A PILOT STUDY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT of an IoT BASED

FIRE ALARM MONITORING SYSTEM IN THE SCHOOL OF

ENGINEERING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS

A Thesis Proposal Presented to

The Faculty of the Department

of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering of the

University of San Carlos

Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Masters of Engineering in Electrical Engineering

By

Wilen Melsedec O. Narvios, EE

Joseph Karl G. Salva, M.Sc., M.Eng, PECE

Adviser

October 2016
 Table of Contents

Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ ii
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ iii
Table of Figures .............................................................................................................................. iv
Table of Tables ................................................................................................................................ v
1 Problem and its Settings........................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................. 5
1.3 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................. 5
1.4 Scope and Limitations...................................................................................................... 6
1.5 Definition of Terms.......................................................................................................... 6
2 Review of Related Literature ................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 A Review on Fire Alarm Monitoring System .................................................................. 8
2.3 Communication Methods ............................................................................................... 10
2.3.1 ZigBee .................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.2 ZigBee-WiFi .......................................................................................................... 14
2.3.3 RF-433 MHz .......................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Sensors ........................................................................................................................... 17
2.4.1 Smoke Sensor......................................................................................................... 17
2.4.2 MQ7 Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensor ...................................................................... 17
2.4.3 DS18B20 Temperature Sensor............................................................................... 19
2.5 Algorithm ....................................................................................................................... 20
2.5.1 Comparison Algorithm .......................................................................................... 20
2.5.2 Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) Localization Algorithm ................... 22
2.5.3 Fuzzy Logic ........................................................................................................... 24
2.6 Internet of Things (IoT) in Fire Alarm Monitoring system ........................................... 26
3 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 27
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 27
3.2 Hardware Design ........................................................................................................... 28
3.2.1 ESP8266 ESP-12E WiFi Module .......................................................................... 28
3.2.2 MQ7 Gas sensor ..................................................................................................... 29
3.2.3 DS18B20 Temperature sensor ............................................................................... 30

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 3.2.4 Power bank (power supply) ................................................................................... 31
3.2.5 Buzzer .................................................................................................................... 32
3.2.6 Wireless Router ...................................................................................................... 32
3.2.7 Circuit Interface ..................................................................................................... 33
3.3 Develop a Decision rule algorithm ................................................................................ 35
3.4 Firmware Development ................................................................................................. 37
3.4.1 Firmware Loading Process..................................................................................... 38
3.5 Software Design ............................................................................................................. 38
3.6 Network and Communication Design ............................................................................ 39
3.7 Test Design .................................................................................................................... 41
3.8 System Deployment ....................................................................................................... 43
3.9 System Validation .......................................................................................................... 43
References ...................................................................................................................................... 38
Gantt Chart ..................................................................................................................................... 44

List of Figures

Figure 2-1. Intelligent Fire Alarm System [7] .................................................................. 10

Figure 2-2. Representation of data being sent to the central node [10] ............................ 12
Figure 2-3. Zigbee-WiFi network [13] ............................................................................. 15
Figure 2-4. Architecture of Wireless Fire Alarm System [14] ......................................... 16
Figure 2-5. Principle of CO detection circuit [16] ............................................................ 18
Figure 2-6. Diagram of DS18B20 [17] ............................................................................. 19
Figure 2-7. Sensor Node flow chart [18] Figure 2-8. Coordinator node flow chart [18] . 21
Figure 2-9. System block diagram [18] ............................................................................ 22
Figure 2-10. Spatial relationship between anchor node and blind node graph [13] ......... 23
Figure 2-11. Fuzzy logic fire detection flowchart [20] ..................................................... 24
Figure 2-12. Fuzzy Logic System [20] ............................................................................. 25
Figure 3-1. Wireless Transceiver Node ............................................................................ 28
Figure 3-2. ESP8266 ESP-12E WiFi Module................................................................... 29
Figure 3-3. MQ7 Gas sensor ............................................................................................. 30
Figure 3-4 DS18B20 Temperature sensor ........................................................................ 31
Figure 3-5. PWB-064-NOS mobile power bank............................................................... 32

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Figure 3-6. Buzzer ............................................................................................................ 32
Figure 3-7. Linksys WRT 1900 ACS dual-band WiFi router........................................... 33
Figure 3-8. Gas sensor and ESP8266 ESP-12E WiFi module circuit interface................ 34
Figure 3-9. DS1820 temperature sensor and ESP8266 ESP-12E WiFi module circuit
interface............................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 3-10. Buzzer and ESP8266 ESP-12E WiFi module circuit interface .................... 35
Figure 3-11. Decision Rule Algorithm Flowchart ............................................................ 37
Figure 3-12. Software Design Program ............................................................................ 38
Figure 3-13. A network of star topology .......................................................................... 39
Figure 3-14. Communication System ............................................................................... 40
Figure 3-15. System Deployment ..................................................................................... 43

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 Table of Tables

Table 2-1. Characteristics of ZigBee Wireless Network [9]............................................. 14

Table 3-1. Test-Fire Experiments ..................................................................................... 41
Table 3-2. Communication Systems Reliability ............................................................... 41

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 1 Problem and its Settings

1.1 Introduction

Fire has been used by the people over the years as a means to manipulate their
environment. It takes a weighty part in today’s world, however it is not always used
suitably and can oftentimes be destructive. The condition is modified by problems such
as changes in land use, increasing population in rural areas, inadequate or inappropriate
policy, and climate change. It could truly destroy the infrastructures including facilities,
water systems, and control ways. People often lose their houses as well if the fires are
close enough to human housing. Millions of dollars are spent repairing these damages
and re-building homes. Trees and plants which can help produce oxygen in the world
become lesser because of fire. With this, the lesser trees and plants there are, the lesser
clean air we can breathe. Correspondingly, some lives of the people are also lost because
of fire. These people are the ones who fight the fire, trying to save others. With regards to
health of the people, the smoke that they have inhaled would probably cause lung and
throat infection, fact that has already been happening over the years. Furthermore,
incomes and jobs in the agricultural field whose field crops and animals were destroyed
by the fire. In this modern era, the economic status of the country would suffer if people
are out of work.

Latest years have been stained by quick-fire management alters as a result of

substantial changes in human populace, predominantly with respect to progress,
socioeconomic issues, and land supervision, while humans have altered fire managements
since their early history. The rate of these changes was probably unparalleled in the past,
irrespective of the path, and forthcoming comprehensive conversion would comprise
additional fire management variations. As an inclusive measure, the direction and the root
causes of these changes demonstrate unusual variety and necessitate a local methodology
to the fire problem. Western US forests have experienced an increase in hazardous fuels
as a result of a highly effective fire suppression policy that excluded fires for much of the
20th century. Historic high-frequency, low-severity surface fire regimes are now being

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replaced with low-frequency, high-intensity crown fires that are outside the historical
range of variability for the environment. In contrast, in the eastern United States, fire
suppression has shifted oak and pine woodlands to mesophytic hardwoods, consequently
reducing flammability and fire activity [1]. In the same manner, in Europe, North
America, Australia, and elsewhere, urban areas have steadily prolonged into desolate land
extents, constructing more blast-off bases and uncovering more people to wildfires. The
outcome has been shattering to places wherein inhabitants have lengthened into logically
high-intensity summit environment such as in various Mediterranean-climate
constituencies.

For several years now, the World Fire Statistics Centre (WFSC) has been moving
beyond only collecting and disseminating data on fire deaths, injuries and damage to
structures and property, and embracing the wider view of “fire as vulnerability”. The
human cost of fires is a global public health concern. The effects of fires on people are
twofold: direct physical harm that causes deaths and injuries such as burns, and
psychological and emotional trauma. Although many countries have experienced an
improved long-term trend in terms of fire-related deaths due in large part to enhanced fire
prevention efforts, low and middle income countries continue to have a high incidence of
fire-related deaths and injuries [2]. According to the Center of Fire Statistics of the
International Association of Fire and Rescue Services, there were 70,000 to 80,000 fire
deaths and 500,000 to 800,000 fire injuries at the beginning of the 21st century [3].

In a 2012 study done by the Department of Health – Health Emergency

Management Staff (DOH-HEMS) [3], it was being revealed that fires set up 39% of all
proceedings conveyed to the Health Emergency Alert Reporting System (HEARS) from
2005 to 2009 and caused 263 deaths and 749 injuries. The epidemiology of fires and fire
related losses in the Philippines from 2010 to 2012 was considered. A total of 883 fires
and 824 fire-related losses were testified, majority of which occurred in Metro Manila.
Fires transpired all the way through November to March, were more regular from
midnight to 3 AM, and most habitually encompassed residential areas. No improvement
in the fire situation was noted in 2010 to 2012. Indeed, supplementary research and
analysis of the causes of fire would afford more productive fire detection method for fire

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prevention in the Philippines. Generally, half of all fires from 2010 to 2012 happened
during the day. Physical assemblies with fire hazards are at tangible risk of fires,
especially during periods when occupants may be asleep or physically absent from the
buildings. Such hazards in the Philippines include the use of open flames such as candles
and lamps during the evenings. Whatnot the fundamental cause may be, the result of a
slow comeback in fire is a longer fire interval, which is more likely to result in weighty
impairment to buildings and losses or grievances.

Reporting of fires and fire-related casualties has increased in the HEARS,

although the extent of reporting has been limited in scope. The information available
from the present reporting system does not allow for a more in-depth investigation of the
effects and determinants of fires. Reporting of the effects of fires and the factors that
could affect their occurrence should be improved. Fire remains to be a massive problem
in the Philippines, specifically for Metro Manila. This requires a closer examination by
the BFP and local government units.

In [4], it states that in order to provide adequate warning to occupants, there must
be a corresponding fire alarm systems or devices in every building or structure. This
corresponds to the statement that there must be a maintained and operated building to
ensure safety of the occupants to avoid fire, vapor and fumes during the period of escape
from the building. Additionally, in accordance with internationally accepted standards,
fire alarm system must have an authorized maintenance which must also be developed by
the building management to secure functional wholeness. The records of conducted
maintenance, if required by the Chief or his duly authorized representative, should be
maintained and submitted together with Fire and Life Safety Assessment Report
(FALAR) [4]. And when the fire alarm system is out of service for more than four hours
in a twenty-four-hour period, the City/Municipal Marshal must be notified and must
assign a fire watch until the fire alarm system gets back to service. On the other hand,
there must be at least one manual fire alarm box to initiate a fire alarm signal for fire
alarm systems with automatic fire detection [4]. The additional fire alarm boxes must be
located thirty meters horizontally away from any part of the building. Furthermore, to
fully respond to a fire emergency, there should be a predesignated system to

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automatically transmit alarm signal without delay to the nearest fire station or a fire
brigade [4].

With the unending occurrence of fire, truly, there is a need to develop more
effective methods in detecting fire so people would be aware of the very first stage of it.
The effectiveness of the fire detection and alarm system depends on the stage of the fire
at which it is operated. In order for all the occupants to escape without too much
difficulty, an early alarm should operate before the escape routes becomes smoke-logged
to such an extent as will cause occupants to have difficulty finding their way out of the
building. To attain the anticipated level of safety, many fire alarm systems will contain a
blend of smoke detectors, heat detectors and manual pull boxes. The type of detector to
be used in a given location depends on the nature of the fire expected, the response time
desired and the service conditions in which the detector must activate.

Today, smart network and institutions, and clever conveyance of fire are some of
the structures that associate our world more than we ever assumed possible. In order to
alert evacuees of the building to a fire and allow them to follow the emergency lights to
check their location and evacuation path, the IoT makes it easier to comprehend the
happenings in a particular building so as to make suitable corrections pertinent to some
factors. The IoT is a huge number of data points brought into a cloud environment
wherein analytics can be put on to influence the upshots. Using connected devices and
data driven decision support systems, IoT makes a variety of applications. This would
permit a swift explanation as to why fire happens and sort it conceivable to take
anticipatory action [5]. With 2G or 3G phones as text information, the system provides
approximate location information of the evacuees connected to the embedded control
system of each floor, and informs the location of ignition of fire and the location of the
evacuees.

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1.2 Statement of the Problem

With today’s technological advances, the fire alarm monitoring system has been
seen as an area of technology with a room for big innovative improvements. The
traditional fire alarm monitoring system usually consists of cabling technology. The
scalability of this type is poor and the hardwiring connection affects its appearance. Also,
hardwiring is highly susceptible to wear and tear, aging, and failure thus making the
system lowly reliable. The construction of traditional fire alarm monitoring system is
fixed and inflexible. During building renovations and retrofitting, the system requires re-
installation which entails additional cost. The existing wireless technologies used in fire
alarm monitoring system is the ZigBee technology; however this system has an
interoperability problem which means that ZigBee profiles can interfere with one another
and it’s possible that they won’t be able to operate with each other, thus affecting the
exactness of data transmission.

Specifically, this study aims to do the following objectives:

i.) Make an assessment model of building topology

ii.) Develop an IoT - based Fire alarm monitoring system

iii.) Choose and integrate the sensing technologies and design a hardware

iv.) Develop a decision rule and algorithm based on the gathered data

v.) Deploy and validate the performance of the system

1.3 Significance of the Study

This study can provide accessible information to the building occupants regarding
the temperature and smoke concentration of the corresponding rooms. It gives an early
warning to the building occupants in case of fire incidents. The building occupants can
constantly monitor their corresponding rooms anytime and anywhere through their
android smart phones and tablets as long as he/she is connected to the internet even when
they are not with their respective rooms, or even when they are out of town. Also, this

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study will improve the reliability of a fire alarm monitoring system, since the system
eliminates the use of hardwiring connections which is highly susceptible to wear and tear,
aging and failure which causes high fault and false alarm rate.

When there is a need to update the layout of the building, the system is more
flexible, easy to modify and ease of installation compared to the traditional fire alarm
system. By implementing this system, it would be cost efficient compared to wired
system, since it eliminates the cost of wire in installation and improves safety conditions
throughout the building.

1.4 Scope and Limitations

This study is a pilot study to test the capability of an Internet of Things (IoT) based
fire alarm monitoring system in one wing of the third floor, particularly from LB381 to
LB387, of the Lawrence Bunzel building of the University of San Carlos. It is mainly to
monitor the temperature and smoke concentration within the corresponding room. The
smoke concentration is based on a preset trigger level of smoke based on test-fires
experiment while the smoke concentration in terms of parts per million (ppm) is not part
of the study. Also automation of fire sprinkler systems and fire mitigation is not included
in the study.

1.5 Definition of Terms

ZigBee - is an IEEE 802.15.4 based specification for a suite of high-level communication

protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios.

Interoperability - is a characteristic of a product or system, whose interfaces are

completely understood, to work with other products or systems, present or future, in
either implementation or access, without any restrictions.

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IEEE 802.15.4 - is a standard created by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) which specifies the physical layer (PHY) and the media access control (MAC) for
low-data rate wireless networks.

IEEE 802.11 – is a standard created by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE) which specifies the physical layer (PHY) and the media access control (MAC) for
implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) in the 900 MHz, 2.4, 3.6, 5 and 60
GHz frequency bands.

Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the
occupants of the building or fire fighting elements of the presence or danger of fire.

Test-Fire Experiment – an experiment design to attain the desired levels of system

functionality.

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 2 Review of Related Literature

2.1 Introduction

This part provides a review of the recent technologies, related works directly
associated with the study. This includes fire alarm system, communication method,
algorithms, sensors and wireless technologies used in fire alarm monitoring system.

2.2 A Review on Fire Alarm Monitoring System

People beforehand have absorbed that prompt reaction to fires had constructive
fallouts in scheming those fires. When roaming watchmen used hand bell-ringers or
factory steam whistles as someone revealed a fire, the fire taskforces and fire sectors
were forewarned. Incautiously, these systems did not afford very considerable point and
often directed the fire department to the incorrect whereabouts. However, the late Samuel
F.B. Morse invented the telegraph in which fire-fighters were bestowed a quicker and
more accurate fire reporting structure [6]. New York has become the first American city
to instigate production of a civic fire alarm system required by ordinance to construct a
line of telegraph way back to 1847. This has been done by setting posts in the ground to
interconnect fire alarms from the city hall to various fire locations, and inculcate the
several bell-ringers in the use of said invention. Year 1851 was when Moses G. Farmer
and William Channing persuaded the city of Boston that through telegraph, they wanted
to mount their variety of a municipal alarm system. This was then entailed of forty miles
of wire to bond the fundamental post to forty signal boxes and nineteen bells in churches,
schools and the like. The system therefore would diffuse an electric compulsion from a
code wheel halting the circuit and record a Morse code on the printing register. During
Channing’s lecture about fire alarm system at the Smithsonian Institute in 1855, John N.
Gamewell, a telegraph agent, was enthralled with the prospective of the system that he
credited the privileges to build these fire alarm systems, first in the South and the West,

8
so for the all-inclusive U.S.A. In 1866, Mr. Greenwood, Superintendent of the Fire Alarm
and Police Telegraph in San Francisco said: A careful study during the past year reveals
the fact that, out of the one hundred and nine actual fires that have occurred, fully two-
thirds of the alarms have been struck by the automatic telegraph fire alarm boxes.
Alexander Ross designed the first electric fire detector in Brooklyn, NY in 1863,
however, it was William Watkins’ invention that was first to see the commercial use and
later on had industrialized tenuously monitored fire alarm systems using heat detectors
way back to 1870 so as had formed the first private fire alarm company called the Boston
Automatic Fire Alarm Company in 1873 [6].

Automatic Fire Alarm Telegraph is wrought by any hazardous heat, so then

perceives the manifestation of fire in the beginning. The customary 125-Fahrenheit tool is
placed on the ceiling at even interludes in each area of the building. During the 1900,
ADT, Holmes Protective, AFA, Grinnell and Automatic Fire Protection (AFP) instituted
treaties with each other to supply detection, sprinkler systems, sprinkler system
supervisory equipment and central station monitoring services. As business in the fire
alarm and monitoring fields grew, so did the development of the devices use for
detection. George Smith was the first to patent a pneumatic system in 1907, later known
as the Aero Automatic Fire Alarm [6].

Today, as much as possible, it is important to detect fire through the advancement

of the progressive technology that people now are engaging. With this, there were
conventional fire alarm systems which provide a competent and cost effective fire alarm
system for small and large buildings. These systems offer welfare in speed of detection,
recognition of fire emplacement and uncomplicated support. Intelligent systems also
offer tolerance to faults in the system wiring, which allows a single pair of wires to be
used to connect a large number of devices to the system [7].

9
 Figure 2-1. Intelligent Fire Alarm System [7]

Fire alarm systems are necessitated by law through building codes, fire codes and
special acts or bylaws. The choice of a particular type of equipment to be used in a fire
alarm system depends on the environment of the residence, the size of the building, the
number of occupants and the level of protection desired. In order for it to be operational,
a fire alarm system must be personalized to the building and the types of fire that could
advance.

2.3 Communication Methods

2.3.1 ZigBee
In [8], ZigBee based wireless sensor network has been critically applied to deal
with low data rate and handle point to multi point network. It fulfills all the requirements
at the finest point and has become an accepted protocol because of its low power
consumption and capability of mesh networking with wide range of nodes. The need and
choice of many nodes are solved using ZigBee. As a proof of concept, the system is
designed to work with all available and ready-made platforms like Arduino, X-Bee which

10
can be improved by developing the antenna. Through ZigBee, the sensor nodes would not
require any cable joint to central processing box; damaged sensor node would not affect
the entire system; installation of sensor nodes would not create a messy connection;
wireless devices can provide encryption that ensures safety; system can accumulate huge
number of nodes; and the system can now mitigate damage caused by fire than traditional
fire detection system.

Meanwhile, instead of using the cabling structure for the development of a

dedicated home fire alert detection system (FADS), the ZigBee wireless network is
proposed for remote monitoring, control and sensor network application [9]. Wireless
connection such as home standard and security and sensor network can be postulated
upon enforcing the practical utilization of the system. The architecture design of the
home fire alert detection system consists of the connection of two main parts which are
connection between ZigBee wireless network (XBee module) which has transmitter and
receiver and Arduino Uno microcontroller board. The transmitter of the ZigBee module
will be used for sending the data collection from the heat sensor through Zigbee wireless
network, while the receiver will be attached with the laptop using USB cable to receive
the data and will display it in the monitoring software inside the laptop. Instead of using
wireless sensor network, it would be much easier to use ZigBee wireless technology
network that only need wireless component to collaborate with the control system; it only
requires wireless module to cooperate with the microcontroller board and power supply
for communication between the components.

For the safety of huge areas, the Zigbee wireless network interface such that in case
of fire break in any buildings, a direct communication channel is developed which will
transmit a signal to the control room [10]. There are six individual nodes and a central
node. Individual nodes are placed on the six major fire hazard prone zones in the campus
and the central node is placed in the control room. The temperature of the specific area is
ceaselessly conveyed by each of the nodes. Each can observe the fundamental measure of
every area wherein the connections are situated. The data with respect to heat and
humidity will become important to decide the rescue operation in case of fire breakout. In
this system, each individual node measures and transmits the temperature and humidity

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of the particular zone continuously. Through this, one can monitor the temperature status
of the zones where the nodes are placed through serial link in Terminal vl.9b from the
control room. Upon the occurrence of fire breakout, the fire sensor detects the fire and
from the signal sent to the control room, location of the zone can be identified and
necessary actions can be taken. The nodes maintains a wireless interlink among
themselves as well as with the central node for this purpose. Figure 2-2 shows the
diagrammatic representation of data being sent to the central node [10].

Figure 2-2. Representation of data being sent to the central node [10]

Likewise, the hooter in each node will alert the control room upon the occurrence
of fire breakout. Through transmission of data from the central node, the manual control
of the hooter can be done. The data transmission will be then carried out with the
assistance of the multi hopping technique whenever the distance of the central node and
the individual node becomes wider. A multi hoping technique is adopted for the effective
transmission of signal in case that the emergency zone lies beyond the reach of the
central node.

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 Meanwhile, wireless sensor nodes periodically detect environmental parameters
[11]. Micro-controller units (MCUs) and radio frequency (RF) chips will be initialized
first, will choose the passage, and will open interrupt to receive information when the
system starts to function. Eventually, it will split up ADC and accumulate information to
handle. The signal and sensor node address will be compounded as alarm data and
interpreted into ZigBee communication rule accumulation whenever there is an alarm
signal. The accumulation will be sent to the data sink node in order to return
substantiation upon choosing the best way of communication. Through this, an entire
ZigBee wireless communication will be fulfilled. After receiving the confirmation
returned from the sink node, the sensor node will stay at low power mode automatically
[11].

According to the network [12], the ZigBee will be set into three operating modes
including:

Mode 1: Connected with the system motherboard. ZigBee modules receive others
information and send the control command given by the system board to other ZigBee
modules. This is the core hub of the motherboard and wireless communications
equipment.

Mode 2: ZigBee module, connected with household appliances through the relay, is
placed in receiving state. The ZigBee module controls electronics to make the appropriate
action when receiving the control command from other ZigBee modules.

Mode 3: The sensors connected with the relay, placed sent state. The alarm signal will be
sent to other ZigBee module when ZigBee module receives the alarm signal to the sensor.

Indeed, ZigBee was arranged for low power applications which aim for longer
lasting battery life. To address the need for a cost-effective wireless networking solution,
the ZigBee was created. This would therefore support the low data rates, reliability and
safety. Furthermore, ZigBee wireless network can be implemented in any monitoring and
control application that requires a wireless link such as home control and security,
medical monitoring, sensor networks and active RFID [9]. Table 2-1 shows the
characteristics of Zigbee wireless network.

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 Table 2-1. Characteristics of ZigBee Wireless Network [9]

2.3.2 ZigBee-WiFi
This network has low complexity, low power consumption, high cost
performance, and high fault tolerance, embedded with a high communication speed, good
firmness, and accessible way to terminal. The ZigBee in this network is based on
CC2530F256 core chip while the WiFi is based on RT5350 and serial ports. The system
adopts the thought of ZigBee network which transforms to WiFi network through which
the signals are transferred to the screening area. Fire signals and localization information
will be showed on the hand terminal and control center [13], so as to be real time
obtained by the security personnel. Figure 2-3 shows the construction of the scheme.

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 Figure 2-3. Zigbee-WiFi network [13]
Assets upon using the ZigBee-WiFi network would widen the extent and conduct
time interval farther than ZigBee network and ensure the monitoring center everywhere.
Additionally, it would convey easily the image video of each area in buildings to the
screening center, and scrutinize fire incisively. Through ZigBee-WiFi network, the
information gathered can be scrutinized, clarified and manipulated.

2.3.3 RF-433 MHz

The responsible for constituting a local wireless network to connect with the field
modules is the router which gives the data exchange surface of wireless fire alarm system
by way of 433M RF. Compared with 2.4G band, 433M RF wavelength is longer, and can
pass easily around obstacles with interference resistance, so it is suitable for use as
foundation communication technology of wireless automatic fire alarm system [14].

Both wired and wireless connection between the fire alarm controller and router can
be chosen according to the field environment [14]: Controller Area Network (CAN) bus
communication for wired system, and 433M RF or GPRS communication for wireless
system. Router only report to the controller when fire signal or fault signal is polled.

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 Field modules on the other hand have three modules, including fire trigger module
which extorts fire detector and manual alarm button; facility monitoring module which
lets in fire door monitoring device and fire hydrant pressure monitoring device; and
output module which includes sound and light alarm and connection output module.

Figure 2-3.
2-4. Architecture of Wireless Fire Alarm System [14]

The field module communication radius can reach up to 35m in case of 1-wall
barrier [14]. A same frequency network can cover a total space of approximately
1000𝑚2 . The communication radius will be longer in places without direct barrier wall.
Besides, the field module’s operating current with 2400mAH battery can be up to three
years which can meet the actual needs of 3-in-1 and other small places. The system’s
communication packet loss rate is as low as 1/11110, which means loss may occur once
out of a thousand times of communication at most [14]. Fire alarm reporting time can be
controlled within five seconds while the field module’s failure discovery can be
controlled within ten seconds at the measure of one relay module bringing off 100 field
modules.

Unlike with 2.4G communication technology which is commonly used in

automatic fire alarm system, the system uses the wavelength advantage of 433M RF

16
signal, with strong diffraction ability [14]. 433M RF would complete the design of a
wireless fire alarm system so the actual fire fighting requirements of 3-in-1 places, brick
or other historical buildings, and other temporary buildings will be figured out.

2.4 Sensors

2.4.1 Smoke Sensor

When the smoke particles enter inside the ionization chamber, the Ionization
Chamber Smoke Detector (ICSD) would then detect a fire and would eventually alter the
current by interfering with ion flow which is sensitive to ambient temperature, ambient
pressure, gas composition and humidity [15]. Because of its good protection and low
cost, ICSD has been widely used in domestic dwellings. However, the cause of false
alarm for this system would occur if the dust particles, water droplet absorb some of the
ions being emitted, and reduce the electric current. Likewise, ICSD is very sensitive to
false alarm because it detects smoke particles ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 micron. On the
other hand, the optical smoke detectors are very sensitive to smoldering fires and have
more tolerance to ambient conditions than the ICSD. However, they have troubles in
detecting fire that they only detect smoke particles ranging from 1.0 to 10.0 micron.

2.4.2 MQ7 Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensor

The CO measuring module adopts a kind of thick film type semiconductor as gas
sensor [16]. The operating rule is based on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) adsorption.
In macroscopic perspective, the redox reaction between CO and oxygen (O) will result in
decrease of oxygen and the potential energy obstacle will lead to a reduction of Rs when
CO gas touches the sensor.

Rh is a heater resistance which promotes the reaction between Rs and CO. Series
parallel connection partial voltage circuit consists of Rp, Rj and Ri. The resistance of Rs
decreases while the output voltage rises when CO touches the sensor. The output voltage
rises proportionally and directs output voltage to enclosed processor with the rise of the

17
concentration of the gas CO. The relationship between CO concentration and output
voltage is shown [16].

Vcc  R1  R j 
Vout 
Rs  R1  R j   R p  R1  R j   Rs R p

Figure 2-5. Principle of CO detection circuit [16]

The CO sensor has the characteristics of high sensitivity and quick response [16]. It
can detect the smoke of low compactness by adopting high sensibility photo-voltaic cell
and optimized amplifying circuit. Additionally, it can detect CO gas of low concentration
in the short time.

In [15], studies show that CO is the best among the four warming gases which
include CO2, H2 and O2 upon presenting it in all six types of fires including cellulose
fires (wood), smoldering pyrolysis (cellulosic) and cotton fires, open plastic fire
(polyurethane), and liquid n-heptane and methylated spirit fires. Its concentration was

18
high in relatively slow burning fires and low in faster burning fires. Compared to the
conventional fire detectors, the CO sensor is able to supply security against smoldering
fires involving oxidization of integrated materials in which fundamental measures of CO
are produced at an early stage of the combustion.

Notwithstanding, CO sensors would not be appropriate to the detection of open

flaming fires and overheating materials such as the pyrolysis of electric cables in which
the quantity of CO rendered is inferior. To boot, other sources of CO, such as fumes
discharged from fire places and vehicles may cause false alarms with CO sensors.

2.4.3 DS18B20 Temperature Sensor

The DS18B20 provides 9-bit to 12-bit Celsius temperature measurements and has
an alarm function with non-volatile user-programmable upper and lower trigger points
[17]. It communicates over a 1-wire bus which needs only one data line for connection
with a fundamental microprocessor. Each DS18B20 has a unique 64-bit serial code,
which allows multiple DS18B20s to function on the same 1-Wirebus.

It has an operating temperature range of -55°C to +125°C and is accurate to

±0.5°C over the range of-10°C to +85°C [17]. By obviating the need for an extrinsic
power supply, the DS18B20 can infer power straightaway from the data line.

Figure 2-6. Diagram of DS18B20 [17]

19
 In [9], the Arduino digital temperature sensor (DS18B20) acts as a heat sensor to
detect heat temperature at the range above 100℃. It is a microcontroller board dependent
upon the ATmega328 which has 14 digital I/O pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power port,
an ICSP header, and a reset button. It can detect heat and send the signal to the Arduino
Uno microcontroller wirelessly via ZigBee channel. Buzzer alarm is also used to generate
alert to the home users when the heat sensor detect the temperature is getting high risk to
fire breaks out [9]. There is also an LED on the board because in order to test the coding
used for the system, it acts as a warning symbol when the heat sensor detects the heat
which can cause fires or in a risky condition.

2.5 Algorithm

2.5.1 Comparison Algorithm

Wireless Sensor Network, commonly abbreviated as WSN, is one example of the
proper method for detection and early warning of fire [18]. It is a low powered and small
device with an affordable sensor which can observe physical phenomena in the
environment. Each sensor or node will form a distribution of sensors. The information
will be conveyed to the closest connection and proceeds to other closest connection until
it compasses the server connection that is linked to screening device of computer. The
computer system sets up the network parameters automatically to activate the sensor
nodes connected with it. The sensor node with comparison algorithm is implemented for
detecting fire and communicates through wireless sensor networks [19]. By analyzing
data received from sensor nodes and by implementing comparison algorithm in
microcontroller, fire detection of the observed area is carried out. The Figure 2-7 and 2-8
shows the flowchart of sensor node and the node coordinator, respectively [18].

20
Figure 2-7. Sensor Node flow chart [18] Figure 2-8. Coordinator node flow chart [18]

The design cost of sensor node is minimum [19]. Therefore, the low power mode
by the computer system is enforced to decrease the power intake. The data can be sighted
at the real time with the cost reduction. Truly, it is designed with all possible fire
detecting sensor types. Even the most compressible computing method to lessen the
software design complexity will be synthesized.

Communication within the network is implemented using the IEEE 802.15.4

standard and the low power wireless specification ZigBee [18]. In case of fire, the
computer system accesses to the Internet so it can apprise operator to send information
through team viewer software. Through ZigBee RF module, the system can sign if fire is
detected. The design includes a temperature sensor (LM35), smoke sensor (MQ7), an
LCD circuit, and a XBee device.

21
 Figure 2-9. System block diagram [18]

2.5.2 Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) Localization Algorithm

Unlike the other localization algorithms, RSSI is a low-complexity aligning way
which is reliable for building businesses. It calculates the signal attenuation distance by
means of the position relations of the blind nodes and anchor nodes [13], and the new
model is greatly different from the original one, aiming to make sure the accuracy in such
a special environment of building. The ZigBee stack is the center technology of ZigBee
that adverts to the quantity of the system rule layers. Through the use of the protocol
stack, users can obtain and convey information. The protocol stacks, programming
environment is IAR compiler, and IAR Embedded Workbench is a highly effective
integrated development environment (IDE), which allows users to develop and manage
embedded applications engineering fully and effectively [13].

22
 The ZigBee localization algorithm is settled on the relation between the anchor
nodes and the blind nodes to attain the blind node perspective. The blind node sends
RSSI signal to the same anchor repeatedly to calculate the average distance between two
points as the final RSSI value. Figure 2-12 shows the relationship between the two [13].

Figure 2-10. Spatial relationship between anchor node and blind node graph [13]

d 
The general model is RS  d   RS  do   10 lg      (1) , equation (1) can
 o
d
RS  d   RS  do   

be further simplified to d  do x10 10 

(2) .

Where:

RS(d) - is the receive RSSI value from the emission point

RS (d0) - is the received RSSI value from the launch point d0, also called the
reference distance, and it is usually valuated 1m

λ - is the path dynamic attenuation index

23
 ζσ – is the gaussian random noise, of which the standard deviation is σ and the
average is 0.

2.5.3 Fuzzy Logic

In fuzzy logic, there is the necessity to fuse the information in order to arrive at a
conclusion. A fuzzy logic was enforced in Arduino. The embedded Fuzzy Logic Library
(eFLL) was used in the enforcement due to the computing restriction connected with a
microcontroller based platform. In Figure 2-11, it shows the operation of the fire
detection device [20]. Through fuzzy logic, the information from the three sensors is
fused.

Figure 2-11. Fuzzy logic fire detection flowchart [20]

24
 On the other hand, in order to continuously monitor the ambient environment for
smoke and abnormal increase in temperature, fuzzy logic provides an easy way of dealing
with uncertain data from multiple sensors by aggregating these to make a decision. For
instance [20], a crisp temperature value may be classified into cold, normal or hot fuzzy
set with a degree through rectification. The scheme utilizes the center of the area that was
being diversified to get the system output which gives the fire status. Figure 2-14
illustrates the underlying design of a fuzzy logic system.

Figure 2-12. Fuzzy Logic System [20]

A multi-sensor fire detection system using fuzzy logic has been designed and
developed. This scheme employs a multi-sensor formulation where the outputs of smoke,
flame and temperature modify to the fire alert option and bring forth an undeviating fire
detection system. Data-based upshot incurred by initiating flame, smoke, and heat to the
device shows that the system can efficaciously intensify the remarkableness of a fire
detection system.

25
2.6 Internet of Things (IoT) in Fire Alarm Monitoring system

Internet of Things (IoT) has now got over an important role in today’s economic
and technology improvement that its significance in advancing economic development
has gone productive [21]. Through this, people would immediately notice the various
kinds of smart convergences of internet with regards to the information of things because
of the exchanges of data that the things have perceived in the environment.
Technologically, IoT can be divided into three layers including perception layer, network
layer and application layer. The perception layer, which is made up of sensors, including
RFID electronic label, read-and-write equipment, is used to identify objects and collect
information around them. It is consider as the foundation for the application and
development of IOT. To transmit and process information sent by the perception layer,
the network layer is used whose data processing and management technology is one of
core technologies of internet. The application layer provides customized service for end
users by processing analyzed specific data from perception layer with software
development and intelligent control technology. Indeed, IoT could provide a huge
number of benefits to our modern world [21]. Scholars stated that the IoT could be
helpful in an inventory management, production efficiency, waste management, urban
planning, environmental sensing, social interaction gadgets, continuous care, emergency
response, and smart product management.

In case of fire, IoT helps any people feel personally at any time and make them have
awareness as to what is happening and might happen [21]. Through IoT, people within
buildings can have a good understanding on the safety of own living environment and can
make real-time monitoring on their homes. Additionally, it would be easier to send
signals and firefighting linked control signal, and display the location and time of fire so
people can timely detect fire and take effectual tools in putting out the fire and reducing
the death and damage of properties. Fire detection could then be realized with the
advancement of IoT in these modern times.

26
 3 Methodology

3.1 Introduction

This part discusses the proposed implementation process of an Internet of Things

(IoT) based fire alarm monitoring system. The succeeding sections include the hardware,
software and firmware design, network and communication design, decision rule
algorithm, test design and system validation.

Methods

• Design a transceiver node hardware (Section 3.2)

1
• Develop a Decision Rule Algorithm (Section 3.3)
2
• Firmware Development (Section 3.4)
3
• Software Design (Section 3.5)
4
• Network and communication Design (Section 3.6)
5
• Test Design (Section 3.7)
6
• System Deployment (Section 3.8)
7
• System validation (Section 3.9)
8

27
3.2 Hardware Design

The parameters to be monitored are the temperature and smoke concentration

which are the primary indications of fire. The hardware design of a wireless transceiver
node comprises of ESP8266 ESP-12e WiFi module, MQ7 gas sensor, DS18B20 digital
temperature sensor, buzzer and power bank for the power supply.

Figure 3-1. Wireless Transceiver Node

Each node has its own designated static Internet Protocol (IP) address in order not
to change the address over time, this is important to easily identify the assigned nodes in
every room.

3.2.1 ESP8266 ESP-12E WiFi Module

In order to organize the uses of Internet of Things (IoT), the ESP8266 was
deliberated by the Espressif systems. This is a comprehensive WiFi system on chip which
includes a 32-bit processor and some Random Access Memory (RAM) between 512KB
to 4MB of flash memory. The chip must either function as a standalone unit that can
execute simple applications or as a wireless adapter that can extend other systems with
WiFi functionality. It can consume 170 mA if it is at full power upon transmitting,
however, it only needs 10 uA if it is in a deep sleep [22]. It is still possible to purchase
only the chip itself to create a truly custom module even if it generally comes as part of
the module and was soldered to a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). The module variants may
include either PCB or ceramic antenna or a U-FL connector, a hardware component for

28
serial communication and a myriad of other auxiliary components such as resistors,
capacitors and LEDs. With the provision of the Espressif systems, the Software
Development Kit (SDK) of the ESP8266 contains a lightweight implementation of a
TCP/IP control stack (lwIP) for WiFi communication.

Figure 3-2. ESP8266 ESP-12E WiFi Module

3.2.2 MQ7 Gas sensor
MQ-7, which is composed of micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2)
sensitive layer, measuring electrode and heater fixed into a crust made by plastic and
stainless steel net, is a (CO) carbon monoxide gas sensor. It has two parts namely:
heating circuit which has a time control function, and the signal output circuit which can
accurately respond to changes of the sensor’s surface resistance. The heater provides
necessary work conditions for work of sensitive components. Correspondingly, the sensor
has high sensitivity to carbon monoxide, combustible gas in wide range, natural gas

29
which then can be applied as domestic gas leakage detector, industrial CO detector, and
portable gas detector [23].

Figure 3-3. MQ7 Gas sensor

3.2.3 DS18B20 Temperature sensor

The DS18B20, having an alarm function with nonvolatile user programmable
upper and lower trigger points, is a digital thermometer which provides 9-bit to 12-bit
Celsius temperature measurements. With a central microprocessor, it communicates over
a 1-Wire bus which requires only one data line (and ground). It has an operating
temperature range of -55°C to +125°C and is accurate to ±0.5°C over the range of -10°C
to +85°C. Upon eliminating the need for an external power supply, the DS18B20 can
derive power directly from the data line (“parasite power”) [24]. Parasite power entails
remote temperature sensing and it allows the DS18B20 to function without a local
external supply. The VDD pin must be connected to the ground when the DS18B20 is used
in parasite power mode. Additionally, in parasite power mode, as long as the specified
timing and voltage requirements are met, the 1-wire bus and Cpp can deliver adequate
current to the DS18B20 for most operations. Upon assuring the sufficiency of the
DS18B20’s supply, it is essential to give a strong pull-up on the 1-Wire bus whenever the
temperature conversions are taking place.

30
 Figure 3-4 DS18B20 Temperature sensor

3.2.4 Power bank (power supply)

The PWB-064-NOS mobile power bank is connected to a 5-V supply, it will be
used as a power source of the ESP8266 ESP-12E WiFi module, MQ7 gas sensor, buzzer
and the DS18B20 digital temperature sensor. The ESP8266 operates on 3.3V, gas sensor
operates on 5V and the temperature sensor power supply ranges from 3.0 to 5.5V. In case
of power outage, the power bank will also be used as a back-up power source.

31
 Figure 3-5. PWB-064-NOS mobile power bank

3.2.5 Buzzer
The buzzer will serve as an alarm device that will alert the building occupants in
case of fire occurrence.

Figure 3-6. Buzzer

3.2.6 Wireless Router

A wireless router is a device that performs the functions of a router and also
includes the functions of a wireless access point dedicated for internet access to a
wireless network. It comes with a detailed installation and setup manual and CD-ROM. It
can both function in a wired LAN (local area network) and wireless-only LAN (WLAN).

32
Upon maintaining the speed, the WRT1900ACS can simultaneously maintain 2.4 GHz
600 Mbps and 5 GHZ 1300 Mbps. To boost the connection, the unit is equipped with 4
antennas which are detachable and adjustable, so it can reach the maximum level upon
manipulating its wireless signal strength [25].

Figure 3-7. Linksys WRT 1900 ACS dual-band WiFi router

3.2.7 Circuit Interface

The MQ7 gas sensor, buzzer, and the DS18B20 digital temperature sensor will be
connected to the GPIO pins of the ESP8266 ESP-12E WiFi module. The digital
temperature sensor is connected to the GPIO5, the buzzer to the GPIO16 and the MQ7
gas sensor to the GPIO4 pins of ESP8266, these shows on figures 3-9, 3-10 and 3-11.

33
 Figure 3-8. Gas sensor and ESP8266 ESP-12E WiFi module circuit interface

Figure 3-9. DS1820 temperature sensor and ESP8266 ESP-12E WiFi module circuit
interface

34
 Figure 3-10. Buzzer and ESP8266 ESP-12E WiFi module circuit interface

3.3 Develop a Decision rule algorithm

The algorithm that will be used in the system is a decision-rule based algorithm. It
is a series of list of conditions to be able to come up with an action that is based on the
test-fire experiments. This algorithm maps an observation to an appropriate action. This
has the ability to conserve undependable human experience, acquire a more pursuant
system, and lessen human skills required in equal time and place.

The rule-based system uses human knowledge to solve real-world problems which
necessitate human intelligence [26]. This is often represented in the form of if-then rules
which are used to hypothesize the conditional statements which would then constitute the
complete knowledge base. The if-then rule takes over the form ‘if x is A, then y is B’.
Logically, the antecedent is the if-part of the rule while the conclusion is the then-part.
When the implementation of the rules and the language definition of the input and output

35
models are used during the analysis process without considering the specific output, the
analysis of a rule-based system is said to be static which would determine whether or not
the rule-based system itself meets various, specific requirements. Meanwhile, there is a
need for rules which would assist the verification and validation (V&V) of the algorithms
which is considered as the process to ensure that the rules carry out their supposed
function and come across qualifications [27]. Verification determines whether or not the
function is fulfilled, whereas validation finds out whether or not the end-user
requirements were met. In this case, the application order of the rules is assisted by a
conflict resolution strategy which can be determined by the actual area such as follows:

1. First applicable: Control over the order in which the rules are fired would be allowed
upon firing the first applicable rule when the rules are in a qualified order.

2. Random: Selects a single random rule upon firing from the conflict set.

3. Least recently used: This is perfect when all rules are required for the solution of such
a problem for it increases the number of each rule.

4. Best rule: Weight specifies the relative circumstance to the option and based on this,
the rule with the most preferred result is selected.

Rule-based systems could modify problem-solving standards by furnishing a tactic

to capture and polish human skills. They represent knowledge in terms of a collection of
rules which determine the things to be done.

36
 Figure 3-11. Decision Rule Algorithm Flowchart

3.4 Firmware Development

The ESP8266 board manager is downloaded for board support to the Arduino IDE.
The Arduino IDE is used for coding the firmware that will be uploaded to the hardware
and used to program the transceiver nodes.

The built-in firmware of the ESP8266 ESP-12E is the AT command. This

command has a problem with the compatibility of Arduino IDE and programming
language. The ESP8266 board support has all the necessary libraries that will take care of
the communication between the IDE and the WiFi module.

37
3.4.1 Firmware Loading Process
The coded firmware from the ESP8266 Arduino IDE and the program source code
is uploaded to the hardware via the USB to Transistor transistor logic (TTL) (3.3V) board
module for convenience of uploading programs from the computer via its USB port.

3.5 Software Design

The software design program of the system is presented in the flowchart. Here it
discusses how the software handles the decision rule based algorithm.

Figure 3-12. Software Design Program

38
3.6 Network and Communication Design

A network of star topology will be used in the system; all the nodes of the network
are connected to the central device which is the router with a point-to-point connection.
The router will handle the routing and configuring of the client nodes (i.e. tablet,
smartphones, computers, etc) [22]. However if the nodes are very far from the main
router, another wireless router will be used to act as a repeater and consequently increase
the signal transmission range and strength of the nodes until it reaches the main router.

Figure 3-13. A network of star topology

The IEEE 802.11n is a specification for wireless LAN (WLAN) communications
which will develop consistency and lengthen the series of wireless transmissions. It is a

39
wireless networking standard first supported by the original Apple TV. For simplicity,
Apple quietly started referring this wireless networking standard as 802.11n WiFi on July
20, 2011. To increase the data rates, the IEEE 802.11n, uses multiple antennas. The
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) which is a signal processing and smart antenna
technique is used to transmit multiple data streams through multiple antennas. This is a
supplementary improvement which results to five times the presentation and twice the
range compared to the earlier 802.11g standard [28].

At a theoretical maximum speed of 300 Mbps, the 802.11n can operate on either 5
GHz or 2.4 GHz frequency in mixed mode. This will help systems only able to use
802.11b or 802.11g, however, it will slow the entire network down to the maximum
speed of the earliest standard connected [28].

Figure 3-14. Communication System

The nodes were used to sense the physical parameters of fire. The wireless router
serves as a wireless access point for internet access provided by the Internet Service
Provider (ISP) and all the datas being gathered by the nodes will be stored to the
ThingSpeak webserver which serves as the base station. Each node has an Application
Programming Interface (API) key to link to a one channel of the ThingSpeak webserver
and also the API will be used as a security access key. At the remote terminal, the third-
party software called IoT ThingSpeak monitoring widget will be utilized for the

40
monitoring of the system. The communication system is based on IEEE802.11n standard
wireless protocol.

3.7 Test Design

This entails the discussion of evaluating the proposed system. A can of charcoal
will be used to initialize the test-fires and this will be placed near to a sensor node.
During the conducting of the test-fire experiments, there should be a presence of fire
safety officers for safety and security reasons in case of any untoward incidents that may
happen during the test-fire experiments. These test-fire experiments will seek an approval
to the USC administration to be able to conduct the test-fire experiments of the study.
Table 3-1 summarizes the test-fires facilitated to assess the test design experiments.

Table 3-1. Test-Fire Experiments

Test Fire (TF) Combustion Material Fire detected

TF 1 Smoldering Wood Yes/No
TF 2 Electrical Wires Yes/No
TF 3 Paper Yes/No
TF 4 Plastics Yes/No
TF 5 Fire from a lighter Yes/No
TF 6 Candle Light Yes/No

Table 3-2. Communication and Detection Systems Reliability

Able to send data to the

Room No. Test-Fire
main router
TF1, TF2, TF3, TF4, TF5
LB380 Yes/No
and TF6
TF1, TF2, TF3, TF4, TF5 Yes/No
LB381
and TF6
TF1, TF2, TF3, TF4, TF5 Yes/No
LB382
and TF6

41
 TF1, TF2, TF3, TF4, TF5 Yes/No
LB382 office
and TF6
TF1, TF2, TF3, TF4, TF5 Yes/No
LB383
and TF6
TF1, TF2, TF3, TF4, TF5 Yes/No
LB384
and TF6
TF1, TF2, TF3, TF4, TF5 Yes/No
LB385 (SAL)
and TF6
TF1, TF2, TF3, TF4, TF5 Yes/No
LB386
and TF6
TF1, TF2, TF3, TF4, TF5 Yes/No
LB387
and TF6
In each corresponding rooms, there are corresponding nodes allocated. In this test,
the nodes were tested if it is reliable and able to transmit the data to the main router if
there is any fire occurrence within the corresponding rooms.

42
3.8 System Deployment

The proposed system will be deployed in one of the wing of the third floor,
particularly from LB381 to LB387, of the Lawrence Bunzel building of the University of
San Carlos.

Figure 3-15. System Deployment

3.9 System Validation

The existing wired commercial products will be used for comparison with this
study in terms of installation time, communication and detection systems reliability, and
cost.

43
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Thermometer," Maxim Intergated Products, California, Data Sheet 2008.

[25] YellowGurl.com, "Best Wireless Routers 2017 Reviews and Comparison," 2016.

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[26] Ajith Abraham, "Rule-based Expert Systems," , vol. 130, Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, OK, USA, 2005, pp. 909-919.

[27] László Lengyel, "Validating Rule-based Algorithms," vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1-17, 2015.

[28] Online, "What is is 802.11n? How is it different from 802.11b, 802.11g, and
802.11a," EveryMac.com, 2012.

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Gantt Chart

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