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UAV
UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS: UNITED STATES & CANADIAN REGULATORY
APPROACHES
Before looking into UAS in more detail, it is appropriate to list some of the uses to which they are, or may be, put.
They are very many, the most obvious being the following:
Civilian uses
Aerial photography - Film, video, still, etc.
Agriculture Crop monitoring and spraying; herd monitoring and driving
Coastguard Search and rescue, coastline and sea-lane monitoring
Conservation Pollution and land monitoring
Customs and Excise Surveillance for illegal imports
Electricity companies Power line inspection
Fire Services and Forestry Fire detection, incident control
Fisheries protection
Gas and oil supply companies Land survey and pipeline security
Information services News information and pictures, feature pictures, e.g. wildlife
Lifeboat Institutions Incident investigation, guidance and control
Local Authorities Survey, disaster control
Meteorological services Sampling and analysis of atmosphere for forecasting, etc.
Traffic agencies monitoring and control of road traffic
Oil companies Pipeline security
Ordnance Survey Aerial photography for mapping
Police Authorities Search for missing persons, security and incident surveillance
Rivers Authorities Water course and level monitoring, flood and pollution control
Survey organizations Geographical, geological and archaeological survey
Water Boards Reservoir and pipeline monitoring
Military roles
Navy
Shadowing enemy fleets
Decoying missiles by the emission of artificial signatures
Electronic intelligence
Relaying radio signals
Protection of ports from offshore attack
Placement and monitoring of sonar buoys and possibly other forms of anti-submarine
warfare
Army
Reconnaissance
Surveillance of enemy activity
Monitoring of nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC) contamination
Electronic intelligence
Target designation and monitoring
Location and destruction of land mines
Air Force
Long-range, high-altitude surveillance
Radar system jamming and destruction
Electronic intelligence
Airfield base security
Airfield damage assessment
Elimination of unexploded bombs
Uses of UAVs
[1]. atmospheric research (including weather and atmospheric gas sampling),
[2]. scientific research,
[3]. oceanographic research,
[4]. geophysical research,
[5]. mineral exploration,
[6]. imaging spectrometry,
[7]. telecommunications relay platforms,
[8]. police surveillance,
[9]. border patrol and reconnaissance,
[10]. survey and inspection of remote power lines and pipelines,
[11]. traffic and accident surveillance,
[12]. emergency and disaster monitoring,
[13]. cartography and mapping,
[14]. search, rescue and recovery,
[15]. agricultural spraying,
[16]. aerial photography,
[17]. promotion and advertising,
[18]. weather and pollution reconnaissance,
[19]. flight research, and
[20]. Fire fighting monitoring and management.
Remote sensing: electromagnetic spectrum sensors, gamma ray sensors, biological sensors, and
chemical sensors
Commercial aerial surveillance: livestock monitoring, wildfire mapping, pipeline security,
home security, road patrol, and anti-piracy.
Commercial and motion picture filmmaking
Sports photography and cinematography
Domestic policing
Disaster relief: transport of medicines and vaccines and retrieve medical samples, into and out
of remote or otherwise inaccessible regions.
Scientific research: penetrating areas that may be too dangerous for manned aircraft.
Search and rescue
Maritime patrol
Forest fire detection
Military applications
What Permissions are Needed to Legally Fly?
• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) - must register vehicle with FAA and have authorization
to fly
• Section 333 – any aircraft operation in national airspace requires a certificated and registered
aircraft, a licensed pilot, and operational approval
• Certificate of Waiver or Authorization (COA) - authorization by Air Traffic Organization for
specific UA activity
• Part 107 (Proposed Law) - simplifies current laws, will be announced by end of JUNE 2016
What Items Do You Need To Legally Fly?
• Recreational
• License number registered with FAA displayed on aircrafts
• Registration fee $5 per person
• Commercial
• Section 333 Exception or Aircraft Certification
• Certificate of Authorization (COA)
• Aircraft Registrations and Markings
• Pilot Certificate
• Registration $5 per aircraft
• As a public Agency
• Certificate of Authorization (COA)
• Aircraft Registration and Markings
• Registration $5 per aircraft
Recreational/Class Curriculum
Recreational
• Cannot receive money or compensation
• Cannot be used in furtherance with a business or official duty
• Must be operated within a community-based set of safety guidelines and within the programming
of a nationwide community-based organization
Education
• Students may build and fly a UAS as a component of a course curriculum or senior project
• UAS flights by students must be in accordance with Campus oversight.
• UAS flights in pursuit of research projects or university business are not considered recreational
MODEL AIRCRAFT
MODEL AIRCRAFT
Canadian Regulations define a model aircraft as an aircraft, the total weight of which does not exceed 35
kg (77.2 pounds), that is mechanically driven or launched into flight for recreational purposes and that is
not designed to carry persons or other living creatures.
In the US, regulatory approval is not required to fly a model aircraft for recreation.
The regulations do not address size of the model aircraft. FAA guidance provides that model aircraft
flights:
Should be kept below 400 feet above ground level (AGL),
Should be flown a sufficient distance from populated areas, airports and full size aircraft,
Should not be flown for business purposes,
Should avoid noise sensitive areas such as parks, schools, hospitals, and churches,
Should not fly in the vicinity of spectators until they are confident that the model aircraft has been flight
tested and proven airworthy, and should be flown within visual line-of-sight.
A ‘small UAV’4 is defined within this publication as any UAV weighing less than 25 kg. This
weight boundary generally agrees with many civil aviation authority regulations, particularly the
US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which defines ‘model aircraft’ as those unmanned
aircraft flown for hobby or recreational use that weigh no more than 55 pounds (25 kg) (FAA,
2015). The United Kingdom’s Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) also uses weight categories to
classify UAVs, with those in excess of 20 kg requiring registration or other special conditions
(CAA, n.d.). For many countries the weight of unmanned aerial vehicles is an important
threshold for categorizing UAVs, and the introduction and implementation of UAV policy and
regulation. “Commercial off-the-shelf5” (COTS) is a phrase often used by government
departments or agencies, generally referring to products, supplies, and services that are available
in the commercial marketplace. In the context of this publication, the term ‘COTS’ is applied to
those UAV systems and components that are commercially available and can be purchased by
members of the general public, in order to distinguish them from purpose-built or homemade
items, or items restricted to use by certain qualified parties. In the common vernacular, this is
sometimes considered to be synonymous with the term ‘consumer-grade’; however, the price
point and target market of some COTS items places them outside the realm of what would
typically be considered as such. This section seeks to broadly assess the wide range of shapes,
sizes, and types of COTS small UAVs which are produced for the commercial market. The
majority of these can be categorized as either fixed wing or rotary wing aircraft. UAVs are
further described using characteristics such as range, endurance, altitude, speed, and payload
capacities (Table 1 gives a comparison of some common COTS small UAVs).
Table 1