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May, 2008 -i- 08-1419-0005
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 1
2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION................................................................................... 1
3.0 MARINE SEISMIC REFLECTION: THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES ............ 1
4.0 MARINE SEISMIC FIELD METHODS........................................................ 2
4.1 Survey Vessel and Field Crew ................................................................2
4.2 Bathymetry Equipment ............................................................................2
4.3 Seismic Reflection Equipment.................................................................2
4.4 Field Procedures .....................................................................................2
5.0 RESULTS.................................................................................................... 3
6.0 DISCUSSION OF INTERPRETED RESULTS ........................................... 4
7.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................. 5
8.0 CLOSURE ................................................................................................... 6
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Site Location Plan
Figure 2 Water Bottom Contour Plan
Figure 3 Bedrock Topography Contour Plan
Figure 4 Sediment Thickness Isopach Contour Plan
Figure 5 Seismic Reflection Data Processing Example
Figure 6 Interpretation of Marine Seismic Data
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I Marine Reflection Shotpoint Map
Appendix II Seismic Section Line 1
Appendix III Seismic Section Line 2
Appendix IV Seismic Section Line 3
Appendix V Seismic Section Line 4
Appendix VI Seismic Section Line 5
Appendix VII Seismic Section Line 6
Appendix VIII Seismic Section Line 7
Appendix IX Seismic Section Line 8
Appendix X Seismic Section Line 9
Appendix XI Seismic Section Line 10
Appendix XII Seismic Section Line 11
Golder Associates
May, 2008 -1- 08-1419-0005
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of a marine seismic survey undertaken by Golder Associates from
April 11 to April 15, 2008. The geophysical crew was based in Chancay, Peru, and the survey lines
were accessed by boat.
The objectives of this survey were to map the water bottom and bedrock topography, to aid in the
design of port structures by the client, Chancay Port S.A.
The marine seismic reflection survey was carried out near the town of Chancay, Peru. Chancay is
located on the coast of Peru, approximately 63 km north of Lima. A Site Location Plan is provided
in Figure 1 with the outline of the survey area delineated.
Seismic methods use sound waves to create images of the subsurface. The seismic reflection method
attempts to image a geologic boundary, either a sediment or rock interface, by creating a sound burst
near the surface, then recording an echo of the burst after it has bounced off the boundary and
returned to the surface. Echoes occur at a sediment or rock boundary if the boundary represents a
significant contrast in seismic impedance, which is the product of density and the speed of sound in
the material. The depth to the boundary is determined by multiplying half the elapsed travel-time
between the generation of the sound burst and the return of the echo with the speed of sound in the
material. In near-surface water-borne surveys, the most common reflections recorded arise from the
water-bottom and the underlying interfaces.
In near-surface marine or lake seismic surveys, the most common practice in seismic reflection
involves recording the echoes from a hydrophone, or several in close proximity. By plotting echo
traces side-by-side as the boat moves, a two dimensional cross-section of the subsurface can be
created. This compact setup allows for smaller vessels to be used, simplifies data processing, and
leads to rapid turn-around times between field data acquisition and final reporting. One of the
drawbacks of this method is that recording with only a few hydrophones makes it more difficult to
remove other sources of noise from the seismic cross-section such as motor noise and water-bottom
multiples.
The choice of source frequency for marine surveys requires a compromise between penetration
depth and resolution. Higher-frequency energy is attenuated more rapidly and so tends to achieve a
lower penetration, but provides finer resolution than lower-frequency sources. Lower-frequency
sources have a longer wavelength and therefore a better penetration, but consequently poorer
resolution than higher frequency sources. It is therefore usual practice to have some indication on
Golder Associates
May, 2008 -2- 08-1419-0005
the expected target depth in order to optimise the choice of seismic frequency and survey
parameters.
The field crew consisted of David Butler from AGL, Mauro Romani and Juan Gamero from Golder
Associates Peru SA, along with the boat captain and deckhand.
The geophysical and bathymetric instruments were installed on a locally sourced inboard powered
vessel. The navigation, single-beam echosounder and geophysical acquisition and processing
systems were installed in the vessel cabin. Following installation of the instrumentation all systems
were operated according to manufacturer specifications.
Bathymetric data were acquired with a 200 kHz, pole mounted transducer and an ODEC Bathy-500
survey grade echosounder. Water depths, obtained along pre-planned marine seismic lines, were
displayed in real-time and logged for post processing with Hypack. Bathymetry was only collected
on the marine seismic survey lines to aid in calculation of sediment thicknesses.
For this survey, the client requested the use of a Geopulse transducer as the seismic energy source.
The Geopulse was powered by an Applied Acoustics CSP300 power supply. Three hydrophone
cables were used to receive the signal: one 4-m, 12-element, single-channel active hydrophone
streamer; one 1-m, 4-element, passive hydrophone streamer; and one single-point hydrophone. The
data were recorded in analog form on a an EPC Model 1086 thermal plotter, and in digital form
using an AGL proprietary PC-based system.
For this survey, the Geopulse source was attached to the starboard stern of the boat. The active and
passive hydrophone streamers were towed off the starboard bow, and the point hydrophone was
towed beneath the bow. The source depth was 70 cm, and the receivers were towed 1 m below the
surface.
Positioning of the boat was provided by a Trimble differential GPS receiver. The GPS data were fed
into a laptop computer running Hypack software, which also recorded the bathymetry data. The
Golder Associates
May, 2008 -3- 08-1419-0005
GPS data were collected synchronously with the seismic data, and merged during the processing
stage. Position data in this report are presented in UTM, using the WGS84 datum, zone 18S.
The signal from the active hydrophone required no gain, but was filtered using a Krohn-Hite analog
filter. The other two signals were unfiltered and un-gained. The data were recorded simultaneously
using two systems: an EPC Model 1086 thermal plotter recorded the active hydrophone signal, while
an AGL proprietary PC-based digital acquisition system recorded all three hydrophone signals.
The survey parameters used for the seismic survey are summarized below:
• Source: Geopulse transducer plate, powered by an Applied Acoustics CSP300 Power Supply;
• Energy setting on CSP300: 200 Joules;
• Receivers: three single-channel hydrophones;
• Recording systems: EPC 1086 Thermal Plotter, AGL PC-based digital acquisition system;
• Analog filter bandpass for active hydrophone: 100 to 2500 Hz;.
• Trigger rate: 0.5 seconds;
• Time window: 150 ms for PC system, and either 100 ms or 150 ms for the thermal plotter;
• Digital acquisition sample rate: 8 kHz
5.0 RESULTS
The results from the marine survey are summarised and plotted in Figures 2 – 4. Figure 3 presents
the water bottom topography from the bathymetry survey described above. Water depths range from
2 metres to 26 m in the area of interest. Bathymetric data are presented in the vertical datum;
NMBSO (Nivel Medio de Bajamares de Sicigias Ordinarias).
The seismic data collected were of excellent quality, and required little processing to interpret
properly. The interpreted bedrock topography and calculated sediment isopach are presented in
Figures 3 and 4, respectively. The bedrock topography indicates a rise to the east of the survey area
to a minimum depth of 10 metres. Otherwise, the bedrock reflector appears to be relatively flat lying
at a depth of approximately 30 metres.
The appendix contains representative seismic sections pre and post processing. Data were collected
in an AGL proprietary format, and were then converted to SEGY format for processing. Each of the
data files had the following processing steps performed on it:
• Attach differentially-corrected UTM coordinates to each trace. These were set in the SEGY
trace headers.
• Direct-arrival attenuation
• Wave-action removal
• Butterworth band-pass filter using cut-off frequencies of 100 Hz to 1800 Hz.
Golder Associates
May, 2008 -4- 08-1419-0005
• Linear gain
• Water-bottom and bedrock times picked. These were set in the SEGY trace headers.
The processing stream is presented in Figure 5 which represents seismic line 1, showing pre and post
processing.
The seismic data have been interpreted by enhancing and picking the water-bottom and the bedrock
reflectors. Figure 6 shows a representation of how the data for this project have been interpreted.
There are two layer groups beneath the water-bottom reflector. These layer groups appear to be a
sediment group at the bottom of the water, and bedrock beneath that. Within each of these units there
appears to be more than one layer. The uppermost layer of bedrock appears to be eroded in some
areas, leading to a more uneven surface. The layer directly beneath it appears to be planar and
relatively uneroded. There is also evidence of several layers in the overlying sediment group that
vary in thickness, some of which are pinched out, which could indicate a varying shoreline in this
area in the past. This is a common feature in all of the lines.
The results for each of the lines are contained in the Appendix. Figure A1 shows the locations of
each line, and the locations of the trace numbers along each line. Figures A2 to A12 show the
interpretations for Lines 1 to 11 respectively. Each figure shows the raw data, the processed data,
and the interpreted layers.
On Line 1 (Figure A2), a dark reflection appears approximately 4 ms below the water bottom. This
reflection may represent a layer that is harder than the water-bottom. Isolated diffractions appear to
correlate with this reflection at trace numbers 2480, 2640, and 2800, suggesting that some large
boulders may exist a few metres below the water bottom.
The depths for the bedrock surface, and the sediment thicknesses, were computed using an assumed
sound velocity in the sediments of 1500 m/s. The velocity was multiplied by half the two-way
traveltime between the water-bottom and the bedrock, to obtain the thicknesses of the overlying
sediments. The bedrock topography was then calculated by adding the sediment thicknesses to the
water-bottom depths from the concurrent bathymetry survey.
A more accurate sound velocity within the sediment can be determined if any borehole information
becomes available in the future. Currently, this velocity can be considered to be a reasonable lower-
bound. As an upper-bound, sediment velocities in near-shore sediments rarely exceed 1800 m/s.
Golder Associates
May, 2008 -5- 08-1419-0005
The marine seismic reflection survey has produced sub-bottom profiles and interpreted maps of the
water-bottom topography, sediment thickness, and bedrock topography.
It must be noted that the bedrock reflector shown in these seismic sections is an interpretation, and
has not been tested by any drilling. There is the possibility that this reflector actually represents a
very dense layer in the sediments overlying the bedrock, and that bedrock was not detected in the
survey. It is also possible that features interpreted from the geophysical data, may upon intrusive
sampling, prove to have been misinterpreted.
Golder recommends the drilling of a borehole within the project area to confirm the interpretations
presented here, and to calibrate the velocity used to calculate sediment thickness and bedrock
topography.
Golder Associates
May, 2008 -6- 08-1419-0005
8.0 CLOSURE
This report has been prepared based on the information obtained for the purposes outlined above.
Single-beam bathymetry and seismic reflection profiling are remote sensing geophysical methods
that may not detect all surfaces, strata or bedrock units, however this survey was conducted in a
manner consistent with the level of care and skill ordinarily exercised by the geophysical community
under similar conditions and constraints.
We trust that this report meets your immediate requirements. Please contact the undersigned should
you have any questions or concerns
reviewed by:
JKW/JPS/kb
08-1419-0005
O:\ACTIVE\_2008\1419\08-1419-0005 GAPSA GEOPULSE CHANCAY\06-DELIVERABLES\FINAL\RPT 0527_08 CHANCAY GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY.DOC
Golder Associates
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Punta Ayague
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ESTACA
TITLE
Survey Lines
(Every 10th point plotted)
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Distance (m) 26
Scale = 1:10,000 25
8719400N 24
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18
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TITLE
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Water Bottom Contour Plan
249800E 250000E 250200E 250400E 250600E 250800E 251000E 251200E 251400E 251600E 251800E PROJECT No. 08-1419-0005
Easting (m) DESIGN -- 16MAY08
CADD -- 16MAY08
CHECK
REVIEW
--
--
16MAY08
16MAY08
FIGURE 2
Legend
8719800N
Survey Lines
(Every 10th point plotted)
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14
12
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10
8
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Note
TITLE
249800E 250000E 250200E 250400E 250600E 250800E 251000E 251200E 251400E 251600E 251800E PROJECT No. 08-1419-0005
DESIGN -- 16MAY08
Easting (m) CADD -- 16MAY08
CHECK
REVIEW
--
--
16MAY08
16MAY08
FIGURE 3
Legend
8719800N
Survey Lines
(Every 10th point plotted)
8719600N
0 100 200 300 400
Distance (m)
Scale = 1:10,000
8719400N 27
26
25
24
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16 Thickness (m)
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Coordinate System: UTM WGS84 Zone 18 S
TITLE
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Sediment Thickness Isopach Contour Plan
249800E 250000E 250200E 250400E 250600E 250800E 251000E 251200E 251400E 251600E 251800E PROJECT No. 08-1419-0005
2710 200
2510 400
2310
190 600
2110
8719500N 390 800
1910 2000
0
1710 590 1000
200 1800
1510 790 1200
1310 400 1600
990 1400
111070 600
1400 1190
910 1600
270 800
1390 2810
0710 470
1200
1000 1800
510 1590 2610
8719000N 200 670 1000 1200 2000
310 17902410
400 870 1400 2200
0110 800 22101990
600 1070 1600 2400
200 2010 2190
800 600 1800
1270 1810 2600
400 2390 2200
Northing (m)
1000
400 1470 2000
1610 2800
600
1200 26802590
2880
2200 2000
200 1670 1410
800 2480 2790 3000
1400 1210
1870 2400 1800
01000 3080 3200
1010 2280 2990
8718500N 1600 1600 3280
810 2070 1400 4080 0 100 200 300 400
1200 3190
1800 2080 3480
1400 610 2270 1200 Scale = 1:10,000
3390 3880
2000 1880
1600 410 1000 3680
2470
2200
210 1680
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2400 800
10
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2600 1480
2200 600 Coordinate System: UTM WGS84 Zone 18 S
2800
2400 1280 Chart Datum: NMBSO (Nivel Medio de Bajamares de Sicigias Ordinarias)
8718000N 4003000
2600 10803200
200
2800 3400
PROJECT Chancay Port S.A.
0 880 Marine Geophysical Survey at Chancay port
3000
3600 Chancay, Peru
3200 680
TITLE
3800
3400 480
Seismic Reflection Shotpoint Map
3600 280
80
3800 PROJECT No. 08-1419-0005
8717500N DESIGN -- 16MAY08
Easting (m)
CHECK
REVIEW
--
--
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FIGURE A1
APPENDIX II
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Trace Number
250000 251000
Processed Section
Easting (m)
0
Coordinate System: UTM WGS84 Zone 18 S
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
0.04
30
45
0.06
Legend
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800
Trace Number
Interpreted Section Interpreted Water-Bottom
Interpreted Bedrock
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
0.04
30 (Site Map) Current Line
45
0.06
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800
Trace Number
PROJECT Chancay Port S.A.
Marine Geophysical Survey at Chancay port
Chancay, Peru
TITLE
8719500
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
Northing (m)
0.04
30
8718500
0.06
45
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800
8717500
Trace Number
250000 251000
Processed Section
Easting (m)
0
Coordinate System: UTM WGS84 Zone 18 S
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
0.04
30 Legend
45
0.06
Interpreted Water-Bottom
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800
Trace Number Interpreted Bedrock
Interpreted Section
0 (Site Map) Current Line
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
0.04
30
45
0.06
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800
Trace Number
PROJECT Chancay Port S.A.
Marine Geophysical Survey at Chancay port
Chancay, Peru
TITLE
8719500
Raw Section
0
Northing (m)
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
8718500
15
Traveltime
0.04
30
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250000 251000
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 Easting (m)
Trace Number
Coordinate System: UTM WGS84 Zone 18 S
Processed Section
0 Legend
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
15
Interpreted Water-Bottom
Traveltime
0.04
30
Interpreted Bedrock
0.06
45
Interpreted Section
0
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
15
Traveltime
0.04
30 PROJECT Chancay Port S.A.
Marine Geophysical Survey at Chancay port
Chancay, Peru
0.06
45
TITLE
8719500
Raw Section
0
Northing (m)
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
8718500
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30
0.06
45
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Trace Number Easting (m)
Coordinate System: UTM WGS84 Zone 18 S
Processed Section
0
Legend
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
Interpreted Water-Bottom
0.04
30
45
0.06 Interpreted Bedrock
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0
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
0.04
30
PROJECT Chancay Port S.A.
45 Marine Geophysical Survey at Chancay port
0.06
Chancay, Peru
TITLE
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Seismic Section Line 4
Trace Number
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15
Traveltime (s)
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30 PROJECT Chancay Port S.A.
Marine Geophysical Survey at Chancay port
Chancay, Peru
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45
TITLE
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Raw Section
0
Northing (m)
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-0.02
15
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45
-0.06
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250000 251000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200
Trace Number Easting (m)
Processed Section
0 Legend
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-0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
Interpreted Water-Bottom
-0.04
30
Interpreted Bedrock
-0.06
45
Interpreted Section
0
Approx. Depth (m)
-0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
-0.04
30 PROJECT Chancay Port S.A.
Marine Geophysical Survey at Chancay port
Chancay, Peru
-0.06
45
TITLE
8719500
Raw Section
0
Northing (m)
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0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
8718500
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Trace Number Easting (m)
Coordinate System: UTM WGS84 Zone 18 S
Processed Section
0
Legend
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
Interpreted Water-Bottom
0.04
30
Interpreted Bedrock
0.06
45
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 (Site Map) Current Line
Trace Number
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0
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TITLE
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Trace Number Seismic Section Line 7
8719500
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8718500
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250000 251000
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Easting (m)
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Coordinate System: UTM WGS84 Zone 18 S
Processed Section
0
Legend
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Traveltime (s)
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15
Traveltime (s)
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30 Interpreted Water-Bottom
0.06
45
Interpreted Bedrock
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Trace Number (Site Map) Current Line
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30
45
0.06
PROJECT Chancay Port S.A.
Marine Geophysical Survey at Chancay port
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 Chancay, Peru
Trace Number TITLE
8719500
Raw Section
0
Northing (m)
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0.02
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0.04
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45
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Coordinate System: UTM WGS84 Zone 18 S
Processed Section
0
Legend
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15
Traveltime (s)
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30 Interpreted Water-Bottom
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Trace Number (Site Map) Current Line
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0
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0.02
15
Traveltime (s)
0.04
30
45
0.06 PROJECT Chancay Port S.A.
Marine Geophysical Survey at Chancay port
Chancay, Peru
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
TITLE
Trace Number
Seismic Section Line 10
8719500
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250000 251000
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Processed Secion
0
Approx. Depth (m)
Legend
Traveltime (s)
0.02
15
0.04
30
Interpreted Water-Bottom
0.06
45
Interpreted Bedrock
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000
Trace Number
(Site Map) Current Line
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0
Approx. Depth (m)
0.02
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15
0.04
30
0.06
45
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 PROJECT Chancay Port S.A.
Trace Number Marine Geophysical Survey at Chancay port
Chancay, Peru
TITLE