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• ! " # # ∧ "
• ∧ = × × " #

∧ =− ∧
%% ⇔ ∧ = $
& " # #
' ( − ( '

' ∧ ' = ( − (

( ( ' − '

& " # #
∧ # # ) *
∧ =

+ , -
, -

! - # , *
. - " = ∧ # - *
" # #

" = × × α = ×
! ,/ " # # " =$

' , - / 0

. / ∆# ∆

. # - ∆ " = " ⋅ ∆

-
1∈ ∆ 1 " ⋅ ∆ =" 1 ∧ ⋅ ∆ =" 1 ∧ + ∧ ⋅ ∆

=" 1 ∧ ⋅ ∆ +" ∧ ⋅ ∆ = " ⋅ ∆


⊥ ∆

∆ %%

. = %% + ⊥ ⊥ ∆# %% ∆*
. ∆ " =" ∧ ⋅ ∆ =" ∧ %% + ∧ ⊥ ⋅ ∆
⊥ ∆

=" ∧ ⊥ ⋅ ∆ = ∆ " ⊥

%% ∆ ⊥ =$ ∆ " =$

'
2 ⊥∆
. " # # ⊥∆ " ⊥∆

α =" # ∆

∆ " =" ∧ ⋅ ∆ =" × × α⋅ ∆ ⋅ ∆

= × × α

∆ " >$ α > $# 1 3 3 -


∆ " <$ α < $# 1 3 3 -


∆ " = × × α = ×

∆ " = × α >$

∆ " =− × α <$
" # , ⊥∆

& *
4/

. , & , ∆ =$
⇔ ∆ " + ∆ " =$
⇔− × × + =$

⇔ = ×

"
5 "
%" = × %"

(
"
σ %" " = ∧ %" = ∧ ⋅ %"

" ∆

σ ∆ %" " =σ %" " ⋅ ∆

5 σ ∆ %" " =" ∧ ⋅ %" ⋅ ∆ =" ∧ ⋅ ⊥ ⋅ ∆


* ⊥

∆ " =± × × ⊥

+ × × ⊥ - ∆

− × × ⊥ - ∆

4 #
. - " # -/ " #
- *
.
σ %" " = ∧ ⋅ %"

"σ " " " ⋅


= ∧ ⋅ + ∧
%" %"
%"
" " "

= %" -/ = %" =

= $+ ∧ = $ "
,2
"σ %" "
= $ " " -
"

# $ " , -
*
. / ∆ #-/ " # *

6
" , 3 3 ∆ -/

σ ∆ %" " =σ %" " ⋅ ∆

"σ ∆ %" " "σ " "


= ⋅ +σ ⋅ ∆
%"
∆ %" "
" "

= " ⋅ ∆ +$
"σ ∆ %" "
= ∆ "

+ 8 "
5 -
5 9 :

. , - ; < * # " = $*

= / ∆
! ∆ %% ∆ # ∆ " = $*

. - " *
= ⋅
%" = θ⋅ θ

7
σ %" " = ∧ ⋅ %"

$ $
= $∧ θ= $ = >θ ⋅
$ $ >θ

$ " = ∧ =$
$ " =− × ⋅ =− θ× ⋅ " & θ <$

"
"σ "
= + =
%"
$ " $ " $ "
"

⇔ >θ ⋅ =− θ× ⋅

⇔θ + θ =$

,/ ∆ = " # ∆ *
σ ∆ %" " =" >θ ⋅ ⋅ = >θ

∆ " =$
∆ " = × "− θ

θ+ θ =$

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