SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Dr. R.K.DESAI ROAD, ATHWALINES,

SURAT-395001

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

GUIDED BY: PREPARED BY:

MRS. MAYURI MEHTA. JIGISHA S. PATEL.
CO-GUIDED BY:
MR. KEYUR RANA.
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Dr. R.K.DESAI ROAD, ATHWALINES,
SURAT-395001

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. Jigisha S. Patel student of B.E.IV (CO),Semester VII,
Roll no. 35 has successfully conducted his/her seminar on MIMO ROUTER in
accordance with technical and theoretical specifications under the guidance of
Mrs. Mayuri Mehta for the year 2006-2007.

Signature of Signature of Signature of

Guide Co-Guide DIC
(Computer Engg.
Dept.)

______________ _______________ ________________

Signature of Jury members:

______________ ______________ ______________ _______________

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I consider myself fortunate to have associated with Mrs. Mayuri Mehta and Mr. Keyur
Rana, Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat. I am deeply indebted
then, for their esteemed guidance and continuous encouragement during my research
work, I take this opportunity to thank them heartily for keen interest, creative
suggestions, constant guidance and kind co – operation given by them during the entire
seminar presentation.
I am very thankful to my Computer Department for giving resources to research on my
seminar topic. My sincere thanks to all my camaraderie and colleagues for their kind
support and motivation during preparation of my seminar presentation.
 ABSTRACT

A broadband wireless router, along with a wireless adapter for computer or other device,
allows for easy connection of all network devices to the Internet throughout house
without the inconvenience of running network cables to the places that need connectivity.
By far, the hottest technology in wireless routers is the MIMO input-output scheme that
is revolutionizing wireless speed and range. MIMO stands for "Multiple Input Multiple
Output". It is a new feature of some wireless routers and will be incorporated into the
new 802.11n standard that allows better throughput and range based on a technique that
takes as an advantage the multiple reflections of the signal that occur in a wireless
environment.MIMO routers are the next big things in wireless networking. They help to
extend the range of Wi-Fi network base stations. MIMO routers attach to any home or
office network as easily as other types of routers. It allows high-profile encryption
pathways to be assured that those multiple data streams aren’t being infiltrated by
hackers. This encryption is delivered without loss of signal strength or speed.
 Table of Contents

No Description Page
No
1 Introduction 1
2 MIMO Technology 3
3 Router Working 7
4 Moving To MIMO Routers 10
4.1 Why To Use MIMO Routers?
4.2 What Is MIMO Router?
4.3 Types of MIMO Router
5 Features And Specifications 15
6 Advantages And Disadvantages 18
7 Applications 21
Conclusion 23
Bibliography 25
 MIMO ROUTERS

Chapter 1
Introduction
 MIMO ROUTERS

Nobody likes a dead spot--that place where you can't get a decent connection. We're
forced to trade range for speed on our network, and everything from walls to cordless
phones can take their toll.
The dream of every communication designer is to provide good quality service to each of
his customer within the limited available bandwidth. But in the recent years, the amount
of data flowing through the channel has increased. But there has been no such high
increase in the available bandwidth. So it is a challenge to effectively utilize the channel
spectrum along with providing good quality of service across wireless links. One of the
possible ways is to use multiple antennas at both the ends of the transmission link. MIMO
exploits natural phenomena like multi-path propagation to increase throughput, reduce
error rates etc. rather than trying to eliminate them.
If we want the best range and minimal interference, experts recommend going ahead with
these MIMO wireless routers.
MIMO (pronounced my-mo) stands for multiple input, multiple output and refers to the
use of more than one antenna to send and receive two or more unique data streams over
the same channel simultaneously in wireless devices, resulting in networks with long
ranges and high throughputs. MIMO routers are the next big thing in wireless
networking. They handily extend the range of Wi-Fi network base stations.

MIMO ROUTERS
 Chapter 2
MIMO Technology

MIMO ROUTERS
MIMO is a new technology used in wireless routers which means transmitting two or
more unique radio signals in the same radio channel. Each signal carries different digital
information. MIMO is the backbone technology of 802.11n. MIMO systems divide a data
stream into multiple unique streams, each of which is modulated and transmitted through
a different radio-antenna chain at the same time in the same frequency channel. By taking
advantage of multipath, reflections of the signals, each MIMO receive antenna-radio
chain is a linear combination of the multiple transmitted data streams. The data streams
are separated at the receiver using MIMO algorithms that rely on estimates of all
channels between each transmitter and each receiver.

Each multipath route can be treated as a separate channel creating multiple "virtual wires"
over which to transmit signals. MIMO employs multiple, spatially separated antennas to
take advantage of these "virtual wires" created by multipath and transfer more data. In
addition to multiplying throughput, range is increased because of an antenna diversity
advantage, since each receive antenna has a measurement of each transmitted data
stream.

MIMO ROUTERS
The radio signals reflect off objects, creating multiple paths that in conventional radios
cause interference and fading. In the days of analog TV broadcasts, such reflections
caused "ghosting" in the picture because the same signal arrived at slightly different times
due to different paths caused by reflections. But MIMO uses these paths to carry more
information, which is recombined on the receiving side by the MIMO algorithms.

In addition to multiple antennas, MIMO products use specialised software, allowing data
sent from access points in multiple streams to be received and deciphered by clients. In
combination, the multiple antennas and software allow data to be reliably sent and
received in environments with considerable interference over relatively long distances.
There is an ongoing effort to standardize the MIMO standard under the name IEEE
802.11n. It will offer up to eight times coverage and about six times data rates, of current
802.11g networks.
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) links provide high spectral efficiencies in rich
multipath environments through the use of multiple spatial channels in the same system
bandwidth.

MIMO, MISO and SIMO

Following are the advantages of using multiple antennas rather than one. The
terminology is "M" for multiple, "S" for single, "I" for input and "O" for output; however,
the inputs and outputs relate to the air, not the device. This is a peculiar notation;
nevertheless, multiple inputs (MI) means multiple transmitters are sending multiple data
streams "into" the air. Multiple outputs (MO) means multiple receivers are receiving
multiple data streams "out of" the air.

MIMO ROUTERS
 Transmit Receive Data
Type Antennas Antennas Rate Distance
MIMO Multiple Multiple Greater Greater range
MISO Multiple Single Same Same range but
More Reliable
SIMO Single Multiple Same Greater range
Comparison between MIMO, MISO and SIMO

MIMO ROUTERS

Chapter 3
Router Working
 MIMO ROUTERS

Router is a Layer 3 Device i.e. it works on the network layer of OSI Reference Model.
There are four basic functions of router:
• Packet filtering
• Packet forwarding
• Internetwork communication
• Path selection
A networking technology based on the transmission of data in packets. Dividing a
continuous stream of data into units-packets-enables data from multiple devices on a
network to share the same communication channel simultaneously but also requires the
use of precise routing information.
Routers use logical addressing and provide what is called packet switching.
Routers can also provide packet filtering by using access list.
When routers connect two or more networks and use logical addressing (IP), this is called
an internetwork.
Routers use a routing table to make path selection and to forward packets to remote
networks.
Routers act as traffic cops, allowing only authorized machines to transmit data into the
local network so that private information can remain secure. In addition to supporting
these dial-in and leased connections, routers also handle errors, keep network usage
statistics, and handle security issues.
A router is defined as a device that selects the best path for a data packet to be sent from
one computer network to another. A router is located at any gateway (where one network
meets another), and is often included as part of a network switch.
 MIMO ROUTERS

Electronic messages sent between computer networks are stored in the router, while it
determines all of the possible paths to the destination address. The router then chooses
the most expedient route, based on its investigations into the traffic load, distance,
number of network points that the packet has to pass through, and cost algorithms
between computer networks, before forwarding the packet to the final destination.
While routers can perform many complex functions that cannot be accomplished with
simple hubs, many homes and small offices use routers to connect to the Internet. A
commercial router can manage a series of unique computer IP addresses and re-assign
them to a single IP address that is recognized by a single ISP. In other words, this allows
multiple computers to hit the Web through the same high speed internet connection.
By maintaining configuration information in a piece of storage called the "routing table",
wired or wireless routers also have the ability to filter traffic, either incoming or
outgoing, based on the IP addresses of senders and receivers. Some routers allow the
home networker to update the routing table from a Web browser interface. Broadband
routers combine the functions of a router with those of a network switch and a firewall in
a single unit.
 MIMO ROUTERS

Chapter 4
Moving To MIMO
Routers
 MIMO ROUTERS

4.1 Why To Use MIMO Routers?

It’s time to cut the wires and take advantage of the amazing benefits of wireless
connectivity!
The earliest models of routers have one antenna, with which they receive one data stream.
Even if the sending party were sending multiple streams of data, the traditional router,
with its one antenna, would not be able to receive those multiple streams of data. While
in case of MIMO router, multiple antennas mean multiple streams of data, and that means
better performance.
The increased reach is a big plus, especially for home networking, where there is often
just one access point and users experience dead spots and distance limitations. And, high-
bandwidth applications like real-time video and music distribution and gaming are
greatly enhanced by the bandwidth and speed increases that MIMO affords. With their
backward-compatibility, these forward-reaching products are a great way to build or
expand an efficient wireless network.
These routers are 100% backward-compatible with standard 802.11g and 802.11b devices
and can even increase performance in mixed-mode (802.11g MIMO and 802.11g or b)
networks. It promises not just speed but also range.
It will provide the highest signal sensitivity, best coverage and enhanced speed.
Smart Wizard gets you up and running in minutes by automatically detecting the ISP
connection type and reducing setup errors. MIMO has multiple antennas to send different
packets along different paths therefore effectively allowing simultaneous channels to
exist at the same frequency – the important point is this is “spectrally efficient” (lots of
data per radio frequency bandwidth) and therefore is likely to be a key technology for the
next generation of mobile phones.
 MIMO ROUTERS

4.2 What Is MIMO Router?

Protocols reinvent the way that signals are transmitted and received. MIMO routers send
out multiple data streams at the same time and then use multiple antennas to sift through
the signals for the requisite pattern. All this is done while maintaining a fast connection
and hence, a fast data stream.
MIMO is a new verse of an old song. The technology has been pursued for years in the
digital radio industry with varying success. Nowadays, it seems to be the standard,
provided that both the transmitting and the receiving party have multiple antennas with
which to send or receive the multiple streams of data.

The same is true of MIMO routers, which replace standard routers in the technological
advancement universe. MIMO routers attach to any home or office network just as easily
as other types of routers. MIMO routers allow high-profile encryption pathways as well,
so you can rest assured that those multiple data streams aren’t being infiltrated by
hackers. This encryption is delivered without loss of signal strength or speed.
 MIMO ROUTERS

MIMO routers transmit data at speeds faster than standard routers today. The protocols
with which MIMO routers are equipped provide for protection against data scattering,
which are both a hazard to transmission and a guaranteed slowdown in transmission
speed. MIMO router provides upgrade in both range and speed. MIMO routers are
engineered to be compatible with the newest standard of wireless, 802.11n, but the same
MIMO routers are also backward-compatible with previous wireless standards.
RangeMax is an advanced Smart MIMO technology that uses seven internal antennas.
The DG834PN RangeMax MIMO-G Wireless ADSL Modem Router constantly surveys
your home or office environment for physical barriers and interference. The RangeMax
router adapts on the fly, adjusting the wireless signal to compensate for these
performance blockers. For example; if we carry our laptop from the living room to the
study, RangeMax automatically senses the change and selects from over 100 possible
antenna configurations to deliver us the fastest, clearest connection! Everyone will enjoy
consistently high-speed connections, everywhere in our house - no dropouts and no
wireless dead spots.

4.3 Types of MIMO Router

There are two types of MIMO routers available:
• Pre N MIMO Router
• Super G MIMO Router
 MIMO ROUTERS

Pre-N MIMO Router

In order for to reap the router's full performance benefits, we'll need to use it in
combination with Pre-N PC Card adapter. Used together, the router and the PC Card
adapter have both the best range and the fastest throughput we've seen to date. The router
is also less susceptible to interference, and it creates less interference for neighboring
networks.

Standard 802.11g Coverage

Super G MIMO Router

The Wireless G Plus MIMO Router offers features similar to those of the Pre-N router
but with slower performance. On the upside, it's also less expensive.Pre-N products offer
higher throughputs at the outer edges of its range.
 MIMO ROUTERS

Chapter 5
Features And
Specifications
 MIMO ROUTERS

* Improves performance of existing legacy 802.11b and 802.11g wireless devices.

* Supports Super G Technology with Data Rate up to 108Mbps.
* Built-in Ethernet switch with auto-sensing technology.
* Seven internal smart antennas – no need to manually adjust and no risk of breaking.
* SmartWizard simplifies setup by automatically detecting and configuring your router
for virtually all ISP connections.
* Two VPN end-to-end tunnels (IPSec) for VPN support.
* Maintains video quality speeds throughout your home, up to 10 times the speed of
standard 802.11b.
* Flash Memory for Firmware Upgrade and Easy Management via Web Browser
(HTTP).
* Compliant with Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP/2003 Server, Linux and Mac OS.
* Supports PPTP, L2TP, PPPoE, IPSec pass through protocols and DHCP (client and
server).
* Uses the built-in switch to share files and peripherals.
* Provides dedicated bandwidth to each computer in our network, enabling error-free
data transmission.
* Lets you access your network from remote locations with VPN.
* Adds more computers to your network through the uplink port.

MIMO ROUTERS
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
* Broadband (cable, DSL) Internet service and modem with Ethernet connection.
* 2.4 GHz 802.11 b/g wireless adapter or an Ethernet adapter and cable for each
computer.
* Windows 98, Me, NT, 2000, XP, Mac OS, NetWare, UNIX, or Linux.
* Internet Explorer 5.0 or Netscape 4.7 or higher.

SECURITY:
* Network Address Translation (NAT) to hide PCs & files from outside users.
* Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) firewall to deny outside requests for personal
information.
* Denial of Service (DoS) attack prevention.
* Intrusion Detection and Prevention (IDS).
* Ultra secure because supports 64-bit WEP, 128-bit WEP, WPA-PSK Encryption.
* Wireless Access Control (SSID) to identify authorized wireless network devices.
* Exposed Host (DMZ) for secure gaming.
* Supports MAC Address Filter.
* Trusted user and Time-based usage controls.
* Web site logging and URL content filtering.
* Remote management.

MIMO ROUTERS
 Chapter 6
Advantages And
Disadvantages

MIMO ROUTERS

There are some clear advantages of using MIMO routers. These include:
 • Up to 1000 ft. of wireless range: MIMO Router delivers the industry's best
wireless coverage, extending our range with improved reliability and fewer drops.
• 10x the wireless speed: 10 times faster than 802.11b and double the speed of
802.11g.
• Guaranteed interoperability: MIMO is Wi-Fi certified and seamlessly
interoperates with a mixture of G Plus MIMO, Pre-N, and legacy
802.11b/802.11g devices
• Improves performance of legacy 802.11g and 802.11b networking devices: In
mixed networking environments, MIMO products increase 802.11g and 802.11b
performance up to 10% Wi-Fi certified for secure network connection.
• More simultaneous users.
• Less signal fading and dead spots.
• Better resistance to interference.

There are disadvantages with MIMO, but these may be temporary.

• The first disadvantage is that MIMO routers have a premium associated with
them. We expect prices to fall as the products mature, but for the short term these
routers cost more than the ubiquitous 802.11g routers.
• The second concern is the pending 802.11 N standard. Most people are anxiously
waiting for the 802.11N routers since they offer much better distance and
throughput. Router manufacturers have been releasing equipment with various
labels like Pre-N or Draft N.
• Although the speed and distance improvements are appealing, the standard may
not be ratified till June 2007 or even later.

MIMO ROUTERS

Current Option:
Despite 802.11N being in draft mode, there are current MIMO wireless routers that use
the 802.11G standard. This option may be a more practical for people who are having
connection issues caused by distance. Companies such as Belkin, Linksys, Netgear and
others offer wireless router solutions with MIMO. You'll see labels such as RangeMax,
Wireless G Plus, and SRX (Speed and Range eXpansion) appear as part of the model
name. Each term reflects a specific company's implementation. When you factor in
antennae technology, chip sets and other technical specifications, you can have
substantial differences between manufacturers.
Until the IEEE 802.11n standard is completed and ratified, and Wi-Fi Alliance 802.11n
interoperability certification is instituted, MIMO systems are a powerful and fully
interoperable extension to the existing 802.11a/b/g standards — offering users the best
wireless performance on the market and complete functionality with existing Wi-Fi
systems.

MIMO ROUTERS
 Chapter 7
Applications

MIMO ROUTERS

• The Wireless G Plus MIMO design helps combat distortion and interference for
sending data streams farther and more reliably.
• Ideal for homes with multiple wireless-enabled computers and Deliver superior
performance and robust wireless connectivity throughout the home.
• MIMO router amplifies MIMO wireless signals to achieve greater distance and
performance for applications such as streaming video, audio and media in the
home or office.
• Due to the high level of throughput it will deliver, 802.11n is likely to be used
beyond traditional enterprise and home environments. This will encompass areas
such as cellular telephony, mobile radio and VoIP.
• If the home or office has 'dead spots' with little or no signal strength, switching to
MIMO-enabled routers and network adapters can solve the problem.
• The Pre-N Wireless Router uses True MIMO technology to deliver up to 108
Mbps data rate when used with the Pre-N Wireless PC Card (WGM511). It gives
us the power that allows us to stream MP3s and videos seamlessly, share printers,
chat and distribute large photo files. Our whole family can surf the net, e-mail,
and even voice chat at the same time - the Pre-N Wireless Router and PC Card
can handle the traffic.

MIMO ROUTERS
 Conclusion

MIMO ROUTERS

This router is recommended if we want a stable and far-reaching wireless network.

MIMO equipment is providing performance gains to the WiFi market and wide-area
networks will soon be next. However, the radio environment in a wide-area, mobile
wireless system is very different from the WiFi domain, with interference posing the
most significant challenge. Fortunately, there are wide area MIMO solutions available
now based on adaptive antenna processing that provide tremendous gains over single-
antenna systems. These solutions balance interference and throughput requirements by
exploiting through multiple antennas the spatial dimensions inherent in the channel. A
significant portion of these gains can be achieved without changes to protocols and can
be deployed in the near future. Hence, wide-area MIMO applications may be closer to
realization than is generally understood.

MIMO ROUTERS

Bibliography

Web Resources:

• http://computer.howstuffworks.com
• http://www.answers.com
• http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-mimo-routers.htm
• http://catalog.belkin.com/IWCatProductPage.process?Product_Id=203415
• http://techcapsules.blogspot.com
• http://www.industryguild.com/business_management/router.php
• http://www.belkin.com/wireless/product.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-output