ISO/ASTM 51205:2002(E)

Standard Practice for

Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry System1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51205; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

1. Scope safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

1.1 This practice covers the preparation, testing, and proce- responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dure for using the ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system to priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
measure absorbed dose in water when exposed to ionizing bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate 2. Referenced Documents
analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the system will be
referred to as the ceric-cerous system. It is classified as a 2.1 ASTM Standards:
reference standard dosimetry system (see ISO/ASTM Guide C 912 Practice for Designing a Process for Cleaning Tech-
51261). Ceric-cerous dosimeters are also used as transfer–stan- nical Glasses3
dard dosimeters or routine dosimeters. D 941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
1.2 This practice describes both the spectrophotometric and cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnom-
the potentiometric readout procedures for the ceric-cerous eter4
systems. D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water5
1.3 This practice applies only to g rays, X rays, and high E 170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements
energy electrons. and Dosimetry6
1.4 This practice applies provided the following are satis- E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
fied: ASTM Test Methods7
1.4.1 The absorbed-dose range shall be between 5 3 102 E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations7
and 5 3 104 Gy (1).2 E 275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance
1.4.2 The absorbed-dose rate shall be less than 106 Gy/s (1). of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near Infrared Spectrophotom-
1.4.3 For radionuclide gamma-ray sources, the initial pho- eters8
ton energy shall be greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics7
photons, the initial energy of the electrons used to produce the E 666 Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose from Gamma
bremsstrahlung photons shall be equal to or greater than 2 or X Radiation6
MeV. For electron beams, the initial electron energy shall be E 668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-
greater than 8 MeV. Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed Dose
in Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic Devices6
NOTE 1—The lower energy limits are appropriate for a cylindrical E 925 Practice for the Periodic Calibration of Narrow Band-
dosimeter ampoule of 12-mm diameter. Corrections for dose gradients
Pass Spectrophotometers8
across an ampoule of that diameter or less are not required for photons, but
may be required for electron beams (2). The ceric-cerous system may be E 958 Practice for Measuring Practical Spectral Bandwidth
used at lower energies by employing thinner (in the beam direction) of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers8
dosimeter containers (see ICRU Report 35). E 1026 Practice for Using the Fricke Reference Standard
1.4.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter shall be Dosimetry System6
between 0 and 62°C (3). 2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
51261 Guide for Selection and Calibration of Dosimetry
NOTE 2—The temperature coefficient of dosimeter response is known Systems for Radiation Processing6
only in this range. For use outside this range, the dosimetry system should 51400 Practice for Characterization and Performance of a
be calibrated for the required range of irradiation temperatures.
High-Dose Gamma Radiation Dosimetry Calibration
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the Laboratory6
51401 Practice for Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System6
1
51607 Practice for Use of the Alanine-EPR Dosimetry
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear
Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee System6
E10.01 on Dosimetry for Radiation Processing, and is also under the jurisdiction of 51707 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
Current edition approved Jan. 22, 2002. Published March 15, 2002. Originally
3
published as ASTM E 1205–88. Last previous ASTM edition E 1205–99. ASTM E Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
4
1205–93 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO Discontinued; see 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
5
15555:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51205:2002(E) is a Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
6
revision of ISO 15555. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02.
2 7
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of this Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
8
standard. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.

© ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved 1

ISO/ASTM 51205:2002(E)
Radiation Processing6
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and
Measurements (ICRU) Reports:9
ICRU Report 14 Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays and Gamma
Rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 60
MeV
ICRU Report 34 The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation
ICRU Report 35 Radiation Dosimetry: Electrons with
Initial Energies Between 1 and 50 MeV
ICRU Report 37 Stopping Powers for Electrons and
Positrons
ICRU Report 60 Radiation Quantities and Units
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 absorbed dose, D—quantity of ionizing radiation
energy imparted per unit mass of a specified material. The SI
unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), where 1 Gy is
equivalent to the absorption of 1 J/kg of the specified material
(1 Gy = 1 J/kg). The mathematical relationship is the quotient
of de by dm, where de is the mean incremental energy imparted
by ionizing radiation to matter of incremental mass dm (see
ICRU 60).
dē
D 5 dm
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The discontinued unit for absorbed
dose is the rad (1 rad = 100 erg/g = 0.01 Gy). Absorbed dose
is sometimes referred to simply as dose. For a photon source
under conditions of charged particle equilibrium, the absorbed
dose, D, may be expressed as:
µen
D 5 f·E· r
where:
f = particle fluence (particles/m2),
E = energy of the ionizing radiation (J), and
µen/r = mass energy absorption coefficient (m2/kg). If
bremsstrahlung production within the specified
material is negligible, the mass energy absorption
coefficient (µen/r) is equal to the mass energy
transfer coefficient (µtr/r), and absorbed dose is
equal to kerma if, in addition, charged particle
equilibrium exists.
3.1.2 calibration facility—combination of an ionizing radia-
tion source and its associated instrumentation that provides a
uniform and reproducible absorbed dose, or absorbed-dose rate
traceable to national or international standards at a specified
location and within a specific material, and that may be used to
derive the dosimetry system’s response function or calibration
curve.
3.1.3 electropotential—difference in potential, E, between
irradiated and unirradiated solutions in an electrochemical cell,
measured in millivolts.
3.1.4 measurement quality assurance plan—a documented
program for the measurement process that ensures on a
9
Available from International Commission on Radiation Units and Measure-
ments, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
continuing basis that the overall uncertainty meets the require-
ments of the specific application. This plan requires traceability
to, and consistency with, nationally or internationally recog-
nized standards.
3.1.5 measurement traceability—the ability to demonstrate
by means of an unbroken chain of comparisons that a mea-
surement is in agreement within acceptable limits of uncer-
tainty with comparable nationally or internationally recognized
standards.
3.1.6 molar linear absorption coeffıcient, em—a constant
relating the spectrophotometric absorbance, Al, of an optically
absorbing molecular species at a given wavelength, l, per unit
pathlength, d, to the molar concentration, c, of that species in
solution:
Al
em 5 d · c (3)
2 −1
SI unit: m mol
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The measurement is sometimes ex-
pressed in units of L mol−1 cm−1.
3.1.7 net absorbance, DA—change in measured optical
absorbance at a selected wavelength determined as the absolute
difference between the pre-irradiation absorbance, Ao, and the
post-irradiation absorbance, A, as follows:
(1) DA 5 |A2Ao| (4)
3.1.8 radiation chemical yield, G(x)—the quotient of n(x)
by ē, where n(x) is the mean amount of a specified entity, x,
produced, or changed by the mean energy, ē, imparted to the
matter.
n~x!
G~x! 5 ē (5)
(2)
SI unit: mol J−1
3.1.9 reference–standard dosimeter—a dosimeter of high-
metrological quality, used as a standard to provide measure-
ments traceable to, and consistent with, measurements made
using primary–standard dosimeters.
3.1.10 transfer–standard dosimeter—a dosimeter, often a
reference–standard dosimeter suitable for transport between
different locations, used to compare absorbed-dose measure-
ments.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this practice that
pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry, refer to
ASTM Terminology E 170. Definitions in ASTM Terminology
E 170 are compatible with ICRU 60; that document, therefore,
may be used as an alternative reference.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The ceric-cerous system provides a reliable means for
measuring absorbed dose in water. It is based on a process of
reduction of ceric ions to cerous ions in acidic aqueous solution
by ionizing radiation (1, 4).
4.2 The dosimeter is a solution of ceric sulfate and cerous
sulfate in sulfuric acid in an appropriate container such as a
flame-sealed glass ampoule. The solution indicates a level of
absorbed dose by a change (decrease) in optical absorbance at
a specified wavelength in the ultraviolet region, or a change
(increase) in electropotential. A calibrated spectrophotometer is
2 © ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved

used to determine the change in absorbance and a potentiom-
eter, with a specially designed cell, is used to determine the
change in potential in millivolts.
4.3 The dosimeter response has a temperature dependence
during irradiation that is approximately equal to −0.2 % per
degree Celsius between 0 and 62°C (3, 5, 6).
4.4 For calibration with photons, the ceric-cerous dosimeter
shall be irradiated under conditions that approximate electron
equilibrium.
4.5 The absorbed dose in other materials irradiated under
equivalent conditions may be calculated. Procedures for mak-
ing such calculations are given in ASTM Practices E 666 and
E 668 and ISO/ASTM Guide 51261.
NOTE 3—For a comprehensive discussion of various dosimetry meth-
ods applicable to the radiation types and energies discussed in this
practice, see ICRU Reports 14, 34, 35, and 37.
5. Interferences
5.1 The ceric-cerous dosimetric solution response is sensi-
tive to impurities, particularly organic impurities. Even in trace
quantities, impurities can cause a detectable change in the
observed response (7). For high-accuracy results, organic
materials shall not be used for any component in contact with
the solution. The effect of trace impurities is minimized by the
addition of cerous ions to the solution (8, 9)
5.2 Undesirable chemical changes in the dosimetric solution
can occur if care is not taken during flame-sealing of the
ampoules (see 8.7).
6. Apparatus
6.1 Spectrophotometric Method—For the analysis of the
dosimetric solution, use a high-precision spectrophotometer
capable of measuring absorbance values up to two with an
uncertainty of no more than 61 % in the region from 254 to
320 nm. Use quartz cuvettes with 10-mm path length for
spectrophotometric measurements of absorbance of the solu-
tion.
6.2 Potentiometric Method—Use an electrochemical cell,
similar to that in Annex A1 (see Fig. A1.1). Measure the
electropotential across the cell with a high-precision digital
potentiometer that is capable of measuring d-c potentials in the
range from 1 to 100 mV within an uncertainty of 61 %.
NOTE 4—As shown in Fig. A1.1, the electrochemical cell has two
compartments separated by a porous junction, such as a glass frit, a
ceramic or kaolin junction, or a fibreglass wick. The inner compartment is
filled with unirradiated solution. The lower compartment is filled with
solution transferred from an irradiated or unirradiated ampoule. The
potential difference, E, generated between the platinum electrodes in the
two compartments is measured by a digital potentiometer.
6.3 Glassware—Use borosilicate glass or equivalent chemi-
cally resistant glass to store the reagents and the prepared
dosimetric solution. Clean all glassware, except ampoules,
© ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51205:2002(E)
using chromic acid solution or an equivalent cleaning agent
(see ASTM Practice C 912). Rinse at least three times with
double-distilled water. Dry thoroughly and store under condi-
tions that will minimize exposure to dust.
6.4 Glass Ampoules—If required, clean glass ampoules in
boiling double-distilled water. Rinse twice with double-
distilled water and oven dry.
NOTE 5—The dosimetric ampoule normally used has a capacity of
approximately 2 mL. Quick-break glass ampoules, or Type 1 glass
colorbreak ampoules or equivalent containers, are commonly used.
Commercially available ampoules have been found to give reproducible
results without requiring additional cleaning.
7. Reagents
7.1 Analytical reagent grade (or better) chemicals shall be
used for preparing all solutions.10
7.2 Use of double-distilled water from coupled all-glass and
silica stills is recommended for high-range dosimeters. For
low-range stock solutions, use triply-distilled water. Water
purity is very important since it is the major component of the
dosimetric solutions, and therefore may be the prime source of
contamination. Use of deionized water is not recommended.
Type III reagent water as specified in ASTM Specification
D 1193 is considered to be of sufficient quality for use in
preparing all solutions.
NOTE 6—Double-distilled water distilled from an alkaline potassium
permanganate (KMnO4) solution (2 g KMnO4 plus 5 g sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) pellets in 2 L of distilled water) has been found to be adequate for
routine preparation of the dosimetric solution. High-purity water is
commercially available from some suppliers. Such water labeled HPLC
(high-pressure liquid chromatographic) grade is usually sufficiently free
from organics to be used in this practice.
7.3 Do not store purified water used in this practice in
plastic containers or in containers with plastic caps or plastic
cap liners.
8. Preparation of the Dosimetric Solution
8.1 The recommended concentrations for the ceric-cerous
dosimeter to measure absorbed doses from about 5 to 50 kGy
(high-range dosimeter) are 0.015-M ceric sulfate [Ce(SO4)2·
4H2O] and 0.015-M cerous sulfate [Ce2(SO4)3· 8H2O]. For
measurement of absorbed doses from about 0.5 to 10 kGy
(low-range dosimeter), the recommended concentrations are
0.003-M [Ce(SO4)2· 4H2O] and 0.003-M [Ce2(SO4)3· 8H2O].
8.2 The dosimeters specified in 8.1 may be formulated from
the following nominal stock solutions: (a) 0.4-M and 4-M
sulfuric acid (H2SO4), (b) 0.1-M Ce(SO4)2· 4H2O, and (c)
0.1-M Ce2(SO4)3· 8H2O. Procedures for preparing these solu-
tions are given in Annex A2.
10
Reagent specifications are available from American Chemical Society, 1115
16th St., Northwest, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
3
ISO/ASTM 51205:2002(E)
8.3 Use the following equations to determine the volume in
millilitres of each stock solution necessary to prepare 1 L of
dosimetric solution:
High Range Low Range
V1 0.015 V1 0.003
5 5
1000 M1 1000 M1
V2 0.015 V2 0.003
5 5
1000 M2 1000 M2
V3 0.4 V3 0.4
5 5
1000 2 V1 M3 1000 2 V1 M3
V4 5 1000 2 V1 2 V2 2 V3 V4 5 1000 2 V1 2 V2 2 V3
where:
V1 = volume of nominal 0.1-M ceric-sulfate stock solu-
tion,
V2 = volume of nominal 0.1-M cerous-sulfate stock solu-
tion,
V3 = volume of nominal 4-M sulfuric-acid stock solution,
V4 = volume of distilled water,
M1 = actual molarity of the ceric-sulfate stock solution,
M2 = actual molarity of the cerous-sulfate stock solution,
and
M3 = actual molarity of the nominal 4-M sulfuric-acid
stock solution.
NOTE 7—If the nominal molarities of M1 = M2= 0.1, and M3= 4 are
assumed, then V1= V2= 150 mL for the high range and V1= V2= 30 mL for
the low range; V3= 85 mL for the high range and V3= 97 mL for the low
range. If the molarities of the various stock solutions are significantly
different from the nominal values, then use Eq 6-8 to determine the exact
volumes. To prepare a volume of the dosimetric solution other than 1000
mL, the result of these equations should be multiplied by the ratio of the
desired volume in millilitres to 1000 mL.
8.4 Determine all of the volumes given in 8.3 using a
calibrated graduated cylinder that can be read to within 60.5
mL.
8.5 Transfer the volume of each component of the dosim-
etric solution into a 1-L or larger glass storage container. Rinse
the graduated cylinder used for measuring V1, V2, and V3 by
using some portion of the distilled water of V4. Stopper the
container and shake well. Before use, allow the dosimetric
solution to stand for at least five days in the dark.
8.6 Quality control testing of the dosimetric solution prior to
ampouling can be performed by quantifying some of the
dosimetric solution parameters, such as ceric-ion concentra-
tion, cerous-ion concentration, ceric-ion molar linear absorp-
tion coefficient, radiation chemical yield for the cerous ion, and
density. Procedures for performing these measurements are
given in Annex A3. Alternatively, quality control testing can be
performed following ampouling by comparing calibration data
with data obtained from previous batches (see 10.4.2).
8.7 Prepare dosimeters by filling ampoules with ;2mL of
dosimetric solution. Take care not to contaminate the dosim-
etric solution with impurities. Exercise care in filling ampoules
to avoid depositing solution in the ampoule neck. Subsequent
heating during sealing may cause an undesirable chemical
change in the dosimetric solution remaining inside the ampoule
neck. Flame seal the ampoules, exercising care to avoid heating
the body of the ampoule during sealing.
8.8 Store dosimeters in a dark place at room temperature (23
6 5°C).
9. Analytical Instrument Performance
(6)
9.1 Spectrophotometer Performance:
9.1.1 Check the wavelength scale of the spectrophotometer
(7)
and establish its accuracy. The emission spectrum from a
low-pressure mercury arc lamp can be used for this purpose.
(8) Such lamps may be obtained from the spectrophotometer
manufacturer or other scientific laboratory instrument suppli-
(9) ers. Other appropriate wavelength standards are holmium-
oxide filters and solutions. For more details see ASTM Prac-
tices E 275, E 925, and E 958.
NOTE 8—For example, holmium-oxide solutions in sealed cuvettes are
available as certified wavelength standards (SRM 2034) for use in the
wavelength region from 240 to 650 nm (10).
9.1.2 Check the accuracy of the photometric (absorbance)
scale of the spectrophotometer. Certified absorbance standard
filters or solutions are available for this purpose.
NOTE 9—Examples of absorbance standards are solutions of various
concentrations, such as SRM 931d (11) and SRM 935 (12), and metal-
on-quartz filters, such as SRM 2031 (13, 14).
9.1.3 Check the linearity of the absorbance scale of the
spectrophotometer as a function of the ceric-ion concentration.
This should be done at the peak of the absorbance spectrum for
the ceric ion at 320 nm at a constant temperature, preferably
25°C. The standardized ceric-sulfate stock solution (0.1-M
nominal in 0.4-M H2SO4), as described in A2.3, may be used
for this measurement. The plot of measured absorbance, A, per
unit path length versus molar concentration shall be linear. The
slope of the line gives, em, the molar linear absorption
coefficient.
NOTE 10—A reference value for em is 561 m2·mol−16 0.4 % at 320 nm
(3).
9.2 Potentiometer and Electrochemical Cell Performance:
9.2.1 For the potentiometer method, correct performance
can be demonstrated by showing that the readings of dosim-
eters given known absorbed doses are in agreement with the
expected readings within the limits of the dosimetry system
uncertainty (see Section 13).
NOTE 11—This method is only applicable for reference standard
dosimetry systems where the long term stability of the response has been
demonstrated and documented.
10. Calibration of the Dosimetry System
10.1 Prior to use, the dosimetry system shall be calibrated in
accordance with the user’s documented procedure that speci-
fies details of the calibration process and quality assurance
requirements. This calibration procedure shall be repeated at
regular intervals to ensure that the accuracy of the absorbed
dose measurement is maintained within required limits. De-
tailed calibration procedures are provided in ISO/ASTM Guide
51261.
10.2 Calibration Irradiation of Dosimeters—Irradiation is a
critical component of the calibration of the dosimetry system.
4 © ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved

Calibration irradiations shall be performed by irradiating the
dosimeters using a calibration facility that provides an ab-
sorbed dose or an absorbed-dose rate having measurement
traceability to nationally or internationally recognized stan-
dards.
10.2.1 For the spectrophotometric measurement, separate
five dosimeters from the remainder of the batch and do not
irradiate them. Use them in determining Āo(see 10.2.7).
10.2.2 Calibrate the dosimeters, using an irradiation facility
that has a dose rate traceable to national standards and that
meets the requirements specified in ISO/ASTM Practice
51400. Use a reference or transfer dosimetry system to
establish this traceability (see ISO/ASTM Guide 51261 and
ASTM Practice E 1026).
10.2.3 Specify the calibration dose in terms of absorbed
dose in water (for example, see ASTM Practice E 1026).
10.2.4 Position the dosimeters in the calibration radiation
field in a defined, reproducible location.
10.2.5 When using a gamma-ray source for calibration,
surround the dosimeters with a sufficient amount of material to
achieve approximate electron equilibrium conditions.
NOTE 12—The appropriate thickness of such material depends on the
energy of the radiation (see ASTM Practices E 666 and E 668). For
measurement of absorbed dose in water, use materials that have radiation
absorption properties essentially equivalent to water. For example, for a
60Co source, 3 to 5 mm of polystyrene (or equivalent polymeric material)
should surround the dosimeter in all directions.
10.2.6 When using an electron beam for calibration, locate
the dosimeters in a well characterized position within the
radiation field.
10.2.7 Make the calibration field within the volume occu-
pied by the dosimeter(s) as uniform as possible. The variation
in dose rate within this volume should be within 61 %.
10.2.8 Control or monitor the temperature of the dosimeters
during irradiation. Calculate or measure the mean irradiation
temperature of each set of dosimeters to an accuracy of 62°C
or better.
10.2.9 Calibrate each batch of dosimeters prior to routine
use.
10.2.10 Use a set of at least five dosimeters for each
absorbed dose value.
10.2.11 Irradiate these sets of dosimeters to at least five
known dose values, covering the dose range from 5 to 50 kGy
for the high-range dosimeter or seven known dose values
covering the dose range from 0.5 to 10 kGy for the low-range
dosimeter.
10.3 Spectrophotometric Measurement:
10.3.1 For spectrophotometric measurement, dilute high-
range dosimeters by a factor of 100 and low-range dosimeters
by a factor of 50.
10.3.2 Pipette 0.25 mL of high-range dosimetric solution or
0.5 mL of low-range dosimetric solution into a clean, dry
25-mL volumetric flask.
10.3.3 Rinse the pipette with 0.4-M H2SO4 into the flask and
make up to volume with 0.4-M H2SO4.
10.3.4 Stopper the 25-mL flask, and mix well.
10.3.5 Transfer an appropriate amount into a quartz spec-
© ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51205:2002(E)
trophotometric cuvette (sample cell) from the 25-mL volumet-
ric flask.
10.3.6 Read the absorbance, A, in the spectrophotometer at
320 nm.
10.3.7 Calculate the mean absorbance of the unirradiated
dosimeters, Āo (see 10.2.1). Calculate the net absorbance, DA,
for each irradiated dosimeter by subtracting its absorbance, A,
from Āo as follows:
DA 5 Āo 2 A (10)
10.4 Potentiometric Measurement:
10.4.1 Place contents of an unirradiated dosimeter (am-
poule) into both compartments of the electrochemical cell. See
Annex A1 for a description of the electrochemical cell.
10.4.2 Allow the unirradiated dosimetric solution to remain
in the electrochemical cell for about 30 min in order to
establish equilibrium across the porous junction. For a new
batch of dosimeters, or if a cell has not been used for one or
two days, unirradiated solution should be left in both compart-
ments for at least 16 h to ensure equilibrium across the porous
junction.
10.4.3 When the cell is being used for the first time, the
filled cell should be left to stand for at least 24 h before making
any measurements.
10.4.4 If the cell is not going to be used for more than three
days, drain all solution from the cell. Rinse both the inner and
outer compartments three times with distilled water, and allow
the cell to air dry. Refer to 10.4.1 and 10.4.2 before reusing the
cell.
10.4.5 Drain the inner compartment and refill it with the
contents of another unirradiated dosimeter.
10.4.6 Connect the digital potentiometer across the cell. If
the electropotential, E, is equal to zero within 60.2 mV, the
cell is ready for use. Read at least three unirradiated dosim-
eters, and determine average value Ēo.
10.4.7 Expel the unirradiated solution from the outer com-
partment and draw in the solution from each irradiated dosim-
eter (ampoule) in turn, starting with the lowest and proceeding
to the highest absorbed dose. In each case, before measuring
the potential difference for any particular dosimeter, rinse the
cell by drawing in a little less than half of that dosimeter’s
solution in order to reduce the effects of the previous dosim-
eter. Expel the rinse solution into a waste container, and then
draw in sufficient solution from that remaining in the dosimeter
ampoule to fully cover the porous junction.
10.4.8 Read the electropotential, E, in millivolts, across the
cell for each dosimeter after temperature equilibrium is estab-
lished within the cell. Subtract the average electropotential, Ēo,
to determine DE, the net potential value. Measure the readout
temperature near the electrochemical cell, and apply correction
for this temperature.
NOTE 13—The electropotential, E, within the electrochemical cell, has
a positive temperature coefficient of 0.33 % per °C between 20 and 30°C
(4).
10.5 Analysis:
10.5.1 Prepare a calibration curve by plotting DA or DE
values versus the absorbed dose, D. Determine a response
5
ISO/ASTM 51205:2002(E)
function by fitting the data by means of a least-squares method
with an appropriate analytical form that provides a best fit to
the data. The data for these ceric-cerous dosimeters should fit
a third or fourth order polynomial of the form:
v 5 bo 1 b1 x 1 b2 x2 1 b3 x3 1 b4 x4
where:
v = DA or DE,
x = absorbed dose, D, and
b4 = 0 for third order polynomial, b4 fi 0 for fourth order
polynomial.
NOTE 14—Computer software is available commercially for perform-
ing least-squares fits of data with polynomials or other analytical forms.
To be technically correct, the response function should be in the form
measured response as a function of absorbed dose. However, for functions
like polynomials, it had been difficult to solve for the inverse of the
function for absorbed dose, the quantity required during the use of the
dosimetry system, since no inverse function exists. Many spreadsheets
now have functions that will solve for the inverse equation of the form
signal = f(dose) using numerical methods. In Microsoft Excel 97t11, the
solver function may be used. In practice, for radiation processing
dosimeters, functions of the form absorbed dose = f(signal) are often used
as the response function as they will not usually result in appreciable error
provided that the absorbed-dose range is not greater than one decade. If a
function of the form absorbed dose = f(signal) is to be used, the
calibration curves derived from the response functions obtained from the
two methods should be compared to confirm that no appreciable error is
introduced.
10.5.2 The inverse of the response function determined in
10.5.1 will provide the absorbed dose for irradiations per-
formed at the temperature, Tc, used for the calibration irradia-
tions. The variation with irradiation temperature depends on
the cerous ion concentration (3). For irradiations at an average
irradiation temperature, T̄, correct the absorbed dose by the
ratio G~Ce31! Tc/G~Ce31!T¯
where:
G~Ce31! T5 ~2.3354420.00523T!31.03631027 ~high range!
(12)
G~Ce31! T5 ~2.4245220.00523T!31.03631027 ~low range!
(13)
10.5.3 Compare the net absorbances or net potentials deter-
mined by a given calibration with the results obtained from
previous batches. Agreement should be within 63 % if the
dosimetric solutions were properly prepared and all associated
analysis equipment was properly calibrated.
10.5.4 Estimate the component of uncertainty that can be
evaluated by statistical methods (Type A) of the individual
dosimeter results from the results of replicate measurements at
a given absorbed-dose level. Type A uncertainty provides a
measure of acceptable performance of the dosimetry system.
For the high range dosimeter, the Type A uncertainty, expressed
as one standard deviation, should not exceed 60.005 absor-
bance units for an optical pathlength of 10 mm or 62 % of the
potential value. For the low range dosimeter, the Type A
uncertainty should not exceed6 0.010 absorbance units or
62 % of the potential value. Suspected data outliers should be
11
Microsoft Excel 97 is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
tested using statistical procedures, such as those found in
ASTM Practice E 178.
10.6 Alternative Method of Analysis—If the procedures for
quantifying dosimetric solution parameters given in Annex A3
(11) are carried out, approximate values for the dose can be
obtained from analytical functions.
10.6.1 For spectrophotometric readings, calculate the ab-
sorbed dose, Ds, in grays, using the following equation:
f · DA
D5 (14)
G~Ce31! · em · r · d
where:
f = dilution factor for the irradiated dosimeters,
DA = change in absorbance of irradiated dosimeter,
G(Ce3+) = average value for G(Ce3+) determined from Eq
A3.8,
em = molar-linear absorption ccoefficient (m2 mol−1),
r = density of the dosimetric solution, kg m−3, and
d = path length of spectrophotometer cell, m.
10.6.2 For potentiometric readings, calculate the absorbed
dose, Dp, in grays using the following equation:
F S DG
103 M4 1 M 5
Dp 5 M4 2 M5 DE (15)
rG~Ce31!
1 1 M antilog 59.16
4
where:
r = density of the dosimetric solution, kg m−3,
G(Ce3+) = average value for G(Ce3+) determined from
Eq A3.10,
DE = electropotential minus average electropoten-
tial for unirradiated dosimeters, and
M4 and M5 = molarities of the ceric and cerous ions in the
unirradiated dosimetric solutions, respec-
tively, mol·L−1.
10.6.3 Determine a response function of calculated ab-
sorbed doses as a function of absorbed dose values from
calibration.
NOTE 15—The calculated absorbed doses values should be close to the
absorbed dose values obtained from the calibration facility. The response
function should give a good fit to a low order (first to third order)
polynomial.
11. Application of Dosimetry System
11.1 For use as a transfer–standard dosimeter, use a mini-
mum of two dosimeters for each absorbed-dose measurement.
The number of dosimeters required for the measurement of
absorbed dose on or within a material is determined by the
precision of the dosimetry system and the required precision
associated with the application. Appendix X3 of ASTM Prac-
tice E 668 describes a statistical method for determining this
number.
11.2 Use the irradiation and measurement procedures in
accordance with Section 10.
11.3 Determine the absorbed dose from the net absorbance
values or net potential values and the calibration curve.
11.4 Record the calculated absorbed dose values and all
other relevant data as outlined in Section 12.
6 © ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved

12. Minimum Documentation Requirements
12.1 Calibration:
12.1.1 Record the dosimeter type and batch number (code).
12.1.2 Record or reference the date, irradiation temperature,
temperature variation (if any), absorbed-dose range, radiation
source, and associated instrumentation used to calibrate and
analyze the dosimeters.
12.2 Application:
12.2.1 Record the date and temperature of irradiation, tem-
perature variation (if any), and the date and temperature of
absorbance measurement for each dosimeter.
12.2.2 Record or reference the radiation source type and
characteristics.
12.2.3 Record the absorbance or potential, net absorbance
or net potential value, temperature correction (if applicable),
and resulting absorbed dose for each dosimeter. Reference the
calibration curve used to obtain the absorbed dose values.
12.2.4 Record or reference the uncertainty in the value of
the absorbed dose.
12.2.5 Record or reference the measurement quality assur-
ance plan used for the dosimetry system application.
13. Measurement Uncertainty
13.1 To be meaningful, a measurement of absorbed dose
shall be accompanied by an estimate of uncertainty. Compo-
nents of uncertainty shall be identified as belonging to one of
two groups:
(A) those that are evaluated by statistical methods or
(B) those that are evaluated by other means.
Additional information is given in ISO/ASTM Guide 51707
and Refs (15) and (16), where these components are referred to
as Type A and Type B, respectively. In reporting uncertainty,
ANNEXES
(informative)
A1. ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
A1.1 The electrochemical cell shown in Fig. A1.1 has both
an inner and outer compartment, A and B, respectively,
separated by a porous junction, C, such as a glass frit, a
ceramic or kaolin junction, or a fibreglass wick.
A1.2 Compartment A contains the unirradiated dosimetric
solution.
A1.3 Compartment B contains either unirradiated or irra-
diated dosimetric solution.
A1.4 The porous junction, C, provides contact between the
© ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51205:2002(E)
other classifications, such as precision and bias, may be useful.
13.2 If this practice is followed, the estimate of the com-
bined uncertainty of an absorbed dose determined by this
dosimetry system should be within about 64 % at a 95 %
confidence level (a coverage factor k = 2).
NOTE 16—The identification of Type A and Type B uncertainties is
based on the methodology adopted in 1993 by the International Organi-
zation for Standardization (ISO) for estimating uncertainty. This is
different from the way uncertainty has been traditionally expressed in
terms of precision and bias, where precision is a measure of the extent to
which replicate measurements made under specified conditions are in
agreement, and bias is a systematic error (see ASTM Terminologies E 170
and E 456, and ASTM Practice E 177). The purpose of using the method
of expressing uncertainties as Type A and Type B recommended in the ISO
Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (16) is to promote
an understanding of how uncertainty statements are arrived at and to
provide a basis for the international comparison of measurement results.
NOTE 17—ISO/ASTM Guide 51707 defines possible sources of error in
dosimetry performed in radiation processing facilities and offers proce-
dures for estimating the resulting magnitude of the uncertainties in the
measurement results. Basic concepts of measurement, estimate of the
measured value of a quantity, true value, error, and uncertainty are defined
and discussed. Components of uncertainty are discussed, and methods are
given for evaluating and estimating their values. Their contributions to the
standard uncertainty in the reported values of absorbed dose are consid-
ered, and methods are given for calculating the combined standard
uncertainty and an estimate of overall (expanded) uncertainty.
14. Keywords
14.1 absorbed dose; ceric-cerous sulfate dosimeter; dose;
dose measurement; dosimeter; dosimetry system; electron
beam; gamma radiation; ionizing radiation; irradiation; pho-
tons; radiation; radiation processing; reference–standard do-
simeter; X rays; ICS 17.240
two solutions and shall have a porosity of less than 2 µm.
A1.5 The small open tip of compartment B is inserted into
the neck of a dosimeter ampoule, D. The glass syringe, E, is
used alternately to draw into compartment B the dosimetric
solution and then expel the solution after measurement.
A1.6 Leads F and G provide a means for measuring the
potential difference across the electrochemical cell when they
are connected to a potentiometer or multimeter.
7
ISO/ASTM 51205:2002(E)

FIG. A1.1 Electrochemical Cell

A2. PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING NOMINAL STOCK SOLUTIONS FOR THE DOSIMETER

A2.1 Nominal 0.4-M Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4):
A2.1.1 Transfer 22.2 mL of 18-M H2SO4 into a clean, dry
1-L volumetric flask containing about 700 mL of double-
distilled water.
A2.1.2 Carefully cool contents and make up to volume with
double-distilled water, stopper, and mix well.
A2.1.3 Standardize resulting solution using sodium carbon-
ate primary standard or equivalent.
NOTE A2.1—Add H2SO4 cautiously to the water as a considerable
amount of heat is released.
A2.2 Nominal 4-M Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4):
A2.2.1 Transfer 222 mL of 18-M H2SO4 into a clean, dry
1-L volumetric flask containing about 700 mL of double-
distilled water.
A2.2.2 Carefully cool contents and make up to volume with
double-distilled water, stopper, and mix well.
A2.2.3 Standardize resulting solution similarly as for 0.4-M
H2SO4.
A2.3 Nominal 0.1-M Ceric Sulfate:
A2.3.1 In a 1-L volumetric flask, dissolve 58 g of ceric
sulfate, Ce(SO4)2·4H2O, in 600 mL of 0.4-M H2SO4.
A2.3.2 Shake contents until all Ce(SO4)2· 4H2O is dis-
solved. Allow solution to stand at least two weeks in the dark.
A2.3.3 Add enough 0.4-M H2SO4 solution to dilute to 1 L.
Filter if necessary through a clean sintered-glass filter (medium
porosity).
A2.3.4 Transfer into a glass bottle provided with a ground
glass stopper, and store in a dark place.
A2.3.5 Standardize 0.1-M Ce(SO4)2· 4H2O using arsenious
oxide, primary standard, osmium-tetroxide catalyst, and feroin-
indicator solution.
A2.4 Nominal 0.1-M Cerous Sulfate:
A2.4.1 In a 1-L volumetric flask, dissolve 36 g cerous

8 © ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved


sulfate, Ce(SO4)3·8H2O in 600 mL of double-distilled water.
A2.4.2 Shake contents until all Ce2(SO4)3· 8H2O is dis-
solved. Allow solution to stand at least two weeks in the dark.
A2.4.3 Add enough double-distilled water to dilute to 1 L.
Filter if necessary through a clean sintered-glass filter (medium
porosity).
A2.4.4 Transfer into a glass bottle provided with a ground
glass stopper, mix well, and store in a dark place.
NOTE A2.2—Cerous sulfate may require recrystallization before use
(6).
A2.5 Molarity of Stock Cerous-Sulfate Solutions:
A3. PROCEDURES FOR QUANTIFYING DOSIMETRIC SOLUTION PARAMETERS
A3.1 Ceric-Ion Concentration:
A3.1.1 Use a to contain pipette to deliver 0.25 mL of
high-range dosimetric solution or 0.50 mL of low-range
dosimetric solution into a clean, dry 25-mL volumetric flask.
A3.1.2 Rinse the pipette with 0.4-M H2SO4. into the flask
and make up to volume with 0.4-M H2SO4.
A3.1.3 Stopper the 25-mL flask, and mix well.
A3.1.4 Transfer an appropriate amount into a quartz spec-
trophotometric cuvette (sample cell) from the 25-mL volumet-
ric flask.
A3.1.5 Read the absorbance, A, in the spectrophotometer at
320 nm using 0.4-M H2SO4 in the reference cell.
A3.1.6 Determine the ceric concentration, M4, using the
following equation:
M4 5 ~0.01782!A (A3.1)
where:
M4 = ceric-sulfate molarity of the dosimetric solution, mol
L−1, and
A = absorbance
A3.2 Cerous-Ion Concentration:
A3.2.1 Irradiate at least three dosimeters to an absorbed
dose sufficient to completely reduce all ceric ions to cerous
ions (for example, 80 kGy for high-range dosimeter or 20 kGy
for low-range dosimeter).
A3.2.2 Pipette 0.25 mL of the irradiated high-range dosim-
etric solution or 0.50 mL of low-range dosimetric solution from
each ampoule into separate, clean, dry 25-mL volumetric
flasks.
A3.2.3 Rinse the pipette with 0.4-M H2SO4 into the flask
and make up to volume with 0.4-M H2SO4. Stopper flasks and
mix well.
A3.2.4 Transfer an appropriate amount into a quartz spec-
trophotometer cuvette.
A3.2.5 Read the absorbance, A, in the spectrophotometer at
254 nm using 0.4-M H2SO4 in the reference cell.
A3.2.6 Determine the average absorbance, Ā.
A3.2.7 The following equation gives the resultant total
cerous-ion concentration:
M5 5 0.146Ā (A3.2)
© ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 51205:2002(E)
A2.5.1 Pipette with a to contain pipette 1 mL of the
cerous-sulfate stock solution into a 100-mL volumetric flask,
followed with a rinse of the pipette with double-distilled water.
Make up to volume with double-distilled water, stopper, and
mix well.
A2.5.2 Read the absorbance, A, at 254 nm in a spectropho-
tometer with double-distilled water in the reference cuvette.
The molarity, M2, of the stock cerous-sulfate solution is given,
in mol L−1, by the following equation:
M2 5 ~0.146!A (A2.1)
where:
M5 = cerous-sulfate molarity of the dosimetric solution,
mol L−1.
NOTE A3.1—The total cerous-ion concentration determined for each
sample will be slightly greater than the sum of the ceric and cerous ions
in the dosimetric solution. The difference is due to the presence of cerous
ions in the ceric-sulfate reagents. The cerous-ion concentration is deter-
mined by subtracting the ceric-ion concentration from the total cerous-ion
concentration.
A3.3 Ceric-Ion Molar Linear Absorption Coeffıcient:
A3.3.1 Pipette 2 mL of the dosimetric solution into a 25-mL
volumetric flask to which 0.4-M H2SO4 is added to make up to
the volume.
A3.3.2 Similarly, pipette 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mL of the resultant
solution of A3.3.1 respectively into separate 100-mL flasks to
which 0.4-M H2SO4 is added to make up to the volume.
A3.3.3 Stopper each flask, and mix well.
A3.3.4 Read the absorbance, A, of each sample at 320 nm in
the spectrophotometer with 0.4-M H2SO4 in the reference cell.
A3.3.5 Using the molarity obtained in A3.1.6, the dilution
factors associated with the samples prepared in A3.3.2, and the
absorbances determined in A3.3.3, determine the molar linear
absorbance coefficient, em, by the slope of the plot of absor-
bance versus molarity as expressed by the following equations:
Ai 5 103 em Mi d ~high range! (A3.3)
Ai 5 e m M i d ~low range! (A3.4)
where:
Ai = absorbance of sample i,
Mi = molarity of sample i, mol·L−1,
d = path length of spectrophotometer sample cell, m, and
i = 1, 2,..., 5 (representing samples prepared in A3.3.2).
NOTE A3.2—The value of em should be equal to 561 m2 mol−16 0.4 %
or 5610 L mol−1 cm−16 0.4 %, at 320 nm (3).
A3.4 Density of Dosimetric Solution—Determine the den-
sity of the dosimetric solution at 25°C using the pycnometer
method (See ASTM Test Method D 941).
NOTE A3.3—The density should be 1.032 (60.002) 3 103 kg m−3 at
25°C (8).
9
ISO/ASTM 51205:2002(E)
A3.5 Radiation Chemical Yield of Cerous Ion, G(Ce+3), by
the Spectrophotometric Method:
A3.5.1 Prepare a sufficient number of dosimeters (at least
18) by filling 2-mL ampoules with the dosimetric solution.
After filling, flame seal the ampoules.
A3.5.2 Irradiate dosimeters, three at a time, at a calibrated
position in a cobalt 60 facility to at least five dose levels, for
example, approximately 5, 15, 25, 35, and 50 kGy for
high-range solution and 0.5, 1, 4, 7, and 10 kGy for low-range
solution. Control or monitor the temperature of the dosimeter
during irradiation.
A3.5.3 Prepare diluted (by a factor of 100 or 50) samples of
dosimeters, including the three unirradiated ones. Pipette 0.25
or 0.50 mL from each dosimeter into 25-mL volumetric flasks,
and make up to volume with 0.4-M H2SO4.
A3.5.4 Using 0.4-M H2SO4 in the reference cell, read the
absorbance, A, of the diluted samples prepared in accordance
with A3.5.3 at 320 nm in the spectrophotometer.
A3.5.5 Determine the change in absorbance, DA, of each
irradiated sample as follows:
DAij 5 Āo 2 Aij (A3.5)
where:
Āo = average absorbance of the diluted samples of the
unirradiated dosimeters,
i = 1, 2, and 3 (number of identifying dosimeters at each
absorbed dose level), and
j = 1,2,..., n (number of identifying absorbed dose levels).
A3.5.6 Plot DA versus D in accordance with the following
equation:
DAij 5 b Dj (A3.6)
where:
DA = change in absorbance of irradiated sample,
i = 1,2, and 3 (number identifying dosimeters at each
absorbed dose level), and
j = 1,2,..., n (number identifying absorbed dose levels),
D = absorbed dose, Gy, and
b = slope, kg·J−1, of the plot determined by a least-
squares linear regression fit of the data.
A3.5.7 Determine G(Ce3+), mol J−1, from the following
equation:
f·b
G~Ce31! 5 e rd (A3.7)
m
where:
em = molar-linear absorption coefficient (m2 mol−1),
b = slope, kg·J−1, of the plot determined by a least-
squares linear regression fit of the data,
r = density, kg·m−3,
d = path length of spectrophotometer cell, m, and
f = dilution factor for the samples of irradiated dosim-
eters.
A3.5.8 Calculate the average G(Ce3+) from the following
equation:
n n
1 1
G~Ce31! 5 n ( G~Ce31!j
j51
(A3.8)
10
A3.5.9 Plot Dj versus G (Ce3+)j. The results should be linear
with a slope equal to zero. If a significant deviation from zero
slope is observed, that is, an apparent dependence of G(Ce3+)
on absorbed dose, the solution may be unacceptable, (for
example, contaminated by organic impurities).
A3.6 Radiation Chemical Yield of Cerous Ion, G(Ce+3), by
the Potentiometric Method:
A3.6.1 Prepare dosimeters and irradiate them in accordance
with A3.5.1 and A3.5.2.
A3.6.2 Place contents of an unirradiated dosimeter (am-
poule) into both compartments of the electrochemical cell. See
Annex A1 for a description of the electrochemical cell.
A3.6.3 Allow the unirradiated dosimetric solution to remain
in the electrochemical cell for about 30 min in order to
establish equilibrium across the porous junction.
A3.6.4 Drain the cell and refill it with the contents of
another unirradiated dosimeter.
A3.6.5 Connect the digital potentiometer across the cell. If
the difference in potential is equal to zero within 60.2 mV, the
cell is ready for use.
A3.6.6 Expel the unirradiated solution from the lower cell
compartment, and draw in the solution from each irradiated
dosimeter (ampoule) in turn, starting with the lowest and
proceeding to the highest absorbed dose. In each case, before
measuring the potential difference for any particular dosimeter,
rinse the cell with that dosimeter’s solution in order to reduce
the effects of the previous dosimeter.
A3.6.7 Read the potential, E, in millivolts, across the cell
for each dosimeter after temperature equilibrium is established
within the cell.
NOTE A3.4—The potential difference, E, within the electrochemical
cell has a positive temperature coefficient of 0.33 % per °C between 25
and 30°C (8). For the best accuracy, normalize measurements to a constant
temperature, thereby accounting for this effect.
A3.6.8 Average the DE values for the three dosimeters
irradiated to the same absorbed dose level. Use the average
values, DE , to calculate G(Ce3+) in accordance with the
following equation:
F S DG
103 M4 1 M 5
G~Ce31!j 5 rD M4 2
j M5 DE
1 1 M antilog10 59.16
4
(A3.9)
where:
M4 and M5 = molarities of ceric and cerous ions in the
unirradiated dosimetric solution, respec-
tively, mol·L−1,
D = absorbed dose, Gy,
r = density of the dosimetric solution, kg m−3,
and
j = 1,2,...n (number identifying absorbed dose
levels).
A3.6.9 Calculate the average G~Ce31! from the following
equation:
G~Ce31! 5 n ( G~Ce31!j
j51
(A3.10)
© ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved
 ISO/ASTM 51205:2002(E)

A3.6.10 Plot Dj versus G(Ce3+)j. The results should be
linear with a slope equal to zero. If a significant deviation from
zero slope is observed, that is, an apparent dependence of
G(Ce3+) on absorbed dose, the solution may be unacceptable,
(for example, contaminated by organic impurities).
NOTE A3.5—The values of G(Ce3+) determined in accordance with
A3.5.7 and A3.6.9 should be equal approximately to 2.3 3 10−7 to 2.5 3
10−7 mol·J−1 at 25°C for the molarities of ceric and cerous ions specified
for the dosimetric solution in this test method.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1) Bjergbakke, E., “The Ceric Sulfate Dosimeter,” Manual on Radiation
Dosimetry, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1970, pp. 323-326.
(2) Sharpe, P. H. G., and Burns, D. T., “The Relative Response of Fricke,
Dichromate and Alanine Dosimeters to 60Co and High Energy Electron
Beam Radiation,” Journal of Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol
46, 1995, pp. 1273-1277.
(3) Matthews, R. W., “Effect of Solute Concentration and Temperature on
the Ceric-Cerous Dosimeter,” Radiation Research, Vol 55, 1973, pp.
242-255.
(4) Fricke, H., and Hart, E. J., “Chemical Dosimetry,” Radiation Dosim-
etry, Vol II, Second Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1966, pp.
167-239.
(5) Matthews R. W., “Aqueous Chemical Dosimetry,” International Jour-
nal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol 33, 1982, pp. 1159-1170.
(6) Matthews, R. W., Mahlman, H. A., and Sworski, T. J., “Kinetics of the
Oxidation of Cerium (III) by Peroxysulfuric Acids Induced by
Cobalt-60 Radiation,” Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol 74, 1970,
pp. 2475-2479.
(7) Taimuty, S. L., Towie, L. H., and Peterson, D. L., “Ceric Dosimetry:
Routine Use at 105-107 Rads,” Nucleuonics, Vol 17, No. 8, 1959, p.
103.
(8) Matthews, R. W., “Potentiometric Estimation of Megarad Dose with
Ceric-Cerous System,” International Journal of Applied Radiation and
Isotopes, Vol 23, 1972, pp. 179-185.
(9) Matthews, R. W., “An Evaluation of the Ceric-Cerous System As an
Impurity-Insensitive Megarad Dosimeter,” International Journal of
Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol 22, 1971, pp. 199-207.
(10) Weidner, V. R., Mavrodineanu, R., Mielenz, K. D., Zelapoldi, R. A.,
Eckerie, K. L. and Adams, B., “Standard Reference Materials:
Holmium Oxide Solution Wavelength Standard from 240-650 nm-
SRM 2034,” NBS Special Publication 260-102, 1986.
(11) Burke, R. W., Deardoff, E. R., and Menis, O., “Liquid Absorbance
Standards,” Journal of Research of the National Bureau of
Standards—A, Physics and Chemistry, Vol 76A, 1972, pp. 51-64.
(12) Burke, R. W., and Mavrodineanu, R., “Standard Reference Materials:
Certification and Use of Acidic Potassium Dichromate Solutions as
an Ultraviolet Absorbance Standard—SRM 935,” NBS Special Pub-
lication 260-54, 1977.
(13) Mavrodineanu, R., and Bladwin, J. R., “Standard Reference Materi-
als: Metal-on-Quartz Filters as a Standard Reference Material for
Spectrophotometry—SRM 2031,” NBS Special Publication 260-68,
1980.
(14) Burke, R. W., Smith M. V., Powell, L. J., and Mavrodineanu, R.,
“Performance Characteristics of NBS Glass and Metal-on-Quartz
Transmittance Standards,” American Laboratory, July, 1986, pp.
67-76.
(15) Taylor, B. N., and Kuyatt, C. E. “Guidelines for Evaluating and
Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results,” NIST
Technical Note 1297, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Gaithersburg, MD, 1994.
(16) “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement,” Interna-
tional Organization for Standardization, 1993, ISBN 92-67-10188-9.

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© ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved 11