Hubert Riisch Dieter Jungwirth Hubert K. Hilsdorf Creep and Shrinkage Their Effect on the Behavior of Concrete Structures With 186 Flustrations Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg BerlinHubert Risch Dieter Jungwirth formerly of Dyckerhof & Widmann AG ‘Technische Universitit ‘Monieh Munich Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany Hubert K. Hilsdorf Institut fr Baustoftechnolog Universitat Karisruhe Karlsruhe Federal Republic of Germany Library of Congres Cataloging in Publication Data Resch, Hubert, 1903-1979 ‘Creep and shrinkage Bibliography: p Includes index. I Conerse Creep, 2 Concrete—Expansion and conisction. 3, Reinforced conereteconstretion T Jungoints, Dieter, HL, Hllsdort, Hubert K. Ws, Tae, TAMORT) = 62a 82737 AACR? © 1983 by Springer-Verlag New York Ine sts reserved. No pat ofthis book may be teansated or reproduced in any form ea triien pevnision from Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifh Avenue, New York, ‘New York (0010, USA, All “Typeset by Composition House Lid, Salisbury, England printed and bound by R. R. Doanelley & Sons, Harrisonburg, VA, Printed in the United States of America ge76ss32t ISBN 0-387-90669-X Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin ISBN 3-540-90660-X_ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Dedication ubert Rasch, the seior author of this volume, who died in 1979, was one of 6 treat international igres in the Sed freinforeed concer. ‘combined out- area ing professional achievements design, research and teaching with & WS aagoing personality. Aided by his knowledge of five languayes, this om hina cane Perot efecive leader in international organizations and Ted wo many personal-professional friendships ina varity of cous, “ava practcingengineer, both in Germany and in Argentina, be was responsible for ine enign ad, often, consiruction of excetional concrete stracures veh te gigs shel roofs, domes, areraft hangars, industrial plants, barbor s'race sat precast ond presresed concrete systems. His distinguished acadei coe sagan in 1948 when he acepicd a professorship in conerete conse St his cee eee Ie Tease Univeitt Maachen. n bis additonal relates aittigy as erector of the Materials Testing Insitute, which he area enlarged care te ued. he conducted and supervised rescasch on a large sale, THis ae gin important basic contributions in such areas as the structures ra cof coneete creep, shrinkage, crack formation, inelastic Neal 7, tore july contol init design, and safety theory based on probabilistic feasoning, to mention only the most important ones Serie reaching international iupact was based not only on these eaginechin acliguawente but also very such on his multinguality ane, particulary, on te sen Marnth with whic he esiblisked and maintained close persona) © sae ane, When the European Coxcrete Committee (CEB) began its wor rae mnediasly became one of is Leading members as a Founding ise President, later its President, ad finally its Honorary President, Inthese caps, pera gue the CEB in the cretion of it internationally important Mee be pepe Patso established close licison between the CEB and the American Concrete Institute Among, his international connections, those with the United Sites Wert paraculatly eles. For one year he ws Distinguished Visiting Profesor at Cornell“ Deaton University, and later held a similar appointment at the University of Texas in ‘Austin. At both institutions his interaction with colleagues and students was immediate, close, productive, and often fong lasting, ‘His multifarious activities and his 130 publications, including books translated into several languages, brought him many honors and distinctions in Germany and elsewhere. OF these, only those bestowed on him in the United States wil be mentioned here: He was elected Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Engineering, an Honorary Member of the American Concrete Institute, which also conferred on him its Wason Medal and Alfred Lindau Award, and he received the Longstreth Medal of the Beajamin Franklin Institute in Philadelphia This great man enjoyed life in many of its aspects. in his closeness to his family, in his love for nature, music, art, history, travel, skiing, and mountain climbing, experiences shared on many occasions with this writer He will be long and fondly remembered. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Geonce Wivten, Preface This book is based on Reinforced Conerete—Prestressed Concrete, Volume 2. “Account for the Effects of Creep and Shrinkage on the Behavior of Structural ‘Systems by Hubert Rilsch and Dieter ee ete ee xeraesome List of Symboe thickness of concrete cover 2.718; eccentricity ‘normal stress specified compressive strength of concrete average compressive strength of concrete {otal depth of beam; thickness of slab; diameter of concrete member coefficient with proper dimension length of column; span; length of member or element uuait moment z unit normal force; modular ratio E/E, total unit load radius; radius of gyration curvature spacing of reinforeing bars; unit snow load; standard deviation time circumference; camber shear stress; unit shear force; volume concentration unit live load; crack width; unit weight lateral deflection; distance of center of reinforcement to centroid of concrete section Lower Case Groek Letters stifiness ratio; degree of hydration; moment coeficient; angular change of prestressing tendon; dimensionless coefficient dimensionless coefficient; angle; unintended angular change of prestressing tendon, additional safety with regard to buckling; total angular change of prestressing tendon: safety factor; creep factor dimensionless coeflicient; displacement dimensionless coefficient strain relaxation coefficient; AA, reinforcement ratio time coefficient coefficient friction coefficient creep coefficient dimensionless coefficient Lower Case Greek Subscripts safety against buckling eueramgeae Zz List of Symtos xii ‘Upper Case Subscripts at support B cracking deformation according to German industrial specifications according to Euler at midspan. ‘concentrated life load soit temperature structural member U coupled with different structural member W Lomer Case Subscripts aggregate admissable basic; bottom; buckling creep; concrete contribution of tensile strength of concrete creep and shrinkage delayed elastic; dead load drying elastic effective flow initial idealized 1,234 average value prestress; prestressing tenon action effects or stresses causing cracking; sudden restraint relaxation required secant modulus; steel reinforcement; shrinkage sustained load top; tangent; time effects at time 1; tension total ultimate shear temporary effect yield ‘Spectal Subscripts initial value; basic value; basic system; time ¢ = 0 particular quantities in sequence 1, 2,3xiv List of symbols a hour a days & at time infinity A finite difference AA difference of A z sum particular creep fibers ‘Superscript e clastic, ie. neglecting ereep effects l uncracked sections (concrete) un cracked sections (concrete) 0 ‘open system @ transition to closed syste 28d 2B days compression Further symbols are defined in the text as needed Introduction ‘When calculating the effects of eveep and shrinkage on the behavior of concrete structures, three problem areas are of particular importance: the knowledge ofall possible effects and thus the practical problems requiring a creep and shrinkage analysis (11. ‘the development of realistic expedients for estimat and shrinkage: information on reliable and simple analytical methods to calculate the effets. 1 the coeficemt of ereep ‘The number of publications on this subject has reached almost avalanche pro- portions over the last two decades. In particular, this s true for test reports dealing twith the study of the various influences on creep deformation. Until 1970, 758. publications are reported (2], (3], aud [4J. It shows that since Wagner's [5] Summarizing work, published in 1958, which lists 208 references, the amount of knowledge has increased rapidly Te following explanations are an attempt to provide a condensed review of the present state of knowledge. The three problem areas mentioned above re dealt with in three largely independeat sections and explained in the supplements. ‘As a rule, the influence of steel creep (see Part B, Section 5) can be neglected. Part C, Section 43.3 is an exception. In general, the SI units (International System of Units) are used in the book, In cotder to facilitate use, the American rts are offen given in parentheses ‘Whenever an equation contains dimensional factors a second figure is given in parentheses to be used in calculations with American units. If conversions are2 ntredtion required, the following conversion factors have to be used: To convert from: To: Multiply by: m 8 328 m in. 3937 a ° 10.76 mam? int o.00155 N Ibs 0.225 Némm?=MN/m? > psi 145 kg/m? Tesi? 0.062 REFERENCES 1. Rast, 1: Fundamental fr computing he ett of sone rep Inston Association ESRSL Eemtantor and Sausral Esering. Spmposem. Mod, Final Repo. 170 2) Sintage and creep in concrete, ACI Biography No. 7 (1905-1960, Amerizan C Shenae and een cot ny No. 7 (195-1966), American Concrete 13) Lt of aetna ference to ciegp and woe changes of coer (pike dig period Le ee eaecmanet ne [Shrinkage andere in concrete: ACI Bislogzaph No, (1966-1970 American Stage ad ens raph No, (1966-1970) American Conc Insitute 15) Waanee, “Creepin pain concrete,” Ger. Commitee Reinforced Cor. No, 13 (198) Part A How Do Creep and Shrinkage Affect the Behavior of Structures? For the reader in a hurry See esas consenved because even vy experienced engineers oozsiol) are Un cere datne eeep and shiakage cat infuene ation ets or he stress stato de ce bes the various types of sees, and Sections 2 and 3 investigate the ee of See ulorhvinkage on these various ipa of sess Seton 4 (hen summaries Neo. See arse considerations. breaking them down by type of elect on plain conse, casio of bees prestressed concrete and composite sretures, Thus if you want = if rae sor questions, natt your search in Sextion 4; you may then if you deste, Ga J anvgiaton or he answer in Sections and bad onthe ferinology Provided in Sevan | ion Among Types of Stresses and of Action Effects According to Their Causes order to facilitate an understanding ofthe effect thal ereep and shrinkage have on sTywen structure. is wscTal to break dewn thestressesand ution fects! occuring fe reinforced concrete structure into the following groups: Load-induced stresses an action effects result from externally applied loads, “Their most significant feature is that they are necessary to sutisly conditions of Gquilibrium. In statically indeteminate structural systems they mush in ‘addition, satisfy conditions of compatibility ‘obtain satisfactory values with the following formula: Ey = 43h Fon 82) (1910) where fi a coefficient that is dependent on the type of agarewates, “approximate values ae fi ~ 0.7 fr sandstone, 2, ~ 09 fo limsstons ganic few Lo for quarts, and fi, ~ 11 for basal or dense limestone, wis the unt Fr Sint of the eonerete in kgm (bs) a the moment of change in the stress (OF wean Of values et Section 3.1.8). fis the compressive strength in N/mm? (psi) at the moment of change i the stress. However, the values for 8, given above are based only on a limited number of experimental data (ct, e, (21) Inthe futur, the f values should be ascertained swith precision by means of reliable tests ervey short duration of loading, such as OS sec, Ep may increase by aP- proximately 10% The formula used in such eases is Eq = AM Mol Se G3 (2099) 3. at onthe Megitude of Stain 2 3.1.5, Determination of the Modulus of Deformation, Ep, for Duration of Loading Up t024 hr It has already been shown in Section { that the load-dependent strain ofthe con crete t, ean be broken down into the instantaneous elastic strain, ca, the delayed elastic strain, cj, and flow ey Bay tay + Bp “The lst two terms depend on the duration of load application, In Sections 33.1 and 3.3.2, equations willbe presented for estimating ggand e, during the initial 24 hr sfter foad application. Accordingly, Eq, G.15) yields the following approximation for the delayed deformation alter 24 hr ig = O4Bazanders = 04 * 02824 = O1le24 where the valve foray ~ 0.28 was taken [tom Fig. 34 which shows the time develop- tent of my. The low strain afer 24h conresponds tothe fast inital deformation efined in Section 1.13 and formulatee in Section 33.2. Its magnitude can be tstimated by means of Eq (16) £) = 908(1 - a ( Soa We then get the following strain occurring during the frst 24 hr: rs t= 66 + Olean + 601 -#) os ‘Since the delayed elastic strain is only 2 small component, we will only make a very small error by using the approximation ¢qyg = Go in Ea. 34. ite want to estimate the deformation ata given moment beween application ofthe load and after 24h, we can use thecoefficent fi. 1t describes the development bf time-dependent strains during the fist 24 hr; these strains are composed of the ‘ielayed elastic strain and of flow. fi pltted in Fig. 3.2 against the duration of load application. This relationship, however, is based at this time on only a limited rhumber of tests ‘The ratio f/x used in Eq, (34) tepresents the development in tine of the compressive singh of the conetete. Ths later was already discussed in Section 2. sor Repowr in Fig 22. However, we ca also se the coefclen in aecordance sith Fig 21 ie make the flloning ansormation fa BE oN fennreae In accordance with Fig. 2.1. the coefficient (i, depends on the type of cement For Type Leement,2% Past 8, Benavir of Materials os = i | —] | 5 so eal oaing ine Y pase PDs 2 ire Figure32. Development of rcp sran during the frst 26 hou afterload appication For Type Hl cement, t Po = 79 = 98 For Type Ili cement, 1 Bo = [ag = 0835 ‘Taking these coefficients into account, and after simplifying, Eq. (3.4) yields 6,5 toll + (091 ~ 086,023) 6s For load application lasting up to 24 hr, the modulus of deformation Epis 1 Ey=*. 6 z Bo 5.1, Effect of Repeated Loads For repeated oats, te component of a ini train ido Fa 04 ‘Thus, we have ee a= ofl + O11) on BLP. Effect of Age of Concrete on the Modal of Elasticity “Theeflect of heaps ofconerste onthe modulus ofelasticity ean ead be estimated by means of E332) Bw fa Exe i VF 3. Data on he Magnitude of Sian » Daying has ile influence on unit weight. Fort = 7days, w/Wag ~ LOL,and for f= 1 goat, w,he2y ~ 099. Ths very slight influence can be disregarded, so that we can write E, 8) where zee B= Ihe 9) “The values for B, piven in Fig, 3.3are computed in accordance with Fig Section 141, Fig. 14.2 also presents the inverse valve 1 a 3.1.8, Summary “The foregoing shows clerly that one makes do witha rough approsimation if one atiempts to describe the deformations induced by loads of short duration merely ineane of single value of the modulus 0” elasticity dependent on the compressive Strength oftheeonercte. Yet thisisthe method almost always used in actual practic. ‘The tue that it has been satisfactory in the majority of eases cart be ascribed £0 the following reasons: {a) The structural deformation induced oy short-term loads is usually not of grest interest since, over the course of time, more pronounced values are brought ltbout by shrinkage, cracking, and areep. A more precise computation of the a rete deformation and, consequently, of E-may nevertheless be required when So appreciable portion of the load is applied to very young concrete TT ake es er Tipe Meese | HI | | | oye 7 Tso Ge Wwe 2095 10H) 2000 SHED L000 days igure, fillet of concreteageon nous of casticy:£,~ fxs, Whenconree seas Corer tome the elective concTete age has 1 be extinated (rom Eq. (2.1) taking into ‘secount curing temperature~ Past B. Behavior of Materials (b) The flow coefficient g-and the delayed clasti strain , are relative tothe strain ‘occurring at 28 days: 9, = (6, ~ &,)/é.ag. The eteep strain is therefore doter~ mined correctly even when the concrete is already subjected to a sustained oad at the age of a few days. Knowledge ofthe dependence between E, and the age of concrete is thus of no importance for the determination of creep strain, (©) Similarly, this applies to the influence that the various aggregates have on creep. Ifamong the tests described in [10]—which investigate the inuence of ‘he type of aggregate on creep—one considers only those aggregates that arc of interest in structural engineering: Rhine river gravel,’ quartz, granite, and basalt. One notes that Rhine river gravel produces the largest creep strains, and basalt the smallest creep strains. However, the creep coelficient o,, = loalteae ‘Femains almost unchanged as can be seen in the following table Measured variable | Rhine river gravet | Basalt | Ratio 10° eae 45 fae | iss Wee 112 63 | 16s ee 249 23d | 1.05 The coefficient 8, appearing in Eq. (3.2) thus has no noticeable influence on the ‘magnitude of the creep coefficient. Therefore a more precise determination of the modulus of elasticity is of evident significance in practically only three cases: In ascertaining the elastic strain when the member is loaded at the age of only a few days, When one wants to check whether the computational assumptions were effective by comparing the calculated strains with the actual measurements, Indetermining the vibration amplitude or the resonant frequency ofstructures or structural members, Recapitulation of the Formulas ‘The basic value £ of the modulus of elasticity (duration of load application about 30 sec) is Eq = 4300 fi 8.2) (i910) ‘The basic value for very rapidly changing processes, such as vibrations is Ey = 4.16.0 fi G3) (2090) The effect of age of eoncrete on the basic value E, is Ee= BaEoas 8) * Rhine river gravels compose mostly of quartz with impurities of lime ane geait. 3, Data on the Magndude of Strain 3 ‘The modulus of deformation for first-time loading and duration of loading ‘between [ min and 24 hr (cf, Section 3.1.5) s Ew, G.10) IF O91 — 08,8.) [The modulus of deformation for repeated loading after a few days (ct, Section 31.6is Ene= Eos Gab Toy, In these formulas: Bis is. coefficient to allow for the type of aggregate: Ba = 0.1 (for sandstene) = 09 (for limestone, wf = 10 (for quartzite) = LA (for basalt, dense limestone) ) abst), Ino experimental Spurs ae wis th nt weight of contin kmh), no expen au Sata cane estimate as olowsforcoezte mao dens este, 2300 + £24, G12) w= 2300 4 8 (18 + 200 + £28 G3) w= 2200 + For quartzite, (136 +5) For sandstone, G14) 180 + 03 (os +42) is sirength of concrete in N/mm? (psi). : ftir eo oe aa sv nth {is n coefficient dependent on the relative strength of conerete fi/ fez in : cordance with Fig. 2.1,2 Pare B. Behavior of Materials Bu. is coefficient dependent on the type of cement. Type l: fy = 0.785; Type Il: Ba = 0.695 ‘Type MI: B= 0835, Fe is a coefficient dependent on the age of concrete in accordance with Fig, 33. Examples showing the application of these formulas are given in Appendix 1, Section 3.2, Poisson's Ratio Poisson's ratio is defined as the ratio between the lateral strain and the axial strain which occurs under uniaxial stress. When the stress on the concrete is within the range of work loads, Poisson's ratio ranges from 0.10 to 0.30, a value of 0.20 generally being used in analysis. Poisson's ratio depends on the composition of conerete and on the type of aggregate. Since no generally valid mathematical formulas have yet been worked out for these relationships, Poisson's ratio for a given conezete must be determined ‘experimentally ifa particularly high accuracy is required. Under normal conditions, however, this is not necessary. Poisson's ratio depends to a large degree on the magnitude of the load. With stresses above approximately 0.4 f%, t increases rapidly as the load is raised, owing. to thedevelopment of microcracks, and itcan even reach values > 0.5. oisson’sratio changes very little under a sustained load. This signifies that the ctcep coefficients are approximately the same for axial and lateral stra 3.3. Creep 3.3.1. Delayed Elastic Strain Development Over Time ‘As mentioned earlier, the magnitude ofthe delayed elastic strain component can be observed only when a load is removed after sustained application, Since this recovery process stretches over several months, it must be assumed that the full value can occur under load only if the sustained load has acted for a sufficiently Jong duration. [thas not been proven that the development overtime of the delayed clastic strain is the same under a sustained load and after unloading, In the absence of sufficient experimental data, the correctness of this assumption is the basis of the following, Figure 3.4 is a curve describing creep recovery after unloading with time. It is based on a large number of tests with varying loading periods of atleast I year and presents the mean value for these findings. In the process, it was determined that within the range of the concretes normally used in structural engineering, only relatively minor deviations from the average time curve occur even when consider~ ing very different loading ages or climatic conditions. One half of the ultimate strain is reached after about 30 days, 90% of the final values reached after approximately 1 year. Similar results had been reported by Grasser as early as 1964 [22} 3. Data on the Magetude of Stain 3 ‘Thus, itcan be postulated tat the time curve for delayed elas strains is ange . 's r concrete composition within jndependeat ofthe specimen’s shape or age ad ofthe conerete composition rer ngge that is ofinterst for structuralenglacering, Thefact that other notions are found in some test reports can be generally explained. For instance, one often finds the statement that elastic recovery has come to a halt after only a few days. This Ae ay involves cises where the sustained oad bas been applied for only a short lina, Very often itisaso overiooked that shrinkage counteracts theclasticrecovery. “TIN oyentes the impression of standstill (Cf, Fig. 12) as soon as the initial rapidly developing fraction ofthe recovery has faded The Relative Value “The final eluc ofthe delayed elastic strain can also be expressed as a fraction of the last stain, An analysis of 78 individual tests shows that this fraction ranges from 0.20 to0.50 and has a mean value of 0.300 [23]. The following are some character- istic results Roll (241 investigated the influence of mix proportions on the delayed elastic strain under a creep stress of f ~ 0.35, His findings were as follows: (Cement content kx? ‘Water-coment ratio she same study, vals ofa, were repre for fou erent sn proportions ane as oftelave susan sires f/f these ain ae rebate 0 a a eave the age of 284ay for teespecivedeye of oading tae ay tha the relative ses vel within the range J/Je= 020 10 For Sn dsp efecto the e0 tyafz Te deviations rom the Sona eet te Mates ae deca whens sestomary—for ‘Average of 7 aloes TASS 6113 tales \ Daysalter fad removal L 1 sw coe SO Hee OH Figure 34. The developmentof delay el