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Complex
numbers
When solving a quadratic equation in Unit C1, you saw how the discriminant of the equation
could be used to find out about the type of roots.
For the equation ax2 bx c 0, the discriminant is b2 4ac.
If b2 4ac 0, there are two different real roots.
If b2 4ac 0, there are two equal real roots.
If b2 4ac 0, there are no real roots.
In the case b2 4ac 0, the problem is that you reach a situation where you need to find the
square root of a negative number, which is not ‘real’.
To solve this problem, another type of number called an ‘imaginary number’ is used.
_____
The ‘imaginary number’ √(1) is called i (or sometimes j in electrical engineering), and sums
of real and imaginary numbers, such as 3 2i, are known as complex numbers.
Example 1
______
Write √(36) in terms of i.
This__can be __written as
Example 2 2i√7 or (2√7 )i to avoid
__
______ confusion with 2√7i .
Write √(28) in terms of i.
Example 3
2
Complex numbers
Example 4
Because
x2 6x (x 3)2 9 (x 3)2 (x 3)(x 3)
x2 6x 9
x2 6x 25 (x 3)2 9 25 (x 3)2 16
(x 3)2 16 0
(x 3)2 16 ______ __________
_____ √(16) √(16 1)
x 3 √(16) 4i ___ _____
√16 √(1) 4i
x 3 4i
x 3 4i, x 3 4i
䊏 In a complex number, the real part and the imaginary part cannot be combined to form a
single term.
䊏 You can add complex numbers by adding the real parts and adding the imaginary parts.
䊏 You can subtract complex numbers by subtracting the real parts and subtracting the
imaginary parts.
Example 5
3
CHAPTER 1
d (1 8i) (6 i) (1 6) i(8 1) 5 7i
Subtract real parts and
subtract imaginary parts.
e (2 5i) (5 11i) (2 5) i(5 (11)) 3 6i
Exercise 1A
4
Complex numbers
31 x2 2x 5 0 32 x2 2x 10 0
33 x2 4x 29 0 34 x2 10x 26 0
35 x2 6x 18 0 36 x2 4x 7 0
37 x2 6x 11 0 38 x2 2x 25 0
39 x2 5x 25 0 40 x2 3x 5 0
䊏 You can multiply complex numbers using the same technique as you use for multiplying
brackets in algebra, and you can simplify powers of i.
_____
䊏 Since i ⴝ √(ⴚ1) , i2 ⴝ ⴚ1
Example 6
Example 7
(7 4i)(7 4i) 7(7 4i) 4i(7 4i) Multiply the two brackets as you
would in algebra.
49 28i 28i 16i2
49 28i 28i 16 Use the fact that i2 1.
(49 16) (28i 28i)
33 56i Add real parts and add imaginary
parts.
5
CHAPTER 1
Example 8
(2 3i)(4 5i) 2(4 5i) 3i(4 5i) First multiply two of the
brackets.
8 10i 12i 15i2 8 10i 12i 15 7 22i
(7 22i)(1 3i) 7(1 3i) 22i(1 3i) Then multiply the result by
the third bracket.
7 21i 22i 66i2 59 43i
Example 9
Simplify
a i3 b i4 c (2i)5
a i3 i i i i2 i i i2 1
b i4 i i i i i2 i2 1 1 1
Exercise 1B
Simplify.
11 i6 12 (3i)4
13 i5 i 14 (4i)3 4i3
6
Complex numbers
䊏 You can write down the complex conjugate of a complex number, and you can divide two
complex numbers by using the complex conjugate of the denominator.
䊏 The complex number a bi is called the complex conjugate of the complex number a bi.
䊏 The complex numbers a bi and a bi are called a complex conjugate pair.
䊏 The complex conjugate of z is called zⴱ, so if z a bi, zⴱ a bi.
Example 10
a 2 3i b 5 2i
Just change the sign of the imaginary part
__ __ (from to −, or − to ).
c √3 i d 1 i √5
Example 11
a zⴱ 3 5i
z zⴱ (3 5i) (3 5i) (3 3) i(5 5) 6 Note that z zⴱ is real.
zzⴱ (3 5i)(3 5i) 3(3 5i) 5i(3 5i)
9 15i 15i 25i2 9 25 34 Note that zzⴱ is real.
b zⴱ 2 7i
z zⴱ (2 7i) (2 7i) (2 2) i(7 7) 4 Note that z zⴱ is real.
zzⴱ (2 7i)(2 7i) 2(2 7i) 7i(2 7i)
4 14i 14i 49i2 4 49 53 Note that zzⴱ is real.
__ __
c zⴱ 2√2 i√2
__ __ __ __
z zⴱ (2√2 i√2 ) (2√2 i√2 )
__ __ __ __ __
(2√2 2√2 ) i(√2 √2 ) 4√2 Note that z zⴱ is real.
__ __ __ __
zzⴱ (2√2 i√2 )(2√2 i√2 )
__ __ __ __ __ __
2√2 (2√2 i√2 ) i√2 (2√2 i√2 )
8 4i 4i 2i2 8 2 10 Note that zzⴱ is real.
7
CHAPTER 1
Example 12
10 5i 1_____
_______ 2i (10 5i)(1 2i)
______________
1 2i 1 2i (1 2i)(1 2i)
(10 5i)(1 2i) 10(1 2i) 5i(1 2i)
10 20i 5i 10i2
20 15i
(1 2i)(1 2i) 1(1 2i) 2i(1 2i)
1 2i 2i 4i2 5
(10 5i) (1 2i) 20 15i 4 3i
________ Divide each term in the numerator
5 by 5.
Example 13
5 4i 2
______ 3i (5
______ 4i)(2 3i)
______________
2 3i 2 3i (2 3i)(2 3i)
(5 4i)(2 3i) 5(2 3i) 4i(2 3i)
10 15i 8i 12i2
2 23i
(2 3i)(2 3i) 2(2 3i) 3i(2 3i)
4 6i 6i 9i2 13
(5 4i) (2 3i) 2 23i __
_________ 23 i
2 ___ Divide each term in the numerator
by 13.
13 13 13
The division process shown in Examples 12 and 13 is similar to the process used to divide surds.
(See C1 Section 1.8.)
For surds the denominator is rationalised. For complex numbers the denominator is made real.
䊏 If the roots ␣ and  of a quadratic equation are complex, ␣ and  will always be a complex
conjugate pair.
8
Complex numbers
Example 14
Exercise 1C
1i
5 (11 4i) (3 i) 6 _____
2i
3 5i 3 5i
7 ______ 8 ______
1 3i 6 8i
28 3i 2i
9 _______ 10 ______
1i 1 4i
(3 4i)2
11 ________
1i
6 8i 6 8i
16 Simplify ______ ______, giving your answer in the form a bi.
1i 1i
9
CHAPTER 1
䊏 A real number can be represented as a point on a straight line (a number line, which
has one dimension).
䊏 A complex number, having two components (real and imaginary), can be represented as a
point in a plane (two dimensions).
䊏 The complex number z ⴝ x ⴙ iy is represented by the point (x, y), where x and y are
Cartesian coordinates.
䊏 The Cartesian coordinate diagram used to represent complex numbers is called an Argand
diagram.
䊏 The x-axis in the Argand Diagram is called the real axis and the y-axis is called the
imaginary axis.
Example 15
Imaginary y A (2, 5)
z1
B (3, 4)
z2
10
Complex numbers
Example 16
Imaginary y
(4, 2)
z1 Note that complex conjugates will always
be placed symmetrically above and below
x
the real axis.
O
Real
(4, 2)
z2
___
The complex number z x iy can also be represented by the vector OP, where O is the origin
and P is the point (x, y) on the Argand diagram.
Example 17
y
A (2, 5)
z1
B (3, 4)
z2
If you label the diagram with letters A, B and C, make sure that you show which letter represents
which vector.
11
CHAPTER 1
Example 18
___ ___
The complex numbers z1 7 24i and z2 2 2i are represented by the vectors OA and OB ___
respectively
___ on an Argand diagram (where O is the origin). Draw the diagram and calculate |OA|
and |OB |.
y
A (7, 24)
z1
z2
B (2, 2)
O x
䊏 Addition of complex numbers can be represented on the Argand diagram by the addition of
their respective vectors on the diagram.
Example 19
z1 z2 (4 3) i(1 3) 7 4i
C (7, 4)
B (3, 3) z1 z2
z2
12
Complex numbers
Example 20
z1 z2 (6 1) i(2 4) 5 2i
B (1, 4)
z2
C (5, 2)
z1 z2
___ that the vector for z1 z2
Note
(OC) is the diagonal of the
O x parallelogram.
___ ___ ___
This___is because
___
OC OA AC OA OB.
z1
A (6, 2)
Example 21
z1 z2 (2 4) i(5 2) 2 3i
y z1
(2, 5)
z1 z2
(2, 3)
z2
(4, 2)
z1 z2 z1 ( z2).
The vector for z2 is shown by the
O x
dotted line on the diagram.
z2
(4, 2)
13
CHAPTER 1
Exercise 1D
1.5 You can find the value of r, the modulus of a complex number z, and the value
of , the argument of z.
14
Complex numbers
_______
䊏 The modulus of the complex number z ⴝ x ⴙ i y is given by √x2 ⴙ y2 .
_______
䊏 |z| ⴝ √x2 ⴙ y2 .
_______
䊏 | x ⴙ iy| ⴝ √x2 ⴙ y2 .
䊏 The argument of the complex number z ⴝ x ⴙ i y is the angle between the positive real
axis and the vector representing z on the Argand diagram.
y
䊏 For the argument of the complex number z ⴝ x ⴙ i y, tan ⴝ __
x.
15
CHAPTER 1
Example 22
Find, to two decimal places, the modulus and argument (in radians) of z 2 7i.
y
(2, 7)
z
α
O 2 x
Here z is in the
first quadrant,
so this angle
_______ is the required
___
Modulus: |z| |2 7i| √22 72 √53 7.28 (2 d.p.) argument
(measured
7
Argument: tan α __ α 1.2924… radians anticlockwise
2 from the positive
arg z 1.29 radians (2 d.p.) real axis).
Example 23
Find, to two decimal places, the modulus and argument (in radians) of z 5 2i.
Here z is in the
second quadrant,
so the required
__________ ___ argument is
Modulus: |z| |5 2i| √(52) 22 √29 5.39 (2 d.p.) (
) (measured
2 anticlockwise from
Argument: tan α __ α 0.3805… radians the positive real
5
axis).
arg z (π 0.3805) 2.76 radians (2 d.p.)
16
Complex numbers
Example 24
Find, to two decimal places, the modulus and argument (in radians) of z 4 i.
Here z is in the
third quadrant,
so the required
____________ __ argument is
Modulus: |z| |4 i| √(4)2 (12) √17 4.12 (2 d.p.) (
)
(clockwise from the
Argument: tan α __1 α 0.2449… radians positive real axis is
4
negative).
arg z (π 0.2449) 2.90 radians (2 d.p.)
Example 25
Find, to two decimal places, the modulus and argument (in radians) of z 3 7i.
17
CHAPTER 1
Example 26
Find the exact values of the modulus and argument (in radians) of z 1 i.
z (1, 1)
1
Sketch the Argand
α diagram, showing
1 O x the position of
the number.
Here z is in the
_________ __ second quadrant,
Modulus: |z| |1 i| √(1)2 12 √2 so the required
argument is
Argument: tan α _1 π
α __ (
) (measured
1 4 anticlockwise from
π ___
arg z ( π __ 3π the positive real
4) 4 axis).
Exercise 1E
Find the modulus and argument of each of the following complex numbers, giving your answers
exactly where possible, and to two decimal places otherwise.
1 12 5i
__
2 √3 i
3 3 6i
4 2 2i
5 8 7i
6 4 11i
__ __
7 2√3 i√3
8 8 15i
18
Complex numbers
1.6 You can find the modulus–argument form of the complex number z.
z (x, y)
r
y
Here is a proof of the above result. (You do not need to remember this proof for the exam!)
But (cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2) cos (1 2) and (sin 1 cos 2 cos 1 sin 2) sin (1 2)
You can see that this gives z1z2 in modulus-argument form, with |z1z2| r1 r2.
So |z1z2| r1 r2 |z1||z2|
19
CHAPTER 1
Example 27
__
a Express the numbers z1 1 i√3 and z2 3 3i in the form r (cos i sin ).
b Write down the value of |z1z2|.
y
z1
(1, 3)
r1
3
z2 (3, 3)
__ _________
__ __ z1 is in the first
Modulus: r1 |z1| |1 i √3 | √12 (√3 )2 √4 2 quadrant, so this
__ angle is the required
√3 __
Argument: tan α1 ___ √3 π
α1 __ argument (measured
1 3 anticlockwise from the
π
θ1 arg z1 __ positive real axis).
3
π i sin __
z1 2( cos __ π
3)
So
3
__
and ( (3π i sin ___
z2 3√2 cos ___
4
3π
)
4 ( ))
__ __
Using |z1 z2| r1 r2 |z1||z2|, |z1 z2| r1 r2 2 3√2 6√2
20
Complex numbers
Exercise 1F
1 Express these in the form r (cos i sin ), giving exact values of r and where possible, or
values to two decimal places otherwise.
a 2 2i b 3i
__
c 3 4i d 1 √3 i
e 2 5i f 20
g 7 24i h 5 5i
2 Express these in the form r (cos i sin ), giving exact values of r and where possible, or
values to two decimal places otherwise.
3 __
a _______
1 i√3
1
b _____
2i
1i
c _____
1i
䊏 You can solve problems by equating real parts and imaginary parts from each side of an
equation involving complex numbers.
䊏 This technique can be used to find the square roots of a complex number.
21
CHAPTER 1
Example 28
Given that 3 5i (a ib)(1 i), where a and b are real, find the value of a and the value of b.
Example 29
22
Complex numbers
Exercise 1G
23
CHAPTER 1
1.8 You can solve some types of polynomial equations with real coefficients.
䊏 You know that, if the roots ␣ and  of a quadratic equation are complex, ␣ and  are always
a complex conjugate pair.
䊏 Given one complex root of a quadratic equation, you can find the equation.
䊏 Complex roots of a polynomial equation with real coefficients occur in conjugate pairs.
Example 30
The equation with roots α and β is (x α)(x β) 0 See page 8 and Example 14
on page 9 for another
(x (7 2i))(x (7 2i)) 0 method.
x2 x(7 2i) x(7 2i) (7 2i)(7 2i) 0
x2 7x 2ix 7x 2ix 49 14i 14i 4i2 0
x2 14x 49 4 0
x2 14x 53 0
䊏 An equation of the form a x3 b x2 c x d 0 is called a cubic equation, and has three roots.
Example 31
24
Complex numbers
x2 4x (x 2)2 4
Solve by completing the
x2 4x 13 (x 2)2 4 13 (x 2)2 9 square. Alternatively, you
could use the quadratic
(x 2)2 9 0 formula.
(x 2)2 9
_____
x 2 √(9) 3i The quadratic equation has
x 2 3i complex roots, which must
be a conjugate pair.
x 2 3i, x 2 3i
So the 3 roots of the equation are 2, 2 3i, and 2 3i.
Example 32
a If 1 is a root,
(1)3 (1)2 3(1) k 0
1 1 3 k 0
k5
b 1 is a root of the equation, so x 1 is a factor of
x3 x2 3x 5.
x2 2x 5
________________
x 1 )x3 x2 3x 5
x3 x2
2x2 3x Use long division (or
another method) to find
2x2 2x the quadratic factor.
5x 5
5x 5
0
25
CHAPTER 1
x3 x2 3x 5 (x 1)(x2 2x 5) 0
The other two roots are
Solving x2 2x 5 0 found by solving the
quadratic equation.
_____
x 1 √(4) 2i The quadratic equation has
x 1 2i complex roots, which must
be a conjugate pair.
x 1 2i, x 1 2i
Example 33
Given that 3 i is a root of the quartic equation 2x4 3x3 39x2 120x 50 0, solve the
equation completely.
Complex roots
Another root is 3 i. occur in conjugate
pairs.
26
Complex numbers
Consider 2x4
It is possible
The only x4 term in the expansion is x2 ax2, so a 2. to factorise ‘by
(x2 6x 10)(2x2 bx c) 2x4 3x3 39x2 120x 50 inspection’ by
considering each
term of the quartic
separately.
Consider 3x3
The x3 terms in the expansion are x2 bx and 6x 2x2,
so bx3 12x3 3x3
b 12 3
so b 9.
(x2 6x 10)(2x2 9x c) 2x4 3x3 39x2 120x 50
Solving 2x2 9x 5 0
(2x 1)(x 5) 0
x _21 , x 5
27
CHAPTER 1
Example 34
x 2x 17
2
_______________________
x2 4 )x4 2x3 21x 8x 68
x4 4x2 It is also possible
to factorise ‘by
2x3 17x2 8x inspection’ by
2x3 8x considering each
term of the quartic
2
17x 68 separately, as in
17x 2
68 Example 33.
0
So x4 2x3 21x2 8x 68 (x2 4)(x2 2x 17) 0
Either x2 4 0 or x2 2x 17 0
Solving x2 4 0
x2 4
_____ ________ __ ____
Solve by completing
x √(4) √(4 1) √4 √(1) 2i the square.
Solving x2 2x 17 0 Alternatively, you
could use the
x2 2x (x 1)2 1 quadratic formula.
x2 2x 17 (x 1)2 1 17 (x 1)2 16
(x 1)2 16 0
(x 1)2 16
_____
x 1 √(16) 4i
x 1 4i
So the roots of x4 2x3 21x2 8x 68 0 are
2i, 2i, 1 4i and 1 4i
Exercise 1H
1 Given that 1 2i is one of the roots of a quadratic equation, find the equation.
2 Given that 3 5i is one of the roots of a quadratic equation, find the equation.
3 Given that a 4i, where a is real, is one of the roots of a quadratic equation, find the
equation.
28
Complex numbers
7 Given that 4 i is one of the roots of the equation x3 4x2 15x 68 0, solve the
equation completely.
8 Given that x4 12x3 31x2 108x 360 (x2 9)(x2 bx c), find the values of b and
c, and hence find all the solutions of the equation x4 12x3 31x2 108x 360 0.
11 Three of the roots of the equation ax5 bx4 cx3 dx2 ex f 0 are 2, 2i and 1 i.
Find the values of a, b, c, d, e and f.
Mixed exercise 1I
1 a Find the roots of the equation z2 2z 17 0 giving your answers in the form a ib,
where a and b are integers.
b Show these roots on an Argand diagram. E
__
2 z1 i, z2 1 i √3
z1
a Find the modulus of i z1z2 ii __
z2.
z1
b Find the argument of i z1z2 ii __
z2.
Give your answers in radians as exact multiples of
. E
1
3 z _____.
2i
a Express in the form a bi, where a, b 僆 ,
i z2 1.
ii z __
z
b Find |z2|.
(
c Find arg z __ 1 , giving your answer in degrees to one decimal place.
) E
z
4 The real and imaginary parts of the complex number z x iy satisfy the equation
(2 i) x (1 3i) y 7 0.
a Find the value of x and the value of y.
b Find the values of i |z| ii arg z. E
5 Given that 2 i is a root of the equation z3 11z 20 0, find the other roots of the
equation. E
29
CHAPTER 1
7 z1 4 2i, z2 3 i
a Display points representing z1 and z2 on the same Argand diagram.
b Find the exact value of |z1 z2|.
z1
Given that w __
z2 ,
c express w in the form a ib, where a, b 僆 ,
d find arg w, giving your answer in radians. E
a 3i
9 z ______, a ∈ .
2 ai
a Given that a 4, find |z|.
, and find this value.
b Show that there is only one value of a for which arg z __ E
4
30
Complex numbers
31