Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
C e p a r a t i n g c o m p o n e n t s f r o m m i x t u r e s is c o m p l i c a t e d b y n o n i d e a l i t i e s i n
^ the l i q u i d a n d v a p o r phases. N e v e r t h e l e s s , a k n o w l e d g e o f t h e factors
c o n t r i b u t i n g to the n o n i d e a l i t y of the m i x t u r e s h e l p s to p r o d u c e a j u d i c i o u s
d e s i g n for the s e p a r a t i o n step. S o m e t i m e s c o m p o n e n t s are a d d e d t o the
m i x t u r e to alter the n o n i d e a l i t y b y c h a n g i n g the m o l e c u l a r e n v i r o n m e n t .
E x t r a c t i v e d i s t i l l a t i o n is u s e d because the c o m p o n e n t s are d i s t r i b u t e d
differently b e t w e e n c o n t a c t i n g l i q u i d a n d v a p o r phases i n e q u i l i b r i u m
w h e n a h i g h - b o i l i n g n o n i d e a l c o m p o n e n t is a d d e d to the m i x t u r e . The
a d d e d c o m p o n e n t is i n t r o d u c e d i n the u p p e r p a r t of a d i s t i l l a t i o n c o l u m n
a b o v e the f e e d a n d r e m a i n s i n a p p r e c i a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n the l i q u i d o n
a l l of the l o w e r trays. It is r e m o v e d f r o m the c o l u m n w i t h one of the
c o m p o n e n t s b e i n g separated as t h e bottoms p r o d u c t . A l t h o u g h a n o n i d e a l
c o m p o n e n t is also i n t r o d u c e d for a z e o t r o p i c d i s t i l l a t i o n , t h e a d d e d c o m -
P ,Atm.
c E' m X
y*Pi°fl,° m
Phase Equilibria
T h e i m p o r t a n t q u a n t i t i e s n e e d e d to represent the n o n i d e a l p h a s e
e q u i l i b r i a for extractive d i s t i l l a t i o n are v a p o r pressures Ρ*°, l i q u i d - p h a s e
a c t i v i t y coefficients y% a n d i m p e r f e c t i o n - p r e s s u r e coefficients ft. The
A B C
H^^^iU), (2)
h (liquid) H ( vapor)
t °F Btu/lb. mole Btu/lb. mole
Distillation Calculations
250
,71.43%
-
200
I S/F = 2.5 (MOLE)
Ο 150
ζ
< y 75%
χ
ι—
LU
Ζ 100 h-
eg •
LU ^^77.78%
50
- i
— — — — 80%
: 1 r ι , 1
.0 1.8 2.6 3.4
R/F (MOLE BASIS)
Figure I . Effects on product purity of changing solvent-feed and reflux-
feea ratios
99% recovery of ethanol in the extractive distilfotion with ethylene glycol at
14.7 psia
2 3 4 5
ETHYLENE GLYCOL/ΕΤΗANOL (MOLE BASIS)
Figure 2. Effect of solvent-feed ratio on product purity in the extractive
distillation of aqueous ethanol with ethylene glycol
24
REBOILER
20
16
CONDENSER
12
Downloaded by 39.36.98.172 on December 25, 2017 | http://pubs.acs.org
Publication Date: August 1, 1974 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1972-0115.ch001
2 8
1
3 4
ETHYLENE GLYCOL/ETHANOL RATIO, MOLES
Figure 3. Reboiler and condenser heat loads vs. solvent-feed ratio
99% recovery of ethanol, feed rate 242.02 moles ethanol/hour reflux/feed = 1.5545
mole basis
Material Balance b
Top Bottom
Product Product
Components Feed/Moles Solvent/Moles Moles Moles
Ethanol in Water in
Vapor, Mole Liquid, Mole Ρ a
Tray No. t, °F Fraction Fraction psia W/E
MOLE FRACTION
Figure 6. Composition profiles in the extractive distillation of
aqueous ethanol with ethylene glycol
EG/Ε = 4.08688 moles, R/F = 1.5537 moles, 99.99% recovery
ethanol
Material Balance
Components FeedMoles a
Top Product Moles Bottom Product Moles
R e b o i l e r l o a d 3,3015 B t u / U n i t Time
Top load 2,8709 B t u / U n i t Time
a
Based on one mole of feed to the extractive distillation column which precedes
the solvent recovery column.
I f t h e t o p p r o d u c t ( w a t e r ) f r o m t h e solvent r e c o v e r y c o l u m n is to
be discarded, the two distillation columns w o u l d be operated to reduce
e t h a n o l a n d e t h y l e n e g l y c o l to l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , as i l l u s t r a t e d i n the
c a l c u l a t i o n s s h o w n here. H o w e v e r , w h e r e the o v e r a l l p l a n t s c h e m e is
s u c h t h a t t h e w a t e r p r o d u c t m i g h t b e r e c y c l e d a n d used—e.g>, as solvent
to a n a q u e o u s extractive d i s t i l l a t i o n , i t m i g h t u n d e r some c o n d i t i o n s b e
m o r e e c o n o m i c a l to leave m o r e e t h a n o l i n the w a t e r p r o d u c t . T h e e t h a n o l
w o u l d b e r e c o v e r e d i n the series of s e p a r a t i o n steps w h i c h f o l l o w i n the
flow scheme. W a t e r m i g h t b e rejected at a m o r e s u i t a b l e p o i n t i n the
flow s c h e m e t h a n f r o m the t o p of the solvent r e c o v e r y c o l u m n . T h e best
o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d o n l y w h e n the e n t i r e p l a n t flow
scheme is k n o w n .
Downloaded by 39.36.98.172 on December 25, 2017 | http://pubs.acs.org
Publication Date: August 1, 1974 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1972-0115.ch001
A l t h o u g h e t h a n o l is o b t a i n e d as a t o p p r o d u c t f r o m a n extractive
d i s t i l l a t i o n w i t h e t h y l e n e g l y c o l , it is o b t a i n e d as a b o t t o m p r o d u c t f r o m
a n a z e o t r o p i c d i s t i l l a t i o n c o l u m n u s i n g a n entraîner s u c h as n-pentane.
B a s e d o n a n e t h a n o l rate of 242.02 moles p e r h o u r , a r o u g h c o m p a r i s o n
w i l l b e m a d e of the t w o s e p a r a t i o n m e t h o d s .
CONDENSER 10τ 1
MOLE FRACTION
Figure 8. Composition profiles for solvent recovery column
Btu/hour e Btu/hour β
Publication Date: August 1, 1974 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1972-0115.ch001
T o p l o a d = 13.12 m i l l i o n C o n d e n s e r l o a d — 11.33 m i l l i o n
Btu/hour Btu/hour
T o w e r d i a m e t e r = 5.3 feet T o w e r d i a m e t e r < 5 feet
Ethanol product: Ethanol product:
W a t e r 16 p p m (mole basis) W a t e r < 3 p p m ( m o l e basis)
S o l v e n t 1.2 p p m (mole basis) n - P e n t a n e < 1 p p m (mole basis)
E t h a n o l recovery f r o m feed = E t h a n o l r e c o v e r y f r o m feed
99.99% >99.99%
List of Symbols
H X
M
the i n t e g r a l heat of m i x i n g for m i x t u r e of c o m p o s i t i o n χ
(Li)a- the differential heat of m i x i n g f o r c o m p o n e n t i at c o m p o s i t i o n χ
Pi° v a p o r pressure for c o m p o n e n t i
P,-° v a p o r pressure for c o m p o n e n t /
αν v o l a t i l i t y of c o m p o n e n t i r e l a t i v e to c o m p o n e n t /
γι l i q u i d p h a s e a c t i v i t y coefficient for c o m p o n e n t i
jj l i q u i d phase a c t i v i t y coefficient for c o m p o n e n t /
Οι i m p e r f e c t i o n - p r e s s u r e coefficient for c o m p o n e n t i
6j i m p e r f e c t i o n - p r e s s u r e coefficient for c o m p o n e n t /
Literature Cited
1. Black, C., Derr, E. L., Papadopoulos, M. N., Ind. Eng. Chem. (1963) 55,
No. 9, 38-47.
2. Garner, F. H., Ellis, S. R. M., Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. (London) (1951)
29, 45.
3. Null, H. R., Palmer, D. Α., Chem. Eng. Progr. (1969) 65 (9), 47.
4. Berg, L., Chem. Eng. Progr. (1969) 65, (9), 53.
5. Tassios, Dimitrios, Chem. Eng. (Feb. 10, 1969) 76 (3), 118-22.
6. Bannister, R. R., Buck, E., Chem. Eng. Progr. (1969) 65 (9), 65.
7. Halflund, E. R., Chem. Eng. Progr. (1969) 65, 9.
8. Hoffman, E. S., "Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation," Wiley, New York,
1964.
9. Gerster, J. Α., Chem. Eng. Progr. (1969) 65 (9), 43.
10. Black, C., Golding, R. Α., Ditsler, D. E., Advan. Chem. Ser. (1972) 115, 64.
Downloaded by 39.36.98.172 on December 25, 2017 | http://pubs.acs.org