ME336 Lab Report-Sample-Template 381

Qassim University ‫جامعـة القصيـم‬
Unaizah College of Engineering ‫كلية الهندسة بعنيزة‬

Mechanical Engineering Dept.
‫قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية‬
ME 252
Engineering Materials Lab.
Semester: 382
Experiment # 1
Metallography Specimen Preparation for Microstructure Analysis
By:
Member Name PIN
1 Omar Ahmed Ali 341116387
2 Faisal Alassaf 342104878
Instructor:
Dr.Waleed El-Garaihy
Date: 2 / 7 / 2018
ME 252: Engineering Materials Lab. Semester 382 Team #4:
Experiment # 1: Metallography Specimen Preparation for Microstructure Analysis
Abstract
To prepare and study a specimen under microstructure analysis.
We need to go into 5 steps. The first step is cutting a small piece of
the material that needs to be studied. Then we mount the piece for
making it easy for next steps .The third step is grinding which
grinding is basically removing the hard surface created by
sectioning and this is will make the surface of the specimen soft.
The fourth step is polishing which polishing is making the surface
of the specimen has a mirror surface by using a soft cloth material.
For The last step, the fifth step is etching and etching is treating the
surface of the specimen with chemicals to make the Grain
boundaries visible under the microscope.
Table of Contents
Title Page
Objectives 3
Introduction 3
Methodology 4
Results 8
Discussion 9
Conclusions 10
References 11
1
List of Figures
Figure Title Page

1 Specimen Sample 3
2 Abrasive Wheel Sectioning 4
3 Mounting 5
4 Different Metallographic Etchant 8
List of Tables
Table Title Page

1 Standard Grit Size 6
2 Results 8
2
1. Objectives
 Studying microstructure characteristic of materials.
 Studying structure-properties relationship.
 Evaluate the effect of processing parameters on microstructure
or properties.
2. Introduction
The MICRO SPECIMEN PREPARATION AND THE

METALLURGICAL MICROSCOPE is used To study the structural
characteristics or constitution of a metal or an alloy in relation to its
physical and mechanical properties. Engineering properties are
necessary to find the proper use of the material. Evaluating the material
microstructure is depended upon the use of the microscope. However,
there are five steps need to be accomplished before putting the sample
under the microscope. The steps are sectioning, mounting, grinding,
polishing and the last is etching.
Figure 1: Specimens Sample
3
3. Methodology
The first step to make a fine specimen is sectioning. Sectioning is

Basically cutting a small portion of the whole material that needs to be
examine although it is important to avoid harming the microstructure of
that material. There are three methods used to cut a material. The first
method and the oldest is sawing however it is not the recommended
because it can alter the microstructure of the sample. The second
method in Figure [2] is Abrasive Wheel Sectioning which is the most
popular way of sectioning. Also, it provides the metallographer with more
control while cutting the sample. The third way is Wire Saws, it is
uncommon because it is expansive but it makes the least damage to the
microstructure of the sample.
Figure 2: Abrasive Wheel Sectioning
4
After sectioning is done we mount the specimen in a cup shaped

material as shown in Figure 3. The purpose of mounting is to protect
fragile or coated materials during preparation and to obtain perfect edge-
retention. Mounting is used when the protection of layers is imperative,
and also enables a safer and more convenient handling, for example of
small, sharp or irregularly shaped specimens. There are two ways used
to mount a specimen, both mounting techniques offer certain
advantages, depending on the number of specimens and the quality
required. One way is cold mounting procedure which is suitable for a
large series of specimens coming to the lab simultaneously, and for
single specimens. The other way is hot compression mounting (also
called hot mounting) which is suitable Is ideal for large numbers of
specimens coming to the lab successively. The resulting mounts will be
of high quality, uniform size and shape, and require a short process time.
Hot mounting requires a mounting press that combines pressure with a
high temperature [4].
Figure 3: Mounting
5
The next step is grinding. The purpose of this step is to remove the
damage caused by sectioning. Either grinding machine or by hand using
abrasive papers. the abrasive papers particle size is typically classified
by grit size or average particle size in microns [5].
Table 1:Standered Grit Size.
6
When grinding it is important to keep the specimen cooled by adding a

coolant at the surface while grinding also for abrasive papers always
start from the roughest surface for example 120 up to 320 all the way to
the softest which is 1200.
After sectioning, mounting and grinding comes polishing which is making

the surface of the specimen a mirror like surface so it require to
completely eliminate previous damage caused by sectioning and
grinding. In preparing a specimen, polishing is the most important step
for micro structural analysis [6].
The final step is etching, the purpose of etching is to optically enhance

microstructural features such as grain size, phase features and grain
boundaries using different chemical (etchant) based on the type of
material Figure 4 [7].
Etchants are used to expose:
1- The shape and size of grain boundaries (defects in crystal structure).
2- Metallic phases (different types of metal in an alloy).
3- Inclusions (tiny amounts of non-metal material) [8].
7
Figure 4: Different Metallographic Etchant
4. Results
Table 1: xxxxxx
8
5. Discussion
Metallurgical data obtained by a chemical and metallurgical analysis
of a metal or an alloy are usually not representative of the entire piece.
These data represent the characteristics of the metal only at the
particular section of the piece. The general distribution and variation in
the size of nonmetallic inclusions; the uniformity of structure; the location
and extent of segregation; the presence of fabricating defects, such as
seams or hammer bursts; and residual ingot defects, such as pipe
cannot be examined by microscopy. The nature of inhomogeneity's in a
metal, and the amount to which they exist therein, are best determined
by macro etching a representative piece and subsequently examining the
conditions thereby revealed with the unaided eye or with the aid of a low-
powered microscope or magnifying glass. Such an examination is
referred to as a macroscopic, or macro, examination. The magnification
employed is usually not over 10x. Macro etching sections may reveal
conditions in the metal that are related to one or more of the following
heterogeneous circumstances:
1. Crystalline heterogeneity, the presence and extent of which depend
upon the manner of solidification and the crystalline growth of the metal
or alloy.
2. Chemical heterogeneity, due to impurities in the metal or alloy and
to localized segregation of certain chemical constituents.
3. Mechanical heterogeneity, arising from cold-working or process
that introduces permanent stresses into the metal. Such heterogeneity
seldom occurs in cast metals, but its presence is of importance in cold-
rolled metals, forging, etc.
We sectioned the material that is being studied using the proper way for
that after that then we mounted the material for the purpose of it can be
easily held using either cold mounting or hot mounting methods which
takes few hours, after that we grinded the material to remove the
damages and make it softer using different grit and alternating the angle
90 degree each other time by using grinding paper. However, mounting
9
generate heat so we should use wet grinding and then we polish the
material to remove scratches caused by grinding and make the
specimen softer using polishing clothes. Finally, we etch the material so
it can be looked under the microscope and to separate the grains and
reveal the grain boundaries and the specimen should be washed. Now
the specimen is done.
6. Conclusions
Metallography is one of the most important parts of physical
metallurgy that enables us to knows the type of the material and its
physical properties from the microstructure by using an optical or
electron microscopy. In this experiment, we did :
1- Sectioning the material that is being studied using either sawing ,
abrasive wheel sectioning or wire saws.
2- Mounting the material to make it easier to hold using either cold
mounting or hot mounting.
3- Grinding is used to soften the surface and to remove damage
caused by sectioning using grinding papers.
4- There are some scratches made by grinding and to remove the
scratches we polish the material using polishing clothes.
5- Etching the material is used to reveal the grains and boundaries
grain using etchant.
10
7. References
[1] http://www.struers.com/en-GB/Knowledge/Mounting#
[2] http://sinowon2014.en.made-in-china.com/productimage/nSRJFPNcbzhl-
2f1j00pjDafhMGaekq/China-Precision-Cutting-Machine-PC-25-.html
[3]https://www.slideshare.net/dvj_gajjar/specimen-preparation-for-
microscopic-observation
[4] http://www.struers.com/en-GB/Knowledge/Mounting#
[5]http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particle-
characterization/applications/abrasives
[6] http://www.metallographic.com/Technical/Polishiing-PSA.htm
[7]http://www.metallographic.com/Metallographic-Preparation-
Procedures/Rhenium.htm
[8] https://www.thebalance.com/metallographic-etching-2340003
11

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Qassim University ‫جامعـة القصيـم‬

Unaizah College of Engineering ‫كلية الهندسة بعنيزة‬

Member Name PIN

1 Omar Ahmed Ali 341116387

2 Faisal Alassaf 342104878

Figure Title Page

2 Abrasive Wheel Sectioning 4

4 Different Metallographic Etchant 8

Table Title Page

The MICRO SPECIMEN PREPARATION AND THE

Figure 1: Specimens Sample

The first step to make a fine specimen is sectioning. Sectioning is

Figure 2: Abrasive Wheel Sectioning

After sectioning is done we mount the specimen in a cup shaped

When grinding it is important to keep the specimen cooled by adding a

After sectioning, mounting and grinding comes polishing which is making

The final step is etching, the purpose of etching is to optically enhance

Etchants are used to expose:

1- The shape and size of grain boundaries (defects in crystal structure).

2- Metallic phases (different types of metal in an alloy).

3- Inclusions (tiny amounts of non-metal material) [8].

Figure 4: Different Metallographic Etchant

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