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Specification:
1.1 Population dynamics (in the specification the migration section of the course falls under
population)
Candidates should be able to:
• Describe and suggest reasons for population migrations. Reference should be made to internal
movements such as rural-urban migration as well as to international migrations both voluntary and
involuntary.
There are many different types of migration. The most commonly referred to are:
Internal Migration: Migration within a country e.g. Santa Ana to San Salvador or Birmingham to
London.
Rural-urban migration: This is a type of internal migration. It is the movement of people from rural
areas (the countryside) to urban areas (towns and cities). In the settlements topic we look at the
causes, problems and solutions of and to rural-urban migration in Rio de Janeiro. If you want to read
more go to the settlements page: IGCSE Settlements and GCSE Settlements.
Temporary Migration: Migration for a limited period, this might only be for a few weeks or even
several years.
Forced Migration: When people are forced to migrate, often because their life is in danger.
Voluntary Migration: When people freely choose to migrate e.g. for better weather or better
universities.
Economic Migration: Migration for work e.g. better salary or promotion
Seasonal Migration: Migration just for a particular season e.g. the ski season or the harvesting
season
Different types of migration can also be used together, for example Mr Greenfield was a
international temporary voluntary migrant when he migrated to Vietnam, the UAE and El salvador.
FORCED MIGRATION: When people have to move VOLUNTARY MIGRATION: When people chose
usually because their life might be in danger. to move, usually for economic benefit.
War Retirement
Migration Balance: The difference between emigrants and immigrants. If a country has more
emigrants than immigrants that it is experiencing net migration loss. If a country has more
immigrants than emigrants then it is experiencing net migration gain.
People will normally migrate because of a combination of push and pull factors.
Push Factor: Things that are driving you from the location that you live e.g. crime and pollution
Pull Factor: Things that are attracting you to a new location e.g. better job and nice weather.
The Lee's Model above show that as well as there being push factors from where you live there are
also pull factors that keep you there (represented by + in model). It also says that as well as pull
factors that attract you to a new location, there are also push factors not making you want to move
there (represented by - in the diagram).
Push Factors from Source (origin) CountryPull Factors from Source (origin) Country
No job
Poor housing
Pull Factors of Destination Country Push Factors from Destination Country
Intervening obstacles: These are problems that a migrant may face on his journey. They are
represented on the Lee's Model by the wiggly line in between country of origin and destination
country. Intervening obstacles may include:
Shortage of money
Language barriers
Bad weather
Transport delays
The charity Amnesty International has made four short documentaries highlighting the problems
faced by Central Americans migrating to the US through Mexico. The documentaries are called the
Invisibles. The problems in Mexico may include:
Kidnap
Rape
Robbery
Death
Torture
Impacts of Migration
The process of migration can have positive and negative impacts on both the source country and the
receiving country. Below is a summary of some of those impacts.
Advantages Disadvantages
Remittances: Money that is sent home to friends and family by migrants living in a different location,
often overseas.
The US and Mexico share a land border of roughly 2000km. Because of a series of push and pull
factors, migrants from Mexico and Central America (El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala) try and
make the journey across the border. It is estimated that over 1 million migrants each year attempt to
cross. Many make it, but others are also caught, in 1995 about 850,000 were caught and deported.
Poor medical facilities - 1800 per doctor Excellent medical facilities - 400 per doctor
Low paid jobs - (GNP = $3,750) Well paid jobs - GNP = $24,750)
Adult literacy rates 55% - poor education Adult literacy rates 99% - good education prospects
prospects
Life expectancy 76 yrs
Life expectancy 72 yrs
Low crime rates
40% Unemployed
Many jobs available for low paid workers such as
42,000 violent drugs deaths since 2006 Mexicans
Mexican culture has enriched the US border states with food, language and music
The incidents of TB has been increasing greatly due to the increased migration
Many men emigrate leaving a majority of women who have trouble finding marriage partners
Young people tend to migrate leaving the old and the very young
Legal and illegal immigrants together send some $6 billion a year back to Mexico
Certain villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its inhabitants
Push and pull factors and impacts are from: SLN - US Mexico Migration
Refugees: A person who has been forced to leave their home and their country. This might be
because of a natural disaster, war, religious or political persecution.
Persecution: When someone is attacked for what they believe in e.g. their religion or political belief.
Internally displaced person (IDP): When someone has been forced to leave their home but not their
country.
Asylum Seekers: Someone who is trying to get refuge (residency) in a foreign country because their
life is in danger in their home country. This is usually because of their political or religious beliefs.
Reasons for Problems faced by Problems faced by receiving Solutions to refugee problem
becoming a refugee refugees country