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TECHNOLOGY PAGE 14
Proposals to amend
2017 NEC
INSTALLATION PAGE 20
w w w.c a b li n g i n s t a ll .c o m
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PoE as IoT infrastructure 23 PERSPECTIVE Senior Vice President & Publishing Director
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What a twisted pair
32
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What a twisted pair
In this space last month I opined about the many
places and environments in which cabling in-
frastructure could, can, and will provide needed
connectivity ("The places it will go," June 2017
STANDARDS page 3). That column briefly mentioned single-pair
Get the 2.5/5GBase-T Ethernet applications including 100Base-T1 and
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1000Base-T1.
Shortly after I made that observation, the
PATRICK McLAUGHLIN Telecommunications Industry Association's TR-
patrick@pennwell.com 42 Engineering Committee met for a week, as it
does three times per year. During its June 12-16
meetings, TR-42 initiated four new projects related to single-pair twisted-pair
cabling infrastructure. Among those projects is the effort that ultimately will
result in the publication of ANSI/TIA-568.5, specifying single twisted-pair ca-
bling and components. The standard will provide specifications for cables, con-
FIBER OPTICS
nectors, cords, links and channels using one-pair connectivity in non-indus-
MPO optical loss tester trial networks, according to a working statement of the standard's scope. The
standard will be geared toward what are called "MICE1" environments. MICE
is an acronym for mechanical, ingress, climatic, and electromagnetic. The TIA-
1005 standard series include MICE tables, which numerically characterize the
TESTING
network environment's severity for each of the four conditions. The higher the
Can
testing number, the more severe the environment. In practical application, a MICE1 en-
become vironment is a commercial office space.
an opex Aother effort that TR-42 initiated in June is an addendum (Addendum 2)
instead to the ANSI/TIA-568.0-D standard. The addendum will add single balanced
of a twisted-pair use cases, topology and architecture to the standard. "The stan-
capex for
dard will include installation requirements and additional guidelines for transi-
installers?
tioning from 4-pair to 1-pair cabling," says an early-stage scope of the standard.
Also on TR-42's docket, Addendum 2 to the ANSI/TIA-862-B Structured
DATA CENTER Cabling Infrastructure Standard for Intelligent Building Systems. Like the ad-
Multi-Tenant dendum to the 568.0-D spec, this one will add uses cases, topology, and ar-
Data Center chitecture for single-pair cabling. Additionally, this document will provide
Alliance forms
single-twisted-pair cabling guidelines for emerging Internet of Things and ma-
chine-to-machine (M2M) applications that will require higher density, reduced
size, and greater flexibility than can be provided by existing technology.
DESIGN AND
Finally, Addendum 4 to the ANSI/TIA-1005-A Telecommunications
INSTALLATION
App Infrastructure Standard for Industrial Premises will specify cables, connectors,
simplifies firestop cords, links and channels using one-pair connectivity in MICE2 and MICE3
specification environments.
We will track the progress of these standards efforts and report that progress
to you in the months ahead.
28AWG Small
distributed sensors, and temperature
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DAS, DTS, and DSS are all appropri-
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tection. A DAS network can locate leaks
along a pipeline from the noise cre-
ated when liquid or gas moves through
a small hole. The leak can also create a
negative pressure wave generated from
the pressure differential at the hole lo-
cation, which travels down the length of
the pipeline and is detected.
A DTS network can detect changes in
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relie
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For industrial communications cabling, that industrial communications cabling Built to last
cost and performance specifications are is now being relied upon for high-speed Industrial Ethernet has effectively re-
often the most important factors consid- communications, control signaling, and placed Fieldbus technology in certain
ered when purchasing cabling for a new video monitoring/surveillance in a wide manufacturing environments with au-
installation or retrofit. However, there range of industrial applications, fire tomation and process control. In the
are a wealth of other considerations that safety codes and other safety standards 1960s Fieldbus networks could support
are often neglected for the sake of eco- may be the difference between a suc- the throughput of analog valves, pumps,
nomic expedience. Among these oft-for- cessful business or project and safety lia- and motors. As the complexity of instru-
gotten considerations are mechanical bilities leading to bankrupting lawsuits. mentation on the plant floor and the
reliability and safety standards. Given Furthermore, as counterfeit cabling has data transmission between master and
slave devices increased, Ethernet connec-
tions and protocols became a more feasi-
ble option. Commercial Ethernet evolved
significantly to keep up with informa-
tion throughput and data rates, form the
10-Mbit/sec thick coax to the twisted
shielded pairs and fiber optics today
with Gigabit Ethernet. While proprietary
Fieldbus technologies are still leveraged
today, Ethernet has proliferated in indus-
trial environments due to its cost-effec-
tiveness, reliability, and scalability.
According to an Aberdeen study, as
of 2010, 69 percent of the best-in-class
This is a screenshot from an L-com video in which crush-resistance of an armored manufacturers were using Industrial
cable is tested. Ethernet protocols for communication
Safety standards
To avoid interconnects occupying oper-
ational spaces, wires are routed in inside
walls and in plenum spaces, or spaces
Shown here is a screenshot from a video that captures the difference between that facilitate air circulation for heat-
CMP-rated communications cable and a counterfeit cable, by performing a burn ing, ventilation and air conditioning
test on each set of cables. The counterfeit cable is a pathway for fire to spread (HVAC) systems. While plenum areas
rapidly in a plenum space, and is a serious fire hazard. (Source: Communications provide a convenient platform for rout-
Cable and Connectivity Association) ing, they also provide a path of least re-
sistance in the case of a fire outbreak.
degree. This may not be an issue in a A standard COTS cable for commercial Fire can very rapidly spread through an
fairly static environment but when a ca- use typically will not take oil seepage entire building undeterred in plenum
ble is flexed millions of times, the “cork- into consideration as specialty plasti- spaces. In these circumstances, the plas-
screwing” of the cable can occur and cizers can be inserted in the PVC mate- ticizers used in the cable jacket are crit-
render it nonfunctional. rial in order to produce cold flexibility, ical. Overheated wires and cabling can
To mitigate the effects of heat gen- heat or UV resistance, flame retardance, contribute to Class-C fires, where ohmic
eration from friction, certain metal al- and extraction resistance from chemi- heating occurs, or a large current flow
loys are employed to ensure more flex- cal exposure. that overheats the cable due to the resis-
ibility. Some factors that contribute to Oil ingress is one such type of agita- tance in the conductor. This leads to the
the flexibility of a material are tensile tion that can weaken the jacket of a ca- entire cable overheating, causing an al-
strength, or the resistance of a material ble by dispersing the plasticizers from most instantaneous burst of flames that
to stretching, and yield point, or the up- the material. This can either swell, melt, can spread to nearby combustible ma-
per limit of the stress applied to a plas- or crack the jacket and insulating mate- terials. In these types of fires, water is
tic material before it begins to deform rial. These types of deformities in the ca- not necessarily effective in mitigating
permanently. Corkscrewing from ex- ble can not only degrade performance, the spread due to the continuous power
cessive bending and flexing can be pre- but also can cause complete failures, running through the cabling. Either the
vented by limiting the pitch, or distance both of which can cost tens of thou- power source has to be shut down or the
between conductors, to distribute the sands of dollars per hour for an opera- oxygen deprived from the space to con-
tensile stresses on the inner conductors. tion. Generally, when the plastic jacket trol the fire. In some instances, these
The core and cable jacket can be spe- fails the cable corrodes rapidly thereaf- backup plans may not be an option so
cially designed to assist with buffering ter, rendering the cable useless. combustible overheated wires have been
the forces on the bundled wires. UV exposure—Sunlight exposure is the cause of some of the most serious
Oil exposure—Oil rigs, offshore drill- another such circumstance that can telecommunications fires.
ing, deepwater drilling, and other gas rapidly decrease the lifecycle of a cable Fire-retardant polymers can be spe-
installations call for data cables resis- as the UV radiation can leach out the cifically engineered for plenum spaces
tant to water submersion as well as oil. plasticizers in the material. Commonly allowing cables to be “CMP” rated.
Similarly, CMR-rated, or cables de- iodine in their cable jacketing as they can manufacturers. Failures for large-scale
signed for vertical installations such as be effective fire retardants when burned, cable installations will either lead back
between floors and in elevator shafts, these halogens release poisonous gases. to a poor installation, failure of moving
are often required by local and national For instance, a chlorine-containing plas- parts (i.e. power supplies, fans, etc.), or
building codes for fire safety. Both CMR- tic material. When burnt, releases hydro- subpar cable qualities.
and CMP-rated cables are fire-retardant gen chloride, a poisonous gas that forms From cables bent beyond their pre-
and self-extinguish. The CMP-rated ca- hydrochloric acid when it comes in con- specified bend radius to extended expo-
ble has the highest fire resistance level tact with water. With the increase in ca- sure in outdoor spaces, the heavy burden
and so it goes through the most strin- bling in industrial applications, it is often of connectivity for massive companies
gent tests. Counterfeit cabling from un- necessary to employ low-smoke/zero-halo- falls on the hardware and its intercon-
reliable vendors can lead to these types gen (LSZH) rated cables for their ability to nections—intermittent connectivity
of hazardous scenarios where a PVC ca- self-extinguish rapidly to stifle the flow of and latency may be tolerable on a small-
ble jacket allows for nearly spontaneous toxic gases. scale, but can cost millions in large-
combustion of the surrounding ca- Approximately 72 percent of network scale enterprises. According to Ponemon
bles, providing a path for fire to spread faults can be attributed to failure at the Institute, the average cost of a data cen-
rapidly. Fire-retardant, or self-extin- OSI Layer 1 (Physical Media), Layer 2 ter outage has steadily increased from
guishing, jackets are a must in indus- (Data Link), and/or Layer 3 (Network). $505,502 in 2010 to $740,357 in 2016—a
trial standards for multiple wire runs in The mechanical reliability of these ca- 38-percent net change in a matter of
plenum spaces. bles can not only directly affect the elec- six years. From shock and vibration to
CMP- and CMR-rated cables are a good trical properties of cables, but poor cable sun, moisture, and oil exposure, indus-
fit for spaces where smoke is designed to construction also can eventually ren- trial communications cables must be ro-
be ventilated out, but this may not be an der them nonfunctional, inevitably im- bustly designed to prevent failures as
option in confined spaces in buildings, pacting the long-term bottom line of the interconnections between equip-
cars, trains, submarines, or in aircrafts both manufacturer and customer. The ment are cornerstone to the functional-
where there may not be any straightfor- ramifications that come with counter- ity of an operation. u
ward way to exit. Industrial communica- feit cabling can be enormous in the case
tions cables can often employ halogens of a fire. True CMR- and CMP-rated ca- Dustin Guttadauro is product manager with
such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and bles can be ensured from reputable L-Com.
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PoE-related amendments
proposed to the 2017 NEC
The TIAs—tentative interim amendments—aim to ease circuits. The appeal pointed out that
the Code’s usability related to Power over Ethernet. 60 watts can be arrived at as a prod-
uct of an unsafely high amperage and
BY PATRICK MCLAUGHLIN some voltage. Presumably, the proposed
TIAs will address this current-and-volt-
age issue as it exists in Sections 840.160,
725.144, and 725.121.
In early June the National Fire “amendments to an NFPA standard Keith Lofland, director of educa-
Protection Association (NFPA), which [that are] effective only between edi- tion for codes and standards with the
produces specifications including NFPA tions of a standard. A TIA automatically International Association of Electrical
70, the National Electrical Code, held becomes a public input for the next edi- Inspectors, also participated in the
its annual Conference and Exposition. tion of the standard, and is then subject panel at the NFPA Conference. During
Among the technical conference’s ses- to all of the procedures of the standards his presentation, Lofland pointed out
sions was a panel discussion covering that in preparation for the panel discus-
Power over Ethernet. (For more detail on Some electrical inspectors have sion, he called several active electrical
the treatment of cabling for Power over inspectors to hear their concerns about
Ethernet in the 2017 NEC, see “The inter-
seen PoE infrastructure but PoE—an inquiry to which he got little if
section of remote powering technologies not realized it. The need exists any response. Lofland suggested, how-
and the 2017 National Electrical Code” in ever, that his inquiry about PoE opened
to educate inspectors about
our November 2016 issue.) the eyes of two inspectors who later
Mark Earley, PE, the NFPA’s chief what PoE is, and how to identify called him to report that PoE infra-
electrical engineer, led the panel discus- cabling infrastructure that will structure was widespread within their
sion. Playing a prominent role in the dis- jurisdictions.
cussion was Ernie Gallo, a director with support PoE. The clear indication was that some
Telcordia Technologies who also chairs inspectors have been seeing PoE infra-
the task group that was formed to pro- development process.” Representatives structure for some time but not realiz-
vide input on Ethernet communications of the NFPA explained that the three ing it. Lofland opined there is a need to
that could prompt some type of modifi- proposed TIAs are intended to enhance educate inspectors about what PoE is,
cation to the Code. Gallo reported that or ease usability of certain parts of the and how to identify cabling infrastruc-
after 12 meetings in the form of confer- Code that address PoE. ture that will support PoE.
ence calls, the 24-member task force had In our November issue we re- Randy Ivans, program and proj-
completed its work. The results of the ported the task group’s formation was ect manager for wire and cable at
group’s work will be to propose three prompted by an appeal made to the Underwriters Laboratories, also pre-
tentative interim amendments (TIAs) NFPA Standards Board specifically re- sented as part of the panel discussion.
to the 2017 NEC, and to provide approxi- lated to Section 840.160 of the 2017 NEC. He explained UL’s fact-finding investiga-
mately 10 public inputs to the 2020 NEC The appeal’s basis was that Section tion that ultimately led to the inclusion
revision process. 840.160 did not specify an ampere limit of Table 725.144 in the 2017 NEC.
The NFPA describes TIAs as when citing 60-watt remote-powering Over the course of the panel
points out, empirical data is needed. PoE 802.3af/at Standards A and B — Powered Devices (PD)
VoIP Phones | Internet Appliances | WLAN | Bluetooth | Access Points
2
White/Orange
Orange
White/Green
Green
Rx+
Rx+
Rx+
Rx+
DC+
DC+
TxRx A+
TxRx A-
TxRx A+
TxRx A-
DC+
DC+
4
White/Green
Blue
White/Orange
Blue
Tx+
DC+
Tx+
Not
Used
DC-
Not
Used
TxRx B+
TxRx C+ DC+
TxRx B+
TxRx C+
DC-
Not Not
6
White/Blue
Green
White/Blue
Orange
Tx-
DC+
Used
Tx-
Used
DC-
TxRx C-
TxRx B-
DC+ TxRx C-
TxRx B- DC+
Not Not
Table 725.144. 7
8
White/Brown
Brown
White/Brown
Brown
DC-
DC-
Used
Not
Used
Used
Not
Used
TxRx D+
TxRx D-
DC-
DC-
TxRx D+
TxRx D-
Property
802.3af
(802.3at Type1)
802.3at
Type 2
Power over Ethernet (PoE) enables
power to be delivered to an IP device
via its data cable.
15.40 W
25.50 W
30.00 W
NETSCOUT Network testers validate
and troubleshoot PoE as well as overall 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T568B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T568A
44.0 — 57 V
42.5 — 57.0 V
50.0 — 57 V
and Wi-Fi networks depending on model.
All network testers support automated
upload of test results to the Link-Live
results management database.
S
CU
OD
FO
UC
T
CONDUIT
S
CU
OD
FO
UC
T
Dura-Line’s PowerPath conduit HellermannTyton’s HelaGuard
Dura-Line’s PowerPath is a single bundled product flexible conduit and Ultra fittings
providing both power and bandwidth. Smaller than the HellermannTyton says its HelaGuard
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combines two 20-AGW insulted copper wires impregnable conduit systems.” The
for low voltage power and a 5mm MicroDuct company says the “standard weight, flexible,
for fiber placement. Ideal for use in PoE nonmetallic nylon conduit delivers liquid-tight
environments where DC power is required performance [and] is designed to be highly impact-resistant
at distances greater than 300 feet with while remaining flexible.” The HelaGuard Ultra fittings secure
installation performed by low-voltage contractors, the conduit connections with convenient, snap-on fittings. The Ultra
MicroDuct pathway is riser rated to UL 2024 for interior fittings combine all the typical separate parts of a fitting into a
use, and provides protection and fast installation of a single unit, states the manufacturer. This significantly reduces
single fiber for connected devices. Applications include installation time and labor. Both the HelaGuard Ultra fittings and
security, industrial and home automation systems. PA6 Standard Weight conduit are UL listed.
Dura-Line, www.duraline.com HellermannTyton, www.hellermann.tyton.com
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INDEX OF ADVERTISERS
Bel Stewart Connector..................................7
INSIGHTS
3 reasons the
global IoT platform Key trend Market driver Market driver Forecast
interconnected smart devices and sensors encouraging sharing among users. The organization has developed
integrated into everyday consumer devices software that can convert the wireless router of a mobile device into
and physical assets is driving the market’s a wireless access point. Technavio contends that, “if people accept
growth, contends the analyst firm. In addition, and adopt this idea, then a ubiquitous public wireless network can
advances in technology have resulted in low- be created.” Adds Singh, “This untapped bandwidth can be utilized
cost, compact, and energy-efficient sensors by using the sharing software developed by OpenWireless.org. The
and communication devices. group plans to route the guest traffic over the anonymity software Tor
According to Technavio, the global IoT or a VPN for enhanced privacy. It will use a protocol called EAP-TLS,
platform market was valued at USD 420 mil- which is the equivalent of HTTPS, to encrypt each user’s link.”
lion in 2016, and is expected to grow at a Growing diversity in IoT standards: Vendors across the IoT
CAGR of nearly 32 percent by 2021. Sunil market have been working in tandem on an open-source platform to
Kumar Singh, lead analyst for Technavio, spe- ensure interoperability among IoT devices while setting some stan-
cializing in research on the embedded sys- dards for devices. The AllSeen Alliance, founded in 2013, was created
tems sector, confirms, “The global IoT plat- to develop a larger ecosystem of vendors and products. As noted
form market is growing at a significant rate. by Technavio, “Through the alliance, leading enterprises—includ-
The growth stems from the growing demand ing consumer electronics manufacturers, home appliance manufac-
for digital transformations from traditional turers, service providers, retailers, enterprise technology compa-
industries who are looking to gain a competi- nies, innovative startups, and chipset manufacturers—have joined
tive advantage in their respective markets.” hands to develop AllJoyn,” an open source software framework that
The analyst defines an emerging trend makes it easy for devices and apps to discover and communicate
cantly impact the market and contribute to Industrial internet revolution: “The industrial internet of things
its growth or decline. Specifically, the top (IIoT) is a combination of big data analytics and IoT,” states Technavio.
three emerging trends driving the global IoT “It offers [several] opportunities for organizations across sectors such
platform market, according to Technavio, as agriculture, healthcare, manufacturing, mining, oil and gas, and
are as follows. transportation. Currently, these sectors account for 60 percent of the
Development of an open WiFi net- global economy.” At present, IIoT is in its early stage but is poised for
work: OpenWireless.org is a “cyber activist” tremendous growth, adds the analyst. “The increase in the number of
sensors shipped has fueled the global IIoT market,” notes Singh. u
Matt Vincent, Senior Editor
m at t v @ pe n n w el l . co m
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