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Agenda
• CDMA introduction
• CDMA makes use of Diversity
• Power control
• CDMA Forward Link
• CDMA Reverse Link
• CDMA call processing
• CDMA Measurement
2
Cellular Access Methods
Power Time
Time
Power
FDMA Frequency
Power Time
CDMA Frequency
TDMA
Frequency
3
The CDMA Concept
Code Domain Power (cdma2000/IS-95)
Pilot
Synch
Paging
Frequency Domain
User #3
User #2
User #1
freq
1.2288 MHz
Code Domain
Walsh Code
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 32 40 63
Pilot Paging User User Synch User
1 2 3
4
CDMA is Also Full Duplex
45 MHz
AMPS
Frequency
836.52 MHz 881.52 MHz
Amplitude
Reverse Link Forward Link
CDMA 45 MHz
Frequency
836.52 MHz 881.52 MHz
5
What is CDMA ?
6
Cellular Frequency Reuse Patterns
1 1
2 3 1 1
6 4 2 1 1 1
5 6 1 1
7 1
7
The CDMA Concept
10 Khz BW 1.23 Mhz BW 1.23 Mhz BW 10 Khz BW
0 fc fc 0
CDMA CDMA
Transmitter Receiver
Baseband Encoding & Walsh Code Walsh Code Decode & De- Baseband
Data Interleaving Spreading Correlator Interleaving Data
9.6 kbps 19.2 kbps 1228.8 kbps 1228.8 kbps 19.2 kbps 9.6 kbps
fc fc fc fc
Background Noise External Interference Other Cell Interference Other User Noise
Interference Sources
8
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
9
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• Direct sequence spread Power Spectral
Narrowband user
spectrum signal is generated Density
data
by multiplying narrowband
user data with a well-defined
wideband pseudo-random
sequence.
Direct sequence
• Recovering the narrowband spread signal
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical,
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence. Freq
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
10
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
I-Q Modulator
Transmit
Source Information Bits to DSSS Signal
Bits I-Q
11
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Received
DSSS Demodulator
signal Data
Carrier
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
12
What is Correlation ?
Compared to the
Given Signal at Correlation = 0
13
Auto-Correlation
Pseudo-Random Sequence
• Is a Comparison of a Signal
1
Against Itself
0
• Good Pseudo-Random
Patterns Have: 1
¾ Strong Correlation at Zero Time0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Offset
¾ Weak Correlation at Other Auto-Correlation Versus Time Offset
Time Offsets
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chip Offset
14
CDMA Paradigm Shift
15
CDMA Capacity Gains
(Chan BW)
Capacity = _____________ (1)
X _____ (1) X (Fr)
X ____
(Data Rate) (S/N) (Vaf) Processing
(1,230,000) X _____
CDMA = ____________ (1) X (1)
_____ X (0.67)
Gain
(9,600) (5.01) (.40)
CDMA = 42 Calls ( Using 1.5 MHz BW )
16
CDMA makes use of Diversity
• Spatial Diversity
¾ Making Use of Differences in Position
• Frequency Diversity
¾ Making Use of Differences in Frequency
• Time Diversity
¾ Making Use of Differences in Time
17
CDMA Spatial Diversity
• Diversity Reception:
¾ Multiple Antennas at Base Station
9 Each Antenna is Affected by Multipath Differently Due to Their
Different Location
9 Allows Selection of the Signal Least Affected by Multipath
Fading
• If Diversity Antennas are Good, Why Not Use Base Stations
as a Diversity Network?
¾ Soft Handoff
18
Spatial Diversity During Soft Handoff
Land Link
MTSO
Vocoder /
Selector
19
CDMA Frequency Diversity
1.23 MHz BW
Amplitude
Frequency
20
CDMA Time Diversity
21
Why Interleaving Works
1 2 3 4 TX
5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
9 10 11 12 Errors/Time
13 14 15 16 RX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Errors/Time
Interleaved Data Frame
TX
1 2 3 4 1 5 9 13
1 5 9 13 2 6 10 14 3 7 11 15 4 8 12 16
5 6 7 8 2 6 10 14
Errors/Time
9 10 11 12 3 7 11 15
13 14 15 16 4 8 12 16 RX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
22
The Rake Receiver
Amplitude Time
Frequency
23
Rake Receiver Design
Antenna
Delay
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Taps
Tap
W0 W1 W2 W3 W4 Weights
+
Output
24
Synchronization
25
Power Control
- 30dBm B
At the BS receiver,
SNR for A reception = 30 dB, certified
SNR for B reception = -30 dB, not certified
26
Power Control
Pgain = 10 log ( W / R )
R is fixed at 9600 bps, W can be increased
In this case, W = 48 MHz not practical
27
Power Control
28
Reverse Link Power Control
29
Open Loop Power Control
30
Closed Loop Power Control
31
CDMA Variable Rate Speech Coder
32
Mobile Power Bursting
33
The CDMA2000 evolution path is flexible From CDG
and future-proof
34
CDMA Protocol Stacks
35
The architecture for CDMA2000 From CDG
Cell HLR/AUC
Phones
PSTN
MSC
Smartphones IS634
and PDAs
AAA
BSC Core Server
Elements
PSDN
IWF
Laptops with
Cell Phones
Internet
IP Router
36
cdma2000 Key Standards
37
cdma2000 Standards Overview - IS-2000
Release 0 versus Revision A
TIA/EIA-95-B IS-2000 IS-2000-A
F-Pilot F-Pilot F-Pilot
F-Sync F-Sync F-Sync
F-BCCH
F-PCH F-PCH
F-CCCH
Forward F-QPCH optional F-QPCH optional
Channels F-CACH
F-CPCCH
F-FCH F-FCH
F-Traffic F-SCH F-SCH
F-DCCH optional F-DCCH optional
38
Benefits of cdma2000
39
Performance Enhancements
40
Reuse of TIA/EIA-95-B
41
Terms and Definitions
• Chip
9 Is the period of a data bit at the final spreading rate
• SR - Spreading Rate
9 Defines the final spreading rate in terms of 1.2288 Mcps(SR1).
So a 3.6864 Mcps system is called a SR3 system.
• RC - Radio Configuration
9 Defines the physical channel configuration based upon a base
channel data rate.
9 RCs contain rates derived from their base rate. For example,
RC3 is based on 9.6 kbps and includes 1.5, 2.7, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2,
38.4, 76.8, 153.6, and 307.200 kbps.
9 RCs are coupled to specific Spreading Rates
42
IS-2000 SR1 (aka 1xRTT)
43
SR1 Forward Radio Configurations
44
SR1 Forward Channels
46
Forward Link Traffic Channel Physical Layer
(RC1,RC2)
Power
Vocoded
Control
Speech Convolutional 1.2288 Mbps
Encoder Interleaver Puncturing
Data
800 bps Walsh I Short Code
9.6 19.2 Long Code
Scrambling Coder
kbps 1/2 kbps 1.2288
Rate Mbps
P.C.
FIR I
Mux
3/4 19.2 19.2 19.2
14.4 Rate 19.2 kbps kbps kbps Short Code Scrambler
kbps kbps
FIR Q
20 msec 1.2288
blocks 19.2 800 Mbps
kbps bps Walsh Code
Long Code Generator Q Short Code
1.2288 Mbps
47
Forward FCH Physical Layer
RC3 (9.6 kbps)
Complex
Full Rate Add CRC and Scrambling
Data Bits
Power
Tail Bits Orthogonal
Control
8.6 kbps 9.6 kbps Spreading
Puncture
1/4 Rate Conv. 1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Encoder P.C. Bits + I
38.4 ksps I I Short Code FIR I
19.2 ksps -
1228.8 kcps
Interleaver
Gain I
38.4
ksps 38.4 ksps 800 bps 1228.8kbps
User Long Walsh 64
Code Mask Gain PC S -P Generator
Puncture
Timing 1228.8 kbps
1228.8 kbps 38.4 kbps 800 bps
Q 1228.8 kcps
Long Code Long Code PC 19.2 ksps
+ Q
Generator Decimator Dec
Q
Q Short Code FIR
Q
Decimate by +
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Walsh Length/2
Optional
Can be Carried by F-DCCH
48
CDMA Vocoders
49
CDMA Frame Formats
50
Forward Error Protection
Data Out
9600 bps
Data In
9600 D z D z D z D z D z D D z D z
bps
+
Data Out
9600 bps
51
14.4 Traffic Channel Forward Link
Modifications
• Replaces 8 kbps Vocoder with a
Vocoded
13 kbps Vocoder(both Variable Speech
Rate) Data
• Effects:
¾ Provides Toll Quality Speech
Convolutional
¾ Uses a 3/4 Rate Encoder Encoder
20 msec
blocks
52
Interleaver
Block Interleaved
Symbol Interleaver Output
Repetition Input output
19.2 ksps
9.6 ksps
4.8 ksps
19.2 ksps
Array / Array
24
2.4 ksps
384 Symbols
16 x 24 Array
20 ms
53
CDMA System Time
54
Long Code Generation
Modulo-2 Addition
User Assigned
Long Code Mask
42 bits
42 41 5 4 3 2 1
55
Long Code Generation
Modulo-2 Addition
User Assigned
Long Code Mask
42 41 5 4 3 2 1 42 bits
56
Long Code Scrambling
57
Closed Loop Power Control Puncturing
58
Power Control Bit Puncturing
1.25ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
59
SR1, RC4 (152.4 kbps) F-SCH
I 1228.8 kcps
307.2 ksps
307.2 ksps 1228.8kbps
User Long Walsh 8
Code Mask Gain S -P Generator
1228.8 kbps
1228.8 kbps 307.2 ksps
Q 1228.8 kcps
Long Code Long Code 153.6 ksps
+ Q
Generator Decimator Q Short Code FIR
Q
Decimate by 1228.8 kcps
+
Walsh Length/2 1228.8 kcps
60
Walsh Codes
W1 = 0
Wn Wn 0 0
W2n = W2 = 0 1
Wn Wn
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
W4 = 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
61
Checking for Orthogonality
into Longer 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1
Codes 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1
63
Walsh Code Spreading
What is the
1.2288 Mbps
Walsh Code Spreading Rate
Generator
Increase ?
64
Why Spread Again with the Short Sequence
Q Channel Short
Sequence Code
Generator
1.2288 Mbps
65
Multi-Layer Code Assignment Short Code
Walsh Code
Long code
W64,0 W64,1
PN 0
W64,2
Cells A/Sector A
W64,0 W64,1
PN 1
Full code
set per cell W64,2
Cells B/Sector B
Walsh Code layer (spreading code)
66
Short Code (PN) Generation
3276
PN Code Combinations: 215 = 32768 74 2
8
Clock Rate = 1.2288 Mcps
Return of Initial State = 26.666 ms
67
PN Offsets
PN 0
PN 120
PN 511
68
Short Code Correlation
69
Forward Link Channel Format
Walsh Code 0
Walsh Code 32
Σ I
Convert to I/Q I Data FIR LP Filter &
Sync Channel 4.8 kbps 1228.8 kbps
& PN D/A Conversion
Spreading
Q Data
Walsh Codes 1 to 7
70
Walsh Coding Example
Channel A +1
Walsh Encoded
+ Channel B
Walsh Encoded
+1
+2
Sum of A & B +1
Walsh Encoded
Data Streams -1
-2
71
Walsh Decoding Example
Correlation Coefficient
Original User A Voice Data Original User B Voice Data
T
∫
+1 +1
1
zij = f i (t) r f j (t) dt
0 T 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
-1 -1
-2 -2
Multiply Summed Data with Desired Walsh Code Multiply Summed Data with Desired Walsh Code
+2 +2 +2 +2
∫ -1 ∫
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
-1
X
-1 1 1
=
-1
=
-1
+
-1
=
-1
= 1
1 0
-2 -2 -2 -2
72
What if Walsh Codes are Not Time Aligned ?
Sum of A & B +1
Walsh Encoded
Data Streams -1
-2
∫
+1 +1 +1
0 (-1), We Have
-1
X
-1
=
-1
= -0.75 Interference Now!
1 1
-2 -2
73
Pilot Channel Physical Layer
0’s FIR Q
1.228
• Pilot Channel is just the 8
Mbps
Walsh Code
Short Codes Generator Q Short Code
Walsh
1.2288 Mbps
Code 0
74
Sync Channel Physical Layer
Sync
Channel
Message
Data 1.2288 Mbps
Convolutional Walsh
Encoder Interleaver
Symbol 32 I Short Code
Repetition Coder
1.2288
1/2 Mbps
Rate 2x FIR I
FIR Q
1.2288
Mbps
Walsh Code
Generator Q Short Code
1.2288 Mbps
75
Paging Channel Physical Layer
Paging
Channel
Message
Data Walsh 1.2288 Mbps
Convolutional
Interleaver
Encoder 1 to 7 I Short Code
Symbol Long Code
Coder
Repetition Scrambling
1.2288
1/2 Mbps
Rate
2x FIR I
4.8 9.6 19.2 19.2 19.2
kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps Short Code Scrambler
FIR Q
1.2288
Paging Channel Mbps
Long Code 19.2
Walsh Code
kbps
Generator QShort Code
1.2288 Mbps
76
SR1 Reverse Radio Configurations
77
SR1 Reverse Channels
78
R-FCH Coding for SR1(RC1,RC2)
Convolutional 64-ary
Encoder Modulator
Vocoded
1 of 64
Speech Interleaver 1.2288 Mbps
Walsh Codes
Data 1/3 28.8 Walsh I Short Code
9.6 Rate kbps Code 63 Long Code
kbps Walsh
Code 62
Modulator
Walsh
1.2288
28.8 Code 61 Mbps FIR I
kbps
1/2
14.4 Short Code Scrambler
Rate 28.8 307.2
kbps kbps kbps
20 msec Walsh
Code 2
t/ 2 FIR Q
blocks
Walsh 1/2 Chip Delay
Code 1
Walsh
Code 0 Q Short Code
1.2288
1.2288 Mbps
Mbps
Long Code
79
Reverse Error Protection
Data In
9600 D z D z D z D z D z D z D z D z
kbps
z
z
+ z
Data Out
9600 bps
+ Data Out
9600 bps
80
14.4 Traffic Channel Reverse Link
Modifications
• Replaces 8 kbps Vocoder with
a 13 kbps Vocoder (both
Variable Rate) Vocoded
Speech
• Effects: Data
¾ Provides Toll Quality Speech
¾ Uses a 1/2 Rate Encoder Convolutional
Encoder
¾ Reduces Processing Gain 1.76
dB 1/2
Rate
¾ Results in Reduced Capacity 14.4
kbps
28.8
kbps
or Smaller Cell Sizes
20 msec
blocks
81
64-ary Modulation
307.2 kbps)
• Is Not the Channelization for 307.2
the Reverse Link kbps
Walsh
Code 2
Walsh
Code 1
Walsh
Code 0
82
Why Aren’t Walsh Codes Used for Reverse
Channelization ?
• All Walsh Codes Arrive
Together in Time to All Mobiles
From the Base Station
• However, Transmissions from
Mobiles DO NOT Arrive at the
Same Time at the Base Station
83
Reverse Channel Long Code Spreading
84
Data Burst Randomizer
Algorithm
At 4800 bps rate,
Transmission should occur on the PCG's numbered:
b0, 2 + b1, 4 + b2, 6 + b3, 8 + b4,10 + b5, 12 + b6, 14 + b7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (Example)
85
Data Burst Randomizer
Algorithm
At 2400 bps rate ,
Transmission should occur on the PCG's numbered:
b0 if b8 = 0, or 2 + b1 if b8 = 1 (i.e. 1 out of PCG 0...3)
4 + b2 if b9 = 0, or 6 + b3 if b9 = 1 (i.e. 1 out of PCG 4...7)
8 + b4 if b10 = 0, or 10 + b5 if b10 = 1 (i.e. 1 out of PCG 8...11)
12+b6 if b11 = 0, or 14 + b7 if b11 = 1 (i.e. 1 out of PCG 12..15)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (Example)
( 25% Gated-On, 25% Gated-Off )
At 1200 bps rate ,
Transmission should occur on the PCG's numbered:
b0 if (b8 = 0 and b12=0), or 2 + b1 if (b8 = 1 and b12=1)
or 4 + b2 if (b9 = 0 and b12=0), or 6 + b3 if (b9 = 1 and b12=1) (i.e. 1 out of PCG 0...7)
8 + b4 if (b10 = 0 and b13=0), or 10 + b5 if (b10 = 1 and b13=1)
or 12 + b6 if (b11 = 0 and b13=0), or 14 + b7 if (b11 = 1 and b13=1) (i.e. 1 out of PCG 8..15)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (Example)
(12.5% Gated-On, 12.5% Gated-Off)
86
Gated-On and Gated-Off Power
3 dB
20 dB or to
the noise
floor (-60dBm)
1.247 ms
I Short Code
1.2288 Mbps
88
OQPSK Modulation
is: Q
- 00,10,01,11
10 n n 11
89
CDMA Modulation Formats
Base Station
Pilot Channel TX Mobile Station TX
Q Q
I I
90
Reverse Pilot/Power Control Multiplexing
(RC3,4)
91
SR1, RC3 R-FCH Coding(RC3,RC4)
8.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 38.4 ksps 38.4 ksps 76.8 ksps 1228.8 kcps
1/4 Rate 1 Frame 2 Reps
Add CRC and 1,1, 1, 1,-1, -1, -1, -1, 1,1, 1, 1,-1, -1, -1, -1
Tail Bits Spread Walsh Code
Factor = 16 Generator
92
SR1 Reverse Channel Spreading(RC3,RC4)
R-SCH 2 Gain Complex
1228.8 kcps Scale Scrambling
I Channel
1, 1, -1, -1 or 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1 1228.8 kcps
Short Code
Walsh 4/8
Generator
Generator +
R-Pilot +
1228.8 kcps
Power I
Control -
1228.8 kcps
R-DCCH Gain
1228.8 kcps Scale
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
Walsh 16 User Long Long Code Walsh 2
Generator Code Mask Generator Generator
R-SCH 1
1,-1
or
R-EACH Gain
1-Chip Deci
or 1228.8 kcps Scale
Delay by 2 + 1228.8 kcps
R-CCCH 1,-1 or 1 -1 1,-1, or 1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1
Walsh 2/4/8 1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1 for 1228.8 kcps Q
Generator R-EACH or R-CCCH +
Q Channel
R-FCH Gain Short Code 1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps Scale Generator
1,1, 1, 1 -1,-1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1
Walsh 16
Generator
93
Channelization Summary
94
CDMA Multiplex Sublayer
Layer 3
Call Processing & Control
Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2
Primary Traffic Signaling Link Layer
Multiplex Sublayer Paging & Access
Traffic Channel Channels
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Channel Data - 9600 bps or 14400 bps
95
Station Class Mark (SCM)
96
Ten Minutes in the Life of a CDMA Mobile
Phone
• Turn-on
¾ System Access
• Travel
¾ Idle State Hand-Off
• Initiate Call
• System Access
• Continue Travel
¾ Initiate Soft Handoff
¾ Terminate Soft Handoff
• End Call
97
CDMA Turn On Process
98
Sync Channel Message
99
Read the Paging Channel
100
CDMA Idle State Handoff
• No Call In Progress
• Mobile Listens to New Cell
• Move Registration Location if
Entering a New Zone
101
Access Procedures
102
Access Probe
Preamble
96 bits “0”s
Preamble
96 bits “0”s
Frame Body T
88 bits 8
…… Frame Body T
88 bits 8
RN TA RT RN TA RT RN TA RT RN
104
Access Attempt
RS RS RS
105
Access Attempt
PD RS PD RS PD RS PD
Access Access Access Access
Probe Probe Probe Probe
Sequence Sequence Sequence Sequence
106
Access Channel Messages
108
CDMA Call Completion
109
CDMA Soft Handoff Initiation
110
Hard, Soft, and Softer Handoffs
• Hard Handoff f2
¾ “Break before make.”
f1
• Soft Handoff
¾ “Make before break.”
¾ MS communicates with more Hard Handoff
than one BS at a time.
¾ Improves reception on cell f1
boundaries.
f1
¾ MS will receive different power
control from the two BSs.
• Softer Handoff Soft Handoff
¾ MS communicates with more
than one sector of a cell.
¾ MS will receive identical power f1
control from both sectors.
Softer Handoff
111
cdma2000 CONCEPT: Soft Handoff
Pilot Ec/I0
• Terms:
T_ADD
¾ Active Set: MS is in soft
handoff.
¾ Candidate Set: MS identifies as
strong.
• Parameters: BS1 BS2
¾ T_ADD
Pilot Ec/I0 Pilot Ec/I0
¾ T_COMP
¾ T_DROP 0.5xT_COMP
¾ T_TDROP
T_DROP
112
CDMA Soft Handoff Completion
Vocoder/ Selector
113
Ending CDMA Soft Handoff
114
CDMA End of Call
115
cdma2000 Standards Overview - TIA/EIA-98-
D/E
• I.e.3GPP2 C.S0011-A/B:
¾ “Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for
cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Mobile Stations.”
116
CDMA Service Options
117
Section 3 - Receiver Test
Receiver Test
3.1 Frequency Coverage Requirements
3.4.1 Demod of Fwd Traffic Channel with AWGN
3.4.2 Demod of Fwd Traffic Channel with Multipath Fading
3.5.1 Receiver Sensitivity and Dynamic Range
3.5.2 Single Tone Desensitization
3.5.3 Intermodulation Spurious Response Attenuation
3.5.4 Adjacent Channel Selectivity
3.5.5 Receiver Blocking Characteristics
3.7.1 Supervision Paging Channel
118
Section 4 - Transmitter Test
Transmitter Test
4.1 Frequency Accuracy
4.2 Handoff
4.3 Modulation Requirements
4.4 RF Output Power Requirements
4.4.1 Range of Open Loop Output Power
4.4.2 Time Response of Open Loop Power Control
4.4.3 Access Probe Output Power
4.4.4 Range of Closed Loop Power Control
4.4.5 Maximum RF Output Power
4.4.6 Minimum Controlled Output Power
4.4.7 Standby Output Power and Gated Output Power
4.4.8 Power Up Function Output Power
4.4.9 Code Channel to Reverse Pilot Channel Output Power Accuracy
4.4.10 Reverse Pilot Channel Transmit Phase Discontinuity
4.4.11 Reverse Traffic Channel Output Power During Changes in Data
Rate
119
CDMA Conclusions
120