High Power Pulse Transmission Characteristics of UWB antennas

Ratan Sanjay D, Ratna Raju M, Sandeep M Satav, Borkar V G , Ramasarma V V

Directorate of Electromagnetics , Research Centre Imarat,
Hyderabad, India
d.ratansanjay@rcilab.in

Abstract ²7KHKLJKSRZHUSXOVHUDGLDWLRQRIWKUHHW\SHVRI 1
DQWHQQDV LV SUHVHQWHG 7KH SULPDU\ VRXUFH LQSXW IRU DOO WKH Gaussian Pulse
First Derivative

Amplitude( Normalised)
DQWHQQDV LV WKH JHQHUDOL]HG JDXVVLDQ SXOVH **3 DQG WKH 0.5 Second Derivative
UHVSRQVH RI DOO WKHVH DQWHQQDV LV UHFRUGHG (DFK DQWHQQD KDV
VKRZQ VSHFLILF DGYDQWDJHV RI WKHLU RZQ$ FRPSDULVRQ LV PDGH
EHWZHHQ WKH DQWHQQDV WR DOORZ XV XVH DOO WKH DQWHQQDV LQ WKHLU 0
UHVSHFWLYH DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KH PRGLILFDWLRQV QHHG WR EH GRQH WR
FDWHU IRU WKH KLJK YROWDJH KDQGOLQJ DQG WR SUHVHUYH WKH SXOVH
-0.5
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVLVDOVRGLVFXVVHGLQWKLVSDSHU

Index Terms: High voltage, Gaussian Pulse, Ultra wide band -1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time

I. ,1752'8&7,21 )LJ  7LPH GRPDLQ *DXVVLDQ SXOVH DQG WKH ILUVW DQG VHFRQG
 GHULYDWLYHV
)RU WKH SDVW PDQ\ \HDUV JHQHUDWLRQ DQG UDGLDWLRQ RI +LJK 
3RZHU (OHFWURPDJQHWLF+3(0 SXOVHV LV D PDMRU WHFKQLFDO  $QLPSXOVHIHGWRDQ8:%DQWHQQDLVVXEMHFWWR
DUHD DQG LV DQ LPSRUWDQW DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ WKH SXOVH SRZHU GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ
WHFKQRORJ\ *HQHUDWLRQ RI KLJK SRZHU SXOVHG ZDYHIRUPV LV GLVSHUVLRQHQHUJ\VWRUDJH
SRVVLEOHWKURXJKYDULRXVVRXUFHVOLNH0DU[JHQHUDWRU%:2 UDGLDWLRQ
PDJQHWURQVJ\UDWURQVHWF(TXDOO\ZLWKWKHVRXUFHVUDGLDWLQJ ORVVHVGLHOHFWULFRKPLF
V\VWHPVKDGRFFXSLHGDQHTXDOLPSRUWDQFHIURPWKHGHVLJQ 
DQGDSSOLFDWLRQSRLQWRIYLHZ)URP(DUO\VWKHUHLVDQG  7KHUHLVDJUHDWYDULHW\RIDQWHQQDVWKDWFDQEHXVHG
HQRXJKDQGGHWDLOHGWHFKQLFDOOLWHUDWXUHDYDLODEOHRQGHVLJQRI IRU 8:% DSSOLFDWLRQV GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKHLU UHTXLUHPHQW
8:% DQWHQQDV )RU PRVW 8:% DSSOLFDWLRQV WKH DQWHQQDV LQFOXGLQJ
DUH GHVLJQHG DV D SDUW RI WKH FRPSOHWH V\VWHP GHSHQGLQJ RQ IUHTXHQF\LQGHSHQGHQWDQWHQQDV
WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ +RZHYHU HYHU\ DQWHQQD VKRXOG VDWLVI\ WKH DSHUWXUHDQWHQQDV
PDLQFULWHULRQRI8:%DQGGLVSHUVLYHQHVVLHWKHVSUHDGLQJ UHIOHFWRUDQWHQQDV
HIIHFW RI WKH SXOVH UHVXOWLQJ IURP D VKLIWLQJ SKDVH FHQWHU RI WUDYHOOLQJZDYHDQWHQQDV
WKHDQWHQQD &RPSDFWQHVVLVRQH RIWKH PDMRUFRQVWUDLQW RQ  
WKHVH KLJK SRZHU DQWHQQDV *HQHUDOO\ 8:% DQWHQQDV 0RVW IUHTXHQWO\ XVHG 8:% DQWHQQDV DUH PRQRSROHV
GLIIHUHQWLDWHWKHLQSXWSXOVHLQWUDQVPLWWLQJPRGHDQGUHFHLYH GLSROHVULGJHKRUQV7(0KRUQV,PSXOVHUDGLDWLQJDQWHQQDV
WKH LQFLGHQW SXOVH DV LW LV 9HU\ IHZ 8:% DQWHQQDV HJ YLYDOGL DQWHQQDV GLVF FRQH DQG ELFRQHV 3URSHUWLHV RI WKH
ELFRQLFDO WUDQVPLW WKH LQSXW SXOVH DV LW LV DQG LQWHJUDWH WKH
UHFHLYHGSXOVHLQUHFHLYLQJPRGH7KH ZLGHO\XVHGLQSXWVWR
WKH 8:% DQWHQQDV DUH WKH *DXVVLDQ ,PSXOVH DQG WKH
+HDYLVLGH&KDUJLQJGLVFKDUJLQJVLJQDOV7KH*DXVVLDQVLJQDO
DQG LWV ILUVW VHFRQG GHULYDWLYHV DUH VKRZQ LQ )LJ ,GHDO
DQWHQQDV XVHG LQ DQ 8:% 7 ;5; V\VWHP VKRXOG IDLWKIXOO\
UHSOLFDWHWKHWUDQVPLWWHGSXOVHDWWKHUHFHLYLQJHQG
0DWKHPDWLFDOH[SUHVVLRQIRUWKH*DXVVLDQ3XOVHLV
8:%DQWHQQDVGHSHQGVRQWKHIUHTXHQF\+RZHYHUPRVWRI
WKHVH DQWHQQDV VXIIHU IURP GLVSHUVLRQ 'LVSHUVLRQ LV D
YDULDWLRQ LQ SXOVH ZDYHIRUP DV D IXQFWLRQ RI SKDVH DQJOH RI
WKH VLJQDO ,I WKH SKDVH FHQWUH PRYHV DV D IXQFWLRQ RI
IUHTXHQF\WKHUHVXOWLQJUDGLDWHGZDYHIRUPZLOOEHGLVSHUVLYH
'LVSHUVLRQ JLYHV ULVH WR H[WHQGHG ZDYHIRUP 7DEOH  JLYHV
WKHGLVSHUVLYHQDWXUHRIYDULRXV8:%DQWHQQDV7KHDQWHQQDV
VKRZQ XQGHU WKH IUHTXHQF\ LQGHSHQGHQW DQWHQQDV DQG
EURDGEDQG DQWHQQDV FDQQRW EH XVHG IRU KLJK YROWDJH
   D DSSOLFDWLRQV IRU REYLRXV UHDVRQV 7KH VFRSH RI WKLV SDSHU LV
)LUVWGHULYDWLYH*DXVVLDQ3XOVHFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDV UHVWULFWHGWRWKUHHVXFKW\SHVRIDQWHQQDVYL]GLVFRQH.W\SH
   E DQG ,PSXOVH 5DGLDWLQJ DQWHQQD,5$ 7KHVH DQWHQQDV KDYH
EHHQ FDUHIXOO\ GHVLJQHG WR KDQGOH KLJK YROWDJHV )XWKHU WKH
DQGWKHVHFRQGGHULYDWLYH*DXVVLDQ3XOVHFDQEHH[SUHVVHG GLVFRQHLVSODFHGDVDIHHGIRUWKHSDUDEROLFUHIOHFWRUWRPDNH
DV LW PRUH GLUHFWLRQDO DV E\ LWVHOI LW GHIHUV IURP WKH RWKHU WZR
   F EHFDXVH RI LWV RPQL GLUHFWLRQDO EHKDYLRU LQ RQ WKH RI WKH
UDGLDWLRQ SODQHV 7KH FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH WLPH GRPDLQ


978-1-4799-2501-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE

 UDGLDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LV SUHVHQWHG 7KH UHVXOWV GRHV QRW The radiation characteristics of the discone antenna
VWDWHWKHVXSHULRULW\RIRQHRYHUWKHRWKHUDVDOOWKHVHDQWHQQDV depends upon the dimension, whether the height, L is less
DUHVXLWDEOHDVSHUWKHLUUHTXLUHPHQW than 0.3λ or greater, it behaves as a dipole and a conical horn,
respectively. When behaving as a dipole(monocone in this
7\SHRI$QWHQQD $QWHQQD 'LVSHUVLRQ case), the radiation occurs at the origin. If we assume the
Transient Antennas No dispersion axial current along the cone be
TEM Horn
Very low
Vivaldi
Extremely low (2)
Monocone/Discone
Very low
Planar monopole The surface current travels along the cone, with maximum
Frequency High
Spiral & sinous radiation at the vertex. The characteristic impedance of the
independent antennas
High discone is given by
Logarithmic
Broadband antennas Medium
Elliptical dipole
Multimode slot
Medium (3)
 where is the free space impedance of 120 .
7DEOH8:%DQWHQQDVDQGWKHLUGLVSHUVLRQ The electric field generated at a distance r, and angle ijLV
JLYHQE\

,,8:%&+$5$&7(5,67,&62)$17(11$6
 
7KH UDGLDWLRQ RI KLJK YROWDJH WUDQVLHQW SXOVHV LV DQ
LPSRUWDQW WKHRU\ LQ WKH ILHOG RI DQWHQQDV 9DULRXV W\SHV RI
DQWHQQDVOLNHUHIOHFWRUVOHQVHVDQGRWKHU8:%DQWHQQDVKDYH
EHHQ VXJJHVWHG E\ PDQ\ DXWKRUV>@ 7KLV
VHFWLRQ SURYLGHV WKH GHVLJQ FULWHULRQ IRU WKH DQWHQQDV
PHQWLRQHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQ7KHUDGLDWLRQSURSHUWLHVRI
WKHVH DQWHQQDV DQG PRGLILFDWLRQV QHHGHG WR ZLWKVWDQG WKH
KLJKYROWDJHLVSUHVHQWHG
 proportional to the second derivative of the input voltage on
$'LVFRQH$QWHQQD

7KH 8:% FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG LWV EHKDYLRU GLVFXVVHG E\
PDQ\ DXWKRUV>@ 7KH GLVFRQH DQWHQQD ZKLFK LV D
PRQRFRQHZLWKD ILQLWHJURXQGSODQH)LJLVFRQVLGHUHGWR
EHDEHWWHURSWLRQIRUWKHIROORZLQJUHDVRQV
,WKDVORZVWDQGLQJZDYHUDWLRYHUVXVIUHTXHQF\DVZHOODV
D IDLUO\ FRQVWDQW VKDSHG SDWWHUQ  SURPLVHG VRPH GHJUHH RI
UDGLDWLRQHIILFLHQF\RYHUDEURDGIUHTXHQF\UDQJH
,WVFRQVWUXFWLRQLVYHU\VLPSOH
,WFDQEHXVHGZLWKRXWDQ\WHUPLQDWLQJLPSHGDQFHVZKLFK
valid for t<L/c and V is voltage applied near the vertex and
c is velocity of light.
The pulse transmission characteristics of a discone antenna
are as per stated[6] , that it differentiates the input as long as
the slant length is less than 0.3λ. For, example, a generalized
gaussian pulse will be transmitted as its first differentiation,
eq.1. However, for a short monocone , the radiated far field is
the structure[4].
Papas and King[1,2], clearly described about the
impedance and radiation characteristics of the monocone
antennas. Many configurations have be tried for various
applications. When to be used for high voltage pulse
radiation, the coaxial feed is not an acceptable option.
Radiating broad band pulses using corona charging was
stated in [7]. The disc and the cone are maintained with a
ground - HV isolation by a finite gap. Once the voltage
RWKHUZLVHDUHGLIILFXOWWRREWDLQIRUDVPDOOHUVL]H exceeds the breakdown voltage for the respective gap, a
 7KH SKDVH FHQWUH YDULDWLRQ RI WKH GLVFRQH LV YHU\ clean, broadband , damped sinusoidal signal is radiated. 

PLQLPDO>@,IWKHGLVFRQHLVHOHFWULFDOO\VPDOOLWFDQEHIHG 

WRDUHIOHFWRUDQGDOVRFRXOGEHHDVLO\LPPHUVHGLQDPHGLXP For the High Voltage (HV) pulse radiation ,of the order of
ZKLFKKDVKLJKGLHOHFWULFEUHDNGRZQ few hundreds of kilo volts, it is quite obvious that the antenna
 cannot be fed like any other antenna, with a coaxial cable as
 in the case of [2]. Hence, here radiation is intended to achieve
'&RQHGLDPHWHU by corona charging mechanism[7]. Here the cone element of
G'LVFGLDPHWHU the antenna is grounded while the disc is fed with high
D &RQHVODQWOHQJWK
voltage. The switch isolates the disc and the cone. disc is
charged by a high voltage pulser. Once the voltage across the
T&RQHKDOIDQJOH switch crosses the breakdown E-field for the respective gap,
 the high voltage, discharges itself into the ground , during
when, the broad band pulse is radiated as damped sinusoid.
Fig 2. Schematic of a discone antenna
The arrangement is shown clearly in Fig.3(a) and 3(b)

978-1-4799-2501-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE

 1. Cone %.$QWHQQD
2. Disc K-antenna falls into the category of travelling wave
3. Gap antennas and has been developed by Koshelev[]. It is a
4. Oil FRPELQDWLRQ RI DQ HOHFWULF W\SH UDGLDWRU LQ WKH IRUP RI D
ɌȿɆKRUQ $ DQG PDJQHWLF W\SH UDGLDWRUV LQ WKH IRUP RI WKH
DFWLYH % DQG SDVVLYH & PDJQHWLF GLSROHV 7KLV DQWHQQD DV
GHVFULEHG LQ >@ FRPELQHV QHDUILHOG ]RQHV RI WZR
UDGLDWRUV ZLWK D FRQVWDQW SKDVH FHQWUH KDYLQJ D FRPPRQ
LQSXW 7KH HOHFWULF DQG PDJQHWLF HQHUJLHV DUH SUHYDLOHG LQ
Fig.3(a) Schematic of the Fig.3(b) 3-D model of the
WKHVH WZR UDGLDWRUV VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ 7KH VFKHPDWLF LV VKRZQ
discone configuration for High Discone fed reflector antenna
LQ)LJD
Voltage Pulse Radiation  7KH 7(0KRUQ LV H[FLWHG ZLWK WKH WLPH GHOD\
UHODWLYH WR H[FLWDWLRQ RI WKH DFWLYH PDJQHWLF GLSROH WKDW
GHSHQGV RQ WKH OHQJWK RI WKH VWULS OLQH &>@ 3DVVLYH
PDJQHWLF GLSROHV DUH H[FLWHG E\ WKH HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ILHOG
7KH LQSXW VHFWLRQ LV PDLQWDLQHG DW  Ÿ LPSHGDQFH  7KH
ORQJLWXGLQDO DQG WUDQVYHUVH DQWHQQD GLPHQVLRQV / + DUH
FORVHDQGDSSUR[LPDWHO\HTXDOWRWKHKDOIRIWKHVSDFHOHQJWK
RIWKHELSRODUYROWDJHSXOVHH[FLWLQJWKHDQWHQQD


Fig.4(a) Fabricated Discone fed Fig.4(b) Feed inside the

reflector antenna for High voltage contained filled with oil
application

In order to hold the high voltage in the order of hundreds of

kV, the switch is placed in transformer oil. Transformer oil is 
stable at high temperatures and has very good electrical )LJD6FKHPDWLFPRGHORI. )LJE)DEULFDWHG.
insulating properties. The dielectric breakdown strength of oil DQWHQQD DQWHQQDHQFORVHGIRUKLJK
is reported in many references[8], which is always more than SUHVVXUH
500kV/cm going even upto 750kV/cm in certain conditions. 
For better performance and long life of the oil used in the
antenna, it is advisable to use a sulfur-free Naphthenic
transformer oil.
Fig.5 Results from four similar series of breakdown measurements
with 6.25mm brass electrodes for 2/60 μs pulse
7KLV DQWHQQD LV UHDOL]HG  DV LQ )LJ E DQG WHVWHG ,W LV
WRWDOO\ VHDOHG IRU KLJK SUHVVXUH RI a EDU WR DYRLG KLJK
YROWDJHGLVFKDUJHV7KHUHVXOWV ZLOOEHFRPSDUHGDQGVKRZQ
LQWKHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQV

&,PSXOVH5DGLDWLQJ$QWHQQD
7KHEDVLFFRQFHSWRIDQLPSXOVHUDGLDWLQJDQWHQQD
E\&DUO(%DXP>@LVDQDQWHQQDLQZKLFKZKHQGULYHQ
E\ D VWHS ULVLQJ ZDYHIRUP SURGXFHV D VLPLODU VWHSULVLQJ
ILHOGDVDQDSSUR[LPDWHSODQHZDYHRQWKHDQWHQQDDSHUWXUH
DQGWKHUHE\UDGLDWHVDQDSSUR[LPDWHLPSXOVHLQWKHIDUILHOG
LQ WKH FHQWHU RI WKH EHDP 5HIOHFWRU ,5$ FRQVLVWV RI D
SDUDEROLFUHIOHFWRUDQGFRQLFDOFRSODQDU7(0 WUDQVPLVVLRQ
OLQH IHHG DUPV 7KH IHHG SRLQW LV ORFDWHG DW WKH IRFDO SRLQW
DQGWKHHQGVRIWKHIHHGDUPVDUHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHULPRIWKH
SDUDEROLF UHIOHFWRU )URP WKH IXQGDPHQWDOV WKH SODQH ZDYH
LQ D FRD[LDO ZDYH JXLGH LQ FRQYHUWHG WR D VSKHULFDO ZDYH
ZKLFKLVWKHQODXQFKHGRQWRWKHFRQLFDOIHHGV
7KURXJK D FRPELQDWLRQ RI QRQ GLVSHUVLYH
 WUDQVYHUVH HOHFWURPDJQHWLF 7(0 IHHG VWUXFWXUH DQG D
7KH DQWHQQD LV IDEULFDWHG  DV VKRZQ LQ )LJD E DQG IRFXVHGDSHUWXUH,5$VDFWOLNHGLIIHUHQWLDWRUVIRUWKHHDUO\
WHVWHG LQ WKH ODERUDWRU\ 7KH UHVXOWV ZLOO EH VKRZQ LQ WKH WLPH SRUWLRQ RI WKH ZDYHIRUP 7KH LGHDO LPSXOVH RU
IROORZLQJVHFWLRQ SUDFWLFDOO\ D QRQ]HUR ULVH WLPH KLJK YROWDJH SXOVH LV

978-1-4799-2501-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE

ODXQFKHGRQWRWKH7(0KRUQRIWKH,5$+RZHYHUDOOWKHVH = IUHHVSDFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFLPSHGDQFHVȍ
SXOVDUV SURGXFH RXWSXW LQ D FRD[LDO ZDYHJXLGH ZKLFK LV D U  GLVWDQFH WR WKH REVHUYHU IURP WKH IRFDO SRLQW DORQJ WKH
VLQJOHHQGHGFRQILJXUDWLRQ7KLVFRQILJXUDWLRQLQGLIILFXOWWR RSWLFDOD[LVRIWKHUHIOHFWRU
PDWFK WR DQ DQWHQQD VLQFH PRVW IURP VSDFH DQWHQQDV DQG 
HYHQ ,5$ UHIHUUHG KHUH UHTXLUHG D EDODQFHG IHHG 2QH FDQ  
FRQYHQWWKHVLJQDOWRDEDODQFHGFRQILJXUDWLRQZLWKDFRD[LDO
XQ]LSSHUEDOXQEXWWKHUHPD\EHORVVHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHVH
WUDQVLWLRQVDQGDOVRWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDEDOXQDWWKHVHKLJK
YROWDJHVWKRXJKQRWLPSRVVLEOHEXWLVDYHU\FRPSOLFDWHG
$QDOWHUQDWLYHLVWRIHHGWKHVLJQDOLQWRKDOIUHIOHFWRULPSXOVH
UDGLDWLQJ DQWHQQD +,5$ ,Q SULQFLSOH WKH GLIIHUHQFH
EHWZHHQWKHIXOO,5$DQGKDOI,5$LVWKDWRIDGLSROHDQGD
PRQRSROH +,5$ LV FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKLV SDSHU 7KH
FRPSRQHQWVLQ WKHDQWHQQDDUHWKH SDUDEROLFUHIOHFWRU  WR
IRUFH WKH SKDVH IURQW WR EH SODQDU E\ IRFXVLQJ LW ZLWK D
SDUDEROLFGLVKDQGE\IHHGLQJLWZLWKD7(0IHHGZRXOGJLYH
EDODQFHG HOHFWULF DQG PDJQHWLF GLSROHV >@ DW ORZ
IUHTXHQF\(DFK IHHGDUPLVWHUPLQDWHGWRWKHUHIOHFWRUULP
YLDDUHVLVWLYHORDGPDWFKHGWRDQDSSURSULDWHSRUWLRQRIWKH
FKDUDFWHULVWLF LPSHGDQFH RI WKH FRQLFDO IHHG V\VWHP 7KH
PRVW FRPSOLFDWHG SRLQW RI WKH KDOI ,5$ GHVLJQ LV WKH IHHG
SRLQWOHQV>@7KHOHQVLVXVHGWRFRQYHUWDSODQHZDYH
LQ D FRD[LDO ZDYHJXLGH WR D VSKHULFDO ZDYH ZKLFK LV
ODXQFKHG RQ WR WKH FRQLFDO IHHG DUPV ' LV WKH UHIOHFWRU
GLDPHWHUDQG)LVWKHIRFDOOHQJWKDQGRWKHUGHVFULSWLRQVDUH
VHOIH[SODQDWRU\
 ,,,5(68/76

)LJ +DOI ,5$ ZLWK RLOOHV )LJ )HHG SRLQW /HQV  '
RLOFRQILJXUDWLRQ PRGHODQGUHDOL]HGKDUGZDUH

)LJ VKRZV WKH IDEULFDWHG +,5$ ZLWK DOO WKH PHDVXUHV
WDNHQ WR DUUHVW WKH KLJK YROWDJH SUREOHPV 7KH UHIOHFWRU LV
FRDWHGZLWK)53PDWHULDODQGWKHWRWDOIHHGOHQVLVSODFHGLQ
WUDQVIRUPHURLO7KHGLHOHFWULFPDWHULDOXVHGLVDOVRRIKLJK
TXDOLW\DFHWDOFRSRO\PHU
7KH HQGV RI WKH DUPV DUH WHUPLQDWHG ZLWK KLJK YROWDJH
UHVLVWRUV6LQFHWKHUHVLVWRUVL]HVDUHYHU\ODUJHFRPSDUHGWR
WKH UHIOHFWRU OHQJWK WKH\ DUH WHUPLQDWHG LQ DQ XQXVXDO
IDVKLRQ DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ 7KH DQWHQQD LV WHVWHG DQG WKH
UHVXOWVDUHFRPSDUHGZLWKRWKHUDQWHQQDV

7KH PDLQ VFRSH RI WKLV SDSHU LV WR PHDVXUH DOO WKH DERYH
GHVFULEHG DQWHQQDV DQG FRPSDUH WKHLU UHVXOWV )RU WKH
SXUSRVH DQ LPSXOVH VLJQDO LV JHQHUDWHG E\ D YROWDJH
PXOWLSOLHU FLUFXLW 0DU[ JHQHUDWRU LQ WKLV FDVH WR JHQHUDWH
aN9DQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJVLJQDOLVDVJLYHQLQ)LJ$V
PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ DQG DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ WKLV
ZDYHIRUPLQJHQHUDOVKRXOGEHVXEMHFWHGWRGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRU
GRXEOHGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQGHSHQGLQJRQWKHDQWHQQD


)LJD 6FKHPDWLF RI WKH ,5$ )LJE *HRPHWU\ RI WKH RIIVHW 1
ZLWK DQJOHV VXEWHQGHG E\ WKH IHHG DQG EHQW IHHG DUP IRU
IHHGDUPV +,5$ OHQV QRW WR VFDOH ZUW 0.8

UHIOHFWRU 0.6

Voltage (volts)

7KH UDGLDWHG RQD[LV HOHFWULF ILHOG ZDYHIRUP RI DQ ,5$ 0.4

LOOXPLQDWHG E\ D WZRDUP FRQLFDO OLQH VNHWFKHG LQ )LJD 0.2

LVJLYHQE\>@
0

-0.2

-0.4

 -0.6
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
W UHWDUGHGWLPH W
UF time (sec) -8
x 10
W
DWZKLFKWKHYROWDJHVRXUFHLVWXUQHGRQ )LJ1RUPDOL]HGLQSXWYROWDJH5LVHWLPHaSV
9W¶ YROWDJHZDYHIRUPIHGWRWKH7(0OLQH 
' GLDPHWHURIWKHUHIOHFWRU 
7 )F GXUDWLRQRIWKHSUHSXOVH 7KH WLPH GRPDLQ UHVSRQVHV RI WKHVH DQWHQQDV LV VKRZQ LQ
) IRFDOOHQJWKRIWKHSDUDERORLGDOUHIOHFWRU )LJ7KHVLJQDOVZHUHUHFHLYHGE\IUHHILHOG'GRWVHQVRUV
F VSHHGRIOLJKWLQYDFXXP§DLU [PV LQ D KLJK HQG GLJLWDO VWRUDJH RVFLOORVFRSH $V PHQWLRQHG LQ
IJ JHRPHWULFIDFWRURIWKH7(0OLQHIHHG =IHHG=2 WKHVHFWLRQUHODWHGWRWKHGLVFRQHDQWHQQDWKHLPSXOVHQHHGV
=IHHG 7(0FKDUDFWHULVWLFLPSHGDQFHRIWKHIHHGOLQH

978-1-4799-2501-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE

WR EH GRXEOH GLIIHUHQWLDWHG DQG VR WKH VLJQDO LV LQ QHJDWLYH
VLGHFRPSDUHGWRRWKHUWZRDQWHQQDV
7KRXJK .DQWHQQD VHHPV WR EH EHWWHU ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR
+,5$ EXW DW KLJK YROWDJHV LW LV GLIILFXOW WR HQFORVH
SUHVVXUL]HGJDVLQVXFKDODUJHYROXPHVR+,5$WDNHVWKHUH
WKHDGYDQWDJH+RZHYHUWKDWWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIKLJKYROWDJH
UHVLVWRUV RI OLPLWHG OHQJWK LV VWLOO D FRQFHUQ LQ +,5$ 7KH
IUHTXHQF\ VSHFWUXP RI WKHVH VLJQDOV DOVR VKRZV WKDW WKH
GLFRQH DQWHQQD LV DW DQ DGYDQWDJHRXV SRVLWLRQ DV IDU DV WKH
ZLGH EDQG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 7KRXJK WKLV FRPSDULVRQ GRHV QRW
VWUDLJKWDZD\VD\WKDWDQ\DQWHQQDLVVXSHULRURULQIHULRU7KH
SDSHU
V PDLQ PRWLYH LV WR DOORZ WKH GHVLJQHUV WR FKRRVH WKH
DQWHQQDDVSHUWKHLUUHTXLUHPHQWDQGHDVHLQLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
 &KDUOHV + 3DSDV DQG 5RQROG .LQJ,QSXW ,PSHGDQFH RI :LGH
4
6
x 10
Discone
4
2  '*KRVK DQG 7.6DUNDU 'HVLJQ RI D :LGH$QJOH %LFRQLFDO
E-Field(V/m)
0
ZRUNLQJZLWKWKHVHDQWHQQDV7KHWLPHGRPDLQPHDVXUHPHQWV
DQG WKH VSHFWUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH UDGLDWHG VLJQDOV DUH
SUHVHQWHG ,W JLYHV D FOHDU LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU FKRRVLQJ WKH
DQWHQQDVEDVHGRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge Ms. Anusha, SRF and
Mr.S.Chakravarthy, SRF for their assistance in the
measurement of high voltage radiated fields. 
REFERENCES:

$QJOH&RQLFDO$QWHQQDV)HGE\D&RD[LDO/LQH3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH
,5(1RYHPEHU
K-antenna HIRA
&KDUOHV+3DSDVDQG5RQROG.LQJ5DGLDWLRQIURP:LGH$QJOH
&RQLFDO$QWHQQDV)HGE\D&RD[LDO/LQH3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,5(
-DQXDU\
$QWHQQD IRU :LGHEDQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQV 3URJUHVV ,Q
(OHFWURPDJQHWLFV5HVHDUFK%9RO
 'HEDOLQD *KRVK $ULMLW 'H0DU\ & 7D\ORU 7DSDQ .
6DUNDU0LFKDHO & :LFNVDQG (ULF / 0RNROH 7UDQVPLVVLRQ DQG
-2 5HFHSWLRQ E\ 8OWUD:LGHEDQG 8:% $QWHQQDV  ,((( $QWHQQDV
DQG3URSDJDWLRQ0DJD]LQH9RO1R2FWREHU
-4  0DUFR 'LRQLJL 0DXUR 0RQJLDUGR &ULVWLDQR 7RPDVVRQL
,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RQ WKH 3KDVH &HQWHU RI 8OWUD:LGHEDQG 'LVFRQH
$QWHQQDV*HUPDQ0LFURZDYH&RQIHUHQFH
-6

-8

.DUXPXGL5DPEDEX$GULDQ(QJ&KRRQ7DQ.HYLQ.KHH0HQJ
&KDQ DQG 0LFKDHO <DQ:DK &KLD 6WXG\ RI $QWHQQD (IIHFW RQ
8:% 3XOVH 6KDSH LQ7UDQVPLVVLRQ DQG 5HFHSWLRQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (sec) -8 6\PSRVLXPRQ$QWHQQDVDQG3URSDJDWLRQ²,6$3
x 10   ) 5RPDQ  1 3HxD  - +HUUHUD ) 6DQWDPDUtD  1 0RUD (

$JXLOHUD2'tD])9HJD5DGLDWLQJEURDGEDQGSXOVHJHQHUDWRU
)LJ5DGLDWHGILHOGIRUWKHDQWHQQDVZLWKWKHLPSXOVHLQSXW
ZLWK FRURQD FKDUJLQJ PHFKDQLVP3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH (852(0

&RQIHUHQFH6ZLW]HUODQG

5+DQFR[+7URSSHU7KH%UHDNGRZQRIWUDQVIRUPHURLOXQGHU
80
Discone K-Antenna HIRA LPSXOVHYROWDJHV7KH,QVWLWXWLRQRI(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHUV3DSHU1R
06HSW
60
<X$$QGUHHY9,.RVKHOHY993OLVNR&RPELQHG$QWHQQDV
IRU5DGLDWLQJ8OWUDZLGHEDQG6KRUW3XOVHV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK
40
Magnitude(dB)

(XURSHDQ5DGDU&RQIHUHQFH(X0$
 %DSWLVWH &DGLOKRQ %UXQR &DVVDQ\ 3DWULFN 0RGLQ-HDQ
20 &KULVWRSKH 'LRW 9DOpULH %HUWUDQG DQG /DXUHQW 3pFDVWDLQJ  8OWUD
:LGHEDQG $QWHQQDV IRU +LJK 3XOVHG 3RZHU $SSOLFDWLRQV 8OWUD
0 :LGHEDQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQV 1RYHO 7UHQGV ± $QWHQQDV DQG
3URSDJDWLRQ
-20  9, .RVKHOHY <X %X\DQRY <X$ $QGUHHY 99 3OLVNR
.1 6XNKXVKLQ8OWUDZLGHEDQG 5DGLDWRUV RI +LJK3RZHU
-40 3XOVHV,(((
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency( Hz) 9  .RVKHOHY 9 , 8OWUD ± :LGHEDQG 6KRUW ± 3XOVH
x 10 
 (OHFWURPDJQHWLFV±
)LJ)UHTXHQF\VSHFWUXPRIWKHVLJQDOVLQDERYHJUDSK  &DUO ( %DXP 9DULDWLRQV RQ WKH ,PSXOVH 5DGLDWLQJ $QWHQQD
 7KHPH6HQVRUDQG6LPXODWLRQ1RWH)HE
,9&21&/86,21  '9*LUL &DUO (%DXP  5HIOHFWRU ,5$ GHVLJQ DQG ERUHVLJKW
WHPSRUDOZDYHIRUPV6HQVRUDQG6LPXODWLRQ1RWH)HE

 '9*LUL 5DGLDWHG 6SHFWUD RI ,PSXOVH 5DGLDWLQJ $QWHQQDV
7KH GHWDLOHG LQIRUPDWLRQ UHJDUGLQJ IHZ SURPLQHQW 8:% ,5$V6HQVRUDQG6LPXODWLRQ1RWH1RY
DQWHQQDV LV SUHVHQWHG 7KH GHVLJQ FRQVWUDLQWV DQG  (YHUHWW *)DUU*DU\ '6RZHU 'HVLJQ SULQFLSOHV RI +DOI
PRGLILFDWLRQV IRU KLJK YROWDJH KDQGOLQJ DUH GHWDLOHG 7KH ,PSXOVH5DGLDWLQJ$QWHQQDV6HQVRUDQG6LPXODWLRQ1RWH'HF
LQIRUPDWLRQ LV SURYLGHG EDVHG RQ WKH SUDFWLFDO H[SHULHQFH LQ 

978-1-4799-2501-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE

 (YHUHWW *)DUU &DUO ( %DXP )HHG 3RLQW /HQVHV IRU +DOI 99 5DPDVDUPD GLG KLV 06F 7HFK LQ
5HIOHFWRU,5$V6HQVRUDQG6LPXODWLRQ1RWH1RY $SSOLHG3K\VLFVZLWKVSHFLDOL]DWLRQLQ(OHFWURQLFV
'9*LUL &DUO (%DXP  5HIOHFWRU ,5$ GHVLJQ DQG ERUHVLJKW IURP$QGKUDXQLYHUVLW\LQ+HMRLQHG'5'2
WHPSRUDOZDYHIRUPV6HQVRUDQG6LPXODWLRQ1RWH)HE LQ  DV VHQLRU VFLHQWLILF DVVLVWDQW DQG KH LV
 '9*LUL 3HDN 3ZHU *DLQ LQ 7LPH GRPDLQ RI ,PSXOVH VFLHQWLVW* DW 5HVHDUFK &HQWUH ,PDUDW D SLRQHHU
5DGLDWLQJ$QWHQQD6HQVRUDQG6LPXODWLRQ1RWH2FW PLVVLOH ODERUDWRU\ RI '5'2 +LV DUHD RI
 VSHFLDOL]DWLRQ LV PLFURZDYH V\VWHPV DQG KH KDV
'5DWDQ6DQMD\ZDVERUQLQ,QGLDLQ+H GHVLJQHG DQG GHYHORSHG WKH RQERDUG JXLGDQFH V\VWHP IRU VKRUW
LV JUDGXDWHG LQ (OHFWURQLFV  &RPPXQLFDWLRQ UDQJHVXUIDFHWRDLUPLVVLOHV+HDOVRLQYROYHGLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI
(QJLQHHULQJ IURP $QGKUD 8QLYHUVLW\ UHFHLYHUVIRUWKHVKRUWUDQJHPLVVLOHJXLGDQFHV\VWHPV
9LVKDNKDSWQDP,QGLDLQ+HMRLQHG'5'2 
DV D 6FLHQWLVW LQ  DQG LV SUHVHQWO\ ZRUNLQJ LQ
5&, +\GHUDEDG  +H LV ZRUNLQJ LQ WKH DUHDV RI
GHVLJQ RI DQWHQQDV 8:% DQG KLJK YROWDJH
DQWHQQDV DQWHQQD PHDVXUHPHQWV DQG +LJK 3RZHU
0LFURZDYH 6\VWHPV   +H LV PHPEHU RI ,((($3 +\GHUDEDG
FKDSWHU

0 5DWQD 5DMX UHFHLYHG WKH %7HFK 'HJUHH LQ
(OHFWURQLFV &RPPXQLFDWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJIURP6UL
9HQNDWHVZDUD 8QLYHUVLW\ 7LUXSDWL +H -RLQHG
'5'2+\GHUDEDGLQWKH\HDUDQGKHZRUNHG
RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI *URXQG V\VWHPV IRU 3URMHFW
µ75,6+8/¶6LQFHKHKDVEHHQZLWK5HVHDUFK
&HQWUH ,PDUDW +H LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU DFKLHYLQJ WKH
(OHFWURPDJQHWLF FRPSDWLELOLW\ RI GHIHQVH UHODWHG V\VWHPV +LV
UHVHDUFKLQWHUHVWVLQFOXGHGHVLJQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRI+LJK9ROWDJH
)DVW ,PSXOVH JHQHUDWRUV ,PSXOVH 5DGLDWLQJ DQWHQQDV DQG
9XOQHUDELOLW\ VWXGLHV RQ GHIHQVH HOHFWURQLF V\VWHPV DJDLQVW 1(03
+HLVRQHRIWKHPDLQPHPEHUVLQHVWDEOLVKLQJWKH(03IDFLOLWLHVLQ
'5'2

6DQGHHS 0 6DWDY UHFHLYHG WKH %( GHJUHH IURP
$PUDYDWL8QLYHUVLW\LQSRVWJUDGXDWHGLSORPD
LQ EXVLQHVV PDQDJHPHQW IURP ,QGRUH 8QLYHUVLW\ LQ
 DQG WKH 07HFK GHJUHH IURP ,,7%RPED\ LQ

'XULQJ  WR  KH ZRUNHG ZLWK
6FLHQWLILF 0HV7HFKQLN LQ WKH ILHOG RI WHVW DQG
PHDVXULQJ LQVWUXPHQWV 6LQFH  KH KDV EHHQ ZLWK 5HVHDUFK
&HQWUH,PDUDWDSLRQHHUODERUDWRU\RI'5'2DVVFLHQWLVWZKHUHKH
LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH HOHFWURPDJQHWLF FRPSDWLELOLW\ RI WKH V\VWHPV
RI ,QGLDQ PLVVLOH SURJUDP +LV UHVHDUFK LQWHUHVWV LQFOXGH
HOHFWURPDJQHWLF SXOVH DQG LWV SURWHFWLRQ KLJK LQWHQVLW\ WUDQVLHQW
HOHFWURPDJQHWLFV GHVLJQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW RI VHQVRUV DQG WHVW DQG
PHDVXULQJLQVWUXPHQWVIRU(0,(0&SUHFRPSOLDQFHDQGWUDQVLHQW
HOHFWURPDJQHWLFV +H LV OLIH PHPEHU RI 6RFLHW\ RI (0& (QJLQHHUV
RI,QGLD6(0&(,


9 * %RUNDU ZDV ERUQ LQ ,QGLD LQ  +H GLG
KLV 0VF3K\VLFV IURP %KRSDO 8QLYHUVLW\ LQ 
DQG 3K' IURP 2VPDQLD 8QLYHUVLW\ +\GHUDEDG LQ
 +H MRLQHG DV D 6FLHQWLVW LQ '5'/ LQ 
DQG ODWHU  MRLQHG  5&, LQ  +H ZRUNHG LQ WKH
ILHOGV RI DQWHQQD GHYHORSPHQW DQWHQQD
PHDVXUHPHQWV5DGDU&URVV6HFWLRQPHDVXUHPHQWV
DQG KLJK SRZHU HOHFWURPDJQHWLF V\VWHPV +H LV
SUHVHQWO\ 'LUHFWRU 'LUHFWRUDWH RI (OHFWURPDJQHWLFV 5&, +H LV D
PHPEHURI,((($3+\GHUDEDGFKDSWHUDQGPHPEHURI,(7(





978-1-4799-2501-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE