys. 41 (7):
1193–1199. arXiv:1003.3944 .
Bibcode:2011FoPh...41.1193N .
doi:10.1007/s10701-011-9539-2 .
Further reading
N. Fröman and P.-O. Fröman (1965).
JWKB Approximation: Contributions to
the Theory. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Razavy, Mohsen (2003). Quantum
Theory of Tunneling. World Scientific.
ISBN 981-238-019-1.
Griffiths, David J. (2004). Introduction to
Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.). Prentice
Hall. ISBN 0-13-805326-X.
James Binney and Skinner, D. (2010).
The Physics of Quantum Mechanics: An
Introduction (3rd ed.). Cappella Archive.
ISBN 1-902918-51-7.
Liboff, Richard L. (2002). Introductory
Quantum Mechanics. Addison-Wesley.
ISBN 0-8053-8714-5.
Vilenkin, Alexander; Vilenkin, Alexander;
Winitzki, Serge (2003). "Particle creation
in a tunneling universe". Physical Review
D. 68 (2): 023520. arXiv:gr-qc/0210034
. Bibcode:2003PhRvD..68b3520H .
doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.68.023520 .
H.J.W. Müller-Kirsten (2012).
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics:
Schrödinger Equation and Path Integral,
2nd ed. Singapore: World Scientific.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to Quantum tunneling.
Animation, applications and research
linked to tunnel effect and other
quantum phenomena (Université Paris
Sud)
Animated illustration of quantum
tunnelling
Animated illustration of quantum
tunnelling in a RTD device
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