198 = CHAPTER SIX. FIRST-LAW ANALYSIS FOR ACONTROL VOLUME Solution Continty equation: ing = ag = sn Energy Ey, 6.12: sa( m+ 5 Vi-+ 82) = States: fy = in + (Fx — Ha) ¥ (Vis constant and wis constant.) From the energy equation W = slag + Zin — bec — §Zex) = WG Zin — Zex) — (Pex — Fa) V1 = 158 x [oso x 1000 Sm — 400+ 10:3 —90)KPa x 0.001 001 | = L5 x (0.147 — 0.412) = -0.81 kW ‘That is, the pump requires a power input of 840 W. Power Plant and Refrigerator ‘The following examples illustrate the incorporation of several ofthe devices and machines already discussed in this section into a complete thermodynamic system, which is built for a specific purpose. EXAMPLE 6.9 Consider the simple steam power plant, as shown in Fig. 6.12. The following data are for ‘such a power plant. ‘Temperature Pressure Quality Leaving boiler 2.0 MPa ‘300°C Entering turbine 1.9 MPa 200°C Leaving tubine, centering condenser 15 ka 90% Leaving condenser, entering pump Mika 45°C Pump work — 4 ki/kg Determine the following quantities per kilogram flowing through the unit: a. Heat transfer in the line between the boiler and turbine. b. Turbine work. cc. Heat transfer in the condenser. 4. Heat transfer in the boiler.EXAMPLES OF STEADY-STATE PROCESSES m 199 | P FIGURE 6.12 Simple uO Condenser =O, steam power plant. Ati, ‘There isa certain advantage in assigning a number fo various points inthe cycle. For this reason, the subscripts /and e in the steady-state energy equation are often replaced by appropriate numbers. Since there are several control volumes to be considered in the solution to this problem, let us consolidate our solution procedure somewhat in this example. Using the notation of Fig. 6.12, we have: All processes. Steady-state. Mode Steam tables. From the steam tables: Jn, = 3023.51 /kg dy = 3002.51 /kg ‘ry = 226.0 +0.9(2373.1) = 2361.8 W)/kg ‘hy = 188.5 kI/kg All analyses. No changes in kinetic or potential energy will be considered in the solution. In each case, the first law is given by Eq, 6.13. Now, we proceed to answer the specific questions raised in the problem statement. a. For the control volume for the pipeline between the boiler and the turbine, the first law and solution are ith = hn 1g2 = hy — hy = 3002.5 — 3023. = 210 kI/kg.|S CHAPTER SIX FIRST-LAW ANALYSIS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME b. A turbine is essentially an adiabatic machine. Therefore, itis reasonable to neglectheat transfer in the first law, so that dy = hy + ows ‘2Ws = 3002.5 — 2361.8 = 640.7 KI/kg . There is no work for the control volume enclosing the condenser. Therefore, the first law and solution are qu + hy = hy 3g: = 188.5 — 2361.8 = ~21733kI/kg 4. If we consider a control volume enclosing the boiler, the work is equal to zero, so that the first law becomes sq + bs = by ‘A solution requires a value for fy, which can be found by taking a control volume around the pump: dy = s+ as ds = 188.5 — (—4) = 192.5 kg Therefore, for the boiler, 5G tbs = hy qi = 3023.5 — 192.5 = 2831 kI/kg EXAMPLE 6.10 ‘The refrigerator shown in Fig. 6.13 uses R-134a as the working fluid. The mass flow rate through each component is 0.1 kg/s, and the powerinput to the compressoris 5.0 kW. The following state data are known, using the state notation of Fig. 6.13: P= 100kPa, 7 = -20°C Fe=800KkP, = = 50°C B= 30, = 00 T, = 25°C Determine the following: a. The quality at the evaporator inlet. b. Therate of heat transfer to the evaporator. . The rate of heat transfer from the compressor. Alll processes: Steady-state. Model R-134a tables. Allanalyses. No changes in kinetic or potential energy. The first law in each case is given by Eq, 6.10.EXAMPLES OF STEADY-STATE PROCESSES m= 201 ~ Cra 20 Wa vapor © Condensor Here Warm quid =e 4B ° [Pn Experi Evaporator capillary tubo | | t t Coavapor@ =~! © coli vapor FIGURE 6.13 Qa om cold Refrigerator rated space Solution a. For a control volume enclosing the throttle, the first law gives hg = by = AL BIg iy = ALB = i + racy = WOT A+ xy x 215.6 24 = 0345 Bs. Fora control volume enclosing the evaporator, the first law gives nap = (hy — by) = 0.108872 — 241.8) = 14.54 kW ‘c. And for the compressor. the first aw gives any = tbe — I) + Woon = 0.1(435.1 — 387.2) — 5.0 = —0.21kW In-Text Concept Questions ‘© How does a nozzle or sprayhead generate kinetic energy? {£. What is the difference between a nozzle flow and a throttle process? g Ifyou throttle a saturated liquid, what happens to the fluid state? What happens if this is done to an ideal gas? 1h. A turbine at the bottom of adam has a flow of liquid water through it. How does that produce power? Which terms in the energy equation are important if the CV is the|S CHAPTER SIX FIRST-LAW ANALYSIS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME turbine only? If the CV is the turbine plus the upstream flow up tothe top ofthe lake, which terms in the energy equation are then imporiant? Ifyou compress ir, the temperature goes up. Why? When the hot air, at high P, flows in long pipes, it eventually cools to ambient 7. How does that change the flow? J. A mixing chamber has all flows at the same P, neglecting losses. A heat exchanger has separate flows exchanging energy, but they do not mix. Why have both kinds? 6.5} THE TRANSIENT PROCESS InSections 6.3 and 6.4 we considered the steady-state process and several examples of its application. Many processes of interest in thermodynamics involve unsteady flow and do not fit into this category. A certain group of these—for example, filling closed tanks with a gas of liquid, or discharge from closed vessels—can be reasonably represented to a first approximation by another simplified model. We call this process the (ransient process, for convenience, recognizing that our model includes specific assumptions that are not always valid. Our transient model assumptions are as follows: 1. The control volume remains constant relative to the coordinate frame. 2. The state of the mass within the control volume may change with time, but at any instant of time the state is uniform throughout the entire control volume (or over several identifiable regions that make up the entire control volume). ‘3. The state of the mass crossing each of the areas of flow on the control surface is constant with time, although the mass flow rates may vary with time. Let us examine the consequence of these assumptions and derive an expression for the first law that applies to this process. The assumption that the control volume remains stationary relative to the coordinate frame has already been discussed in Section 6.3. The remaining assumptions lead to the following simplifications for the continuity equation and the first law. ‘The overall process occurs during time ¢. At any instant of time during the process, the continuity equation is dine St Le a0 ‘where the summation is over all areas on the conirol surface through which flow occurs. Integrating over time ¢ gives the change of mass in the control volume during the overall process: (dic. fC ne ) dt (on — dew ‘The total mass leaving the control volume during time ris [La a=rm,