Student Name: Hamad alqahtani.

ID: M011600198
Group: RC
Morphology of bacteria:
1-Cocci: is any microorganism (usually bacteria)
whose overall shape is spherical or nearly spherical.
Describing a bacterium as a coccus, or sphere,
distinguishes it from bacillus, or rod.

2-Bacillus: is a rod-shaped bacterium. Although

Bacillus, capitalized and italicized, specifically refers to
the genus, the word bacillus (plural bacilli) may also be
used to describe any rod-shaped bacterium.
3- Vibrio: possessing a curved-rod shape (comma
shape) and species are facultative anaerobes that test
positive for oxidase and do not form spores.

4- : bacteria of spiral (helical) shape, for Spiral bacteria

can be sub classified by the number of twists per cell,
cell thickness, cell flexibility, and motility.
5- Spirochetes: is a member of the phylum
Spirochaetes that contains distinctive diderm (double-
membrane) and are chemoheterotrophic in nature,
with lengths between 3 and 500 µm and diameters
around 0.09 to at least 3 µm.

6- Actinomycetes: is a genus of the Actinobacteria

class of bacteria. They are all gram-positive. Actinomyces
species are facultatively anaerobic (except A. meyeri and A.
israelii both obligate anaerobe), and they grow best under
anaerobic condition.
7- Mycoplasma: Cell wall deficient
bacteria and hence , do not possess
stable morphology They occur as
round or oval bodies and as interlacing
filaments.
Here different arrangement of bacteria :

 Cocci in groups or clusters: Staphylococci

 Cocci in chains : Streptococci
 Cocci in pairs : Diplococci
 Cocci in tetrads : Micrococci
 Cocci in 8 numbers : Sarcina
 Bacilli in chains : Streptobacilli
 Bacilli in Palisade (Chinese letter pattern )
arrangement: Corynebacterium
 Sterilization and disinfection of respiratory
care equipments:
Disinfection of Healthcare Equipment
One problem with implementing the aforementioned scheme is
oversimplification. For example, the scheme does not consider problems
with reprocessing of complicated medical equipment that often is heat-
sensitive or problems of inactivating certain types of infectious agents
(e.g., prions, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [CJD] agent). Thus, in
some situations, choosing a method of disinfection remains difficult,
even after consideration of the categories of risk to patients.

Laparoscopes and Arthroscopes: Although high-level disinfection appears to

be the minimum standard for processing laparoscopes and arthroscopes between patients this

practice continues to be debate.

Reprocessing of Endoscopes: In general, endoscope disinfection or sterilization
with a liquid chemical sterilant involves five steps after leak testing:

1. Clean: mechanically clean internal and external surfaces, including brushing internal
channels and flushing each internal channel with water and a detergent or enzymatic
cleaners (leak testing is recommended for endoscopes before immersion).
2. Disinfect: immerse endoscope in high-level disinfectant (or chemical sterilant) and perfuse
(eliminates air pockets and ensures contact of the germicide with the internal channels)
disinfectant into all accessible channels, such as the suction/biopsy channel and air/water
channel and expose for a time recommended for specific products.
3. Rinse: rinse the endoscope and all channels with sterile water, filtered water (commonly
used with AERs) or tap water (i.e., high-quality potable water that meets federal clean water
standards at the point of use).
4. Dry: rinse the insertion tube and inner channels with alcohol, and dry with forced air after
disinfection and before storage.
5. Store: store the endoscope in a way that prevents recontamination and promotes drying.
Dental Instruments: Scientific articles and increased publicity about the
potential for transmitting infectious agents in dentistry have focused attention on dental instruments
as possible agents for pathogen transmission