Evaluasi Formasi

Well Logging Analysis

Jarot Setyowiyoto
Logging Tool
Basic Logging Measurement
Introduction
• Caliper
• SP
• GR
• NGT
• Neutron
• Density
• Sonic
• Resistivity
• Induction
Types of log measurements

• SP, GR or NGT (record naturally occurring physical phenomena in in-

situ rocks)
• Porosity Logs
• Sonic logs
• Density logs
• Neutron logs
• Resistivity Logs
• Conventional Electrical Logs
• Induction logs
CALIPER LOGS
CALIPER LOGS
- Applications:
• Measure borehole diameter
(borehole geometry if multi-arm
caliper tools with 2 or 3 hole
diameters measurements 90° or 60°
relative to each other).
• Important measurement for drillers:
hole geometry, hole/cement volume.
• Hole diameters are an import input
parameter for the environmental
correction of petrophysical logs.
• Oriented multi-arm caliper logs are
used to identify principle stress
directions - “breakout log”
- Basic Quality Control:
Perform casing check - should read
nominal casing ID.
CALI, C1, C2 Washout: Shale zone?
Mudcake: Permeable zone?
 Natural Gamma Ray
The Gamma Ray log is a measurement of the
formation's natural radioactivity.
Gamma ray emission is produced by three
radioactive series found in the Earth's crust.
Potassium (K40) series.
Uranium series.
Thorium series.
Gamma rays passing through rocks are
slowed and absorbed at a rate which
depends on the formation density.
Less dense formations exhibit more
radioactivity than dense formations even
though there may be the same quantities of
radioactive material per unit volume.
 GR Log and Uses
• Bed definition:
– The tool reacts if the shale is radioactive
(usually the case), hence show the sands Shale
and shales, the permeable zones and non-
permeable zones
• Computation of the amount of shale:
– The minimum value gives the clean (100%)
shale free zone, the maximum 100% shale
zone. All other points can then be calibrated
in the amount of shale
Reservoir
Vsh=(GRlog-GRsand)/(GRshale-GRsand)
 GR log example
Which has better
vertical resolution, SP
or GR?
Spectral GR – NGT, HNGS
 NGT log example
SGR = total GR
CGR = SGR-Uranium
THOR = Thorium
concentration
URAN = Uranium
concentration
POTA = Potassium %
TPRA = THOR/POTA
UPRA = URAN/POTA

CGR is often a better shale

indicator in carbonates.

THOR is often a better shale

indicator in sandstone
Clay Typing Chart CP-19
Resistivity Logs

• Resistivity is one of the primary inputs required to evaluate the

producing potential of an oil or natural gas well. This
measurement is needed to determine Sw, which is needed to
estimate the amount of oil or natural gas present in the well.

Resistivity of a formation depends on :

Resistivity of the formation water
The amount of water
Pore structure geometry
Principles
Currents are forced to flow in the formation, either by direct contact with
electrodes, or by induction.
Formation resistivity is measured by measuring the currents and voltages
produced.
Resistivity Logs

1 Cubic mt
Definition of resistivity:
Resistance in ohms between
sides of 1 cubic mt. is defined as
the resistivity of the material

Two types of resistivity measurements:

• Laterolog

• Induction Both try to measure the

uninvaded part of the reservoir - Rt
Invasion Model
Mud
Rm

Uninvaded
zone

Flushed Rt
zone Transition
Rmc Zone Rw
Rxo

Mudcake Sw
Rmf

Sxo
h
Dual laterolog
Example of Passive Focusing Example of Active Focusing
(LLD, LLS)

Distortion of
equipotential surfaces
 SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL – SP
APPLICATIONS

•Determination of VSH
•Correlation - Correlation permits logs made on one trip into the borehole to be
tied-in (depth matched) with those made on another trip. Correlating is done for
two primary reasons:
 Depth matching between separate trips in the well.
 Positioning of open hole sampling tools.

•Estimation of Rw under the following circumstances:

 The SP value remains constant for at least 30 feet.
 The area where the SP is constant must correspond to a clean sandstone.
 The value of Rmf must remain constant across this same interval.
 SP as Rw indicator

SP is more often used

“qualitatively” to predict
whether Rw > Rmf or
not.

Rmf = Rw Rmf < Rw Rmf > Rw

“Saline mud” “Fresh mud”
 SP log

Rmf > Rw?

Where is Sand?
Where is Shale?
What is Vsh?
SP for correlation
-ve SP +ve SP
deflectio deflectio
n n
 SP for correlation
Keep in mind that SP deflection is Rmf dependent and never an
absolute value
Gamma Ray Interactions - Density

Gamma-Rays are
emitted from the
source

Some Gamma-Rays are

Captured along the way.
Some Gamma-Rays travel
through the rock, back to the
detector. Along the way, they
have lost energy
Life of a Gamma-Ray
• After leaving the source
(at 662KeV) the gamma
ray will undergo several
Compton scattering
interactions and AT
MOST one photoelectric
interaction.
Scintillation • If it is not absorbed
Detector (photolectric) then it
MAY return to the
 
detector.
• If it returns, then its
 energy level is recorded.


 

GSR 
Death of a Gamma-Ray
• If the energy level of the Gamma-Ray drops
low enough, it may undergo photoelectric
absorption.
• If it does, there will be no record of that
gamma ray at the detector.
• The fewer low energy gamma-rays that
return to the detector, the more
photoelectric absorption has taken place.

Scintillation
Detector






 

GSR 
 Density Parameters
• Vertical resolution:

• Standard 18"
• Enhanced 6"

• Depth of investigation 6"-9"

• Readings in:

• Limestone (0pu) 2.71

• Sandstone (0pu) 2.65
• Dolomite (0pu) 2.85
• Anhydrite 2.98
• Salt 2.03
• Shale 2.2-2.7
• Coal 1.5
 Interpretation/Uses
• The density tool is extremely useful as it has high accuracy and exhibits
small borehole effects.

• Major uses include:

• Porosity.

• Lithology (in combination with the neutron tool).

• Mechanical properties (in combination with the sonic

tool).

• Acoustic properties (in combination with the sonic tool).

• Gas identification (in combination with the neutron tool).

Density Porosity
 b   f    ma 1   
SS = 2.65
LS = 2.71

 ma   b
Do = 2.85


 ma   f
Water = 1 to 1.2
Oil = .9 or .8

• There are two inputs into the porosity

equation: the matrix density and the fluid
density.

• The fluid density is that of the mud filtrate.

 Pef Physics
• The Photoelectric effect occurs when the incident gamma ray is
completely absorbed by the electron.

• It is a low energy effect hence the Photoelectric Absorption index, Pe, is

measured using the lowest energy window of the tool.

• Pe is related directly to Z, the number of electrons per atom, hence fixed

for each element.

• Pe = ( Z/A )3.6

• Its units are barns/electron.

 Pef Parameters
• Vertical resolution:

• Standard 4"

• Readings in:

• Limestone 5.08
• Sandstone 1.81
• Dolomite 3.14
• Shale 1.8-6
• Anhydrite 5.05
• Salt 4.65
 Saturation Equation
Saturation can be expressed as a ratio of the n R0
resistivity Sw 
– Where n is the “saturation exponent”, Rt
an empirical constant.
Substituting for Ro:
n FR w
Substituting for F: Sw 
The Archie equation is hence very simple. It Rt
links porosity and resistivity with the
amount of water present, Sw.
a Rw
S
Increasing porosity,, will reduce the n
saturation for the same Rt.
w  m
Increasing Rt for the same porosity will  Rt
have the same effect.
 Invaded Zone Saturation
• The same method can be applied to the invaded zone. The porosity is identical, the
lithology is assumed to be the same, hence the constants a,n,m are the same
• The changes are the resistivities which are now Rxo and Rmf
• Rmf is measured usually on surface and Rxo is measured by the MSFL tool
• The equation is then:

n aR mf
Sxo  m
 R xo
 Alternative Saturation Determination
1
• Dividing for Sxo and Sw, with n set to 2

Sw  R xo R t 2
  
• Observations suggest: Sxo R mf R w 
1
• Hence

S xo  S w
5

5
 R xo R t 8
Sw   
R mf R w 
• Providing a quick look saturation answer when the porosity is not available
 Archie Parameters

• Rw = resistivity of connate water

• m = “cementation factor”, set to 2 in the simple case
• n = “saturation exponent”, set to 2 in the simple case
• a = constant, set to 1 in the simple case
• All the constants have to be set
• Two common sets of numbers for these constants are:
– In a simple carbonate, the parameters are simplified to:
• m=2, n=2, a =1
– In a sandstone they become:
• m=2.15, n=2, a =0.62
 Archie’s Equation
Empirical constant
(usually near unity) Resistivity of

a Rw formation water,

Sw  n
-m

f

Water
saturation,
m Cementation
exponent
fraction
Saturation
exponent
R tt
(usually near 2)

(also usually Resistivity of

near 2) Porosity, uninvaded
fraction formation, -m
 Saturation Equations
• There are large number of saturation equations, such as:

– Indonesia Equation
1 1
Sw   Vcl  *
1 
 2 
Vcl

e Rt
– Nigeria Equation
Rcl
 Rw
2
1  V   n
1.4 m
2

– Waxman-Smiths Equation    e
 Sw
cl
Rt  Rcl aRw 
– Dual-Water Equation 1 Sw2 BQv Sw
 * 
Rt F Rw F*

Ct 
 t
m
S n
wt 
Cw 
Swb
Cwb  Cw 

a  S
 there is nowtshale 

– All reduce to Archie’s equation when