Term Definition

Pathogen Disease causing organism

Antigens Foreign and is capable of triggering an immune response

Types of organism that cause disease in humans

- Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protista, Flatworm, Roundworm

Name a bacteria and its effect on the body

- Gonorrhoea
- N gonorrhoea
- Sexual transmission
- During sexual intercourse genitals rub together passing bacteria from infected to uninfected
person
- Inflammation of penis/vagina
- Discharge of pus

State an example of an infectious disease caused by…

- Virus: Flu
- Bacteria: Cholera
- Fungi: Athlete’s foot
- Protozoan: Malaria

Outline the process of immunisation against bacteria or viral diseases

- Vaccine injected
- Contains weak form of bacterium/virus
- Antibody production by white blood cells stimulated
- Antibodies persists
- Repeated vaccination

Describe the role of helper T-cells

- Involved in the immune response
- Recognise one specific antigen
- Activated by antigen-presenting cells
- Stimulate B cells to divide by secreting cytokines
- Activate phagocytes which engulfs pathogens
- Activate T killer cells to kill cells infected with viruses
- Stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies
Outline the principles that form the basis of immunity
- Skin and much membranes from barriers to pathogens as first line of defence
- Macrophage recognise antigens and ingests pathogens
- Presents antigens on cell surface
- Macrophage activates helper T-cells that are complementary to antigen
- Complementary B-cell becomes activated by T-helper cell
- Activated B-cell increases in size and divides by mitosis
- B-cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells
- Plasma cells secrete specific antibodies
- Memory cells remain for long term immunity
- Multiple B-cells activated by different molecule of antigen
- If same pathogen enters body again memory cells activate
- Antibodies produced faster and in greater amounts