Master in Hydraulic and Civil Engineering

MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES: REINFORCED CONCRETE

Group 6 :
Nelson Silva : nelson.silva-gonzalez@ense3.grenoble-inp.org
Victor Andre : victor.andre@ense3.grenoble-inp.org

Professor: Dr. Ludovic Missemer Grenoble, France

January 19th 2018
 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION. ................................................................................................................................................. 4
QUESTIONS. ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
A. Structural class of the building............................................................................................................... 5
B. Ambient exposure. ................................................................................................................................. 5
C. Suggested adequate class of concrete. .................................................................................................. 5
D. Main characteristics of concrete (fck, fctk, E). ....................................................................................... 5
E. Roof’s beam design: ............................................................................................................................... 6
1. Loading apply on this element and the combinations consider for its design. ................................. 6
2. Longitudinal and transversal reinforcement of the beam at ULS. ..................................................... 7
3. Verification of the beam at SLS. ....................................................................................................... 10
4. Longitudinal and transversal reinforcements of the beam. ............................................................ 13
F. Floor’s continuous slab design: ............................................................................................................ 14
1. Loading apply on this element and the combinations consider for its design. The slab is
considered as continuous. ....................................................................................................................... 14
2. Longitudinal reinforcement of the slab at ULS. ............................................................................... 15
3. SLS Verifications. .............................................................................................................................. 18
4. Longitudinal reinforcement of the continuous slab. ....................................................................... 20
G. Vertical loads of the building on the foundations (F1, F2, F3). ............................................................ 21
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................... 22
ANNEXES .......................................................................................................................................................... 23

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

FIGURES
Figure 1. Scheme of the longitudinal reinforcement steel in the beam ................................................. 8
Figure 2. Determination of the parameter φ(∞,to). ............................................................................ 11
Figure 3. Section of the longitudinal and transversal reinforcement of the beam. ............................. 13
Figure 4. Longitudinal view of the reinforcement of the beam. (1/2) .................................................. 14
Figure 5. Longitudinal view of the reinforcement of the beam. (2/2) .................................................. 14
Figure 6. Scheme of the combination 1 on the slab. ............................................................................ 15
Figure 7. Shear diagram of the slab under combination 1. .................................................................. 15
Figure 8.Moment diagram of the slab under combination 1. (M=0; X=[4,25;7,55]). ........................... 16
Figure 9. Scheme of the combination 2 on the slab. ............................................................................ 16
Figure 10.Shear diagram of the slab under combination 2. ................................................................. 16
Figure 11. Moment diagram of the slab under combination 2. (M=0; X=4,7 m). ................................. 16
Figure 12. Scheme of the combination 3 on the slab. .......................................................................... 17
Figure 13. Shear diagram of the slab under combination 3. ................................................................ 17
Figure 14. Moment diagram of the slab under combination 3. (M=0; X=7,3 m). ................................. 17
Figure 15. Reinforcement steel in the slab. .......................................................................................... 20
Figure 16. Maximum moment at the support under SLS combination. ............................................... 23
Figure 17. Maximum moment at the span L2 (7 m) under SLS combination. ...................................... 23
Figure 18.Maximum moment at the span L1 (6 m) under SLS combination. ....................................... 23

TABLES
Table 1. Reinforcement steel areas on the slab.................................................................................... 18
Table 2. SLS verifications on the floor slab. Xunc and Iunc. .................................................................. 19
Table 3. SLS verifications on the floor slab. Xcr and Icr. ....................................................................... 19
Table 4. Deflection verification on the slab. ......................................................................................... 20

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

INTRODUCTION.
The aim of this project is to design a two-floor industrial building respecting the parameters defined
in the Eurocode. The building is located in Grenoble, France, and the life of this building will be set to 50
years, which is the standard for structures like this.

We will design the structure under the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) conditions and then we will
proceed to check it under the Service Limit State (SLS) conditions, assuming first that the sections are un-
cracked. We will verify that the beams and slabs of the building respect also the limit for deflection, and
that the design of longitudinal reinforcement meets the maximum separation according to the Eurocode
(E.C). If one of the parameters does not meet the SLS conditions of the Eurocode we will suggest what
changes can be made to comply with the code.

The structural parts to be designed are the slabs and the beams. We will verify, also, if they need,
not only longitudinal reinforcement, but transversal reinforcement too.

Finally, a scheme of the reinforcement steel will be presented for both the beam and the slab,
indicating all the relevant dimensions.

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

QUESTIONS.
A. Structural class of the building.
To know the structural class of the building, we look in the Eurocode 2. We have a building structure,
and according to the table about « Indicative duration of use » (page 3), we are in the category 4 (durability
of use = 50 years).

B. Ambient exposure.
By using the table 4.1 : Exposure classes related to environmental conditions in accordance with EN 206-
1, we can give the class of each part of the building.

1. Outer face of the roof’s slab: XC4, XF3

Concrete surfaces subject to water contact. Horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to rain and freezing.

2. Inner face of the roof’s slab: XC1

Concrete inside building where the humidity of the air is low

3. Outer face of the peripheral wall: XC4, XF1

Concrete surfaces subject regularly in contact with water. Vertical concrete surfaces exposed to rain and
freezing.

4. Inner face of the peripheral wall: XC3

Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high air humidity.

5. Upper face of the floor’s slab: XC1

Concrete inside building where the humidity of the air is low.

6. Underside of the floor’s slab: XC3

Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high air humidity.

C. Suggested adequate class of concrete.

By using the table E.1N of the Eurocode 2 : Indicative strength distribution, we determine the appropriate
classes for each element. Finally, we decide to choose the concrete C30/37. This class is the minimum class
for some parts of the building that is why we choose this one.

D. Main characteristics of concrete (fck, fctk, E).

According to the table 3.1of the Eurocode 2 : Strength and deformation characteristics for concrete, we
can find all the values for our concrete.

The characteristic strength of the concrete : fck= 30 MPa

The characteristic axial tensile strength, 5% fractile : fctk,0.05 = 0.7*fctm = 2.0 MPa
with fctm = 0.3*fck2/3 = 2.9MPa;
The characteristic axial tensile strength, 95% fractile : fctk,0.95 = 1.3*fctm = 3.8 MPa
The mean secant modulus of elasticity : E = Em = 22* [(fcm)/10]0.3 = 33 GPa

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

E. Roof’s beam design:

1. Loading apply on this element and the combinations consider for its design.

The loads applied on this element, will be the self-weight of the slab and the beam, plus the tiles,
watertight membrane and the thermal insulation (all this as permanent loads). The calculations are
presented below, considering the density of the reinforced concrete as 25 kN/m:

Permanent load (G)

Watertight membrane (2 cm of width) (gw):

𝑔𝑤 = 0,12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸. 𝐶: 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠)

Suspended ceiling (2 cm of width) (gsc):

𝑔𝑠𝑐 = 0,20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸. 𝐶: 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠)

Thermal insulation (gth):

𝑔𝑡ℎ = 6 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 = 0,06 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Tiles (glued) (gt):

𝑔𝑡 = 0,20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Self-Weight of the slab (SWslab):

𝑆𝑊𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0,20 ∗ 25,00 = 5,00 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

The loads calculated above, have to be multiplied by the tributary area of the beam; since the
spans between beams are constant, that’s their value of tributary area (3,5 m), nevertheless, for the SWslab
and the gsc the width of the beam has to be subtracted.

Self-Weight of the beam (SWbeam):

𝑆𝑊𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = (0,30 ∗ 0,70) ∗ 25,00 = 5,25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Finally, the linear permanent unfavorable load applied of the beam is presented below:

𝐺𝑢𝑛𝑓 = [(0,12 + 0,06 + 0,20) ∗ 3,50] + [(0,20 + 5,00) ∗ (3,50 − 0,30)] + 5,25 = 𝟐𝟑, 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

There are no favourable permanent loads acting on the beam.

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

Live Load (Q)

We consider one live load as dominant and the other

Accessible technical terrace (qts):

With coefficients Ψ as follows (EN 1900, tab. A1.1):

Ψ0 = Ψ1 = Ψ2 = 0 (Category H)
And the characteristic live load value is:

𝑞𝑡𝑠 = 0,80 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸. 𝐶: 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠)

Snow loading (S):

Since we consider the building will be located in Grenoble (600 m.a.s.l maximum) the coefficients Ψ are as
follows:

Ψ0 = 0,50
Ψ1= 0,20
Ψ2 = 0

The characteristic live load value of the snow is as follows:

𝑆 = 0,65 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

To consider the worst combination possible we will say the qts is the dominant live load, the load S
will then be multiplied by Ψ0; therefore the snow loading to consider in the ULS combination is the one
presented below:

𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑠 = 𝑆 ∗ 𝛹0 = 0,65 ∗ 0,50 = 0,325 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

The final live load (Q) to use for the ULS combination, considering the qts as dominant live load is:

𝑄 = 𝑞𝑡𝑠 + 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑠 = (0,800 + 0,325) ∗ 3,500 = 𝟑, 𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

Finally, the ULS combination to use for the design of the reinforcement steel, according to the E.C,
is the following:

1,35 ∗ 𝐺𝑢𝑛𝑓 + 1,50 ∗ 𝑄 = (1,35 ∗ 23,22) + (1,50 ∗ 3,94) = 𝟑𝟕, 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

2. Longitudinal and transversal reinforcement of the beam at ULS.

Longitudinal Reinforcement

Since the beam can be considered as simply supported, the following expression can be used to
calculate the maximum moment, which will be at half the longitude of the beam (6,5m):

𝑞 ∗ 𝑙 2 37,25 ∗ 132
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑠 = = = 𝟕𝟖𝟔, 𝟗𝟕 𝒌𝑵 ∗ 𝒎
8 8

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑠 786,97
𝜇𝑈 = 2 = = 0,33
𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0,30 ∗ (0,70 ∗ 0,90)2 ∗ (30.000,00⁄1,50)

We will use the rectangle concrete diagram, so the expression to find α is the following:

0,8𝛼 ∗ (1 − 0,4𝛼) = 𝜇𝑈 = 0,33

Therefore:

1 ± √1 − 4(Gd/Ad)μU 1 ± √1 − (2 ∗ 0,33)
α= =
2Gd 0,80

Solving the equation above, we obtain a value of α as shown below:

𝜶 = 𝟎, 𝟓𝟐

Since αcui = 0,072 ≤ α ≤ αci = 0,617, it’s possible to work using the pivot B, and there is no need of
using steel in compression. The expression to calculate the area of reinforcement steel using pivot B, is:

𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑑 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝛼 ∗ 𝑑1 ∗ ( 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ⁄𝑓𝑦𝑑 ) = 𝟑𝟔, 𝟑𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐

According to the EC, Section 9.2.1.1, the maximum and minimum reinforcement areas are
calculated using the following expressions:

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0,26 ∗ ∗ 𝑏𝑡 ∗ 𝑑 = 2,85 𝑐𝑚2
{ 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛: 0,0013𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0,0013 ∗ 0,30 ∗ 0,63 = 2,46 𝑐𝑚2

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0,04𝐴𝑐 = 84,00 𝑐𝑚2

We proceed to select two layers of 4HA25 (39,26 cm2), also, with this configuration, d, with a cover
of 3,5 cm and a transversal reinforcement of HA10, is exactly at 0,9h. Next, a figure representing the
placing of the rebars, with a cover of 3,5 cm.

Figure 1. Scheme of the longitudinal reinforcement steel in the beam

(Dimensions are in cm)

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

Transversal Reinforcement

For a simply supported beam, like the one in our case, under ULS, the maximum shear, is as
follows:

𝐿 13,00
𝑉𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑠 = ( ) ∗ [1,35 ∗ 𝐺𝑢𝑛𝑓 + 1,50 ∗ 𝑄] = ( ) ∗ [(1,35 ∗ 23,22) + (1,50 ∗ 3,94)] = 𝟐𝟒𝟐, 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵
2 2

We are going to check if VRd,c ≥ Ved , to determine if transversal reinforcement is required. The
expression to calculate VRd,c is the following:

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 ∗ 𝑘 ∗ (100 ∗ 𝜌| ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )1/3 + 𝑘1 ∗ 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ] ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑

With a minimum of:

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 + (𝑘1 ∗ 𝜎𝑐𝑝 )] ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑

Where:

200 200
 𝑘 =1+√ =1+√ = 1,56
𝑑 630
0,18 0,18
 𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = = = 0,12
𝛾𝑐 1,5
𝐴𝑠𝑙 19,63
 𝜌𝑙 = = = 0,0104
𝑏𝑤 ∗𝑑 30∗63
 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0,053/Ɣ𝑐) ∗ 𝑘 3/2 ∗ √𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.378

Finally, we calculate the values of 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 :

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 ∗ 𝑘 ∗ (100 ∗ 𝜌| ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )1/3 ] ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑 = 𝟕𝟏, 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵

We take the maximum between the two, so: 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵. As VRd,c < VEd, shear, or
transversal, reinforcement is needed. Nevertheless, we must first verify that VEd ≤ VRd,max.

𝛼𝑐𝑤 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ 𝑣1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑉𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2,9 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 2,5)

Where:

 𝛼𝑐𝑤 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔

 𝑧 = 0,9 ∗ 𝑑
 𝑣1 = 𝑣 = 0,6(1 − (𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⁄250)) ∶ 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

Then, we calculate:

30
1 ∗ 0,30 ∗ 0,90 ∗ 0,63 ∗ {0,6 ∗ [1 − ( )]} ∗ 20 ∗ 1.000
𝑉𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 250 = 𝟔𝟏𝟗, 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑶𝑲!
2,9

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

Since VEd ≤ VRd,max , a solution with transversal reinforcement can be found. Thus, we proceed to
𝐴𝑠𝑤
find :
𝑆

𝐴𝑠𝑤
𝑉𝐸𝑑 ≤ ∗ 𝑧 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 1)
𝑆

Then:

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑 242,15 ∗ 1.000

≥ = = 𝟗, 𝟖𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒎
𝑆 𝑧 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 0,9 ∗ 63 ∗ 435

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(0,75 ∗ 𝑑; 600 𝑚𝑚) = min(0,75 ∗ 63; 60) = min(47,25; 60) = 𝟒𝟕, 𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎

So, we choose 4HA8 (2,01 cm2). Then, the correspondent spacing for this area of steel is equal to
20,47 cm (S=2,01*100/9,82), we take 20 cm.

Control:

𝐴𝑠𝑤 0,08√𝑓𝑐𝑘 0,08√30

( ) = ∗𝑏 = ∗ 0,30 ∗ 100 ∗ 100 = 𝟐, 𝟔𝟑 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒎
𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑦𝑘 500

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 30 20 ∗ 0,30

( ) = 0,5 ∗ 𝛼𝑤 ∗ 𝑣1 ∗ = 0,5 ∗ 1 ∗ {0,6 ∗ [1 − ( )]} ∗ = 𝟓𝟕, 𝟖𝟑 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒎
𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 250 435 ∗ 0,63

We compare the area of steel we selected is between the limits:

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝐴𝑠𝑤
( ) ≤ 𝟒𝑯𝑨𝟖 (𝟐, 𝟎𝟏 𝐜𝐦𝟐 ) ≤ ( ) 𝑶𝑲!
𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥

To know the separation of the transversal reinforcement along the beam, we will apply the Caquot
series:

𝑙 13
= = 6,5 𝑚; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒: 𝑛=6
2 2
𝑆𝑜 20
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡: = = 10 𝑐𝑚
2 2

The first transversal reinforcement will be putted at 10 cm.

3. Verification of the beam at SLS.

At first, we consider there are no cracks on the concrete. The neutral axis for this consideration is
the following:

0,5 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ ℎ2 + 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1 ∗ 𝑑1
𝑋𝑢𝑛𝑐 =
𝑏 ∗ ℎ + 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

To calculate n, we must first find the following parameters:

2∗𝑏𝑤 ∗ℎ 2∗300∗700
 ℎ𝑜 = (2∗ℎ = (2∗500)+300 = 𝟑𝟐𝟑, 𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝒎
𝑤 )+𝑏𝑤
 𝜑(∞, 𝑡𝑜)

From the graph 3.1 of the E.C, presented below, we find the parameter 𝜑(∞, 𝑡𝑜):

Figure 2. Determination of the parameter φ(∞,to).

From the previous step, we determine an 𝜑(∞, 𝑡𝑜) = 2,3, we can now calculate n as follows:

𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠(1 + 𝜑(∞, 𝑡𝑜)) 210(1 + 2,3)

𝑛= = = = 21,10
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐸𝑐𝑚 22 ∗ [(30 + 8)/100,3 ]

Then, Xunc and Iunc are equal to:

0,5 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ ℎ2 + 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1 ∗ 𝑑1
𝑋𝑢𝑛𝑐 = = 𝟒𝟐, 𝟗𝟐 𝒄𝒎
𝑏 ∗ ℎ + 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1

2
𝑏 ∗ ℎ3 ℎ
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐 = + {𝑏 ∗ ℎ [( ) − 𝑋𝑢𝑛𝑐 ] } + [𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1 ∗ (𝑑1 − 𝑋𝑢𝑛𝑐 )2 ] = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟎𝟕, 𝟓𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟒
12 2

Then:

𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 0,013 ∗ 2.896,468

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = = 𝟏𝟒𝟏, 𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐍 ∗ 𝐦
ℎ − 𝑋𝑢𝑛𝑐 0,700 − 0,429

𝑞 ∗ 𝑙 2 (23,22 + 3,94) ∗ 132

𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑠 = = = 𝟓𝟕𝟑, 𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∗ 𝒎
8 8

Since 𝑀𝑐𝑟 < 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑠 , the section is cracked. Therefore, we will proceed now to the calculations of
Icr and Xcr.

𝑋𝑐𝑟 = (0,5 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑋𝑐𝑟 2 ) + (𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1 ∗ 𝑋𝑐𝑟 ) − (𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1 ∗ 𝑑1 ) = 0

𝑋𝑐𝑟 = 15 𝑋𝑐𝑟 2 + 828,56 𝑋𝑐𝑟 − 52.199,50 = 0

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

Solving the equation above, we obtain: 𝑋𝑐𝑟 = 𝟑𝟕, 𝟓𝟐 𝒄𝒎

𝐼𝑐𝑟 is calculated below:

𝑏 ∗ 𝑋𝑐𝑟 3 𝑋𝑐𝑟 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + [𝑏 ∗ 𝑋𝑐𝑟 ∗ ( ) ] + [𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1 ∗ (𝑋𝑐𝑟 − 𝑑1 )2 ] = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟏𝟔, 𝟓𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟒
12 2

30 ∗ 37,523 37,52 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + [30 ∗ 37,52 ∗ ( ) ] + [21,10 ∗ 39,26 ∗ (37,52 − 63)2 ] = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟏𝟔, 𝟓𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟒
12 2

We verify:

𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑠
𝜎𝑐𝑐 = ∗ 𝑋𝑐𝑟 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝟏𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂 > 0,6 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 18 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝑶𝑲!
𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑠
𝜎𝑠1 = 𝑛 ∗ ∗ (𝑑1 − 𝑋𝑐𝑟 ) = 𝟐𝟖𝟗, 𝟑𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂 < 0,8 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑶𝑲!
𝐼𝑐𝑟

We see that the 𝜎𝑐𝑐 does not meet the requirements stipulated, since the value is 12 % bigger than
the allowed one. The term 𝜎𝑐𝑐 , depends mostly on the 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑠 and in the geometry of the section (𝑋𝑐𝑟 and
𝐼𝑐𝑟, which also depends on the amount of steel used, but in less proportion). We cannot do anything to
change the moment, because we cannot change the span of the beam (13 m) or the uses of the roof;
therefore, we suggest increasing the height of the beam until 𝜎𝑐𝑐 ≥ 18 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

Another solution, it’s just to increase the quality of the concrete, so 0,6 𝑓𝑐𝑘 is bigger than the
actual 𝜎𝑐𝑐 . The next concrete available is: C 35/45, with 0,6 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎, this solution could work too.

We would have to consider which solution will be more economically efficient to make a decision
on which one to change: if increasing the height of the beam, or the quality of the concrete; although
changing the concrete will impact in the amount of longitudinal steel (it will decrease) and therefore the
parameters 𝑋𝑐𝑟 and 𝐼𝑐𝑟, the repercussion in 𝜎𝑐𝑐 would not be that high.

Deflection verification

We calculate the following parameters to check if the real (l/d) is lower than the limit for this value:

𝜌0 = 10−3 ∗ √𝐹𝑐𝑘 = 0,55 %

𝐴𝑠1
𝜌= = 1,87 %
𝑏∗ℎ

Since: 𝜌 > 𝜌0 , we choose the following formula to calculate the limit of (l/d):

𝑙 𝜌0 0,55
( ) 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 𝑘 ∗ (11 + 1.5 ∗ √𝐹𝑐𝑘 ∗ ) = 1 ∗ (11 + 1,5 ∗ √30 ∗ ) = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟒𝟏
𝑑 𝜌 1,87

 K=1 because it is simply supported

𝑙 13
( ) 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 = = 𝟐𝟎, 𝟔𝟑
𝑑 0,63

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

𝑙 𝑙
( ) 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 > ( ) 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝑶𝑲!
𝑑 𝑑

Again, we see that the parameter does not meet the requirement stipulated in the E.C. In this case,
the solutions proposed in the previous step (𝜎𝑐𝑐 ) are also valid.
𝜌0
By increasing the quality of the concrete, the amount of steel would decrease, and , would then
𝜌
𝑙
increase, along with √𝐹𝑐𝑘, allowing us to obtain an ( ) 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 greater than the one we found. But, even if
𝑑
𝑙
we use a concrete C 35/45, this requirement might not be met, since ( ) 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 is really high, due to the
𝑑
span of 13 m and the height of the beam of only 70 cm.

𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
If we wanted to decrease ( ) 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙, in order to ( ) 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 ≤ ( ) 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡, we would need to use a beam
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
of 1,10 m of height.

What we can conclude from this verification and the previous one, is that maybe the best solution
is between changing the height of the beam (up to 1,10 m;) and increasing the quality of the concrete.

Crack verification

Considering an exposure class XC3, 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 , is equal to 0,3 mm (Table 7.1N of the E.C.), and with
𝜎𝑠1 = 289,39 𝑀𝑃𝑎, we obtain that the maximum separation between the rebars is around 13,5 cm. In our
case the separation between longitudinal rebars is 3,7 cm; so we respect this verification.

4. Longitudinal and transversal reinforcements of the beam.

Considering an environmental class of XC3 and the correspondent structural class of S4 we
determine: Cmin,dur = 2,5cm. Then: Cnom = Cmin + ΔCdev , therefore: Cnom = 3,5 cm.

Below, we present the section of the beam and the longitudinal view.

Figure 3. Section of the longitudinal and transversal reinforcement of the beam.

(Dimensions are in cm)

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

Figure 4. Longitudinal view of the reinforcement of the beam. (1/2)

Figure 5. Longitudinal view of the reinforcement of the beam. (2/2)

F. Floor’s continuous slab design:

1. Loading apply on this element and the combinations consider for its design. The slab is
considered as continuous.

Permanent load (G)

Plastic flooring (gpf):

𝑔𝑤 = 0,08 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸. 𝐶: 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠)

Floating screed (per cm) (gfs):

𝑔𝑠𝑐 = 0,20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸. 𝐶: 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠)

Acoustic membrane (ga):

𝑔𝑡ℎ = 10 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 = 0,10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Thermal insulation (gth):

𝑔𝑡 = 0,06 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Self-Weight (SW):
𝑆𝑊 = 0,20 ∗ 25,00 = 5,00 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

The loads calculated above, have to be multiplied by 1 meter, which is the length of the slab we will
use to do the calculations, that way, we’ll designed the slab as a group of 0,2x1 m beams.
Therefore, the linear permanent unfavourable load applied of the slab is:

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

𝐺𝑢𝑛𝑓 = 𝟓, 𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
There are no favourable permanent loads acting on the slab.

Live Load (Q)

To determine the live loads, we have to check the extracts of the E.C: loads on structures. The one
that fits the most to our case is the stock area, also, we guarantee that all other uses can work, since the
live load of them will be lower.

Stock area:
𝑞𝑡𝑠 = 𝟑, 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 (𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸. 𝐶: 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠)

2. Longitudinal reinforcement of the slab at ULS.

In this case, we have to analyse different combinations of loadings, moving the live load at each
span and one with the live load along both spans; so, we’ll have 3 combinations under ULS which are
presented next:

Combination 1:

Figure 6. Scheme of the combination 1 on the slab.

Figure 7. Shear diagram of the slab under combination 1.

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

Figure 8.Moment diagram of the slab under combination 1. (M=0; X=[4,25;7,55]).

Combination 2

Figure 9. Scheme of the combination 2 on the slab.

Figure 10.Shear diagram of the slab under combination 2.

Figure 11. Moment diagram of the slab under combination 2. (M=0; X=4,7 m).

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

Combination 3

Figure 12. Scheme of the combination 3 on the slab.

Figure 13. Shear diagram of the slab under combination 3.

Figure 14. Moment diagram of the slab under combination 3. (M=0; X=7,3 m).

The moments with higher magnitude, for the support and the spans are the followings:

 67,69 kN*m on the support with combination 1 (see Figure 8)

 34,28 kN*m for the span L1, with combination 2 (see Figure 11)
 51,36 kN*m for the span L2 with combination 3 (see Figure 14)

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

Next, we present a table with the maximum values of moments at the considered sections, with their
correspondent calculations to determine the area of reinforcement steel.

Table 1. Reinforcement steel areas on the slab.

L1 Span Support L2 Span

Med,uls 34.28 kN*m 67.69 kN*m 51.36 kN*m
Meduls
μu 0.053 0.104 0.079 μU =
bw *d1 2 *fcd

α 0.068 0.138 0.103 1 ± √1-4(Gd/Ad)μU

α=
2Gd
fcd
As1 4.50 cm2 9.15 cm2 6.84 cm2 As1 = Ad*bw *α*d1 * ( )
fyd
fctm
As,min 2.71 cm2 As,min = 0,26* *b *d
fyk t
As,min 2.34 cm2 As,min = 0,0013b*d
2
As,max 80 cm As,max = 0,04Ac

We propose to use the following reinforcement for the slab:

 L1 Span : HA12 @ 20 cm (5,65 cm2)

 L2 Span : HA14 @ 20 cm (7,70 cm2)
 Support : HA16 @ 20 cm (10,06 cm2)

By using the same separation all along the slab, we make things easier for the people putting the rebars
when the construction takes place; we are also less likely to make mistakes due to much specifications of
the colocation of the rebars.

3. SLS Verifications.
At first, we consider there are no cracks on the concrete. We start by calculating n; to calculate n, we
must first find the following parameters:
2∗𝑏𝑤 ∗ℎ 2∗1000∗200
 ℎ𝑜 = (2∗ℎ𝑤 )
= (2∗1000)
= 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
 𝜑(∞, 𝑡𝑜)

From the graph 3.1 of the E.C, we find the parameter 𝜑(∞, 𝑡𝑜) = 2,5. We now calculate n as
follows:

𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠(1 + 𝜑(∞, 𝑡𝑜)) 210(1 + 2,5)

𝑛= = = = 𝟐𝟐, 𝟑𝟖
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐸𝑐𝑚 22 ∗ [(30 + 8)/100,3 ]

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

Then, Xunc and Iunc are present on the next table for each part of the slab:

Table 2. SLS verifications on the floor slab. Xunc and Iunc.

L1 Span Support L2 Span
0,5 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ ℎ2 + 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1 ∗ 𝑑1
𝑋𝑢𝑛𝑐 10,48 cm 10,81 cm 10,63 cm 𝑋𝑢𝑛𝑐 =
𝑏 ∗ ℎ + 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1
2
𝑏 ∗ ℎ3 ℎ
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐 74.279 cm4 79.619 cm4 76.822 cm4 𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐 = + {𝑏 ∗ ℎ [( ) − 𝑋𝑢𝑛𝑐 ] } + [𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1 ∗ (𝑑1 − 𝑋𝑢𝑛𝑐 )2 ]
12 2
𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝑀𝑐𝑟 22,59 kN*m 25,06 kN*m 23,76 kN*m 𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
ℎ − 𝑋𝑢𝑛𝑐
𝑀𝑠𝑙𝑠 24,05 kN*m 48,05 kN*m 36,26 kN*m 𝑅𝐷𝑀6 (see figures 16, 17 and 18 in the annexes)

In every case, in the slab: 𝑀𝑐𝑟 < 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑠 , so, the sections are cracked. Therefore, we will proceed
now to the calculations of Icr and Xcr. Results are presented in the table below:

Table 3. SLS verifications on the floor slab. Xcr and Icr.

L1 Span Support L2 Span
𝑋𝑐𝑟 = (0,5 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑋𝑐𝑟 2 ) + (𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1 ∗ 𝑋𝑐𝑟 ) − (𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1 ∗ 𝑑1 ) = 0
𝑋𝑐𝑟 5,60 cm 7,03 cm 6,34 cm
𝑏 ∗ 𝑋𝑐𝑟 3 𝑋𝑐𝑟 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 25.299 cm4 38.679cm4 31.927 cm4 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + [𝑏 ∗ 𝑋𝑐𝑟 ∗ ( ) ] + [𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠1 ∗ (𝑋𝑐𝑟 − 𝑑1 )2 ]
12 2
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑠
𝜎𝑐𝑐 5,32 MPa 8,73 MPa 7,20 MPa 𝜎𝑐𝑐 = ∗ 𝑋𝑐𝑟 ≤ 0,6 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 18 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑠
𝜎𝑠1 263,85 MPa 305,03 MPa 296,41 MPa 𝜎𝑠1 = 𝑛 ∗ ∗ (𝑑1 − 𝑋𝑐𝑟 ) ≤ 0,8 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑐𝑟

All verifications meet the requirements.

Cracks verification

Considering an exposure class XC3, 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 , is equal to 0,3 mm (Table 7.1N of the E.C.). And with the
calculated values of 𝜎𝑠1 , we find a maximum separation between 10 and 15 cm, meaning that we do not
respect this parameter, since our separation between rebars is 20 cm.

The reason this could have happen, it’s because we made a mistake in the use of the room we are
designing the slab for, it might not be stock area (qts = 3,5 kN/m2) but office room (qts = 2,5 kN/m2). If that’s
the case, the moment would have been lower and so 𝜎𝑠1 too, and the parameter would have been met.
Another way of decreasing 𝜎𝑠1 to been able to put higher separations between rebars is to increase the
height of the slab.

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

Deflection verification

Below, we present a table with the parameters needed to check this requirement.

Table 4. Deflection verification on the slab.

L1 Span L2 Span
𝜌0 0,55 % 0,55 % 𝜌0 = 10−3 ∗ √𝐹𝑐𝑘
𝐴𝑠1
𝜌 0,28 % 0,39 % 𝜌=
𝑏∗ℎ
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌 3/2
(𝑙/𝑑)𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 55,74* 35,76* ( ) 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 𝑘 ∗ [11 + 1.5√𝐹𝑐𝑘 ∗ + 3,2√𝐹𝑐𝑘 ( 0 − 1) ]
𝑑 𝜌 𝜌
𝑙 𝑙
(𝑙/𝑑)𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 33,33 38,89 ( ) 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 =
𝑑 𝑑
* K=1,3

We see that all parameters met the requirements, except for the deflection in the L2 span (7 m),
since: (𝑙/𝑑)𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 < (𝑙/𝑑)𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 . To solve this issue, we propose to increase the height of the slab to 25 cm,
instead of 20 cm. Also, using a concrete C 35/45 might too solve the problem.

4. Longitudinal reinforcement of the continuous slab.

Considering an environmental class of XC3 and the correspondent structural class of S4 we determine:
Cmin,dur = 2,5cm. Then: Cnom = Cmin + ΔCdev , therefore: Cnom = 3,5 cm.

For the anchoring we consider it as 50 times the diameter of the rebar used.

Below, we present the section of the beam and the longitudinal view.

Figure 15. Reinforcement steel in the slab.

(Dimensions are in cm)

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

G. Vertical loads of the building on the foundations (F1, F2, F3).

To do this, we can make use of the shear forces determine in the previous questions, of the slab and
the beam. We will use the worst case scenario: that’s why we’ll consider the ULS combination, and in the
case of the slab, we consider that the live load is apply all along the 13 m (combination 1), to have the
maximum reactions on the supports.

The self-weight of the walls are calculated as follows, considering a thickness of 30 cm (to be
proportional to the dimensions of the beam):

𝑆𝑊𝐻1𝑢𝑙𝑠 = 1,35 ∗ (0,30 ∗ 3,50 ∗ 3,50 ∗ 25,00) = 𝟏𝟐𝟒, 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵

𝑆𝑊𝐻2𝑢𝑙𝑠 = 1,35 ∗ (0,30 ∗ 2,50 ∗ 3,50 ∗ 25,00) = 𝟖𝟖, 𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵

So, the vertical loads F1, F2 and F3 are as follows:

𝐹1 = 242,15 + 26,50 + 124,03 + 88,59 = 𝟒𝟖𝟏, 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵

𝐹2 = 102,81 + 124,03 = 𝟐𝟐𝟔, 𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑵

𝐹3 = 242,15 + 34,41 + 124,03 + 88,59 = 𝟒𝟖𝟗, 𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

CONCLUSION
During the realization of this project, we used all the skills and knowledge learned during the
course. We were able to design a beam and a slab of a two-floor industrial building, according to the
parameters defined in the Eurocode.

We began to study the roof by determining the loads applied on it, and finding the quantity of steel
to use in the longitudinal and transversal reinforcement. Then, we proceeded to verify under SLS conditions
that the elements comply with the code, and when that wasn’t the case, we propose effective solutions to
solve the issue. Finally, we drew a scheme of the section of the beam with the longitudinal and transversal
reinforcement.

For the design of the floor slab, we analysed different combinations of loadings, basically moving
the live load between the spans to find the maximum moment for a given span or support under an specific
combination. Since the slab was hyperstatic, we decided to use the software “RDM6” to facilitate the
calculations, also to clearly see the moment diagram and determine were the moment was zero (0) in order
to know where the steel, either in bottom or top, was not longer needed. We finally designed the
longitudinal reinforcement of the slab at ULS and proceeded to the SLS verification. Like in the first part, we
drew the longitudinal reinforcement of the continuous slab.

In a last part, we calculated the vertical loads of the building on the foundations.

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 Materials and Structures: Reinforced Concrete

ANNEXES

Figure 16. Maximum moment at the support under SLS combination.

Figure 17. Maximum moment at the span L2 (7 m) under SLS combination.

Figure 18.Maximum moment at the span L1 (6 m) under SLS combination.

23