DEFINE: AGRICULTURE

The word agriculture is derived from the two Latin words Agri (implying field) and culture (implying
cultivation). According to Webster Dictionary, “Agricultural is the art or science of production of crops and
livestock on a farm.” Agriculture is the production of crops by the cultivation of soil. It includes rearing of
livestock.
DEFINE: AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
According to Prof. Gray, “Introduction to Agricultural economics, has defined, ‘a science in which the principles
and methods of economics are applied to the special conditions of agricultural industry.’
According to prof. Black, ‘Economic principles imply economising. The objectives of the science of economic in
agriculture as anywhere else, is to provide a basis for the economizing of resources.’
DIFFERENTIATE AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY
1. Agriculture is the production of crops by the cultivation of soil. It includes rearing of livestock. It
provides food for people and fodder for cattle of the country. It occupies the primary of production of
goods and services in the economy.
Industry produces goods and services with the coordination of factors of production, with greater
emphasis on men and machinery with a specific technology. It produces goods which are intended for a
comfortable living with all amenities of life.
2. Agriculture commodities cannot be produced with industrial goods. Industrial goods can be produced
with agriculture goods. Construction of house, Dams, forts etc was done without cement or iron produced
in industry.
3. Agriculture gestation period is large and it depends on the agriculture commodity produced. Industry
gestation period depends on the investment and technology. The period may not be same for all
entrepreneurs.
4. Nature will predominate in Agriculture. Less played part by the nature in Industries.

WHAT IS PRODUCTIVITY
Agricultural productivity means agricultural yield or production per hectare of area. Agricultural productivity
shows the relationship between agricultural output and input. Productivity depends on land, labour, technology
productivities. It is the capacity to produce with unit resources.

WHAT IS PRODUCTION FUNCTION

Production function denotes the quantum of commodities produced in the economy during the course of period,
viz a year. This is the total available product produced with available resources in the economy.

WHAT IS GREEN REVOLUTION

The mid-1960’s the traditional agricultural practices are gradually being replaced by modern technology and
farm practices in India and a veritable revolution is taking place in our country. The new technology was tried in
1960-61 as a pilot project in seven districts and was called Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP)
later, the High- Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP) was also added and the strategy was extended to cover
the entire country. It is called Green Revolution.

WHAT IS LAND EFFICIENCY

Land efficiency or profitability refers to the surplus of value of output over all costs (including the imputed value
of inputs contributed by the farmer or his family). Economists asserted that small farms in India were far more
productive than large holdings because of intensive cultivation.

WHAT IS CROPPING INTENSITY

Cropping intensity is the method of measuring the extent of the use of land for cropping purpose during a given
year. It is expressed as Cropping Intensity = Area Cropped / Total cultivated area * 100. More the cropping
intensity better it is. When cropping intensity is 200 that means two crops are grown in a year.
WHAT ARE THE INDICATORS OF CAPITAL EFFICIENCY
a. Over -head charges ratio
b. Operating ratio
c. Capital per unit of gross income
d. Rate of capital turn over
WHAT IS MULTIPLE CROPPING
Multiple cropping is the provision of irrigation facilities can make possible the growing of two or three crops in a
year in most areas of the country. This will considerably enhance agricultural production and productivity.
Multiple cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same piece of land in different growing
seasons. It is a form of polyculture.
WHAT IS OPTIMUM HOLDING
Optimum holding or Large holding group comprises the size of 10 hectares and above. optimum holding is
defined
WHAT IS ECONOMIC HOLDINGS
Economic holding is defined by Prof. Keatinge, ‘a holding which allows a man a chance of producing sufficient
to support himself and his family in reasonable comfort after paying his necessary expenses.’
WHAT IS OPERATIONAL HOLDINGS
Operational land holding is a techno – economic land unit used wholly or partly for agricultural production and
operated by one person alone or with the assistance of others, without regard to title size or location. It include
only those units which are used either in farm production or farm production.