Bridge Substructure and Foundation Design

Petros P. Xanthakos, Consulting Engineer, Great Falls, Virginia

0133006174 Prentice Hall 1995
A comprehensive book that covers all aspects of bridge substructure including analysis, design and detailing
as used by both structural and geotechnical engineers involved in bridge engineering.

Preface.
1. Introduction and General Principles.

Bridge Engineering and Aesthetics. Pier Types. Abutment Types. Abutment Walls. Foundation
Types. Subsurface Exploration and Foundation Investigations. Specifications and Standards. Cost
Correlation, Superstructure versus Substructure. Design Example 1-1. References.
2. Loads and Loading Groups.
General Considerations. Permanent Loads. Transient Loads. Force Effects from Superimposed
Deformations. Forces on Substructure. Earthquake Effects. Transfer of Loads from Superstructure
to Substructure. Distribution of Longitudinal Forces to Fixed and Expansion Piers. Numerical
Examples. Load Combinations and Load Factors. Case Study, Ice Load on Bridges. References.
3. Methods Of Analysis and Design.
General Principles. Service Load Design Method (Allowable Stress Design, ASD). Reliability and
Uncertainty in Design. Alternate Approach to Limit States. AASHTO Strength Design Method,
Reinforced Concrete Structures. LRFD Principles of Strength Design (AASHTO, 1994
Specifications). Design for Thermal Effects. Shrinkage and Creep (LRFD Specifications). Design for
Vessel Collision. Basic Philosophy of Seismic Design. Requirements of Reinforced Concrete in
Seismic Design. Tolerable Differential Movement and Settlement of Bridges. Design Example 3-1,
Settlement. Case Study, Forces Induced by Settlement. Design Requirements for Bridges in
Waterways. References.
4. Piers For Conventional Bridges.
Pier Types. Criteria for Pier Selection. Loads and Moments on Piers: End Conditions. Effect of
Temperature Change and Shrinkage. Seismic Design Considerations for Piers and Columns.
Structural Capacity under Combined Axial Compression and Bending. Section Analysis. Structural
Capacity of Composite Columns. Design Example 4-1: Single Shaft Pier (Load Factor Design).
Design Example 4-2: Hammerhead Pier. Design Example 4-3: Steel Bent Cap. Design Example 4-
4: Steel Bent Cap for Torsional Loading. General Principles of Pier Frame Analysis. Design Example
4-5: Multiple Column Pier. Design Example 4-6: Pier Integral with Superstructure. Pier Trestles. Pier
Protection Design Provisions in Navigable Waterways. Design Example 4-7: Bridge Protection in
Waterways. Design Example 4-8: Pier Stability Under Stream Flow. References.
5. Piers For Special Bridges.
Structural Interaction of Elastic Piers in Multi-Span Arch Bridges. Towers for Suspension Bridges.
Towers and Pylons for Cable-Stayed Bridges. Piers for Segmental Concrete Bridges. Piers for
Movable Bridges. Supports Integral with Superstructure. References.
6. Wall Systems.
Diaphragm Walls in Traffic Underpasses. Gravity and Semi-Gravity Walls. Mechanically Stabilized
Earth Walls and Prefabricated Modular Walls. Ground Movement in Excavations. Design Principles
of Diaphragm Walls. Design Principles of Gravity and Semi-Gravity Walls. Commentary on
Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls. Commentary on Prefabricated Modular Walls. Design Example
 6-1, Traffic Underpass. Design Example 6-2, Anchored Diaphragm Wall. Design Example 6-3,
Stability of Ground-Anchored Wall System. Design Example 6-4, Posttensioned Diaphragm Wall.
Seismic Design Requirements of Wall Systems. References.
7. Abutments.
Top of Abutment Details and Treatment. Pile Bent (Stub) Abutments, Design Considerations. Closed
(Full) Abutments, Design Considerations. Gravity and Semi-Gravity Abutments, Design
Considerations. Abutments on Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls. Abutments on Modular
Systems. Wing Walls. Abutments for Segmental Bridges. Seismic Design of Abutments. Design
Example 7-1, Pile Bent Abutments, ASD Method. Design Example 7-2, Full Abutment. Design
Example 7-3, Spill-Through Abutment. Design Example 7-4, Abutment of a Simple Span. Deck
Truss Bridge. Abutments for Arch Bridges. Abutments for Suspension Bridges. Integral Abutments.
Prefabricated Concrete Sections. References.
8. Footings.
Factors Affecting Selection of Foundation Type. Footing Types. Bearing Capacity Theories.
Presumptive Bearing Pressures. Bearing Pressures from Tests. Bearing Resistance of Rock. Failure
by Sliding. AASHTO and LRFD Requirements. Settlement of Footings in Soil, Methods of Analysis.
Settlement of Footings in Rock. Structural Action of Footings. Flexural Strength of Modified Square
Footing, Case Study. Strut-and-Tie Model (LRFD Specifications). Design Example 8-1, Bearing
Capacity by ASD. Design Example 8-2, Settlement of Footings. Design Example 8-3, Footing in
Rock. Design Example 8-4, Bearing Capacity by Strength Design. Design Example 8-5, Load Factor
Design. Design Example 8-6, Strip Footing. Seismic Design Requirements. References.
9. Driver Piles.
Soil-Pile Interaction. Pile Types and Selection Criteria. Design Considerations. Design Approach.
Movement and Bearing Resistance at the Service Limit State. Design of Piles for Axial Load,
Structural Capacity. Design of Piles for Axial Load, Geotechnical Capacity of Single Pile. Bearing
Capacity of Pile Groups. Uplift Considerations. Negative Skin Friction. Pile Foundations Under
Lateral Loads. Structural Capacity of Piles Subjected to Axial Load and Bending. Design Examples.
Bridge Foundations Without Piles. References.
10. Drilled Shaft Foundations.
Assessment of Construction Methods. Practical Considerations. Usual Defects and Repairs.
AASHTO Requirements. Design Requirements. Generalized Design Approach. Structural Capacity
for Axial Load. Geotechnical Strength (Bearing Capacity), Axially Loaded Shafts. Bearing Capacity
from Load Tests. Axial Resistance in Rock. Group Action. Safety Factors for ASD. Settlement
Considerations. Negative Skin Resistance (Downdrag). Uplift Resistance. Drilled Shafts under
Lateral Load. Flexural Analysis, Laterally Loaded Shafts. Design Examples. References.
11. Prismatic and Linear Foundations.
Shapes and Configurations. Construction Considerations. The Transfer of Axial Load: Basic
Concepts. Data from Load Tests. Guidelines for the Design of Load Bearing Linear and Prismatic
Elements. Structural Capacity for Axial Load. Geotechnical Capacity: Axial Load in Cohesive Soils.
Geotechnical Capacity: Axial Load in Cohesionless Soils. Axial Resistance in Rock. Group Action.
Settlement Considerations. Downdrag and Uplift. Effects of Lateral Load. Structural Capacity
Under Bending and Axial Load. Design Example 11-1. References.
12. Strengthening and Rehabilitation.
Design Options to Reduce Maintenance and Repair. Procedures for Detecting Defects and
Deterioration. Assessment of Deficiencies of Substructures Below the Water Line. Repair of Scour
Damage. Methods for Strengthening Substructures. Replacement and Repair Methods. Repair and
Methods to Arrest Concrete Deterioration Below the Water Line. Example of Inspection Guidelines:
Assessment of Underwater Concrete. Example of Structural Capacity Analysis. Example of Bridge
Rehabilitation. References. Index.

Petros P. Xanthakos
Petros P. Xanthakos is a consulting engineer in Virginia. A Ph.D. in civil and structural
engineering, Dr. Xanthakos is widely considered a top authority in the technology of bridges and
underground construction. His previous books include: Slurry Walls, 1980, McGraw-Hill, 680 pp.;
Ground Anchors and Anchored Structures, 1991, Wiley, 685 pp.; Theory and Design of Bridges,
1994, Wiley, 1443 pp.; Slurry Walls as Structural Systems, 1994, McGraw-Hill, 855 pp.; Ground
Control and Improvement, 1994, Wiley, 910 pp.; Bridge Substructure and Foundation Design,
1995, Prentice Hall, 844 pp.