© UNI PADES Publication Information and Contributors Metals Handbook Desk Edition, Second Edition was published in 1998. It was prepared under the direction of the ASM Intemational Handbook Committee. The Desk Edition was edited by Joseph R. Davis. Editorial Advisory Board Peter J. Blau, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Rodney R. Boyer, Boeing Commercial Airplane Group ‘Kenneth H. Eckelmeyer, Sandia National Laboratories Dennis D. Huffman, The Timken Company Lawrence J. Korb, Rockwell International David V. Neff, Metaullics Systems Company LP David LeRoy Olson, Colorado School of Mines Dennis B. O'Neil, Caterpillar Inc. ‘Thomas S, Piwonka, University of Alabama +S. Lee Semiatin, Wright Laboratory + George F. Vander Voort, Buehler Ltd. + Harry W. Walton, The Torrington Company Foreword to the Print Ei ion ASM International is proud to mark the 75th anniversary of ASM Handbooks. In 1923, the American Society for Steel ‘Treating (later the American Society for Metals, now ASM Intemational) published a small loose-leaf collection of data sheets--the first edition of what became known as Metals Handbook. The series has developed over the years into a ‘multivolume collection of reference books~each volume a thorough, comprehensive, and authoritative treatise on the subject to which it is devoted. The series-now titled ASM Handbook--continues to evolve and expand to serve the changing needs of metallurgy professionals throughout the world. One example of this evolution is the release this year of the ASM Handbook on CD-ROM. ‘This year also marks the 50th anniversary of the classic 1948 edition of Merals Handbook-the last "regular" edition to be contained in one volume. The 1948 edition was the inspiration for the first Metals Handbook Desk Edition, published almost 15 years ago. This Second Edition is intended to serve the same function as its two predecessors: to prot accessible, convenient, and practical single-volume first reference to all of metals technology. It was with some trepidation that ASM International entered into the project to revise and update the Desk Edition. The task seemed overwhelming, The ASM Handbook series had grown to 20 current volumes--almost twice as many as were in existence when the first Desk Edition was compiled. Would it be possible to create a work that included all of the vital information from the first edition, plus the most significant knowledge and data compiled in the years since its release, ‘nd still remain within the physical limits ofa single volume? We believe that the new Metals Handbook Desk Editionmore than meets that objective. The credit for this monumental achievement belongs to Joseph R. Davis. Joe was Handbook Editor for many years at ASM, and his extraordinary knowledge of the handbooks along with his considerable editorial skills made him uniquely qualified to oversee this project. We are grateful to Joe for his hard work and for his commitment to ereating the best Desk Edition possible. To assist in this effort, Joe assembled an outstanding Faitorial Advisory Board, made up of many longtime handbook ‘contributors and triends of ASM, and we extend our thanks to them as well. We also wish to recognize the ASM editorial and production staff members for their dedicated efforts on this Volume. Of course, we are especially grateful to the thousands of metallurgy professionals who have contributed 10 ASM Handbooks over the past 75 years. Their willingness to share their knowledge and expertiseas authors, reviewers, yolume organizers, and Handbook Committee members--has made this book possible. With their ongoing support, ASM Handbooks will continue to thrive for at least another 75 years.kilocalori (International Table) joule () 4.186 800° +03, Kilocalore (mean) joule) 4.190 02 E+03 kilocalorie (thermochemical) joule @) 4.184 000° E+03 kilocalorie(thermochemical)min watt (W) 6.973 333 E01 aloe (ihermochemiealy’s watt (W) 4.184 000° B+03 kilogram-foree (kat) newton (N) 9.806 650* E+00 kgt-m newton meter (N +m) 9.806 650° E00 gt stn (mass) ‘logram (ke) 9.806 650° E100 kgtlem™ pascal (Pa) 9.806 650° E+04 ein? pascal (Pa) 9.806 650% E+00 kaon? pascal (Pa) 9.806 650" E+06 kwh meter per second (m/s) 2777 SEL Kilopond (1 kp = 1 ket) newton (N) 9.806 650" +00 knot (nautical mile per hour) meter per second (as) 5.144444 E-01 kW-h joule 0) 3.600 000" E+05 ip 1000 10) newton @) 4445222 E03 kipfin? (i) pascal (Pa) 6894 757 5406 lambert candela per square meer (d/n) Ua BH04 saenbert candela per square meter cn") 3.183 099 E403 titer cubic meter”) 1.000 990*E-03 se Jumen per square meter (Im/mn’) 1.076 391 E+01Ibn, newton per meter (Nn) 1.751 268 E402 lbifin. (psi) pascal Pa) 6.894 757 B03 Iban (thrust weight mass) rato) newton per kilogram (Ng) 9.806 650 E100 quart (US. dy) ‘cubic meter (a) 1.101 221 B03 ‘quart (USS. liquid) cabic meter (a?) 9.463 529 E04 rad (absorbed dose) grey (Gy) 1.000 000% E-02 rem (dose equivalent) sievert (Sv) 1.000 000° E-02 roentgen coulomb per kilogram (Cikg) 2.58000" E04 rpm (win) radian per second (rads) 1.047 198 E-01 second (angle) radian (rad) 4.848 137 £-06 statampere ampere (A) 3.335 640 B10 statcoulomb coulomb (C) 3335 640E-10 statfarad farad (F) 1.112 6508-12 stathenry henry 8.987 S54 E11 statmho siemens (8) 1.112 650-12 statobm ohm (2) 8.987554 E11 statvolt vvlt(V) 2.997 925 E02 stokes (kinematic viscosity) square meter per second (ni!) 1.000 000" E-04 ton (assay) kilogram (kg) 2.916 667 E-02 ton (long, 2240 Ib) kilogram (kg) 1.016 047 E+03 ton (metric) Kilogram (ke) 1.000 000" £+03lia? ‘kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m) 1.601 845 B+01 gal (UK. liquid) kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m?) 9.977 637 E+0L [macs i ingen cis ces chy if iva Toth kilogram per second (kg/s) 1.259979 8-04 lbp“ h(SFC, specific fuel consumption) kilogram per joule (kg), 1,689 659-07 Tbvin? kilogram per cubie meter (g/t?) 2.767 990.5404 Ibimin kilogram per second (kg/s) 7.559 873 E-03 Its Kilogram per second (Ke/s) 4535924 B01 Ibye? kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m’) 5.932.764 E-01 poundel newton (N) 1382 5508-01 pound? pascal (Pa) 1488 164 E+00 poundal- i pascal second (Pa 5) 1488 164400 pound-force (bf) newton QM): 448.222 E400 Toe newton meter (Nm) 1355 818 E400. ei newton meter (N +), 1355 818 E+00 lofi newton meter (N *m) 1129 848-01 Ibs ins. newton meter per meter (Nf) 444s 2228400 Wiest? paseal second (Pas) 4.788 026 +01 lor sin? pascal second (Pas) 6.894 757 E403, toon newon per meter (N/m) 1.459390 E01 Ions pascal (Pa) 4.788 025 E01SO UNIDAREK Z AN INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE FOR CHEMICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERS Brian S. Mitchell Department of Chemical Engineering, Tulane University )WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION |Conversion Factors Name ‘To Convert From ‘Te Malltiply By Divide By ‘Acceleration fost ms 0.3048, 3.2810 Density ben? kg-m" 16.02 (6243 1072 Energy BTU I 1055 9.478 x 10-* Energy cal 1 4.1859 0.2389 Energy eg I 1.000 x 10°" 1,000 x 107 Energy ev i 1,602. x 10-¥ 6.242 x 10" Energy fbe I 13587 0.7376 Force yne N 1.000 x 10-* 1.000 x 10° Force we N 4aass 0.2248 Heat capacity BIU- Ib! °F Toke! Co! 4188, 2.388 x 10-4 Heat transfer coefficient BIU-b! @?22F | Wem? °C! 5.6786 0.1761 Length t m 0.3088 3.2810 Mass amu ke 1.661 x 10-* 6.022 x 10% Mass b kg 04535 (2.2050 Power BIU- he! Ww 0.2931 3.4120 Power hp Ww 45.71 1.341 x 10 Pressure bar Pa 1,000 x 108 1.000 x 10-$ Pressure dyne-cm? Pa 0.1000 10.0000 Pressure inHg Pa 3377 2.961 x 10- Pressure in, water Pa 24882 4.019. x 107? Pressure bf in? (psi) Pa 6897 1.450 x 10 Pressure mbar Pa 100.00 1.000 x 10 Pressure mm Hg Pa 1333 7.501 x 1073 Pressure sid am Pa 1.013 x 10°. 9.869 x 10-6 Specific heat BTU-Ib! oF Joke! 27! 4186 2.389 x 10~! Specific heat eal-gt rc"! 186 2.389 x 10 ‘Thermal conductivity BTU he-!-f-1 2 F-! 1.73017 05778 ‘Thermal conductivity BTU. in- he“! £2 2 FE 0142 = 6.9340 ‘Thermal conductivity cal-em=!-s~!-° C~! 418.60 2.389 107 ‘Thermal conductivity calf? hr! °F! 6.867 x 10% 145.62 ‘Torque bE 13557 07376 Viscosity—absolute centipoise 1.000 x 10-1000, Viscosity—absolute g-em"!- 5! 0.1000 10 Ie ft! 4187 2.089 x 10-7 bef! 1.4881 0.6720 US. gallons 3.785 x 10> 264.20fr Q UNIDALES 3 Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Science, process, applications ‘Sixth Edition R. E. Smallman, cae, ose, RS, FREng, FIM R. J. Bishop, pi, cing mim UTTERWORTH ErNEMANN OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEWYORK PARIS SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO)Appendix 1 SI units ‘The Systéme Intemationale 4°Unités (SI) was intro- “Table Az duced in the UK in the late 1960s. Historically, the oe SI can be traced from the metric enthusiasms of Factor Prefs Symbo Napoleonic times, through a centimetre~gram (cg.) a system, a centimene~gram-second (eg) system, a tea ‘metre-kilogram~second (MKS) system in 1900 and gia a metre—kilogram—second—ampere (MKSA Giorgi) mega system in 1950, Table Al lists the seven basic units ‘io anid Table A2 lists the prefites, hectt : ‘The SI is ‘rational, comprehensive and coherent’. decal at CCoherency means thatthe product or quotient of basic ca & ‘units gives an appropriate derived unit of the resultant = 7 ‘quantity. A coherent system facilitates manipulation of bees 7 units, checking the dimensions of equations and, most ese # inportanly, te corelation of diferent disciplines oa s ‘Some of the more frequently-used derived units are vee . siven in Table A3. Bice i "The force unit the newton, ithe cornerstone of the SL. Appropiately, the pravttonl aration for an apple roughly one newton. The SI unit of sess 'N m7: the pascal (Pa) is an orphan, being non-SI and nor-coheren. Enesgy is defined in mechanial tems, being the work done when the point of application of Table AS 2 force o€ TN is displaced through a dtane of 1 Pipacalqanty a Sane Rees vue wang Dei Volume Siesta a ee newton (N) Quartity Unit ‘Symbol Pressure, stress eee Pe aR a = Bae jt ae ee mower at) ve Bee 3 Bie hws coxlanb ©) Ele cormat tiapere Beate meni Sh) Tigers tiegee Kelvin g iefeduance ohm) Lames dae candela ci —-Elecsic capacitance find (F) y Amount of subeance mole mol Frequency boetz (He)Appendix 2 Conversion factors, physical data constants and Quantity Symbol ‘Tradliional unis ‘Suits 1 atmosphere (pressure) atm 101.325 kN m? Avogudro constant Ne 0.602 x 10mor" 1 Angstrom A 1 bam > 10cm? 1 bar bar or b Boltzmann constant k 1.380 x 10-9 Kt {calorie cal 41868 3 1 dyne dyn 0.224809 x 10° Ibe 10S N 1 day 86 400 s 86.4 ks 1 degree (plane angle) 0.017 45 rad V7 mead Blectron rest mass m 9.10956 x 10 g 9.10956 x 10-kg 1 erg (dyn om) 6242 x 10" ev 1074 2239 x 10-* cal 1 exglem® 6242 x 10"eV cm 10-75 Gas constant R 83143 x WW'erg K-'mol™ 8.3143) K"*mol! 1.987 cal K'mol" (at 271 gem? 2710 kg om Fe e 787 gem? 7870 kg cm Bes sca 8.93 g cm 8930 kg cm? é Ni 8.90 g cm”? £8900 kg cm Electronic charge e 1.602 x 10-* emo 0.1602 ac 1 electron volt ev 3.83 x 10° cal 0.1602 af 1.602 x 10" erg Faraday F=Nge 9.6487 x 10° C mol Linch in 2.54 em 25.4 mm 1 kilogram ke 2.208 62 tb kg 1 kilogram-forcelom? kegfler? 14.2 toi ‘ite 1 0.220 gal 1 dn? 1 micron am 10" Angstrom 10-% m 10cm‘Conversion factors, constants and physical data 423 Quantity Symbol Traditional units STuits 1 minute (angle) 2.908 + 10- radian 2.908 5 10-* rad [AL 70 GN m=? ‘Modulus of Fe 210 GN m=? elasticity. Ni 3 209 GN m? (average) }Cu 127 GN m= [Au 79 GN m= ‘Planck's constant a 6.6262 x 10-” ergs 6.6262 x 10-4 IT § (aL 034 lau a4 [Cu 1.35 Poisson Mg » 029 ratio PS 04 In: 036 lan 025 1 pound % 453.59 g 0.453 kg 1 pound cforce) 4448-22 N 1 psi 7.03 x 10-*egt/em? 6 894.76 Nm? 1 radian rd 57296 degrees rad (Al 2.7 x 10"'dyn cm 27GN m=? Fe 83 x 10"dyn emo? 83 GN mm? ‘Shear modulus {Ni an 74 x 10" dyn em=? ‘74 GN m? (average) cu 43 x 10"ayn em? 45 GN m=? Aw 3.0 * 10" dyn em=? 30 GN m=? 1 ton (force) Ttoat 5.964 02 kN Ltsi 1 tonffin? 1.574 9 kgfimm™ 15.444 3 MN m=? J tonne t 1000 kg. 10° kg 1 tore torr, 1 mm Hg. 133.322 N.m* Velocity of tight (in vacuo) 2.997925 x 10"° emis 2.997925 x 10'm »