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A subject complement or subjective complement is a word or phrase that follows a linking verb and
describes the subject of the sentence. Since we are talking about the functions of nouns, the subject
complement we are interested here are nouns or noun phrases in the predicate that renames or
describes the subject of the sentence.
In this sentence, the noun problema (problem) is part of the predicate and it describes the subject
basura by referring to it as a problem.
In Filipino sentences, the subject complement (kaganapang pansimuno) usually comes after the word ay
if the sentence has the subject+predicate arrangement (di-karaniwang ayos). However, in a sentence
with the predicate+subject arrangement (karaniwang ayos) where the word ay is not used, the subject
complement appears first in the sentence.
An appositive (pamuno) is a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause that renames or describes another noun
right beside it in the sentence. An appositive is usually written in between commas or has a comma
before it.
Appositives can rename or describe nouns in the subject, a subject complement, or a direct object.
The entire phrase isang problema sa ating pamayanan is an appositive because it describes the noun
that came before it (basura). The noun problema is the appositive of the subject basura.
The noun meryenda (snack) renames the subject complement halohalo, so meryenda is the appositive
of halohalo.
The noun ulam renames the direct object adobong manok, so ulam is the appositive of adobong manok.
A noun may be used as the direct object of an action verb. The direct object receives the action
described by the verb. The noun usually follows the action verb and answers the question what or who.
The verb in this sentence is itinapon (threw). The noun that comes after the verb is basura (trash) and it
answers the question “Threw what?” or “Itinapon ang ano?”
A noun may be used as the object of a preposition (pang-ukol). Examples of Filipino prepositions are sa,
ng, para sa, para kay, tungkol sa, tungkol kay, ukol sa, ukol kay, hinggil sa, hinggil kay, laban sa, laban
kay, labag sa, labag kay, ayon sa, ayon kay, alinsunod sa, alinsunod kay, nang may, nang wala, mula sa,
and tungo sa. The noun that follows a preposition is the object of the preposition.
6. Nouns in the possessive case (kaukulang paari) show ownership. In Filipino sentences, nouns in the
possessive case come after the words ni, nina, kay or kina.
Si Jaime ay pinsan ni Tony.
7. The vocative case is the case used for nouns that identify or get the attention of the person being
addressed.
The noun Grace is in the vocative case because the speaker is calling her attention.
The noun Itay (Dad) is in the vocative case because the speaker is calling the attention of his or her dad.